IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MS80 

(716)  872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibiiographiques 


The 
tol 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checlced  below. 


n 


n 


0 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur6e  et/ou  peiiiculAe 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  macs/ 


Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 


□    Coloured  inic  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

rri    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relii  avec  d'autrcs  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serrde  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouttes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  4tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  film^es. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6X6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m6thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu^s  ci-dessous. 


D 
D 
D 
E 
D 
0 
D 
D 
D 
0 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag4es 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurtes  et/ou  peiiicuiies 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d4color6es,  tachetdes  ou  piqu6es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Qualit^  inigale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  filmtes  A  nouveau  de  fa^on  6 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppiimentaires; 


Paget  ar.d  plates  between  424  to  427  inverted  for  filming. 


Th« 
poa 
ofl 
filn 


Ori 
be{ 
the 
sioi 
oth 
firs 
sioi 
or 


Th« 
sha 
TIR 
wh 

Ma 
difl 

ent| 
bes 
rigt 
req 
me 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmA  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous 

10X                           14X                            18X                           22X 

26X 

30X 

y 

12X 

16X 

20X 

a4X 

28X 

32X 

The  copy  filmed  here  hes  been  reproduced  thenks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  the  Pubiic 
Archives  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  film*  fut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
gAn6rosit6  de: 

La  bibiiothdque  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  In 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  Texempiaire  film6.  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exempiaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  ImprimAe  sont  filmAs  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exempiaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
^'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —^(meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmto  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6, 11  est  filmd  A  partir 
de  I'angle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

ETHNOLOGICAL   RESEARCHES, 


RESPECTING 


THE  RED  MAN  OF  AMERICA. 


(i) 


AND 
ItK  S  I'K  (    ri  \  (,     IIIK 

HISTORY.CONDITION  AND  PROSPECTS 


0  v  'M  :ii  ;■; 


V  I)  I  A  V    ' 


I    I  I    I     I  >     L'    ( 


I    I    I  )    I'l  •  )      I)  I    Ml  I' 


V    I  M'   h!    I  1      '  ',  M'    \  M' 


A 


ilirrclmii   oT  llic    BUREAU  OF  INDIAN  AFFAIRS    pi'iiicl  (iC  (diinn'ss 

E  y    >J  £  I'l  ii  y    W  .  'j  G  IJ  0  r^  i  fj  j;  ;\  jr  -J-    ]_    1^    rj  ^ 


llinslnilcd  l)v 

S.   I'l  A  SI' MAN,    (    Al'l'.    y.   S    A  II  M  V. 


i'liiilislicd  by   jiiilliorilv   oi'  ('(inijicss 

rail   I. 

I'll  1 1.  A  II  K  1.1' 111  a: 

l.ll'I'IXI    DTT.    (iltAMlIU    ,V    1(1. 


:l 


IIISTOUICAL 


S  VAT  I  ST  I  C  A  L   IN  ia)il  M  AT  1  U  N, 


ui;.'< i'K(vri Nil  TiiK 


HISTORY,  CONDITION  AND  PROSPECTS 


INDIAN  TIIIJ3ES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES : 


COliLEOTJiD   AND  I'UEl'AUED   UNUEU  THE   UlUECTIUX 


OF   TIIK 


BUREAU  OF  INDIAN  AFFAIRS, 

PKK    ACT    OF    OONGRESS    OP    MARCH   3d,    1847, 

BY   IIENIIY   R.  SCHOOLCRAFT,  LL.  D. 

ILLUSTRATED  Bl'  S.  EASTMAN,  CAPT.  U.  S.  A. 


/J 


^Jubliiiiifb  bij  5liit!joritij  of  Congrriui, 

PART  I. 


nilLADELPIIIA: 
L  I  P  P  I  N  C  O  T  T,   G  R  A  M  B  O    &    COMPANY, 

(SUCCESSORS   TO   ORIGG,  ELLIOT    &    CO.) 

1851. 


k/v  / 


'I 


II 


M  K  S  S  A  G  K 


OF   TUN 


PRESIDENT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


To   THE   SE>fATf;    OF   TlIK    rNITlM*    StATMH  : 

I  traiiHiiiit  lii'i'cwitli  II  I'oiiiiiiiuiicaliiiii  frmn  tlic  I)c'partiiioiit  «{  the  liilriinr,  mul  ilic 
jKipera  which  iu:coin|miiicil  it;  hciii;;  tin'  first  pint  of  tlie  ri'siilt-t  nf  iMvi'sti;_';iliiiii-<  Ky  llriny  K. 
Schocilcriift,  Esi],,  unilor  tho  pi'dvisimis  of  iiii  Act  of  ('oii;»rcss,  iipprovcil  March  'iil,  I^IT,  rci|uiiin>; 
tho  Secretary  of  War  "to  colli'ct  iind  di^jcst  such  .stati.><tics  ami  inatrriai^  a-i  may  illii>lralc  llic 
liistory,  tho  present  comlitioii,  ami  future  prospects  nl'  tlic  Imliaii  trilics  of  tlic  I  iiitcil  States." 


MILLARD  FILLMORE. 


Wasiiinoton,  lOth  A II (J list,  1S")0. 


.1 


Sir; 


DErAIlT.MKNT   OF   Till;    IXTI'UIOll, 

Wasiiin'hton',  AuijiiKt  !•,  1>>")0. 


I  hftvo  tlio  honor  to  transmit  liercwith,  with  tlie  view  of  tlieir  heioi;  laid  hd'oro  tho 
Senate,  tl  eonimunicntion  from  the  ('ommissioner  of  Indian  Aflairs,  and  tlic  [lapcrs  which  accom- 
pany it:  viz.,  a  lel'i'r  from  Henry  R.  Schoolcraft,  Esip,  tojicthcr  with  the  manuscript.s  and 
drawin<;.s ;  hcin;;  tiie  first  part  i.f  results  uf  invcstij,'ations  under  the  jirovisions  of  an  Act  of 
Congres.s,  approved  March  ;ld,  1-^17,  reipiirinf;  th.;  Secretary  of  War  to  collect  and  dij;e9t  such 
statistics  and  materials  as  may  illustrate  tho  histi  ry,  present  comlition,  and  future  prospects  of 
tho  Indian  tribes  of  tho  L'uitcd  States. 
Very  Ilespc   fully. 

Your  Obedient  Servant, 

D.  C.  GODDARI), 

Secrelai'y  ad  iiitcriiii. 
To  TUB  Tke.sidbnt  of  the  Unitki)  Statks. 


I  111 ) 


JV 


I  N  'rUd  I)  I  ('T(H!  V   i>(m:  i:  M  i:  N  TS. 


l)i:i'Ai;r.\ii.\  I   ni-   im:   |.sii;tii(iu, 

iMiiri:   Impian   AiTAins, 

AihjKxt  If/i.   is'iii. 


iSlii: 


I'liilcT  tlic  Act  of  Culii,'ri'S!*  niijirdVeil  Marcli  oil,  I'^IT,  Iluiiry  It.  Scliunlcrat't  ^Vii^l 
a|i|i(iiiiti'il  "to  L'lilli'i't  aii'l  cli;:rst  siu-li  statist ic.--  ami  iiiati'rials  as  may  illustrate  the  iiisloi-y,  lirt'seiit 
cciiiilitiim  anil  I'utiii-c  ])ros]K'cts  of  the   Imliaii  triln-s  uf  liii.'   Initcil  .Stairs.  " 

I  liavc  tlu'  Iiuuoi'  li>  siiljiiiit  i'lr  ti'ansiiiissinii  o  Cuiirrrss,  llie  iiiaiiiisciijils  ami  ilrawinirs  lure- 
willi,  —  lirinir  till'  lii-st  part  of  tin.'  risiilts  nf  Mr.  Sriinnh'rat't'.s  iuvcsti.L'atiiiiis, — also  a  leltrr  I'rom 
him.  cxiilaiiatiii'V  '<(  tlu'  iialiirc  anil  cMcut  of  iiis  laliors.  ami  sii;.'!;rstiii;^  llic  pnnicr  ('oiirsc  to  bf 
jiiii-surd  ill  ri'lalioii  to  the  iiiililiiMlinii  nC  the  work.  lie  iialiirally  feels  solicitous  ad  to  the  correet- 
iif.s  ami  style  ef  tiie  iiiecliaiiical  execution;  uul  in  view  of  the  hihor,  learninj^,  iiml  ability  he 
has  ilevoteil  to  the  Work,  ami  its  nationalily  of  character,  I  trust  his  wishes  in  that  rc-iiect  may 
be  reLTarileii. 

Very   Iiesiieclfully. 

Your  (  Hiedient   Serv  .lit 

L.   1,EA, 

Cu.M.Ml,s,Slo.Ni:U. 
I),    r.    (loUDAKI),    EsiJ., 

(Secretary  of  the  Interior,  ml  interim. 


Was|ii.m;to.\,  ./iil>/  ±^,l,    l.s.VJ. 
L.   Lt;A,  Esii., 

Voinniixsitriwr  tif  /llili'Di    AJf'niri^. 

In  eonfoniiity  with  aulhnrity  eoiifuleil  to  nic  uiuler  tlie  iirovisioiis  of  an  Act  of  Congress, 
a|i|iroveil  March  :iil,  1S4T.  rei(uiriii.^  the  Secretary  of  War  "to  collect  ami  ili;^est  such  statistics 
anil  materials  as  may  illustrate  the  history,  the  ]iicseiil  coiulition,  and  future  ])rospects  of  thu 
Indian  tribes  of  the  I'nitod  States,"  ]  have  the  honor  to  submit  to  you  the  first  part  of  the 
results  of  my   investigations. 

Time  was  rcipiired  in  order  to  idaee  an  im|uiry  so  eomprchcnsive  in  its  character  on  a  proper 
basis.  Misaiiprehensions  on  the  part  of  the  Imlians.  with  respect  to  the  object  of  the  collection 
of  their  statistics,  were  to  be  met.  'i'he  additional  duties  rciiuiri'd  of  the  agents  of  Indian  affairs 
]iresuii])oseil  so  intimate  an  acquaintance  with  the  history  and  languages  of  the  tribes  and  tiie 
di-tin^'uisbing  traits  of  r'lces,  tleit  few  of  this  class  of  olhcers  were  |irepared  to  undertake  them. 
The  investigation  in  these  ]iarticulars  was  therefore  extended  to  embrace  gentlemen  of  experience, 
(.ibservatioii,  and  learning,  in  various  parts  of  the  Union;  including  numerous  teachers  and  mis- 
sionaries employed  in  moiil  and  intellectual  labors  among  them.  l''aets  were,  indeed,  solicited 
fi'(Uii  all   who  had   fads   to  communicate.' 


I 

4 


I 


A  iiipy  of  the  llislurical  hinuirii's,  drawn  up  for  tins  purpose,  is  iuscrtcd  as  au  Appoudix.  to  this  volume. 


INTRODICTOI!  V    DOCIM  KNTS. 


1 


s 

I 


4 

'si 


A'lilniiliK'  iiicnKiirs  iind  coiiiiiiiiiiiciiliniis  Imvc  Ijim'U  rcccivril  !i>  the  result  ni'  tlicsi'  joint  mcii- 
siiros,  ollicial  iiiul  luiollicial,  iiml  a  mass  cil'  iiil'uniiatioii  inllnti'il  wliirli  may  sitvc,  it  is  lirlicvt'il, 
to  rescue  the  ti>|]it',  in  sumo  measure,  IVdiii  a  class  nf  Irisly  ami  ima^'inative  tourists  ami 
w;  iters,  whoso  ill-(li<;osted  theories  ol'teii  lack  the  liasis  (jf  ciu-roet  oliservation  ami  S(Uiuil 
(leiliirtioii. 

American  ami  Enro)ioaii  writers  have  lioeii,  to  no  small  exreiit,  misle(l  hy  those  suiiposiii- 
tions  views,  not  only  rospoctini;  tho  real  character  of  tho  trilies,  Imt  the  policy  of  iho  i^ovciii- 
nient  itself  in  relation  to  thorn,  has  boon  extensively  prejucli^eil  ami  mi^apprehemlccl.  Some  of 
tho  most  able  and  profoiiml  writers,  at;  homo  ami  abroad,  whose  works  will,  in  their  main  pans, 
bo  long  ohorished,  have  taken  llio  mere  synonyms  of  tribes,  as  disliiiet  and  .separate  triljos,  playiu;; 
dilforont  parts  in  history. 

Tho  languajros  wiiich  have  so  m.my  features  to  bo  admired  in  eomnion  with  the  Shemitii'  |  Ian 
of  thought,  to  which  they  must  be  rid'orreil,  have  boon  iironounoed,  on  very  slender  materials, 
to  contain  high  reliuenu'iits  in  forms  of  expression  ;  an  opinion  which  there  is  I'oason  to  lielii'\e 
ir.|uires  L'reat  modifications,  however  torso  and  beautiful  tho  languages  are,  in  their  ]iower  ■■!' 
eombiuai  I'Ui. 

The  aboriginal  arehioology  has  fallen  under  a  somewhat  similar  sjiirit  of  misap|irehensi(pn  and 
]>redispositi(Ui  to  exaggeration.  The  antippiitios  of  tho  United  Slates  are  tho  antiipiilies  "f  bar- 
barism, ami  not  of  ancient  civilization.  Mere  age  they  undoubtedly  have;  but  when  we  look  abnui 
our  magniHeent  forests  and  fertile  valleys  for  ancient  relics  of  the  traces  of  tho  phuigli,  the  eonipass. 
the  ]ien,  and  tlie  chisel,  it  must  rei|uiro  a  heated  imagination  to  perceive  nuich,  if  anything  at 
all,  beyond  tho  hunter  state  of  arts,  as  it  oxi.stod  at  tho  respective  era.s  of  tho  Scandinavian  and 
Columbian   discoveries. 

It  has  been  tho  practice  of  some  writers,  astonished  at  the  isolated  monuments  of  labor  and  skill, 
which  are  manifestly  intrusive,  to  sjicak  of  tho  antiipiities  of  tho  Mississippi  ^'alley  as  denoting 
a  high  state  of  ancient  civilization  in  the  abiu-iginal  race.  Uut  when  those  vostigi'S  of  human 
labor  are  attentively  studieil  on  a  broad  scale,  in  connection  with  all  the  attending  iihonomoua, 
they  do  not  a]ipear  to  sanction  the  belief  of  any  high  and  general  state  of  advance  in  the  race 
before  the  arrival  of  Europeans.  This  may  be  emphatically  said  of  the  tribes  within  the  terriliu'v 
of  the  United  States,  whatever  Judgment  nuiy  bo  formed  rosjiccting  tho  ruiirs  of  ralompie,  Cuzco, 
Yucatan,  a)\d  the  Valley  of  M<'xieo. 

A  jircdisposition  to  admire  and  wonder  in  viewing  objects  of  arcluvological  iliscovery,  is  not 
peculiar  to  this  continent,  but  has  .-in,,,!  i,,  the  way  of  sober  iloduetion,  founded  on  an  impartial 
basis  of  migratory  action  and  reaction  in  all  ages  of  tho  world's  history. 

However  those  subjects  may,  in  our  own  land,  jiuzzle  and  distract  incpiircrs,  lying,  in  some  minds, 
as  .so  many  stumbling-blocks  in  the  way  of  historical  trutli,  it  was  dm'  to  tho  eb.aracler  of  the 
government,  and  to  a  peculiar  variety  of  the  race  of  man,  — for  such  we  nnrst  regard  the  Indian 
tribes, —  to  place  the  record  from  which  both  their  ami  its  actions  are  to  be  judgeil,  on  gi'ounds 
of  authentic   information   while   the   'ribes  an'  yet  on   the  stage  of  action. 

It  C(mld  not  have  been  anticipated  in  tho  beginning  of  the  lllth  century,  that  erratic  and 
pre(hit(U'y  lim-des  of  hunters,  without  agriculture,  arts,  or  letters,  and  with  absolutely  nothing  in 
their  civil  polity  that  tnorits  tho  name  of  government,  should  have  boon  able  to  sustain  lhcni>.lves  ; 


iar  loss,  to 
■ivilization. 


cope  with  the  European  stocks  wIkj  landed 


here   with   the   highest   type  ..I'  indn-irial 


"S 


vi  INTRODUCTOIIY   DOCUMENTS. 

But  justice  to  every  jiericjil  df  our  lii.stoi-y,  colonial  and  soveroign,  requires  it  to  be  shown 
that  the  great  duties  of  luuuauity  have  nut  'oeen  constantly  perfurmeil  towards  them  ;  that  their 
possessory  right  to  tlu'  soil  lias  nut  been  at  all  times  fully  acknowledged,  and  that  their  capacities 
for  improvement  and  knowledge  have  not  been  attempted  to  bo  elicited  in  every  way,  and  unceas- 
ingly  cultivated  and  appealed  to. 

A  continent  has  been  appropriated,  in  the  occupancy  of  which  this  race  preceded  us.  For 
their  actual  character  in  jieiioe  and  war,  and  capacities  for  the  duties  of  life;  for  their  history 
and  idiosyncraeies;  for  their  arts  and  habits  ;  tlieir  modes  of  subsistence,  and  inter-tribal  inter- 
course ;  for  their  languages  and  mental  traits  and  peculiarities,  as  developed  by  curious  oral  recitals 
and  niythologic  dogmas  and  opinions,  which  carry  the  mind  back  to  early  oriental  epochs ;  for  their 
system  of  mnemonic  syniliols,  and,  in  fine,  for  the  general  facts  that  go  to  establish  their  nation- 
ality and  character,  posterity  will  look  to  the  present  age  for  its  record,  whatever  may  botido 
the  history  of  the  tribes,  or  the  eflbrts  of  humanity  in  their  behalf. 

In  providing  for  their  enumeration  and  statistics.  Congress  has  regarded  these  as  indispensable 
points  in  the  illustration  of  the  main  design.  How  far  the  iiKpiiries  are  accomplished  in  the 
investigations  made,  there  will  be  better  means  of  judging  when  the  results  shall  have  been  fully 
presented.  Tiit'  present  materials  are  submitted  as  a  part  of  the  information  collected,  and  will 
be  followed  by  others  as  early  as  the  returns  and  papers  can  be  fully  examined  and  digested. 

It  will  occur  to  yuu,  sir,  that  this  inquiry  is  of  a  national  character,  and  that,  in  bringing 
the  matter  forward,  there  will  be  a  propriety  in  permitting  the  same  hand  that  prepared  it  to 
supervise  the  publication.  Many  of  the  papers  abound  in  aboriginal  expressions  to  which  no 
one  uiuicquaintcd  with  the  languages  could  do  justice.  The  system  of  pictography,  which  is 
for  the  first  time  exhiliited,  iiLiposes  a  degree  of  critical  care  in  the  typography  which  is  not 
ordinarily  expected.  I  have  the  honor,  there'ore,  to  suggest  that  Congr.'ss,  to  whom  I  request 
you  will  ri'fer  tliis  communication,  be  solici:  d  to  order  that  the  present  manuscripts  and  the 
succeeding  parts  of  them,  together  with  the  illustrations  and  engravings,  be  printed  under  the 
special  charge  of  the  Bureau  of  Indian  Afl'aiis,  acting  for  the  Library  Committee. 

Very  llespectfuUy, 

HENRY  R.  SCHOOLCRAFT, 

Aqeni  on  Census,  &c. 
Act  of  'Sd  March,   1847. 


i 


P  11  E  F  A  C  E 


While  those  papers  are  Ix'lievod  to  exhibit,  in  a  new  light,  the  liistory,  condition, 
and  prospects  of  the  Indian  J{aco,  an  eflbrt  is  made  to  base  tlie  sidiject  on  the  broad 
grounds  of  their  continental  relations,  as  one  of  the  primary  varieties  of  the  human 
family.  Names,  geographical  positions,  events,  languages,  antique  monuments  of 
art — whatever  serves,  in  fact,  to  defme  or  illustrate  the  varying  phases  of  their  history 
and  character,  is  found  to  assume  increased  importance  from  this  consideration. 
Tribes,  famUies,  and  groups  are  thus  invested  with  a  new  power  of  generalization. 

In  carr}  iug  out  these  relations,  through  the  intricacies  of  physical  and  intellectual 
development,  the  chief  reliance  is  placed  on  the  general  deductions  of  history  and 
ethnology,  as  these  data  have  bee:i  applied  in  the  consideration  of  the  adiuities  of  the 
races  of  men.  Stress  has  al.so  been  laid  on  that  peculiar  feature  of  the  human  mind 
by  which  nations  form  their  ideas  of  a  Deity, —  a  trait  which  is  deemed  fundamental 
in  the  mental  type. 

The  subject  of  Indian  History  is  locally  approached,  through  aboriginal  traditions, 
tribal  and  general,  and  the  topics  of  American  antiquities  and  American  languages. 
The  latter  is,  however,  considered  as  the  true  key  of  their  affinities.  It  is  unde- 
niable, that  whatever  light  may  be  obtained  from  other  sources,  it  is  upon  comparative 
views  of  the  principles  of  their  languages,  and  of  the  actual  state  of  their  lexicography, 
that  we  must  cliielly  rely  for  anything  aspiring  to  antiqnarian  value. 


The  author  conceives  that  he  has  had  unusual  opportunities  of  becoming  acquainted 
with  the  principles  of  these  apparently  ancient  mediums  of  human  thought.  He  has 
given  to  these  studies  his  days  and  nights,  when,  without  this  motive  to  exertion, 
they  would  have  passed  as  a  blank  in  the  i-emotest  forests.  The  theme  has 
been  pursued  with  all  the  ardor  and  hopefulness  of  youth,  and  the  perseverance 
1  (vii) 


VIU 


1'  n  E  V  A  C  E . 


of  inaturor  years,  piissod  in  tlio  \ii'issitiuk'.s  of  a  IVoiitior  lil'e.  If,  to  many,  the 
wilderness  is  a  place  of  wearisome  solitiule,  to  liim  it  assuiiu'd,  under  these  inthi- 
eiices,  lar  more  the  seniblanee  of  the  choicest  recesses  of  an  academic  study.  This 
study  has  only  lieen  intruded  U[)on  liy  the  cares  of  husiness,  and  the  higher  duties 
of  olfice ;  hut  it  has  over  been  crowned,  in  his  mind,  with  the  inelVable  delights 
that  attend  the  hope  of  knowledge,  and  the  triumph  of  research.  Thirty  years 
thus  spent  on  the  frontiers,  and  in  the  forests,  where  the  I\ed  Race  still  dwells, 
ha\e  exhibited  them  to  his  observation  in  almost  every  possible  development.  lie 
has  ln'cii  placed  in  a,  \ariety  of  situations  to  t)bserv(^  the  structure  and  capacities  of 
the  Indian  mind,  in  its  minutest  idios3-ncracies ;  to  glean  his  notions  of  life,  death, 
and  innnortality;  his  conceptions  of  the  character  and  being  of  a  (iod.  who  is  uni- 
versally acknowledged  as  the  Creator;  anil  to  detect  the  secret  springs  of  his  acts, 
li\iug  and  d\ing.  The  peculiarly  intimate  relations  the  author  luis  lield  to  them 
(having  married  a  highly  educated  hid\-.  whose  grandfather  was  a  distinguished 
al)original  chief- regnant,  or  king.)  has  had  the  eflect  of  breaking  down  towards 
himself,  individually,  the  eternal  distrust  and  suspicion  of  the  Indian  mind,  and  to 
oi)en  the  most  secret  arcana  of  his  hojies  and  fears,  as  inqjosed  l)v  his  religious 
dogmas,  and  as  revealed  by  the  deeply-hidilen  causes  of  his  extraordinary  acts  and 
wonderful  character. 

The  mental  type  of  the  aborigines,  which  has  beiMi  systiMuatically  pursued  thrijugh 

tin'  recondite  relations  of  their  mythology  and  religion;  their  notions  of  the  duidity 
,,i'   .1 1.    .1...:..   „ .: ..!•  1 ;,.;i....i    ., , .iv., ..*:..., i 


1(1 


of  the  soul;  their  conct'ptions  of  a  complex  spiritual  agency  allecting  nnin  ium 
beast ;  their  mysterious  trust  in  a  .-system  of  pictographic  syndjols,  believed  to  have 
a  reflex  power  of  personal  inlluence  ;  and  their  indomitable  li.xit}'  in  these  pecu- 
liarities, reveal  thi'  true  causes,  he  apprehends,  why  the  race  has  so  long  and  so 
pertinaciously  resisted,  as  with  iron  resistance,  all  the  lights  and  intluences  which 
Europe  and  America  united  have  poured  upon  their  mind,  through  letter.s,  arts, 
knowledge,  and  Christianity. 


1 


The  United  States  has  maintained  relations  with  some  seventy  tribes  who  occupy 
the  continental  area  east  of  the  Kocky  ^lountains.  The  great  practical  object, 
which  has  at  all  periods  pressed  upon  the  Ciovcrnnient,  has  been  the  preservation 
of  peace,  on  the  constantly  enlarging  circle  of  the  frontiers.  This  elVort,  basing 
itself  on  one  of  the  earliest  acts  of  WASuiNcMdN,  has  been  unintermitted.  Occupying 
the  peculiar  relation  of  a  mixed  foreign  and  domestic  character,  the  intercourse 
has  called  for  the  exercise  of  a  paternal  as  well  as  an  oflicial  policy.  No  people 
hits  ever  evinced  such  a  non-appreciating  sense  of  the  lessons  of  experience,  in  the 
career  of  their  history  and  destiny  ;  and  the  problem  of  their  management  has  still 
I'eturned  to  us,  to  be  repeated  again  —  What  line  of  policy  is  Ix'st  suited  to  advance 


I'lJETACK. 


IX 


tlioii'  prDspovity"'  The  present  plim  of  cnllcclin;;'  iiilormMtimi  ivspcetiiii-  tlieir  iictiuil 
eomlition.  cliinaeter.  and  ])i(is|ieets.  is  liasrd  on  an  appeal  to  tlie  entire  ciUleiai  oi'Liani- 
zalidn  ul'  till' Depaitment  on  tlie  IVonliers;  ami  is  ln'lie\-eil  to  he  tlie  most  cllificnt 
ciiie  that  ci.a  he  pursuiMl  to  ('(illcct  a  hiidy  oi'  authentie  inlorniation.  whieli  may 
servo  as  the  leeord  from  winch  tiie  trihes  are  to  he  jndged.  Its  resnlts  will  he 
oomnuniieated  as  the  materials  aecumnlate. 

In  the  consideration  of  the  policy  to  ho  ado[)ted  with  respect  to  the  wihl  prairie 
anil  transmontano  trihi's,  who  rove  over  immense  tracts  with  no  sense  of  dependence 
or  responsihility  hut  that  which  they  daily  acknowleduo  to  the  how  and  arrow,  the 
ii'un  and  eluh,  —  in  the  nse  of  which  they  have  aeipiired  Lireat  dexterity  —  and  new 
]'ower  hy  the  introdnction  of  the  horse;  we  connnend  to  notice  tiie  remarks  of  Mr. 
Wyetli,  formerly  of  Oreu'on,  on  the  host  mode  to  ho  adoiited  res[)ecting  tiie  shifting 
and  feehle  trihes  of  those  latitudes.  The  faithless  and  rohher-liko  cliaracter  of  the 
prairie  hordes  east  of  the  mountains,  is  grai)hically  depicted  hy  Mr.  Burnet,  in  his 
memoir  on  the  Comanches,  ami  hy  -Mr.  Fitzpatriek,  resjiectinj:  thi^  Arapaiioes  and 
other  predator}'  triijos  on  the;  higher  Arkansas  and  Nehraska.  Although  tiiis  cha- 
racter is  inapplicahlo  to  the  more  easterly  trihes,  many  of  whom  are  advanceil  in 
arts  and  knowledge,  it  is  yet  im[H)rtant  to  keep  it  in  view  in  adjusting  our  policy 
respecting  those  remote  ami  lawless  trihes. 


3 


The  experience  of  two  hundred  years,  with  the  entire  race,  demonstrates  the 
delusion  of  a  prosperous  Indian  nationality,  as  based  on  any  other  system  hut  that 
of  agriculture  and  the  arts.  And,  it  is  helievod,  the  .sooner  the  several  trihes  ceaso 
to  regard  themselves  politically  as  containing  the  elements  of  a  foreign  population. 
the  .sooner  will  the  best  hopes  of  their  permanent  prosperity  and  civilization  he 
realized.  Meantime,  while  they  preserve  a  pseudo-nationality,  it  may  he  allirmed 
as  one  of  the  dearest  deductions  of  statistical  and  practical  investigatit)ns  into  the 
operation  of  our  laws,  and  the  general  i)rinciples  of  population,  that  nothing  bexond 
the  interest  of  the  funds  due  to  the  trilies,  for  lands  purchased  from  them,  shoidd 
continue  to  ])e  paid  as  anmiities.  —  while  policy  recpiires,  that  the  principal  should  he 
devoted,  with  tlieir  consent,  wholly  to  purposes  of  civil  jtolity,  education,  and  the 
arts. 


With  all  their  delects  of  character,  the  Indian  trihes  are  entitled  to  the  peculiar 
notice  of  a  people  who  havo  succeeded  to  the  occupancy  of  territories  which  once 
belonged  to  them.  They  constitute  a  liranch  of  the  human  race  wlio.se  histor\  is  lost 
in  the  early  and  wild  mutations  of  men.  We  perceive  in  tlu'in  many  nohle  and 
disinterested  traits.  The  simplicity  of  their  elociuenci  has  challenged  admiratiim. 
Higher  principles  of  devotion  to  what  they  believe  to  be  cardinal  virtues  no  i)eoi)L 


X  PREFACE. 

over  evinced.  Faitli  lia.s  fiirni«hcd  the  Christian  niartjr  with  motives  to  sustain  him 
lit  tile  stake :  but  the  North  American  Indian  has  oiidiired  the  keenest  torments  of 
lire  witiiont  the  consohitions  of  the  Gospeh  Civihzed  nations  are  elieered  on  tlieir 
way  to  lace  the  cannon's  mouth  by  insph'ing  music;  but  the  warrior  ol"  the  ibix-sl 
requires  no  roll  of  the  drum  to  animate  hi.s  steps. 


-1 
it 


Mistaken  in  his  belief  in  a  system  of  gods  of  the  elements  —  misconceiving  the 
whole  plan  of  industrial  prosperity  and  happiness  —  wrong  in  his  conceptions  of  the 
social  duties  of  life,  and  douljly  wrong  in  his  notions  of  death  and  eternity,  he  yet 
approves  himself  to  the  best  sensibilities  of  the  human  heart,  by  the  strong  exhibition 
of  those  ties  which  bind  a  father  to  his  children,  and  link  whole  forest  communities 
in  the  indissoluble  bonds  of  brotherhood.  lie  lingers  with  affection,  ))ut  with  helpless 
ignorance,  around  the  dying  couch  of  his  I'elatives;  and  his  long  memory  of  the  dead 
ceases  but  with  life  itself  No  costly  tomb  or  ceuotai)h  marks  his  place  of  burial ; 
but  he  visits  that  spot  with  the  silent  majest\-  of  grief  God  has  planted  in  his  heart 
afl'ections  and  feelings  which  only  re(piire  to  be  moulded,  and  directed  to  noble  aims. 
Tiiat  impress  seals  him  as  a  l)rother.  erring,  indeed,  and  lienighted  in  his  ways,  Ijiit 
still  a  brother. 

To  reclaim  such  a  race  t(j  the  paths  of  virtue  and  truth ;  to  enlighten  tlie  mind 
wliich  has  Ijeen  so  long  in  darkness  ;  and  to  give  it  new  and  solid  foundations  for  its 
hojies,  is  a  duty  alike  of  high  civilization  and  warm  benevolence. 


riiir.ADKi.i>niA,  December  3,  1850. 


m  • 


LIST  OF  PLATES. 


i4 


^ 

e 


-jmS' 


4. 
5. 
(i. 

7. 
8. 


Title-Paoe I'-^'"' 

1  and  2.     Ideographic  Map  of  IJottiirini 

3.  Indian  offering  Food  to  the  Dead 

Entrances  or  Gateways  to  different  Mounds 

Comparative  Size  of  Mounds 

Gardcn-Beds  in  Grand  Hivor  Valley,   Michigan 

Garden-Beds  in  the  Valley  of  St.  Joseph's  River,  Michigan 

Antique  Pipes  from  Thunder  Bay,  &c.,  Michigan 

0.  Antique  Pipes 

10.  Antique  Pipes 

11.  Mace  or  War-Cluhs,  Fleshing  Instrument,  Antique  Pipe,  and  Coul-Chisel  

12.  Section  of  Grave  Creek  Mound.     Antique  Pipes  and  Idols 

13.  Antique  Pipe  found  in  Western  Virginia 

14.  Indian  Axe,  Stone  Tomahawk,  and  Stone  Chisel 

15.  Indian  Axe  and  Balista 

IC.  Stone  Axes 

17.  Arrow-Heads 

18.  Arrow-IIeads 

19.  Gorget  and  Mineralized  Spoon 

20.  Medals  and  G  orgct 

21.  Stone  Pestle  and  Copper  Chisel 

22.  Cooking-Pot  and  Vase  

23.  Discoidal  Stones  and  Block-Print 

24.  Coin  Enamel  Beads 

25.  Amulets  and  Beads 

2G.  Spear-IIcads 

27.  Awls,  Antique  Mortar  and  Corn-Cracker  

28.  Bone  Shuttle  and  Implements  for  Twine-making 

20.  Block-Prints  and  Fleshing  Instruments 

30.  Specimens  of  Cloth  from  the  Sandwich  Islands 

31.  Copper  Wrist-Bands  

82.  Brass  Rings  and  Stone  Tubes 

33.  Baldrics  of  Bone  and  Antique  Pottery 

34.  Fragments  of  Pottery 

(xi) 


1 

20 
3!) 
48 
52 
55 
55 
74 
75 
7U 
77 

120 
78 
79 

285 
80 
81 
82 

103 
83 
84 
85 
80 

104 

105 
87 
88 
89 
90 
91 
92 
93 
94 
94 


I ' 


ijj 


ii  LIST   OF    I'LATES. 

35.  Shells n 

36.  Digliton  Rock  Inscription 114 

37.  Synopsis  of  Dif^liton  Rock  Inscription  Ull 

88.  Stones  with  Inscri])tions,  anil  Skull  from  Grave  Crock  MounJ 122 

39.  Map  of  Grave  Crook  Flats,  Virginia 123 

40.  View  of  the  Ohio  from  an  Antique  Lookout  or  Watch-Tower  in  the  vicinity  of  Grave 

Creek 124 

41.  Map  of  tho  Source  of  tiie  Mississippi  River 148 

42.  View  of  Itasca  Lake,  Source  of  tlic  Mississippi  River 147 

43.  Map  of  Kansas  River l')lt 

44.  Cavern  in  the  Pictured  Rooks,  Lake  Superior 170 

45.  Oneida  Stone 177 

46.  Indian  Doctor  Curing  a  Sick  Man 250 

47.  rictographic  Writing — Hieroglyphic  Interpretation  of  Proverbs,  Chap.  ,\x.\.     Indian 

Inscriptions  on  Bark ,^:]G 

48.  Dacota  Mission  of  Peace,  and  warning  against   Trespass 3.^8 

49.  Pictographs  on  a  Tree  from  Ujipor  Mississippi.     Tutelar  Spirits  of  Chusco 352 

50.  Grave-Posts •....  35(i 

51 .  Meda  Songs 30 1 

52.  Wabeno  Songs .'i73 

63.   Pictographic  Inscriptions  used  in  Hunting ,'iS3 

54.  Pictorial  Records  of  a  Chief's  Success  in   Hunting 387 

55.  Vision  of  Catherine  Wabose y.lO 

5G.  War  and  Love  Songs 401 

57.  Pictographs  on  Lake  Superior,   Michigan 40() 

58.  Synopsis  of  Indian  Hieroglyphics 408 

59.  Synopsis  of  Indian  IIierogly|)hics 409 

CO.  Pictograph  A,   Chippewa  Petition  to  tlio   I'rosidorit  of  the   I'nited  States 411) 

61.  Pictograph  B,   Chippewa  Petition  to  tho  President  of  the  I'nited  States 417 

62.  Pictograph  C  and  D,  Chippewa  Petition  to  the  President  of  tlie  United  States 419 

63.  Pictograph  E,  Chippewa  Petition  to  tho  President  of  the  United  States 420 

64.  Siberian  Inscription  relating  to  tho  Chase 424 

65.  Transcript  from  tho  River  Irtish,  Tartary 425 

66.  Egyptian  Fly  God,  Ba.al,  and  Rock  Inscrijitions  of  the  Mongolic  and  Tartar  Races  342 

67.  Inscriptions  from  the  Mongolian  and  Tartar  Races 343 

68.  Inscription  on  a  Laplander's  Drum-IIead 427 

69.  Triumphal  Tablet  of  Belistun,  Persia 423 

70.  Atotarho,  the  first  Iroquois  Ruler 421 

71.  Iroquois  Picture-Writing 429 

72.  Iroquois  Picture-Writing 430 

73.  Iroquois  Picture-Writing 431 

74.  Local  Manito 129 

75.  Ohio  River,  from  the  Summit  of  Grave  Creek  Mound 125 

76.  Shoshonee  Implements 211 


I 


>f 


■•i 


'!i !' 


CONTENTS. 


A. 

1. 
o 

3, 
4, 

5, 
C, 

7. 
8. 
f), 

B. 


3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 

i. 

8. 

C. 

1, 

2 

3, 
4 
5 
C, 


1.     GENERAL    HISTORY. 

SYNOPSIS. 

IllSTOItY,    NaTIOXAI,    ANT)    TltlllAI PaoE  13 

Its  Fiil)iilous  Cliar.ictcr  13 

Smnmiiry  of  the  Indiun  Cosningonists 14 

Antiiiiiity  of  their  Orif^iii  14 

rornianpiu'y  of  tlic  Fliysical  Triiit.s 1") 

General   Unity  of  Ruco  and  Lan(,'uaf;e I") 

Utter  Impracticability  of  the  Indian  Mind  and  fixity  of  tlie  tribal  Tic 1.") 

Indian  My tliology I  (! 

Tlic  Great  Spirit  Dualistic.     Polytheism  (jf  the  Indian  Mind 1(1 

A  Worshipper  of  the  Elements lii 

Orioix 10 

Ancient  Historians    and    tlie  Persic    and  Nilotic  Inscriptions    are    silent    respecting 

them 1  (j 

A  very  old  Race  of  Men  —  too  old  for  any  records  but  the  divine  oracles  —  probably 

Almogic 17 

Summary  of  Pelief 17 

Belief  of  a  Deluge  1" 

Belief  in  a  Subterranean  Origin 1" 

Traditions  of  the  monster  Era.     Algonquins  assert  it  to  have  preceded  the  creation 

of  Man 18 

Tradition  of  public  Benefactors 18 

Tradition  of  the  Arrival  of  Europeans 18 

Traditions  of  the  Axte-Colu.mbian  Epoch 19 

Tradition  of  the  Athapascas 10 

Tradition  of  the  Shawnces 19 

Tradition  of  the  Aztecs  and  Toltccs  19 

Ideographic  Map  of  Botturini ;  explained,  Plates  1  and  2 20 

The  Aztecs  not  Aborigines  21 

Toltec  and  Aztec  Tradition  of  their  History 21 

^3) 


U), 


1- 


•I  I 


ifi 


xiv  C  O  N  T  E  N  T  S . 

7.  Natioiiiility  of  Qiiotziilcoiitl 21 

8.  Kxiuninntioti  of  tliit)  Qiicstiuu  l>y  tlio  lights  of  Moilcrn  ObHerviitioii  in  (ioognipliy '2'2 

!',  TlifMi-v  iif  Wiiiils,  Currents,  iiiid  Temprruturt',  in  the  LiitittuIcH  n|ipii('il  to  tlio  curly 

Mij;riitiim  to  Amerifii -- 

10.  Observations  at  tlio  National  Observatory.     Lieuti'iiant  Maury 2.'! 

11.  Historical  Deductions -•! 

2.     THE   MENTAL   TYPE   OF   THE   INDIAN   11  ACE. 

A.     Gknkhu'  Vii'.ws 211 

1.  Has  the  Hace  claims  to  a  I'eculiarity  of  Typo? '■'>') 

2.  Sun  Worship  ;il> 

8.  Sacred  Fire •'!! 

4.  Oriental  Piictrino  of  (lood  and  Evil :!1 

r>.  Idea  of  the  (Jonn  of  Creation  uiuler  tho  Synil>ol  of  an  E;.')^  .'i^ 

(i.  Doctrines  of  tho  Magi -Vl 

7.  Duality  of  tho  Soul -l) 

H.   Metcuipsy ehosis  •\''\ 

H.  tiniens  from  the  Fli^^ht  of  IJirds ;!•'! 

10.  Images  and  Omens  drawn  fmm  the  Sky ;!4 

11.  Inilian  Philosophy  oftiood  and  Evil 'M 

12.  Theology  of  the  Indian  .Jugglers  and   Hunter-Priests oa 

l;!.   tireat  Anti(|uity  of  Oriental   Knowledge  .'!.') 

14.  Nature  and  objects  of  l>rahininical   Worship ."'(i 

15.  Anti(|uities  of  America .'!tl 

IG.  Antiquities  of  tho  United  States :5(1 

17.  Anti(iuity  of  Philological  Proof ;!7 

1 8.  II indoo  Theology :17 

V.K  Eternity  of  Life  the  boon  of  Hindoo  Deliverance 'M 

20.  Difficulty  of  comparing  Savage  and  Civilized  Nations ;>7 

21.  A  Dualistic  Deity  'AH 

22.  Worship  o'"  the  Elements.     Transmigration .'18 

23.  What  Stock  of  Nations ;!8 

24.  Cast.     Incineration  of  the  Body ,"8 

2.5.  Offerings  to  Ancestors  ',\H 

2tJ.   Offerings  at  Meals,  or  on  Journeys  o'.l 

27.  Parallelism  of  Idolatrous   Customs  among  the  Jews ."ill 

28.  Extreme  Anti(iuity  of  Hindoo  Rites ;!!> 

20.  Indian  Languages.     Shomitic 40 

30.  Manners  and  Customs  Mongolic 40 

31.  Conclusions  of  the  early  Anglo-Saxons 40 

32.  Permanency  of  tho  Physiologic.il  Type 41 

33.  Mental  Typo  Non-Progressive 41 

34.  Proof  of  Orientalism  from  Astronomy 41 

85.  Proof  from  Aztec  Astronomy 42 


'3^ 


III  I 


! 


\u 


CONTENTS. 


XV 


3.     ANTIQUITIES. 

A.  (Jenehal  Aucii^ioLOUY n 

B.  ANTiyiE  Skii-l  in  Foutification 47 

(.'.     Ekkction  of  Tl'muli,  or  Ai.tahs  dv  Sacuifice 4'.» 

1.  Tumuli  propi'r  4!> 

2.  Ueiloubt  MouikIh  ,',1 

H.   Hiirrowrt ;'>  I 

4.  Miniir  Altars  uf  Sucrifice  .Il 

!>.  Tott'iiiic  Mounds ,'>2 

D.  Evidences  of  a  Fixed  Cultivation  at  an  Antique  Peuiod 54 

1.  Prairio  YwhU CA 

'2.  llouuiins  of  auti(|uo  Ganlen  Ik'ds  ami  cxteiisivo  Fields  of  Horticultural  Labor  in  the 

primitive  I'niirics  of  the  West !'jI 

;!.   Iiilhu'iioc  of  tlio  Cultivation  of  the  Zea  Maize  on  the  Condition,  History,  and  Migra- 
tions of  the  Indian  Race (JO 

4.  Auticjuities  of  the  higher  Northern  Latitudes  of  the  L'nited  States {].'> 

E.  The  State  of  Aiits  and  Miscellaneous  FAiiuirs "o 

1 .  General  Views 70 

2.  Antique  Pipe  of  the  period  of  the  Landing 72 

li.  Stcndess  Pipe  of  Thunder  ]5ay 74 

4.  Indian  Axo  7,5 

5.  Arrow-Head  77 

0.  Mace,  or  War-Club 7^ 

7.  Anti(|ue  Gorget,  or  Medal 7^ 

8.  Corn  Pestle,  or  Hand  Bray-Stone gQ 

9.  Akeck,  or  Indian  Cooking-Pot  81 

10.  Discoidal  Stones  go 

1 1 .  Funereal  Food-Vase g-; 

12.  Coin,  or  its  E((uivalent f(4 

13.  Balista,  or  Demon's  Head §5 

14.  Medauka,  or  Amulets  g.- 

15.  Antique  Javelin,  or  Indian  Shemagon  or  Spear g-j 

It).  Aishkun,  or  Bone  Awl g7 

17.  Bono  Shuttle gg 

18.  Ice-Cutter gg 

19.  Reed,  for  Rope  or  Twine  Making gf) 

20.  Antique  Mortar yQ 

21.  Stone  Block-Prints  cjq 

22.  Fleshing  Instrument,  or  Stone  Chisel ox 

23.  Antique  Indian  Knife 92 

24.  Ancient  Stone  Bill,  Pointed  Mace,  or  Tomahawk 92 

o 


(^ 


i   ! 


U  f 


t 

ItiP 


xvi  OONTKNTS. 

-.">.   ('(i|i|ii'r  Aim  uiiil  WiiHt-lliimls  lilt 

-tl.  A iiliiii!*  Dlijofti*  of  Alt  mill  CiiHtiim ii;J 

F.     Attk.mi'th  in  Minimi  ,\m>  iMiM'.M.i.cituv H.'t 

1 ,  C! onoriit  Hem ii rkN |ir> 

2,  Ancient  C(>|'|H'r-Miiiiii;{  in  tliu  lliiHin  uf  Liiko  Superior l^'i 

it.  Vesti^'ert  (if  Ancient  Mining;  in  Iniliiinii  iinil  Illinnis |ili) 

■I.   V('.sti;,'es  cjf  Ancient   Miniiij;  Opeiiitimis  in   AikiiiiHim  iinil  Mi-iHoiiri 10(1 

').   Eviileiieo  (if  Aneieiit   Miniii;^  O|ienitions  in   Ciiliriiiniii 1(11 

<i.     O.XSIAIUCS IdJ 

H.     Aiiiii.i;i)i,iMii('.\i.  Kviiii:n('i:s  cic   iiii:  Cumincnt  iiavimi  iii;i:n  visiii:ii  nv  a  I'iihi'm; 

HAViNii  ],i;i"ii:iis,  I'liiiiii   III   iiii:  Kitv  ni'  ('lU.iMiirs 10(! 

I.   Aneiiiit  InMcriptinti  mi  tiie  A-isoiut  or  J)i^litiin   Itoek lllM 

'2.   Notice  of  an  In.seription  in  Aiilii|iie  (.'liiinieterH  fonnil  on  a  Talmliir  Stone  or  Aniiilet 

in  one  of  tiie  Western  'I'lininii,  of  pniliiiliiv  tlie  liej;iniiinf;  of  tiie  Sixteenth  Century.  I'Jd 

;!.    Devices  on  ii  (ilnliiiinr  Stmie  of  tlie   Mminil   I'erioil,  foiinil  in  tlie   Oiiio   Valley  1-t 

4.  Ancient  Sliipwreck  on  tlie   .\iiieric:in  Coasts I'J.") 

5.  Skeleton  in  Armor 127 

r>.     I'lIYS  ICAL    C  KlXi  HA  I'll  V. 

A.     (li:o(iiiAi'iii('Ai,  Mkmohamia  uiisrcciixii  tiim  Discovdhv  of  iiii:  Mis.sicsii'I'I   Kivkii, 

WITH  A  Map  (If  ITS  Sontci: l:!:', 

]i.     tloM)  Dioi'iisrrs  ok  Cai.ikoiima 1  lU 

C.     MiN'i:iiAi.(micAi.  a.nd  (1i:oi;iiai'iii('ai,  Xiiti(I:s,  iii:\i)TiN(i  Tin:  Vami-:  ok  AiioiiiniNAi, 

T  i:  II  u  iTi  I  It  Y 1  .")7 

1.  Tin  on  the  Kansas   River,   with  a  Map l.")7 

2.  Wisconsin  and  Iowa  Lciiil  Ore 1(!() 

.'?.  Black  Oxyilo  of  Copper  of  Lake  Superior KiO 

4.  Native  Silver  in  the  Drift  Stratum  of  Michigan 1(11 

5.  Petroleum  of  the  Chickasaw  Lands 1(11 

G.  Artesian  Borings  fur  Salt  in  the  Onondaga  Summit 1(J2 

7.  Geography  of  the  Genesee  Country  of  Western  New  York Hji] 

J).     E.xisTi.Mi  Gkolouical  Action  ok  the  Ameuican  Lakes lOti 

E.  AxTiyiE  O.sTEOi.oc.Y  OK  THE  Mox.sTEit  Period 173 

F.  An  AnouiiiiNAL  1'allai)h:.m,  with  a  Plate 17(; 

G.  Minnesota 181 

(!.     TRIBAL    ORGANIZATKIN,    HISTORY,    AND    GOVERNMENT. 

I.   Preliminary  Remarks l;i3 

-.  Slioshonce,  or  Snake  Nation  108 


"* 

4 

>* 


i 

'4 


(J 
7 

',), 
10 
II 
1-2 
l:i 
II 

\'l 


:! 


15. 


CONTKNTH.  xvli 

.   Iii.liaii  Tiihcs  (if  OiT>{on,  kv.\  \>y  N.  .1.  Wyctli,   V.*'[ 201 

(.'oiiiiiiiilic's  iiikI  'illiir  'I'liiioH  iif  Tixii^,  iiinl  ilii'  I'niii'v  111  111'  imiHiicil  ri'»|M'ctiiin  tlii'iii ; 

l,y  1).  (i.   Miinift,  F.^ii i!i!'.l 

,   Iiiiliiiu  Tiilii's  of  New   Mfxico;  liy  (invcriKir  Cliaik'H  Hciit  'JI2 

|)iirM.ti»t  of  tlu'  Missis.^ipiii ;  liy  TIiuiiiuh  S.  Williiiin.tim,  M.  D '.'17 

,   The  .'nmlll'iix  a  .Scomjijc  to  i\w  Ali'iii;;iiiCH 2.'">7 

'I'llhi'S  on  lli'^  Siiiita  hV  Tiuii  iiml  iit  tlio  Font  of  tliu  lluuky  MouiitiiiiiH iW 

.   lli.^tiiry  'it"  tlio  (Jrt't'k.s  (U-  Mu(tkoj;(^i'H -•!;"> 

,   Mimsachusotttt   [||iliaiis ~>^\ 

.   FiirtmT   Iiiiliaii  I'opulat. /(   nf  Kciitiuky oOO 

,   llisliiry  III'  the   Mi'iiiiiuDiiics  am!  ('lii|iin'WMS 'M)2 

M iMCdl ins  anil  A »f ij;iin«ii,'.'< 'tOri 

(Jiij,'in  ami   Ilisloiy  ul'  tlii'  CliickaMaws .'iOO 

.     INTFl.LECTUAFi    CAl'AiiFTY    AND    C  li  A  !(  A  CT  KR    oK    TIIK 

INDIAN    UAC'i;. 

MvTniU.iiliV   ANM   OllAI.  TllAIUrinNS ■'IKI 

IriKjiiniM  Ciisniiii^iiny ■ilt'i 

Alli';.'iirii'al  'rraililiims  iit'  llir  Ori^rin   iif  Men,  (if  Miinalin/lin,  ami   uf  {\w  Iiili-iiilni'linn 

i.f  Mnlii'al  Mii-lc :!I7 

Alli';,'iiiy   of  till'   Ori^rin   ami    Ilir-dn'y   uf  llic   O.^a^iiM  I',):) 

I'liltowall U'   'rii('iilii;.'y  :1J0 

,   Tlio   Islaml  (if  tlic   nicsscil,  or  tlic   Ilnntci'rt  Difani :V1\ 

Tlie  Fate  of  tlio  Hoil-Hoadca  Magician !li';i 

Tlio  Ma^^io   Uiiif;  in   tlio   I'rairios    '.Vll 

Tlio   llisliiry  of  tlio  Jjitlio  Oi|iliaii  wlio  oanio.s  tiio   Wliilo   I''oatlior o-J',1 

I  Mil  AN    I'lnilliltAl'IIV .'iJili 

I 'roliiiiinary  ( 'nnsiilorat ioii^< ■'i:l)5 

Extroinc  Antii[!  ity  nf  the  Art  of  I'iotorial  AVritiiig;  its  Gcnoral  Usp  amoiii^st  tlio 

Oriental  Nations,  kc •'!  1 1 

Elonionts  of  tlio   I'iotm-ial  Systoiii.     Cinnnioii   Figurativo  Sijiiis,   dosij^nod  to  coincy 

(lonoi-al   Inforniation  anioiii;  tlio  Trilios,  itc :!'jO 

Kokoowin,  or  llioratic  Signs  of  tlio  Modiiwin  anilJoosuki'iwiii.    Ddiiiitiuii  of  liio  Tonus 

anil  rriiioiplos  of  tlio  Scrolls I^'iS 

Hitos  anil  Synibulio  Notation  of   tlio  Songs  of   tlio  Waliri.o.     riotorial  Signs  nsoil 

in  this  Socioty.     A  Doscii|ition  of  tlio  Songs  and  Dances odd 

Symbols  of  the  Art  of  Hunting  and  tlio  Inoidonts  of  tlio  Chase '\><:\ 

The  Higher  Jeosuki'nviii,  or  I'mphocy :!xS 

Symbols  of  War,  Love,  and  History.     Tninslation  of  War-Songs,   Jtc 401 

Universality  and  Antiquity  of  tlio  I'ictograpliic  Method.     Geographical  Area  Covered 

by  Migrations  of  the  Algomiiiin  Tribes.     The  groat  F'ixily  of  Mental  and  Physical 

Character 411 


xviii  CONTENTS. 

10.  Comparative  View  of  the  Pictography  of  Barbarous  Nations,     Foreign  Pictographic 
Signs.     The  Chinese  Cliaracters  founded  on  the  Picturc-Writing  Devices  of  the 

Samoides,  Siberians,  Tartars,  itc 401 

VII.     POPULATION   AND   STATISTICS. 

A.  General  Remarks  on  the  Indian  Popvlatidn  of  tiii;  Union 433 

B.  Census  RETi-nNs  of  the  Indian  Tribes  of  the  United  States,  with  their  A^ital 

AND  Industrial  Statistics 435) 

1.  Iroquois  Q  roup 44I 

2.  Algonquin  Group 45g 

3.  Dacota  Group 49^ 

4.  Appalachian  Group gQg 

C.  Tables  of  the  Tribes  within  the  newly  acquired  States  and  Territories...  518 

1-  Texas 518 

'2.  New  Mexico rj-j <) 

3.  California  rjoO 

4.  Oregon fjo-i 

T).  Florida r.j.j 

0.  Utah 522 

7.  Ultimate  Consolidated  Tables  of  the  Indian  Population  of  the  United  States 523 

APPENDIX. 

Inquiries,  respecting  the  History,  Present  Condition,  and  Future  Prospects  of 

the  Indian  Tribes  of  the  United  States 595 


i:y 


3t| 


1.    GENERAL    HISTORY. 


And  these  are  ancient  things. 

I.  CiiuoN.  iv.  22. 


A.     HISTORY;    NATIONAL    AND    TRIBAL. 


1.  AiiOiiiGiNAi.  lii.-toiT,  Oil  this  continent,  is  more  eelelinited  for  preserving  its  I'aJjles 
than  its  facts.  This  is  eini)hatically  true  respecting  the  hunter  ami  non-industrial  tril)es 
of  the  present  area  of  the  United  States,  who  have  left  liut  little  that  is  entitled  to 
historical  respect.  Nations  creeiiing  out  oi'  the  ground  —  a  world  gTowing  out  of  a 
tortoise's  back  —  the  glolie  re-constructed  i'roni  the  earth  clutched  in  a  nmskrat's  paw, 
after  a  deluge,  —  such  arc  the  fables,  or  allegories,  from  which  we  are  to  frame  their 
ancient  history.  Without  any  mode  of  denoting  their  chronology,  without  letters, 
without  any  arts  depending  upon  the  use  of  iron  tools,  without,  in  truth,  any  power 
of  mind  or  hand,  to  denote  their  early  wars  anddjnasties,  except  what  may  lie  inferred 
from  their  monumental  remains,  there  is  nothing,  in  their  oral  narrations  of  ancient 
epochs,  to  bind  together  or  give  consistency  to  oven  this  incongruous  mass  of  wild 
hyperboles  and  crudities. 

Whenever  it  is  attemiited,  by  the  slender  thread  of  their  oral  traditions,  to  pick 
np  and  re-unito  the  bix)ken  eliain  of  history,  by  which  they  were  anciently  connected 
with  the  old  world,  their  sachems  endeavor  to  (ix  attention  li}-  some  striking  allegory 
or  iiiC(jiigruous  (iction;  which  sounds,  to  ears  of  sober  truth,  like  attempts  at  weaving 
a  rope  of  sand.  To  impress  the  mind  by  extraordinary  simplicity,  or  to  surpri.se  it, 
with  a  single  graphic  idea,  is  quite  characteristic  of  Indian  elixiuence  —  whatever  b<^ 
the  theme. 

Manco  Capac,  deriving  his  pedigree  from  the  Bim,  or  Tai'enyawagon,  receiving  lii;i 
apotheosis  from  the  White  Bird  of  Heaven;  Quetzalcoatl,  founding  the  Toltee  empire 
with  a  few  wanderers  from  the  Seven  Caves ;  or  Atatarho,  veiling  his  god-like  powers 
of   terror   with   hissing   rattle-snakes,   fearful   only  to   others ;    snch  are   the   proofs 


14 


NATIONAL    AND    TI!I1!AL    lll.STUllY. 


|i  ! 


liy  wliicli  llu'v  iiini   til  stuy  tlio  ill-pi'oportioiu'd   I'ahiic  of  tlii'ir  Iiistoi'v,  aiiti((iiitit's.  aiul 

lll_\  tlldlllLi'V. 

2.  TIk'  native  cDsiiioiroiiists,  when  they  are  recalled  from  iHiildinj^  these  castles  in  the 
air.  and  asked  the  meanin;^'  ol'  a  tnniuhis,  or  the  age  of  some  gigantic  tooth  or  honi', 
which  ri'mains  to  attest  gi'ological  changes  in  the  snrlace  of  the  continent,  answer  with 
a  stare  I  and  if  tiiey  sjieak  at  all,  they  make  such  heavy  drafts  upon  the  imagination, 
that  history  ni'Xtr  knows  wlu'n  she  has  made  allov, ances  enongh  on  this  head. 

A  manuuoth  hull,  jumping  over  the  great  laki's;'  a  grape-vine  carrying  a  whole 
tribe  acniss  the  Mississippi  ;-  an  eagle's  wings  jirodncing  the  phenomenon  of  thunder, 
or  its  (lashing  eyes  that  of  lightning;  men  slepjiing  in  viewless  tracks  up  the  lihie  ai'ch 
of  hea\en  ;  the  rainliow  made  a  haldric;  a  litlU'  hoy  catching  the  sun's  ht'ams  in  a 
snare;'  hawks,  rescuing  shipwrecked  mariners  from  an  angry  ocean,  and  carrying 
them  n|)  a  sti'ep  ascent,  in  leatiii'm  bags.''  These,  or  a  plain  event  of  last  year's 
occurrence,  are  related  by  the  chiefs  with  equal  gravity,  and  expected  to  claim  an 
e(pial  share  of  belief  and  historic  attention.  Where  so  much  is  pure  mythologic 
di'oss.  or  rcipiires  to  be  ])ut  in  the  crucible  of  allegory,  theri!  appears  to  be  little  room 
for  any  fact.      Yet  IheiH-  are  some  facts,  against  which  we  cannot  shut  our  eyes. 

;!.  We  |H'rceive.  in  them,  if  exannned  by  the  light  of  truth,  as  revealed  alike  by 
divine  and  profane  records,  a  marked  varii'ty  of  the  human  race,  possessing  traits  of  a 
decidedly  oriental  character,  who  have  been  lost  to  all  history,  ancient  and  modern. 
Of  their  pit'cise  origin,  and  the  era  and  nuinner  of  their  nn'gratitin  to  this  continent, 
we  know  nothing  with  ci'rtainty.  which  is  not  inferential.  Philosophical  inijuiry  is  our 
only  guide.  This  is  still  the  j\idgment  of  the  best  impnrers,  who  have  in\ostigati'd 
the  subject  through  tiie  nuMhum  of  physiology,  languages,  antiquities,  arts,  traditions, 
or  whatever  other  means  may  have  been  employed  to  solve  tiie  ([uestion.  'I'hey  aii>, 
e\idently.  ancient  in  tlieir  occiqiancy  of  the  continent.  'J'iiere  are,  probably,  ruins 
here,  which  date  witiiin  fixe  hundred  years  of  the  foundation  of  Babylon.  Ail  history 
demonstrates,  that  from  that  central  I'ocus  of  nationality,  nations  were  jiropelled  over 
the  globe  with  an  extraordinary  degree  of  I'lii'rgy  and  gi'ographical  enterjirise.  It  is 
well  said  by  a  recent  and  I'minent  writer,  that  the  l()ot  of  man  has  pressed  many  a  .M)il, 
which  late  travellers  assume  was  never  trodden  before.'  We  have  known  this  con- 
tinent but  three  centuries  and  a  hall",  dating  from  1492.  That  di.sco\ery  fell  like  a 
thunder-clap.  But  it  is  now  known  that  the  Scandinavians  had  set  foot  upon  it.  at 
a  long  j>rior  ilate,  and  had  visited  the  northern  part  of  it,  from  Greenland,  as 
early  as  the  beginning  of  the  lOth  century."      Even   in   the   0th   century,  we   are 


.b'lTiTS.ill's    .\utcs. 

'() 


^  HL'ckr\volclui''s   Ib.stiiry  iif   tlie   Iiicli;iu.s. 


Iicnia, 


Cusic's  Ancient   Ili>l" 


ipf   llie  Ir 


/i  t 


Cli:irlc<   Uamilliin   Smith's   nistur 
Antii|iiitatos  Ainoricana.     ('i!|iLnlii 


i.f  tlio  I! 


uiiKin  f»pcc 


.* 


m 


NATIONAL    AND    TllIDAL    IIISTOUY. 


15 


iiii'oriiicd.  Otlun'o  proircdcil  on  a  vovMjri-  to  i  North  Pole.  'I'hc  ln'otliors  Zcni  liuil 
iiiiulc  iiii|)ort;int  prior  dis' ..icrics,  in  tlie  west  .iiid  iiortlicrii  occaiis.  ISiscavaii  Rsli- 
cnucii  wcTu  driven  oil'  tiic  Irisli  coast-  in  J  I  and  tiicrc  is  a  chart  of  Anchca  I'ianca 
in  the  Ducal  Library  at  Venice,  ol"  1  l.'iG,  on  wliicli   the  names  oi'  IJra/.il  and  Antiilia 

occur. 

4.  ]5ut  whenever  visited,  whetlier  in  tin'  '.Uli.  KUh.  or  1  "ith  ceutui'v.  or  late  in  tlie 
loth,  when  Viriiinia  was  flr.-t  visited,  the  Indians  vindicated  ail  tlie  leading;-  traits  and 
characteristics  of  tlie  present  day.  (M'  all  races  on  the  face  of  the  eartii.  who  were 
pushed  from  their  original  .seats,  and  cast  hack  into  utter  bariiarisni,  they  luive, 
ai)pareiitly,  chan;.;ed  the  least ;  and  have  ])reserved  their  physical  and  ipiMital  ty])e, 
with  the  fewest  alterations.  They  continue  to  reproduce  tiiemstdves.  as  a  race,  even 
whcM'e  their  manners  are  coiupanitively  polished,  and  their  intellects  enli.uhteued  ;  as 
if  thev  were  bound  by  the  iron  fetters  of  an  nnchaniiiiiji'  type.  In  this  unvarying 
and  indomitable  individuality,  and  in  their  fl.xity  of  opinion  anil  general  idiosyncracy, 
thev  certainly  remind  tin'  reader  of  oriental  races  —  of  the  Slieniitic  family  of  man. 

■").  \'ie\ved  in  extenso,  the  race  appears  to  be  composed  of  the  IVagmeiits  of  varit)us 
trilies  of  men,  who  bore,  however,  a  general  allinity  to  each  other.  With  some  small 
exceptions,  they  appear  to  be  parts  of  a  whole.  ^lost  of  their  languages  and  dialect.s 
are  manifestl}'  derivative.  While  they  are  transjiositive  and  polysyllabic,  tliey  are 
of  a  type  of  synthesis  more  concrete  and  ancient  in  its  structure  than  those  of  liomo 
and  (Ireece,  and  exhibit  no  analogies  to  those  of  western  and  northern  Europe,  unless 
it  be  the  Bastpie  and  Mag^-ar.  But  they  are  ])liilosophically  homogeneous  in  .syntax, 
capable  of  the  most  exact  analysis  and  resolution  into  their  original  and  simple 
elenuMits;  and  while  some  of  them  impose  concords,  in  reference  to  a  wild  aboriginal 
]irinciple  of  animate  and  Inairnnate  classes  of  nature,  they  are  entirely  Hn(i-'<ijiithittc. 
Tliis  subject  will   be  examined  in  its  jjroper  place. 

G.  As  a  race,  there  never  was  one  more  impracticable;  more  bent  on  a  nameless 
prnici[)le  of  triliaHtji ;  more  averse  to  cond;inations  for  their  general  g(jod ;  more  deaf 
to  the  voice  of  instruction  ;  more  determined  to  pursue  all  the  elements  of  their  own 
destruction.  They  are  still,  as  a  body,  nomadic  in  their  manners  and  custom.s.  They 
appear,  on  this  continent,  to  have  trampled  on  monumental  ruins,  some  of  which  had 
their  origin  before  their  arrival,  or  without  their  i)artici[)ation  as  Ijuilders  ;  though 
these  are  apparently  ruins  of  the  same  generic  race  of  men,  but  of  a  jirior  er.i.  They 
have,  in  the  north,  no  temples  i'or  worship,  and  live  in  a  wild  belief  of  the  ancient 
theory  of  a  diurgus,  or  Soul  of  the  I'niverse.  which  inhabits  and  animates  every  thing. 
They  recognise  their  Great  Spirit  in  rocivs,  trees,  cataracts,  and  clouds;  in  thunder 
and  lightning;  in  the  strongest  tempests  iind  the  softest  /.ephyrs  ;  and  this  subtle 
and  transcendental  Spirit  is  iielieved  to  conceal  hims(df  in  titular  deities  from  Inunan 
gaze,  as  birds  and  rpiadrupcds ;  aiuK  in  short,  he  is  to  be  supposed  to  exist  under 
every  possible  form  in  the  world,  animate  and  inanimate. 


m 


|!  -t 


16  NATIONAL   AND    TRIBAL    HISTORY. 

7.  While  a  Groat  Spirit  thus  constitutes  the  pith  cii'  luilian  theory,  the  trihes  live 
in  a  practical  state  of  polytheism;  and  they  have  constructed  a  mythology  in  accord- 
ance  with  these  sublimated  views  of  matter  and  spirit,  which  is  remarkable  for  the 
variety  of  its  objects.  To  this  tliey  constantly  ap[)eal,  at  every  step  of  their  lives. 
They  hear  the  great  diurgic  Spirit  in  every  wind;  they  see  him  in  every  cloud;  they 
fear  liim  in  every  sound;  and  they  a(U)re  him  in  every  })lace  that  inspires  awe. 
They  thus  nnike  gods  of  the  elements:  they  see  his  image  in  the  sun;  they  acknow- 
ledge his  mysterious  power  in  (ire;  and  wherever  nature,  in  the  perpetual  struggle  of 
matter  to  restore  its  e(piilibrium,  assumes  power,  I/k  rr  they  are  sure  to  locate  a  god. 

8.  Tiiis  is  but  half  tiieir  capacity'  of  stout  Ijelief  The  Indian  god  of  North  Ame- 
rica exists  in  a  dualistic  form;  there  is  a  malign  and  a  benign  type  of  him;  and 
there  is  continual  strife,  in  every  possible  form,  between  these  two  antiigonistical 
powers,  for  the  mastery  over  the  mind.  They  are  in  perpetual  activity.  Legions  of 
subordinate  spirits  attend  lioth.  Nature  is  replete  with  them.  When  the  eye  fails 
to  recognise  them  in  nuiterial  forms,  they  are  i  nealed  in  dreams.  Necromanc}-  and 
witchcraft  are  two  of  tlieir  ordinary  powers.  They  can,  in  a  twinkling,  tran,;i'orm 
men  and  animals.  False  hopes  and  fears,  which  the  Indian  believes  to  be  true, 
spring  up  on  eveiy  side.  His  notions  of  the  spirit-world  exceed  all  belief;  and  the 
Indian  mind  is  thus  nuxde  the  vi''tini  of  wild  mystery,  unending  suspicion,  and  para- 
lyzing fear.     Nothing  could  make  him  more  truly  a  wild  man. 

!).  It  is  a  religion  of  woods  and  wilds,  and  involves  the  ever-varying  and  confused 
belief  in  spirits  and  demons,  gods  of  the  water  and  gods  of  the  rocks,  and  in  cveiy 
imaginable  creation  of  the  air,  the  ocean,  the  earth,  and  the  sky, — of  every  possible 
power,  indeed,  which  can  iiroduce  secret  harm  or  generate  escape  from  it.  Not  to 
sutler,  with  the  Indian,  is  to  enjoy.  Not  to  be  in  misery  from  these  unnumbered 
hosts,  is  to  be  blest.  Jle  seems,  indeed,  to  present  the  living  problem  of  a  race  which 
has  escaped  from  every  good  and  truthful  inlluence,  and  is  determined  to  call  into 
requisition  every  evil  one,  to  prevent  his  return  to  the  original  doctrines  of  truth;  for 
he  constantly  speaks,  when  his  traditions  are  probed,  of  having  lived  in  a  better  state; 
of  having  spoken  a  better  and  purer  language,  and  of  having  been  under  the  govern- 
ment of  chiefs  who  exercised  a  more  energetic  power.  Such,  at  least,  1  have  found 
the  tone  of  the  Algonciuin  mind,  during  a  long  residence  among  them. 


•A 


Wi 


t'  i  ' 


B.     ORIGIN. 

1.  Where  such  a  race  can  be  supposed  to  have  had  their  origin,  history  may  vainly 
inquire.  It  ])robably  broke  ofl'  from  one  of  the  primary  stocks  of  the  human  race, 
before  history  had  dipped  her  pen  in  iidv.  or  lifted  her  graver  on  stone.  Herodotus 
is  silent;  there  is  notiiing  to  be  learned  Irom  Sanconiiithus  and  the  fragmentary 
ancients.     The  cuneiform  and  the  Nilotic  inscriptions,  tiie  oldest  in  the  world,  are 


M 
f\ 

i 
i 

ii 


NATIONAL 


17 


nui 


to.     Our   Indian   s^tocks  soom  to  be  still  more  iiiicii'iit.     Their  lan'riin"-cs,  their 


peculiar  idiosyncrasy,  all  that  is  jjcciiliar  ahont  tliein,  denuto  this. 

2.  Considered  in  every  point  of  view,  the  Indian  race  a])pears  to  he  of  an  old — a 
very  old  stock.  Nothing  that  wo  have,  in  the  shape  of  hooks,  is  ancient  enon"h  to 
recal  the  period  of  his  origin,  hut  the  sacred  oracles.  If  we  appeal  to  these,  a  pro- 
bable prototype  may  be  reco;i;nised  in  that  branch  of  the  race  wliicii  niav  be  called 
Ahnogic,'a  branch  of  the  Eber-ites;  to  whom,  indeed,  the  revelation  was  )iot  made, 
but  wiio,  as  co-in]ial)itants  for  many  ages  of  the  same  country,  may  be  sui)posed  to 
have  been  more  or  less  accpiainted  with  the  fact  of  such  revelation.  Like  them,  they 
are  depicted,  at  all  periods  of  their  history,  as  strongly  self-willed,  exclusive  in  their 
type  of  individuality,  heedless,  heady,  impracticable,  impatient  of  reproof  or  instruc- 
tion, and  strongly  bent  on  the  various  forms  of  ancient  idolatry.  Such  are,  indeed, 
the  traits  of  the  American  tribes. 

;5.  What  may  be  regarded,  in  their  traditions  of  the  world,  their  origin,  and  their 
opinions  of  man,  as  entitled  to  attention,  is  this.  They  believe  in  a  supreme,  tran.s- 
cendental  power  of  goodnes.s,  or  Great  Merciful  Spirit,  by  whom  the  earth,  tlie  ani- 
mals, and  man  were  created;  also,  in  a  groat  antagonistical  power,  who  can  disturb 
the  benevolent  purposes  of  the  other  power.  This  person  they  call  the  Great  Evil 
Spirit.     The  belief  in  this  duality  of  gods  is  universal. 

4.  They  relate,  generally,  that  there  was  a  deluge  at  an  ancient  epoch,  which 
covered  the  earth,  and  drowned  mankind,  except  a  limited  number.  They  speak 
most  emphatically  of  a  future  state,  and  appear  to  have  some  confused  idea  of  rewards 
and  punishments,  which  are  allegorically  represented. 

5.  They  regard  the  earth  as  their  cosmogonic  mother,  and  declare  their  origin  to 
have  been  in  cave.s,  or  in  .some  other  manner  within  its  depths.  The  leading  do-nni 
of  their  theology  is,  however,  that  a  future  state  is  destined  to  reward  them  for  cavils 
endured  in  this;  and  that  the  fates  of  men  are  irrevocably  fixed,  and  cannot  be  altered, 
except,  it  may  be,  by  appeals  to  their  seers,  prophet.s,  or  jossakeeds,  which  finallv,  if 
wo  are  to  judge  by  the  stolidity  <jf  an  Indian's  death,  they  entirel\-  forget,  or  ai)pear  to 
have  no  liiitli  in. 

They  declare  themselves  generally  to  be  aborigines.  Pure  fables,  or  allegories,  are 
all  that  support  this.  By  one  authority,  they  clind.ed  ui.  tlie  roots  of  a  large  vine, 
from  the  interior  to  tiio  surface  of  the  earth  ;^  by  another,  they  ca.snally  saw  light' 
while  underground,  from  the  top  of  a  cavern  in  the  '.arth.^  In\,ne  Ma/ or  another,' 
most  of  the  tribes  plant  themselves  on  tlie  tra.litions  of  a  local  origin.  Seeing  many 
quadrupeds  which  burrow  in  the  earth,  they  acknowledge  a  similar  and  my,"teri(ais 
relation.     Tecumseh  aflinned,  in  accordance  with  this  notion,  that  the  earth"  was  iiis 


From  Altnod.iil,  the  son  of  Joktan 
■  ]!rcekcnriclgc'.s  A'oyage  up  the  Missouri. 

3 


'  Onebta,  p.  207. 


18 


NATIONAL    AND    TKIIJAL    HISTORY. 


t!!' 


I 


If 


P-ir 


■  li. 


inotliiT;  ami  Mii'liiil)()ii  lu'ld  tliat  tilt'  birds  and  bfast.s  wi'iv  his  brotliors.  A  few  of 
the  ti'il)t's,  iHirtli  and  soutb,  iiave  sonietiiing  of  a  traditional  value  to  add  to  these 
nt)ti()ns.  expressive  of  an  opinion  of  a  foreign  origin.  Tliis,  as  gleaned  from  various 
authors,  will  be  now  particularly  mentioned. 

(1.  Thest'  ideas,  which  vary  greatly  in  ditl'erent  trilx's,  are  mingled  with  I'ables  and 
beliels  of  the  gros.sest  absurdity.  To  .separate  tradition  from  mythologic  belief,  in  the 
chaos  of  Indian  intellect,  has  .some  re.semljlance  to  the  attempt  of  a  Unite  hand  to 
se|)arate  light  from  darivuess.  The  overllow  of  waters  on  the  earth  lia\  ing  been  nar- 
rated, an  event,  by  the  way,  which  they  attribute  to  the  (Jreat  Evil  Spirit,  their  tra- 
ditions skip  over  thousands  of  years,  which  they  fill  up  as  an  epoch  of  mytholog\'.  In 
this,  monsters,  giants,  spii'its,  genii,  gods,  and  demons,  wield  their  jiowi'rs  agiiinst  each 
other,  and  (ill  the  world  with  cannibalism,  nun-ders,  ami  com|)licated  fears  and  horrors. 
Uucklaud  himself  could  not  desire  a  fairer  field  lor  one  big  saurian  to  eat  u[)  another; 
but  tlie  era  is  wholly  s|)oiled  for  the  geological  warfare  of  monsters,  by  making  nuni 
live  on  earth  at  the  sauu'  time,  and  exposing  him  to  all  the  horrible  mutations  and 
nuitilations  of  the  tooth  and  claw  era.  The  Alginuiuin  Indians  indeed  say,  in  accoixl- 
auce  Mith  geological  theory,  that  the  animals  at  lir.st  had  the  rule  on  earth,  and  that 
man  came  in  as  a  latt'r  ci-eation. 

7.  One  of  the  chief  features  of  this  epoch  of  monstrosities,  in  oajli  leading  family 
of  American  Tribes,  is  the  tradition  of  some  great  hero,  giant-kilU'r,  or  wise  benefactor, 
■whose  name  is  exalted  as  a  god,  and  to  whose  strength,  wisdom,  or  sai;acity,  they 
attribute  deliverance.  Such  is  Quetzalcoatl  among  the  Toltecs  and  A/tecs  ;  Atalien- 
tsic,  Atatarho,  and  Tarenyawagon,  among  the  Iroquois,  and  Micabo,  or  the  Great  Hare, 
popularly  called  Manaljozho,  among  the  Algonquius. 

S.  The  next  thing  that  is  heard,  in  their  history  of  the  world,  is  account.s,  variously 
related,  of  the  arrival  of  Europeans  on  the  coast,  about  the  end  of  the  Kith  century. 
From  tiiat  era  to  tin-  present  day,  is,  with  the  exceptions  below  recited,  the  i)eriod  of 
authentic  tradition.  Most  of  the  tribes  possess  traditions  of  the  first  appearance  of 
white  men  among  them,  and  some  of  them  name  the  place.  The  Lenui  Lenapes  and 
Mohicans  preserve  the  memory  of  the  apiicarance  and  voyage  of  Hudson,  up  the  river 
bearing  his  name,  in  IGD'J.  The  Iroquois  have  the  tradition  of  a  wreck,  apparently 
earlier,  on  the  southern  coast;  and  the  saving,  and,  after  a  time,  the  extinction  of 
the  infant  colony  in  l)lood.  This  possibly  may  be  the  first  colony  of  Virginia,  in 
l-j>S8.  The  Algonquins  have  a  tradition  of  Cartier's  visit  to  the  St.  Lawrence,  in  ir)o4, 
and  call  the  French,  to  this  day,  People  of  the  Wooden  \'essel.  or  Wa-mitig-oazh.  The 
Chippewas  allirmed  (in  1824)  that  seven  generations  of  men  had  pa.s.sed  since  that 
nation  first  came  in  to  the  lakes." 


'  If  IflOS,  till!  pirioJ  iif  tlic  sotdeniont  of  Cuiiaila,  be  taken  ari  llio  era,  and  thirty  viar^^  allowed  to  a  genera- 
tion, tills  is  a  remarkable  instance  of  aeeuraey  of  computation. 


•a 


NATlONAli    AND    Till  UAL    lIl.STOUy. 


19 


C.     TRADITIONS    OF    THE    A  N  TE-COL  U  M  JU  A  N    EPOCH. 


a 


^^ 


On  this  Huljjoot,  wo  ai'o  foiifnied  to  narrow  limits.  Tlii-c'e  or  I'oiir  of  the  cliiol' .stocks 
now  Ix'twi'cn  tlio  Equinox  mul  lliu  Arctic  Circle,  liavo  i)re.sorved  traditions  which  it  is 
deemed  proper  to  recite. 

1.  In  the  vojiiges  of  Sir  Alexander  Mackenzie  amonj;-  the  Arctic  tribes,  he  relates  of 
the  Chepewejans,  that  "  tiiey  have  a  tradition  that  they  originally  came  from  another 
country,  inhabited  b^-  vi'ry  wicked  people,  and  had  travi'r.sed  a  great  lake,  which  wa.s 
narrow  and  shallow,  and  full  of  islands,  where  they  had  sullered  great  misery,  it  being 
always  winter,  with  lee  and  deep  snow."  '  In  a  subsequent  pa.s.sage,  p.  oS7,  he  I'emarks 
— "Their  progress  (the  great  Athaj)asca  family)  is  easterly,  and  according  to  their 
own  tradition,  tliey  came  I'rom  Siberia;  agreeing  in  dre.xs  and  manners  with  the  people 
now  found  n|)on  the  coasts  of  Asia." 

2.  The  Shawanoes,  an  vVlgonfjuin  tribe,  have  a  tradition  of  a  foreign  origin,  or  a 
liiniling  from  a  sea  voyage.    John  Johnston,  Estp,  who  Mas  I'or  many  \ears  their  a"'ent 
prior  to  1820,  ob.'^erves.  in  a  lelter  ol'  July  7tli,  181!).  publisiied  in  the  first  volume  of 
Arclueologia  Americana,  p.  27.'!,  tliat   tiiey  migrated    from   West  Florida,  and  parts 
adjacent,  to  Ohio  and  Indiana,  where  this  tribe  was  then  located. 

"Tie  people  of  this  nation,"  he  ob.H'rves,  "have  a  tradition  that  their  ancestors 
cros.sed  the  .sea.  They  are  the  only  tribe  with  which  I  am  aHjuainted.  who  admit  a 
l()reign  origin.  Until  lately,  they  kept  yearly  sacrifices  for  their  safe  arrival  in  this 
countiy.  From  where  tiny  came,  or  at  what  period  they  ari'ived  in  America,  they 
do  not  know.  It  is  a  prevailing  opinion  among  them,  that  Florida  had  been  inhabited 
by  white  people,  who  had  the  u.se  of  iron  tools.  Blackhoof  (a  celebrated  chief)  aflirms 
that  he  has  often  heard  it  si)oken  ol  b\-  old  people,  that  stumps  of  trees,  covered  with 
earth,  were  fiv(piently  found,  whicli  liad  been  cut  down  by  edged  tools." 

At  a  subsequent  page,  he  says— "It  is  .somewhat  doubtful  whether  the  deliverance 
which  they  celebrate  has  any  oth^'i-  relerenee,  than  to  the  crossing  of  .^ome  great  river, 
or  an  arm  of  the  sea."     (P.  27ti,  Arch.  Am..  Vol.  1.) 

3.  The  next  testimony  is  from  Mexico.  IMontezuma  told  Cortez  of  a  foreign  con- 
nection between  the  Aztec  race    and  the  nations  of  the  Old  AVorld. 

This  tradition,  as  preserved  hy  Don  Antonio  Solis,  led  that  monarch  to  assure  the 
conqueror  of  a  relationship  to  the  Sptdi'islr  crown,  in  the  line  of  sovereigns. 

His  speech  is  this:  — "I  would  have  you  to  luider.staud  before  you  begin  your  dis- 
cour.se,  that  we  are  not  ignorant,  or  stand  in  need  of  your  persuasions,  to  believe  that 


tl 


le  great  i)rmce  yon  obey  is  descended  I 


rom  our  ancient  (Juetzalcoatl,  Lord  of  tl 


ic 


JMackonzii.,  CXIT.  Intr.nl. 


Tliii  wiw  (if  course  oiilitiod  to  no  w.'iglit  wlmtcver,  except  a.s  Jeiiotiiig  ii  foreigu  origin. 


i 


%■' 


I  i.^: 


II 


I! 


I  (1 

ill 


20 


NATIONAL  AND  TRIBAL  HISTORY. 


Seven  Ciivcs  of  tliu  XnrxllaijKoi,  and  lawful  king  of  those  se\i'ii  nations  wliicii  ^avo 
begiiniing  to  our  Mexican  enijjire.  Ily  one  of  his  prophecies,  wiiidi  we  receive  as  an 
infailihle  truth,  and  hy  a  tradition  of  nuiny  a;i;es,  preserved  in  oiu-  amuds,  we  iiuow 
that  he  dei)arted  from  tiiesc  countries,  to  conquer  new  regions  in  the  Kast,  leaving  a 
promise,  that  in  process  of  time,  his  descendants  should  return,  to  model  our  laws,  and 
mend  our  government."  ' 

4.  The  general  tradition  of  the  nation,  of  their  having  originated  in  another  land, 
and  their  n\igration  hy  water,  is  preserved  in  the  ideograpiiic  maj)  of  Botturini.' 

Hy  the  accompanying  I'lates  (1  and  2)  they  descril)e  pictograijhicall}-  their  first 
landing  from  A/.tlan.  This  place  is  depicted  as  an  island,  surrounded  on  three  sides 
by  the  sea.  It  has  the  representative  sign  of  six  princijjal  houses,  with  a  temple 
surmounted  with  the  usual  end)lein  of  tiieir  priestiiood;  and  with  a  king  and  queen, 
or  chief  and  chieftainess.  Tiie  Ibrmer  has  a  shoulder-knot,  and  lonp  garments ;  the 
latter  a  looking-glass,  with  her  hair  in  two  IVont  knots,  and  her  feet  drawn  backwards, 
()  /((  iiKtilr  lie  mniijr.  I?otli  are  sitting.  The  next  figure  is  a  num  in  a  boat,  with 
fiowing  hiiir,  and  a  long  garment.  This  drawing  typifies  the  passage.  It  is  evi- 
dently a  landing,  and  not  a  departure. 

Agreeably  to  the  authors  who  urge  the  remotest  date,  this  landiu'j  took  place  A.  D. 
1038.  Others  tliiidc  10G4.  The  Aztecs  began  to  count  their  chronology,  or  tie  up 
their  years,  as  they  term  it,  in  1  Tecapatl  of  their  system  of  cycles.  (lOU.)  Their 
first  residence  was  at  Colhuacan,  the  Horn  mountain,  where  there  were  eight  chiefs, 
each  denoted  by  his  peculiar  fiimily  badge,  or  what  the  Algoncpiins  call  tati m.  From 
this,  the  persons  charged  with  carrying  their  idol,  and  sacerdotal  apparatus,  set  forward, 
passing  down  the  Pacific  coast.  In  this  journey  they  spent  twenty-eight  yeans,  to 
2  Calli  of  their  first  cycle.  During  this  time  they  had  nuide  three  removes,  reached 
the  tropics,  where  they  found  fruits,  growing  upon  trees,  whose  trunks  were  so  large, 
that  a  man  could  hardly  span  them.  They  took  three  i)risoners,  who  were  sacrificed 
by  their  priests,  by  tearing  out  their  hearts,  in  the  same  i)arbarous  manner  that  was 
observed  after  this  people  became  mastei's  of  Mexico.  From  this  latter  period,  their 
chronology  is  carefully  recorded.  They  made  twenty-two  removes,  iibiding  various 
periods  from  four  to  twenty  years  at  a  i)lace,  making  altogether  one  hundred  and 
eighty-six  years ;  till  they  reached  the  valley  of  Mexico.  Agreeably  to  Clavigero, 
they  reached  Zampango  in  1210,  and  migrated  to  Tizayocan  in  1223. 

It  is  seen  that  while  they  dwelt  at  Chepoltepee,  or  the  Locust  Mountain  (No.  20), 
they  took  prisoners,  who  were  dragged  before  their  chief  nuigistrate.     These  prisoners 


'History  of  the  Conquest  of  Mexico.     Book  iii.  p.  Gl. 

*  First  published  in  1839  by  Mr.  John  Dolafielil,  Jr.,  at  ("ineinnati. 


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NATIONAL    AN1>    TIllllAl.    IIISTnUV 


31 


wcri'  of  llic  wilil  liimtcr  tiil«'s,  iiml  iirc  di'iiictcil  im  wciitiit^,'  tin-  .Miniplc  lulnn'  of 
hkhIitm  (Iii\s. 

").  'I'liiil  ilic  A/trcs  were  iinl  (iliiii-iijiiii ",  (H'  iIh'  liixt  iiiliuliitaiitM  til'  tin-  coiintiT,  in 
jiri.scil  l>\  (liiH  liict.  'I'lifsc  priHoncrM  iii-o  ivprfHi'iiti'd  ti>  lie  ol'  'mtli  ^.■.\l^x.  Tlii'  iiuiU'M 
ui'i>  (jiiitf  imkcil,  ('xt't'pt  till'  iiliovt'-imiiH'il  liannciil,  iiiul  Imlli  sexes  nii'  williuiit  slides, 
wlii'i'eiis  llic  eiini(iiei'(irM  iiit'  alwiivs,  mid  in  'ill  iiositioiis,  depieled  with  liii';ri'  slioes, 
L'xccpt  in  tilt'  lirsl  li;:iires  on  mi  islmid.  These  liiive  liirp'  Imivvs.  reseiiiliiiiin'  in  their 
ilniiiiiiiiiiit  (he  ('hille>e  sliiie  ol'  tiie  |pres('iil  lime.  They  lire  also  dejiieled  witii  ii 
ddulilet,  wliile  the  captives  are  nakeil.^ 

(1,  Hy  Ihe  index  Telliiriaiiiis  and  tiie  eodex  N'alieaniis,  whieii  have  lieeii  made 
ntri'ssihle  liy  llie  piiiiheatitai  of  Lord  Kin^slMiroiiijli,  it  is  perceived  that  there  was  no 
Aztec,  ruler  al  all,  l)\  llie  name  of  (^let/alcdull,  dnriim  llie  tt'rni  of  their  .sii|irema('y. 
(Jnetzalcdall  was  a  'I'dltec.  Mdiile/.uma.  in  Hpeakinji  of  tiie  fiOHi)  ol'  the  Sk\  i:n  C.uks, 
pi'dliaMy  relerred  to  an  earlier  period  ol'  tlieir  general  history.  Tiiere  can  he  no 
preteiK'e  set  up,  indeed,  tiiat  the  A/tees  were  alxaijiiiials.  They  fdiinil  a  strdii)j; 
nidiiarchy,  midcr  the  Toltecs.  (o  wlidiii  liiey  liecame  tiilmlary;  and  liiese  latter 
ackiiowle<l;Ai'  liie  rule  (.f  theOlmees  liefore  them,  wlii.li  l'"erdiiiaiid  l)'M\a  traces  to 
the  third  century.  All  three  trilies  spoke  kindled  dialects.  It  was  iidl,  in  fact,  till 
A.  1).  l.'lltn,  when  Ihe  Aztecs  had  Ix^eii  one  hundred  and  eif^hty-tliree  years,  hy  their 
own  accomit,  in  the  \allcy  of  Anahiiac,  thai  they  resolved  to  set  up  llir  tlieinselves, 
mid  elei'ted  ( )campiclitli  einperdr.  'I'lieir  wli  ■!.  era  of  rule,  prior  to  the  liiial  coiapiest 
hy  Cortez,  in  I'l'JO,  had  lieeii  hut  one  hiindud  and  twcnty-oni'  years.  This  story  is 
told  hy  their  picture  writings,  which  have  lucn  elaliorately  examined  hy  the  lato  Hon. 
Alhert  (iallatin,  in  the  liist  volume  of  tin  TriMisactions  df  the  American  Klhiidldgical 
Society. 

7.   It  must  he  recdilectcd  that   Mdiiteziima  a.<ciilied   the  hc^iinnini' of  the  jMcxican 


'  AIgon(|uiu.     All  azian  is  u  siiiiplii  loin  cloth. 

'  lltr  KK  KN  (■  l:s     1(1     l'l,.\TKS     1     .\  N  I)     2: 

1.  -  -  -  illiuitl  —  eacau  .  cliiaiiicpzluo.  ];!.    malliuai'au. 

2.  |>aiiljiia1ai|iu'. 


Ii.  ('iilluianili. 

4.  ehiiiialnian. 

5.  (|Ui'tzalill. 

(i.  cuaiilKiiliiialt. 

7.  Culuialt. 

8.  oiica  i|iiillaiiiaiiilii|iic iijxti'nal. 

!l.  oiicaii  (|iiiiiniitz  iijxli'dal. 

10.  ciicxtocati  —  t'lincayaii. 

1 1 .  Cohuatl  —  caiiiac. 

12.  Azcapotzalco. 


•  p.iTiliilaii. 


11.  Hialiiui. 

1").  Cciliuatillaii. 

If),  toi'iiaioonn. 

1,-. 

18.  J' 

10.  Allacuilmaan. 

20.  CliapiiUfpLc. 

21.  Chimalaxotl. 

22.  Iluitzilihiiitl. 

23.  ('o.\oo.\tli. 

24.  ('(illmacaii. 


V 


22 


NATIONAL    AND    TRIHAL    HISTORY. 


t'liipirc  to  (^ictziilcoiitl,  of  XiiviitliKjiK's.  lawl'iil  cliicf  of  (Iio  sevon  haiiils,  wlio  liad 
oripiiiati'd  tlicro.  It  was  to  tliis  [)iiiux'.  who  liad.  ai  an  aiiciriit  era,  inysterioiisly  lef't 
tlii'in,  and  iionc  to  tlu'  Ivist,  as  tlio  tradition  ran,  that  thi'  Aztvcs  attril)utc'd  tlio  ori;;in 
of  tlu'  Sjianisli  nioiiarcliN .  which  made  them  the  moi'e  ready,  at  first,  to  suhinit  to  their 
conquerors.  Tliey  expected  a  succession  or  restoration  of  the  empire  to  the  descendants 
of  a  lefiitimate  monarch.  Hut  when  the  Aztecs  found  their  mistake,  they  rallied  under 
Gautimoziu.  and  put  fortli  all  their  jiowers  of  resistance. 

S.  The  tradition  of  the  origin  of  the  emfjire  in  hands  of  adventurers  from  the  Seven 
Caves,  rests  upon  the  hest  authority  we  havi!  of  the  Toltec  I'ace.  supported  I)y  tiie  oral 
opinion  of  the  Aztecs  in  lull*.  An  examinatiou  of  it  hy  the  lights  of  modi'rn  .u'cojira- 
pliy.  in  connection  with  the  nautical  theor\'  of  oceanic  currents  and  tlie  fixed  courses 
of  the  winds  in  tiie  Pacific.  ,i;ives  j^lronj;  testiniou_\-  in  favor  of  an  early  exi)ressed 
opinion  in  support  of  a  migration  in  high  latitudes.  It  is  now  considered  proliahlo 
that  those  cavi'S  were  seated  in  the  Aleutian  Chain.  This  cluun  of  islands  con- 
nects tlie  continents  of  Asia  and  .Vmerica  at  the  most  practicahle  points  ;  and  it 
hegius  precisi'iy  opposite  to  tlud  part  of  the  Asiatic  coast  north-east  of  tlie  Ciiinese 
empire,  and  (piite  ahove  tiie  .lapanese  gi'oup,  wiiero  we  should  expect  tiie  .Mongolic  and 
Tata  hordes  to  iiav(!  lieen  precipitated  upon  those  sliores.  On  the  American  side  of  the 
trajet,  extending  south  of  the  peninsula  of  Onaiascn.  there  is  evidence,  in  the  existing 
dialects  of  the  tril)es.  of  tiicir  heiug  of  the  sar.ie  generic  group  with  the  Toltec  stock. 
]5y  the  data  hrouglit  to  liglit  l»y  Mr.  Hale,  the  ethnographer  to  the  Tniti'd  .States 
Exploring  Expedition  under  Caiitain  Wilkes,  and  from  otiier  relial)ie  sources,  the 
philological  jjroof  is  made  to  l>e  (piite  apparent.  The  peculiar  Aztec  termination  of 
substantives  in  f/.  wliicii  was  noticed  at  Nootka  Sound,  ami  which  will  lie  found  in 
tlie  appended  specimens  of  tlie  laiigiuiges  of  Oregon,  furnished  iiy  Mr.  Wyeth,  are  too 
indicative,  in  connection  with  other  resemlilances  in  sound,  and  in  tiie  principles  of 
construction,  noticed  In'  Mr.  Hale,  to  he  disregarded. 

!l.  In  seeking  tiie  facts  of  modern  geograiihy  and  nautical  science  on  the  probability 
of  such  an  origin  for  the  Indian  jiopulation  of  CV'iitral  and  Mexican  Xortli  America, — 
not  the  triiies  of  the  .\nd('s. — tiie  oliser\  ations  accumulated  on  the  meteorology  and 
currents  of  tlie  I'aiMtic  and  Indian  seas,  at  the  National  Oliservatory,  have  furnished 
a  new  iioint  of  light.  LiiMiteiiant-Coloiiel  Charles  Hamilton  Smitii.  of  Edinburgh, 
author  of  tlie  most  recent,'  and.  in  nian_\  respects,  the  ln'st  reasoned  treatise  on  the 
Natural  History  of  tlie  Human  Species.  ap|)ears  to  liave  lieeu  the  first  observer  t(j 
throw  out  the  idea  of  the  Chichimecs — a  rude  Mexican  people  of  the  Toltecan  lineagci 
— ha\ing  iiiigrated  from  this  (piarter,  taking,  however,  the  word  "Cavi's"  to  be  a 
figure  denoting  a  vessel,  catamaran,  or  canoe  ;  and  not  employing  it  in  a  litei'al  sense. 

Lieut.  M.  Maury,  U.  S.  N..  the  chief  director  of  the  American  Nautical  Observatory 


f 


t 


.'■g 


1848. 


'J 


i 

i 


NATIONAL   AND    TRIBAL    HISTOUY.  23 

at  Wa.sliinutoii,  to  whom  I  transmitted  the  work,  witli  paiticidar  rereronce  to  this 
chapter,  puts  a  more  literal  construction  on  the  tradition  of  Quet/alcoatl,  and  lirings 
to  liear  an  amount  of  modern  observation  on  the  iwint,  which  it  would  be  unjust  to 
withhold  I'rom  the  reader. 

10.  '•!  have  received,"  he  remarks,  "your  letter  of  the  14tli,  [Jan.  1S.")0.]  and  wixil 
with  interest  the  passages  you  were  so  kind  as  to  mark  between  pp.  2:!2  and  '2i^^. 
'Natural  History  of  the  Human  Species,  by  Col.  Hamilton  Smith.' 

"  Pray  accept  my  thanks  for  this  gratification. 

"At  page  2G1,  the  Colonel  had  a  stronger  case  than  he  imagined.  Referring  to  the 
Ciiichimec  legend  of  the  seven  'caves,'  he  conjectures  that  the  Chichimecs  might 
originally  have  lieen  Aleutians,  and  that  '  canx,'  if  not  denoting  islands,  might  have 
referred  to  canoes. 

•■  The  Aleutians  of  the  present  day  aciuaJhj  Hrr  in  mvcs,  or  subterranean  apartments, 
which  they  enter  through  a  hole  in  the  top.  They  are  the  most  bestial  of  the  .species. 
In  tlieir  habits  oi  intercourse  they  assuredly  copy  after  the  seal  and  the  whale. 

"  Those  islands  grow  no  wood.  For  their  canoes,  fishing  implements,  and  rf/c-hokl 
utcnsiis.the  natives  depend  upon  the  drift-wood  which  is  cast  ashore,  much  of  which 
is  in in/)/i(ir  wood.  And  this  you  observe  is  another  link  in  the  chain — wliich  is  grow- 
ing (|uito  strong — of  evidence  which  for  years  I  have  been  seeking,  in  the  confirma- 
tion (jf  a 'gulf-stream'  near  there,  and  which  runs  from  the  shores  of  China  over 
towards  our  nortli-west  coast. 

"  IJut  I  am  telling  things  you  already  know,  and  about  which  you  did  not  ask;  and 
lest  you  should  stjde  me  a  fa-'tf  irltnas.s,  I'll  answer  as  best  I  can  your  several  inter- 
iogatorics. 

"1st.  You  wish  me  to  state  whether,  in  my  opinion,  the  Pacific  and  Polynesian 
waters  could  have  been  navigated  in  early  times — supposing  the  winds  had  been  then 
as  they  now  are — in  balsas,  floats,  and  other  rude  vessels  of  early  ages. 

"Yes;  if  you  had  a  supply  of  provision,  you  could  'run  down  the  trades'  in  the 
Pacific,  on  a  log. 

"  There  is  no  part  of  the  world  where  nature  would  tempt  savage  man  more 
strongly  to  launch  out  upon  the  open  sea  with  his  Ijark,  however  frail. 

"Most  of  those  islands  are  surrounded  l)y  ctn'al  reefs,  between  whicli  and  the  shore 
the  water  is  as  smooth  as  a  mill-pond. 

"The  climate  and  the  fish  invite  the  savage  into  the  water,  and  the  mountains 
which  separate  valley  from  valley,  in  many  of  these  islands,  together  with  the  pow- 
erful vegetable  activity,  make  it  more  easy  for  the  native  to  go  from  valley  to  valley 
by  water  than  by  land ;  for  the  scoriiv  on  the  mountains,  with  the  brandjle  by  the 
way,  oiler  barriers  to  those  inihd  people  that  are  almost  impassable. 


•On  the  other  hand,  tl 


pcop: 
lere  is  the  refreshing  water,  the  smooth  bav,  the  floating  loir, 


or  even  the  unhusked  cocoa-nut,  to  buoy  him  along.     I  h.i 


avo  seen  children  there,  not 


24 


MATIONAI;    AM)    T1!1I!AL    IIISTUUY. 


m 


inoiv   tii;'.u   tlireo  }oar.s  old,  swiniiuiii;:  oil'  tn   tlu'  j^liip.  siiniily  witli   a  coooa-imt   to 
hold   \,y. 

"Tliis  voyairo  ui'('oiiii)lislu'(l,  tlu'iv  iw  tlio  island  in  the  distance  to  attract  and  allure; 
and  tlic  next  step  would  lie — if  we  iniajiine  an  infant  colony  on  an  island  of  a  grou}) — 
to  fit  out  an  expedition  to  some  of  those  to  leeward. 

■•The  native  then  finds  a  hollow  log.  that  is  split  in  two.  liiki'  children  iiere,  he 
has  danuned  up  liis  littU'  mountain  stieauiK'ts  with  a  d;iin  of  cla\  across,  lie  tloes 
the  same  with  his  trouiih.  kneading  the  clay  ami  making  a  dam  with  it  across  either 
end.  He  puts  in  a  few  cocoa-nuts,  a  calahash  of  water,  lireaks  a  grt'en  iirantdi  thick 
with  foliage,  sticks  it  up  for  a  sail,  and  away  he  goes  hefore  the  wind,  at  the  rate  ol' 
three  or  four  miles  the  hour.  I  ha\e  seen  them  actually  do  this,  tiieir  little  lleets 
like  •  llirnam  wood  coming  to  Duusinane'  iiy  water.  IJiit  liy  some  mishai),  in  the 
course  of  time,  this  frail  hark  misses  the  island  or  falls  to  let'ward  :  the  only  chance 
then  is  to  suhinit  to  the  winds  and  the  wavi's,  and  go  where  they  will  hear. 

•■  Uut  the  .South  Se;i  Islander  would  soon  get  aliove  vessels  with  clay  how.s  and 
mud   sterns. 

"1  \isited  the  .Manpu'sas  Islands  in  iS'J'.t.  The  natiws  were  tlii'U  in  the  lig-leaf 
state:  and  tlu'  old  chief  ollircd  to  ma]\.e  me  their  king,  if  I  would  stay  with  them. 
I'ardon  the  epi>ode ;  I'll  try  to  stick  to  your  (picstion  ;  though  you  have  k'd  me 
where  there  art'  so  many  tlowery  paths.  1  lliul  it  dillicult  to  withstand  the  tem])tation 
of  holting  right  olf  iuti>  some  of  them. 

•■The  .Marcpiesas  islauders  make  large  canoes  out  of  little  slats  of  wood; — I'acli 
man  has  a  slat.  At  the  end  of  tiie  \-oyagi'  he  carries  his  piece  home  with  him. 
When  the  canoe  is  waiiteil  for  anothi'r  voyage,  every  man  comes  down  with  his 
timber. 

'■  You  have  seen  hread-trays  in  the  ni'gro  cahins  of  the  South  and  AVest.  after 
Inning  h-'cn  split,  sewed  together  with  white  oak  splits'.'  In  this  way  their  canoes 
are  sewed  together  with  <'ords  ol'  t'ocoa-nut  liiire.  antl  the  holes  jmttit'd  up  with  clay. 
These  canoes  will  sonu'tinii's  hold  twenty  rowers.  They  perform  ri'gular  voyages 
among  the  islands  of  the  grou]) ;  and  i'l'om  other  islands  they  go  ofl'  to  greater 
distances. 

■•  In  the  Pacific,  lictween  the  K(|uator  and  2")'  or  ."lU  S..  it  is  easy  lljr  sucli  vessels 
to  >ail  in  any  direction  hetween  nonh  around  hy  the  west,  to  south-west  and  north 
of  the  K((uator.  to  the  "Jotli  or  ;intli  parallel.  It  is  likewise  easy  for  such  rude  \essels 
to  sail  in  any  course  lictween  north-west  around  hy  the  west,  to  south. 

■•  it  is  dilli'Milt  to  gi't  to  the  eastward,  within  the  trade-wind  region. 

■•  In  ri'ply  to  your  second  (pii.'stion.  as  to  th(>  possibility  of  long  voyages  before  the 
iiut'iition  of  the  compass.  1  answer  that  such  c/ia/ici'  voyages  were  not  onl>'  jtcssiblc, 
liut   more  than   probalile. 

••  Wiien  wo  take  into  consideration  the  jiositiou  of  North  America  witii  regard  to 


» 


m 


^■■'® 


NATIONAL   AND   TlllBAh    IllSTOllV. 


25 


%l 


sia,  of  New  lloUiind  with  regard  to  Africa,  witii  tiie  winds  and  currents  of  the 
ocean,  it  would  have  been  more  remarkable  that  America  should  not  have  been 
peopled  from  Asia,  or  New  Holland  from  Africa,  than  that  they  should  have  been. 

"Captain  Uay,  of  the  whale-ship  Superior,  fished  two  years  ago  in  Behring's  Straits. 
lie  saw  canoes  going  from  one  continent  to  the  other. 

"Besides  this  channel,  there  is  the  'gulf-stream,'  like  the  current  already  alluded 
to  from  the  shores  of  China.  Along  its  course,  westerly  winds  arc  the  prevailing 
winds;  and  we  have  well-authenticated  instances  in  which  these  two  agents  have 
brought  Japanese  mariners  in  disabled  vessels  over  to  the  coasts  of  America. 

"  Now  look  at  the  Indian  Ocean,  and  see  what  an  immense  surface  of  water  is 
exposed  there  to  the  heat  of  the  torrid  zone,  withoct  any  escape  for  it,  as  it  becomes 
expanded,  but  to  the  South. 

"Accordingly,  we  have  here  the  genesis  of  another  'gulf-stream,'  which  runs  along 
the  east  coast  of  Africa. 

"  The  physical  causes  at  work,  were  there  not  some  other  agents,  such  as  the  form 
of  the  bottom,  the  configuration  of  the  land,  opposing  currents  of  cold  water,  &c., 
would  give  the  whole  of  this  current  a  south-easterly  direction. 

"  We  know  that  a  part  of  it,  howover,  comes  into  the  Atlantic  by  what  is  calU'd 
the  Lagullas  current.  The  whales,  whose  habits  of  migration,  &c.,  I  am  investigating, 
indicate  clearly  enough  the  presence  of  a  large  body  of  warm  water  to  the  south  of 
New  Holland. 

"This  is  where  the  gulf-stream  from  the  Indian  Ocean  ou^ht  to  be;  and  there  I 
confidently  expect,  when  1  come  to  go  into  that  part  of  the  ocean  with  the  thermo- 
meter, as  we  are  preparing  to  do  with  our  thermal  charts,  to  find  a  warm  current 
coming  down  from  Madagiiscar  and  the  coast  of  Africa. 

"  There  AViW  then  in  the  early  ages  the  island  of  Madagascar  to  invite  the  African  out 
with  his  canoe,  his  raft,  or  more  substantial  vessel.  There  was  this  current  to  bear 
him  along  at  first  at  the  rate  of  nearly,  if  not  quite,  one  hundred  miles  a  day.  and  by 
the  time  the  current  began  to  grow  weak,  it  would  have  borne  him  into  the  region  of 
westerly  winds,  which,  with  the  aid  of  the  current,  would  finally  waft  liim  over  to  the 
southern  shores  of  New  Holland.  Increasing  and  nndtiplying  here,  he  would  travel 
north  to  meet  the  sun,  and  in  the  course  of  time  he  would  extend  himself  over  to  the 
other  islands,  as  Papua  and  the  like. 

"If  I  recollect  aright,  the  (Jallipagos  Islands,  though  so  near  the  coast,  and  under 
the  line,  with  a  fine  .soil  and  climate,  were,  when  discovered,  uninhabited.  Now  that 
part  of  the  coast  near  which  they  are,  is  peculiarly  liable  to  calms  and  baflling  winds, 
to  the  distance  out  to  .sea  of  several  hinidred  miles ;  there  was  no  current  to  drift,  nor 
wind  to  blow  the  native  fi-om  the  coast,  and  lodge  him  here. 

'"From  present  knowledge  of  currents  it  can  be  hardly  justified  in  the  sup[)osition 
that   South  America  was   peopled   from  Asia  by  vessels   being  driven   .south   of   the 


I; 


': 


V, 


iji  m 


M 


■..1 


II 

Mil 


'  (; 


'I 


26 


NATIONAL   AND   Til  I  UAL    HISTORY. 


Equator  to  tlie  Aiiu'i'iciin  shores.  Tlio  (li.stiiiici'  by  that  route — west  wiml  region 
.south  of  the  S.  E.  triules — i.s  not  less  tliau  Id.UOO  miles,  without  luiy  isliuul.s,  excejit 
New  Zealand,  lor  a  resting-place.  The  route  by  the  Aleutian  Islands  with  the  North 
racitle,  ■Gull'  Stream'  already  mentioned,  is  a  nnieh  more  probable  route. 

"AVhen  we  look  at  the  I'aeilie,  its  islands,  the  winds  and  currents,  and  consider  toe 
facilities  tliere  that  nature  has  provided  for  drifting  sa\ago  man  with  his  rude  imple- 
nients  of  navigation  about,  wo  shall  .see  that  there  the  inducements  held  out  to  iiim 
to  try  the  sea  are  ])owerl'ul.  With  the  bread-fruit  and  the  cocoa-nut — man's  natural 
barrels  there  of  beef  and  l)read,  and  the  calabash,  his  natural  water-cask,  he  had  all 
the  stores  lor  a  long  voyage  already  at  hand.  You  will  thus  perceive  the  rare 
facilities  which  the  people  of  those  shores  enjoyed  in  their  I'ude  state  for  atti'mjiting 
voyages." 

11.  Thus  we  have  ti'aditionary  gleams  of  a  foreign  origin  of  the  I'acc  of  the  North 
American  Indians,  from  separate  stot'ks  of  nations,  extending  at  inter\-als  from  the 
Arctic  Circle  to  the  N'alley  oi'  Mexico.  Dim  as  tln'se  traditions  are.  the\-  shed  some 
hght  on  the  thick  historical  (hirkness  which  shrouds  tiie  jieriod.  'I'hey  point  (k'cidcdly 
to  a  foreign — to  an  oriental,  if  not  ii  Siiemitic.  origin.  Such  an  origin  has  from  the 
first  been  inferred.  At  \vliate\er  point  the  investigation  has  l^'en  ma<le,  the  eastern 
hemispheri'  has  Iteeu  found  to  contain  the  piiysical  and  mental  jjrototypes  of  the  race. 
Language,  'uythology.  religious  dogmas  —  the  very  style  of  architectiu'e.  and  their 
calendar,  as  far  as  it  is  developed,  point  to  that  fruitful  and  central  source  of  Inuuan 
dispersion  and  nationality. 

It  is  no  necessary  con.se((uence,  however,  of  tlie  ])riuciples  of  dispersion,  that  it 
slioidd  ha\e  Ix'cn  extended  to  this  continent,  as  the  r(>sult  of  I'egular  design.  Design 
there  may  indeed  have  been.  Asia  and  Polynesia,  and  tiie  Indian  Ocean,  have 
abounded,  for  centuries,  witii  every  element  of  national  discord.  Pestilence  or 
predatory  wars,  have  pushed  po})ulation  over  the  broadest  districts  of  Persia,  India, 
China,  and  all  .\.sia.  The  isles  of  the  sea  have  Ik'cu  the  nurseries  of  nations.  Half 
the  globe  has  l>een  settled  b}-  ililVerences  of  temperature,  oceanic  currents,  the  seandi 
of  fooil,  thoughtless  adventure,  or  otiier  forms  of  what  is  calleil  mere  accident,  and  not 
[ua-posed  migrations.  All  these  are  so  many  of  tin,'  ways  of  Pio\idence  by  which  not 
only  the  tropical  and  tem[)erate  regions,  but  the  torrid  and  arctic  zones,  have  been 
peopled.  He  nnist  have  read  history  with  ii  careless  I'ye,  who  has  not  perceived  the 
work  of  iunnan  di.spcrsion  to  have  been  promoted  by  the  discords  of  various  races, 
and  the  meteorology  of  th  •  glolx-,  a.s  afl'ecting  its  leading  current  of  winds  and  waves. 

But  there  is  a  class  of  inquirers  who  are  not  dis{)osed  to  sec  the  will  of  a  supremo 
and  guiding  intelligence  in  all  this  —  who  are  prone  to  see  the  laws  of  species  invaded 
—  who  lay  very  great  stress  on  natur.al  development,  who  are  ready  to  explain  how 
e\  en  planets  are  formed  from  nebuhv,  and  regard  the  wl'ole  system  of  nature  as  endowed 


3 


'V 


'I 

f 


tJ 


h      I 


^ 
^ 


NATIONAL    AND    TIM  UAL    HISTORY.  27 

with  tlic  caiir.oilv  of  incrcasiiif,'  the  iiiiiiilier  of  its  orjrnnic  foniis.'  To  sucli  (nuiscon- 
(Iciitiil  ivasoiiiiiir,  the  Indian  may  bo  deciiu'd  a  new  tipwics,  not  a  new  variety  of  man 
—  dilfcrinfi,'  wiiolly  in  iiis  mental  and  piiysical  typo  from  tho  Rod  man  of  tlio  east  — 
dillering,  in  fact,  in  his  pliysiology  and  psyciiology,  from  every  tiling  but  himself. 

IIo  has  boon  found  to  possos.s  the  oleinents  of  u  peonliar  charaoter;  latitude  and 
longitude  have  nnieh  ■itTocted  his  manners  and  customs;  food  and  climate  have  produci'd 
very  marked  varieties  of  the  race;  his  very  lexicography  and  i)rinci[)!os  uf  grammatical 
utterance  liavt!  been  aflected  :   but  thi'se  chaugos  havc^  not  produced  a  now  species. 

It  is  in  tills  \\v\v  that  the  subject  of  inquiry  has  boou  invested  with  new  interest, 
which  has  led  me  to  scrutinize  their  traditions  the  mnw.  diligently;  and  it  imparts  an 
additional  inniulse  to  the  following  paper,  in  which  some  considerations  are  oll'cred  as 
tho  immediate  result  of  tho  preceding  examinations  on  the  derivative  opinion.s,  theology, 
and  mental  typo  of  the  race,  viewed  as  a  distinct  variety  of  tho  human  species. 


'  This  allu.-ioii  t«  the  class  of  phihjsnphurs  who  coincido  in  tho  views  of  the  .author  of  tho  "  Vestiges  of 
(_Vcation"  will  not,  it  is  hoped,  bo  deemed  out  of  pliico. 


V 


li':f 


;  I" ) 


M 


i!  hi 


R.St 


<    V* 


m 


i 


II.   THE  MENTAL  TYPE  OF  THE  INDIAN  RACE. 


A.    GENEllIC  VIEWS. 


-I 


1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

G. 

7. 

8. 

!). 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
Hi. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 


lias  the  race  claims  to  a  peculiarity  of  type  V 

Sun  worship. 

Sacred  fire. 

Oriental  doctrine  of  Good  and  Evil. 

Idea  of  the  germ  of  creation  under  the  symbol  of  an  egg. 

Doctrines  of  the  Magi. 

Duality  of  the  soul. 

Metempsychosis. 

Omens  from  the  flight  of  birds. 

Images  and  omens  drawn  from  the  sky. 

Indian  philosophy  of  Good  and  Evil. 

Theology  of  the  Indian  jugglers  and  hunter  priests. 

Great  antiquity  of  oriental  knowledge. 

Nature  and  objects  of  Brahminical  worship. 

Anti(iuitie8  of  America. 

Antiquities  of  the  United  States. 

Antiquity  of  philological  proof. 

Hindoo  Theology. 

Eternity  of  life. 

Difficulty  of  comparing  savage  and  civilized  nations. 

A  dualistic  deity. 

Worship  of  the  elements.     Transmigration. 

What  stock  of  nations? 

Cast.     Incineration  of  the  body. 

Offerings  to  ancestors. 

Offerings  at  meals,  or  on  journeys. 

Parallelism  of  idolatrous  customs  among  the  Jews. 

Extreme  antiquity  of  Hindoo  rites. 

Indian  languages.     Sht.nitic. 


(29) 


80 


mi:  N'T  A  I-    TYPK    ()K    rill'     INDIAN    It  A  (' K 


■'><i.  MmiiIhts  ,'iihl  i-iistiiiiis.      Mniii;iill('. 

:!l.  t'(iiiclii>i()iis  (if  tlic  oarly  Aiif^'ld-Sii  <(ins. 

oli.  IV't'iiiitiicncy  of  the  iiliy>iolii;^ioiil  i\]H\ 

!i!i.  Mciitiil  tvpo  lum-pmjri't'Hsivo. 

li-l.  rrniil'  111"  nrioutiilisiii  IVoin  astniiomy. 

I!").  I'l'cK.f  l'r(  111  Aztec  astruiiniiiv. 


i 


ti 


il 


t  ■■■ 
•_  i . 

in 


111: 


ffi| 


1.  Di)  till'  tiiiits  wt-  liiivo  hcfii  ciintcniplatinu-  tcml  (o  cstfiblisli  Jiii'  tlic  luilian  niiml 
and  cliaractcr  ii  tviic  ol'  rai'c  wliicli  may  lie  (Icciiicil  as  peculiar?  It  iiiay  iiirtlici'  tlio 
i.'iid  ill  \\v\v.  to  I'xaiiiiiU'  tliis  (|iic-.ti(>ii  liy  tin'  lijilit  uf  tlicir  ivliuimis  ami  jisycliolojiical 
notions  and  (loLinias ;  tlicir  niytliolouy.  and  tln'ir  ('onccplions  of  a  Doity.  TlicyhaM" 
also,  in  the  'roitc<'an  ,i;r(in|).  a  cak'iidar  and  system  of  astronomy,  and  a  st_\  le  of 
architecture,  which  are  i'miiieiitl_\  calculated  to  arrt'st  attention.  iMore  than  all.  the 
tribes  o\cr  the  whole  continent  possess  a  class  of  laiiLinaiii's.  which,  hy  tlieirin'iiu'ipies 
of  t:ranimatical  constnietion.  ihoiit;h  rnnniiiLi-  throm^li  Lireat  cliaiiu-es.  \inilicate  claims 
to  |ihiloso|iliical   study. 

■J.  Are  their  traits,  oiiiniois,  and  iihosyiicrasies,  indigenous  or  American  ;  or  are  tiiey 
]ieculi:ir  to  the  Indian  mini',  as  de\-elo|ied  on  this  coiitineni  ;  and  not  di'ri\ati\<'  from 
other  lands'.'  If  so.  in  wh:it  do  their  orininal  coni'eptions  of  art  or  science,  reliLiion  or 
o[)inion.  consist  ? 

Not   in  the  adoration,    ir  worslii]!  of  the  Sun.  eertainlv  I 

77/"/  idolatrous  practice'  had  its  oriuin  in  I'l'isia.  ."\Iesopot  ■  .  and  Chaldea;  whence 
it  sj)read.  I'ast  and  west,  nearly  the  world  over.  'I'lie  Wdrsiii[)  of  the  Sun  and  Moon  is 
mentioned  hy  .loh.  and  was  the  prexalent  idolatry  of  the  land  of  Uz.  It  is  also  .seen 
tinit  tills  form  of  idolatry  was  eliai'^ed  amoiin-  tlu>  sins  uf  thi'  Jews,  in  the  days  of 
Ezekiel,  as  li,a\in,i:'  heen  introduced  .secretly  in  tiie  temjile  worship  at  Jerusalem. 
(Ezckiel  viii.  Itj.) 

Oblations  and  [inblic  thaiiksgivinjis  were  deori'ed  at  Koine  to  the  Snn,  wliich  was 
installed  amon.sj;  the  multiform  jiods  of  that  empire.     (Taeitiis.  \'ol.  III.,  p.  24'J.) 

Fire  was  deemed  by  the  IbUowers  of  Zoroaster  as  a  symbol  of  the  Deity.  Tiiat 
philosopher  admitted  no  other  visible  object  of  worslii[).  It  was  alone  th(>  .supreme 
emlilem  of  divine  intelligence.' 

Nothinjr  is  more  notorious  than  the  fornu'r  prevalence  of  this  worship  amon^j;  the 
Peruvian  and  Mexican  tribes;  where,  liowever,  it  was  mixed  with  the  practice  of 
human  sacrillces,  iind  tlie  grossest  rites.  The  Aztecs  made  oflerings  to  the  Sun  upon 
the  liighest  teocnlli,  and  sung  hymns  to  it.  Sacred  lire  was  supplied  alone  by  the 
priestiiood,  and  it  was  tlie  foundation  of  their  power. - 

Nortii  of  tlie  Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  doctrine  prevailed  with  more  of  its  original  oriental 


'  Gow.iii'.s  Aiifii'iit  l''ragiiioiit.-i,  p.  I'if). 


''  Preseott's  Comjiicst  of  Mexico. 


.-A 


■5| 


I 
^r 


MENTAL    TYPE    OF    THE    INDIAN    HACE. 


81 


[liniplicih-.  imd  iVci'  iVoiii  tlu'  lioirid  I'iti's  wliicli  luul  ni.irkccl  it  in  the  vmIIcx  .pI'  Aniilniar, 
uu(i  aiiioiiu-  till'  s|iiirfi  (if  till-   Andes. 

Tii(>  trilH'H  of  till'  pi-i'sciit  men  of  tlic  I'liitcd  Stiitc.-i  would  admit  of  no  tciniilcs.  hut 
made  tiirir  sa.'ivd  liivs  in  tiic  rccfssi's  of  tiii'  llnvst.  'i'in'V  .Mm-  ii\  nms  to  the  Sim  as 
till"  svuilxil  of  tilt'  (irral  Sjiiiit.'  Siicli  is  tiicir  iufscnt  practici'  in  the  I'orcsts.  'I'lify 
wort"  "iiiltv,  it  is  trno,  al  all  jicriods  of  tlicir  iiistory.  of  sliockinL;  cnicltics  to  |irisoniM'.s 
taken  in  war,  Imt  tlicy  mcvci'  olfercd  tlicni  as  sacriliccs  to  tlir  Deity. 

;;.  'riie\  iie\ei- use  com  moll  lire  for  iineomnion  |iiiiiioses.-  Saefed  lire  is  extracted 
on  eereiiionial  occasions  liy  |iei'ciission  ;  most  commonly  witli  the  Hint.'  OpwaL'uns. 
or  i)i|ies,  with  the  incense  of  toiiaeco.  aiv  tiuis  lighted  whenever  tlieir  alVairs.  dv  tiie 
hiisinos  in  hand,  is  national,  or  relate.-)  to  their  secret  societies.  This  ohjeet.  so  li-hteil. 
is  lir~t  oilired  li\  L;cuutlections  to  the  four  cardinal  iioints,  and  the  /eiiith.  it  is  tlieii 
handed  hv  tiie  master  of  ceremonies  to  the  ciiiefs  and  puhlio  fniietionaries  ]iresent, 
who  are  each  e\|iected  to  draw  a  few  whills  ceremonially.  Sir  Alexander  .Macken/.ie 
lias   well   descrilied   this  ceremony  lit  page  !)7  of  his  \'oyaj;es. 

in  this  piimilive  practice  of  haviiiLi'  no  temiiles  for  tlK'ir  worship,  e.xtractinn'  tlieir 
sacrt'd  lire  for  ceremonial  occasions  liy  percnssion,  and  keopinii'  tlii'ir  worship  up  to  its 
simple  >taiulard  of  a  sort  of  transcendentalism,  as  taniiht  hy  the  oriental  nations,  to 
whom  we  lia\('  referred,  the  Indian  tribes  of  the  rnited  States  indicate  their  claims  to 
a  'jrealer  iinii(/iiifi/  than  those  of  tlu'  southern  part  of  the  continent.  They  appear  to 
lia\('  lieen  pushed  from  tlieir  first  positions  hy  triln's  of  jiros.^er  rites  ;!!ii!  manueis. 

•■The  disciples  of  Zoroaster,"  says  Herodotus,  "  reject  the  ii.se  of  temples,  of  altars, 
and  of  statues;  and  smile  at  the  folly  of  t'lo.se  nations  who  iina;:ine  that  the  gods  aro 
spruiiL;  fioiii.  or  liear  any  allinity  with  tlie  human  nature.  The  lops  of  the  highest 
mountains  are  the  places  cliosi'ii  .or  their  sacriliccs.  Il\iiins  and  prayers  are  the  prin- 
cipal worslii[).  The  Supreme  (lod,  who  tills  the  wide  ai'cli  of  heaven,  is  the  ohji'ct  to 
which  they  are  addressed."  ' 

•1.  Take  another  of  their  dogmas,  and  try  whether  it  has  the  character  of  an  original 
or  derivative  belief.  We  allude  to  the  two  jiriiiciples  of  (looil  anil  E\il.  Itir  which  the 
Iroipiois  have  the  names  of  Inigorio,  the  (Jood  mind,  and  Inigohahetgea,  or  the  llvil 
mind.  (\'ide  Ciisie's  Ancii-nt  History  of  the  Si.\  Nations;  also  the  AVyaiuiot  tradition 
of  Oriwaheiito.)  '  This  is  one  of  the  earliest  oriental  lieliefs.  it  was  one  of  tlu'  leading 
dogmas  of  Zoroaster,     (loudness,  according  to  this  philosopher,  is  ahsorbi'd   in   light  ; 


~* 


^k 


•••■x-p 
■'US'* 


'  Sl'o  spci'liiu'iis  aiiiimij;  llu'  piclOL'r:i])liii'  writiniis  in   the  sciniol. 

'  Miickiiizio. 

'  Tiic  inxnii.is  usoii  ;m  iiiipiiriitus  fur  fr'ving  velocity  ti>  a  turning  upright  stick,  on  a  basis  of  wo.nl,  ivill..! 
|);i-_v;i-y:i-(lii-g;i-no-at-lr;i.  (Sco  the  Tliiril  Itcport  of  the  Hcgonts  of  tlic  Now  York  llnivorsitv,  on  llic  Slalo 
C'olli'cliMn  of  Natural  History,  .Antiiiuitics,  i^o.      Paper  liy  Lewi.s  II.  Morgan,  Kscp,  p.  SS.) 

*  Ilcr(Hlotu.s.  ■•  Oneola,  p.   MS. 


32 


MENTAL   TYl'E   OK  THE    INDIAN    RACE. 


i\ 


;    1 


Kvil  is  l)iir'utl  in  diukiu-nH.  OrimiHd  \h  the  principle  of  iK'novoloneo,  truo  wiwlom,  aud 
liiip[)iiu'«M  to  ni<>!'  Ahrinmn  in  tlii'  iiiithor  of  niidi'voK'iu'o  luul  iliMcord.  Wy  W\h  iniilice 
he  lias  long  pii-rct'd  the  ri/ij  n/  Oriinisi/ ;  in  other  wordn,  hiw  violated  the  hannony  of 
the  works  of  ereation.' 

Gil)lx)n  infornw  us  that  the  doctrineH  of  Zoroiwter  had  l)een  ho  greatly  corrupted  that 
Artaxerxes  ordered  a  great  council  of  the  magi  to  revise  them,  by  whom  it  was  settled 
on  the  basis  of  the  two  great  and  fundamental  i)rinciples  denoted.' 

The  North  American  trii)es  of  our  latitudes  appear  to  have  felt  that  the  existence 
of  evil  in  the  world  was  incompatible  with  that  universal  Ix-nevolence  and  goodness 
which  they  ascriix!  to  the  Merciful  Great  Sjjirit.  Iro(|Uois  theology  meets  this  ipiestion  : 
they  account  for  it  by  supposing,  at  tlie  creation,  the  Itirtli  of  two  antagonistical  Powers 
of  miraculous  energy,  but  subordinate  to  tiie  (ireat  Spirit,  one  of  whom  is  perpetindly 
employed  to  restore  the  discords  and  nuU-aihiptations,  in  the  visilile  creation,  of  the 
other.' 

The  earliest  notice  we  have  of  this  doctrine,  among  the  Tnited  States  triltes,  is  in 
the  journal  of  a  voyage  to  North  America  in  ITlil  by  I',  de  Charlevoix.  (Vol.  2,  page 
113,)  in  which  he  mentions  tin-  theology  of  the  Inmuois,  the  descent  of  Atahentsie, 
and  the  birth  of  the  antagonistical  infants.  It  is  more  fully  stated  by  Cusic,  in  1825, 
and  by  Oriwahento,  in  1837,  as  aljove  referred  to. 

5.  The  idea  of  the  allegory  of  the  i</(j  t,/  Oniinstl  has  been  disclosed,  in  the  jjrogre.ss 
of  western  settlements,  b^  the  di.<cover}-  of  an  earth  work  situated  on  the  sunnnit  of  a 
hill  in  Adams  county,  Ohio.'  This  hill  is  one  hundred  and  (ilty  feet  alK)ve  the  surface 
of  Brush  Creek.  I  represents  the  coil  of  a  seriieni  seven  hundred  feet  long;  but,  it 
is  thought,  would  reach,  if  deprived  of  its  curves,  one  thousand  feet.  The  jaws  of  the 
serpent  are  represented  as  wiilely  distended,  as  if  in  the  act  of  swallowing.  In  the 
interstice  is  an  oval,  or  egg-shaped  mound.  The  oriental  notion,  thus  depicted,  is  too 
peculiar  to  rei  der  it  pi'obable  that  it  originated  here. 

G.  Tims  far,  the  beliefs  of  the  more  northerly  of  our  trilx's  appear  to  be  of  a 
Chaldee-Persic  character.'  It  is  no  pn)of  that  nations  have  lx?en  necessarily  cnunected 
in  their  history  because  they  coincide  in  the  rites  of  sun-worshij).  Other  traits  nnist 
also  coincide.  But,  to  those  Avho  object  to  the  idea  of  the  worship  of  the  sun  and  moon 
as  a  natural  species  of  idolatry  for  barbarous  nations  to  select,  between  whom,  however, 
no  previous  connexion  or  intercourse  necessarily  existed,  it  is  replied,  that  this  idea 
did  not  propagate  it.self  west,  with  the  idolatrous  Scythians,  at  least,  beyond  Kome, 
where  Sylla  established  the  rite  of  an  eternal  Fire ;  nor  did  it  re-appear  among  the 


'■'■iSi 


% 


'  Abstract  of  the  theology  of  Zorrastcr. 

'  History  of  the  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Uoman  Empire. 

*  Smithsouiun  Contributions  to  Knowledge. 


^  Iroi|Uois  Ciisniogony,  Port  VI. 
'  Notes  to  Ontwa  on  Etorual  Fire. 


im 


MENTAL   TYTK    oK    TIIK    INIHAN    HACK. 


•M 


'r, 


lie 


('Ail*,  Cimliri,  'IVmiIihim,  llK'rians,  Sclnvniiiiiii^',  iiml  utliiT  liilics  \\lm  lillcil  all  Kiiiii|)(',  to 
iln  i'\t('iit  ill  Scimtliimviii  anil  lln-  liiilisli  islcn.  Nur  do  we  Iiml  dial  llic  ilucliiiic  id' 
tlu'  iWd  I'liiNi  ii'i.i:s  III'  (IihhI  and  K\il.  so  rxlinsivi'lv  liclicvcd  liv  tlu'  naliuns  ol' 
Cciitrnl  Asia,  wvw  s|ircad  at  all  in  tliat  diivi'tiuii.  Tiif  t'cllic  piicsls  had  im  siuli 
nolidiis  nor  do  we  li«>ar  of  tlifiii  anions;  tlic  worsliipix'is  of  Odin:  llii'\  liolli  iiad  an 
cntii'i'lv  diirnvnt  iii\iliolo;:v.  it  is  rt'inarkalilc  tliat  tliciv  was  no  ,siin-\voi>lii|i  in  tlic 
aiva  ol'  Wi'slfi'ii  Kuro|H'.  'I'lic  iiroiia;;alion  of  tlic  docliincs  of  tlu'  Mairi  apiicars  to 
liavf  iiccii  aiiioiiu'  llu'  liilK's  cast  and  soiitli  of  llic  oii.L:iiiid  si'iit.s  of  llicir  power  anil 
iiitlii.'iici'.  l\ir\iil  liad  tlu'in  as  fiiily  as  tlic  Kxiidiis;  iind  it  lias  lifcn  scni  that  tlii' 
idolatioiis  ti-ilii's  of  Clialiica  wt-ii'  addicted  to  the  worslii|i  of  the  sun  and  moon.' 

7.  It  hiis  heeii  fomid  that  tliu  Indians  of  the  riiilcd  States  lielieve  in  the  diialitv  of 
the  soul,  'riiisiincient  doctrine  is  iiliiinly  iinnoiinced  as  existinjr  aninn^c  the  A]pini|iiiiis, 
in  eoniiection  iril/i,  and  as  a  ri'iisoii  //;•,  the  custom  of  the  di'iiosit  of  food  with  the 
dead,  and  of  leaviii}.'  an  oiieiiiiif,'  in  the  jirave  coverinj:.  whieli  is  a  very  Mem.nd 
ciislom.-'     All  our  trilies  make  such  deposits  of  viands. 

S.  Tliev  al.so  lielieve  in  the  .licneral  doctrine  of  the  metempsychosis,  or  traiisniijrrii- 
lioii  of  .soiils.  l'\  tliiiiiiiras  is  supposed  to  have  i,'ol  his  (irst  notions  on  the  siiliject. 
from  the  i'l,!:vplian  priests,  and  the  recluse  IJrahmins.  I?ut  vherever  he  imliilied  the 
notion,  he  transmitted  it  as  far  as  his  name  had  iiilluence.'  The  notions  of  the 
northern  trilies  on  this  siiliject  are  .shown  incidentally  in  the  oral  tales  which  I  (irst 
liciian  to  collect  aiiioiif;-  the  Aljionipiiiis  uiid  Dacotas  in  K^"J'J.  and  which  are  emiiodied 
ill  .\l,i;ic  iie.seiirehes.'  The  .soiil  of  mall  is  seen,  in  tlie.se  curious  l(\i;-enils.  to  lie  thoiiiiht 
immortal  and  undying',  the  \  ital  spark  passinji'  from  one  oliject  to  aiioiher.  Thi.s  ohject 
of  the  new  life  ill  i;'eneral  is  not  man,  lint  some  species  of  the  animated  creation;  or 
e\eii,  it  may  be.  for  a  time,  an  inanimate  olijeet.  The  eireumstaiices  which  determine 
this  I'hange,  ilo  not  appear.  Nor  can  it  he  anirmod,  that  the  doctriiu'  is  paralU'l.  in  all 
respects,  to  the  theory  of  the  Samiaii  philo.sopher.  It  would  .seem  that  the  superior 
will  of  the  individual,  as  a  spiritually  possessed  person,  liim.self  detorniined  the  fonii 
of  his  futiir    life. 

0.  (!reat  attention  is  paid  by  the  North  American  Indians  to  the  tlijiht  of  birds, 
whoso  motions  in  the  miper  ivfiions  of  the  atmosphere  are  considered  ominous.  Tlio.se 
of  the  carnivorous  specii's.  are  deemed  indicative  of  events  in  war.  and  they  are  the 
symbols  employed  in  their  war-songs,  and  extemporaneous  chants.  The  gJitheriii,!i  of 
these  SI  "cics,  to  fatten  upon  dead  bodies  left  upon  the  field  of  battle,  is  the  image 
strongly  thnniii  forward,  in  their  chants,  and  these  warlike  Pe-na-si-wug  are  deeini'd 
to  be  ever  prescii'iit  of  the  tinii's  and  places  of  conflict,  which  arc  denoted  by  tiieir 
flight.     As  the  carnivora  are  familiar  with  the  upper  currents  of   the  ntniosphere, 


'  •Tub.  '  OnciiUi.  •  Leiiii)ri6rc. 

M'lirt  I.      Fiidiaii  Talos  ;aiil   LogciidH,  1830.      Harpers,  Now  Yorjj. 

5 


M 


MENTAI-    TYI'K    (»r   Till'.    INDIAN    RACE. 


wlii'i'f  llii'ir  ^'inIm  III'  the  iiir  ilwill.  llnir  a.^siiciutioii,  in  tlic  Iniliini  iiiiiid,  witli  tlicHO 
tli'itii'H  (if  liiittif,  iw  incKMi'iijftMK  til  iiinj  iiitflli]ni'in'i',  i«  ii  goiH'ial  Im-II*'!'.  Miit  no  triico 
III'  uiiiciiM,  ili'i'ivoil  ri'iiiii  till'  cxatniimtioii,  ai'tiT  ilciitli,  of  cntrail.s  nt'  any  kinil,  an 
(li'Miitiiif^  t'litni'ity,  11  cu.xtoni  i^n  |iivvali'nt  uiiioiig  tliu  aiicicnlM,  iniH  I'Vii  Ikcu  liiiniii, 
or  in  JH'lit'vi'tl  to  i-xint. 

Ml.  MiniiU'  iiliHiTvutiiiii  isalsii  licstuwi'il  liy  tlu-ni  upon  llu'  MK'U'oroIiiL'y  nf  llif  cIhikIh. 
'I'lii'ir  ni/.i',  tlii'ir  ciilor.  tiii-ir  niotiimM,  tluir  iflativi'  iMi.'-itiiin  to  llic  luui  and  to  tin- 
liiiiiziin,  liinn  tin-  Hiiliici't  cil'  a  liranrli  ol"  kninvlcilm'.  wiiii'li  is  in  tin-  liaini.x  nl'  tlii'ir  incilas 
ami  |iro|ilii'lM.  Ini|iiirtant  cvriits  aiv  ui'lt'n  dcridcil  liy  iircdii'liuns  liiMMilcd  on  hiii'Ii 
uliscrsatiiinH.  Tlu!  iinajri'i'V  it'  this  cxallcd  view  nl'  tlu'  rcli'stia!  atniiis|i|icr(',  willi  its 
Mtariy  liark-^iruund,  and  its  warl'aro  iit'  tlinndiT,  lijiiitninj;',  cii'i'tiiiity,  aiimra  iHirciilis, 
iiiid  stiinns,  is  vci'y  niiicii  (Mn|iliiyi'il  in  tlii'ir  prisimal  nanii's.  'I'liis  inia;;i'ry  is  rapalili- 
III'  U'inji'  ;j;raplii('ally  sci/.ril  on.  tiy  tlicir  transpusitivc  lanfiiia;^i's.  and  is  lii^lily  piictin. 
Tlic  lialiit  III'  sui'li  (ilisiTvatiiin.  has  ••vidcntlN  Ihiii  nnrturt'd  by  livinji-  liir  u;jri's,  lus  tin' 
laci'  has.  ill  the  iipi'ii  aii',  and  withuut  Ininscs  In  oliscurc  I'vrry  piissililc  variety  ot' 
atiiiiisphcrii' jiixtapiisitiun  and  display. 

II.  Wf  ini;ihl  continm"  this  disrussiun  nf  npininns  and  Indict's  whirh  ap|K'ar  tn  lie 
hiddiMi  in  tlu-  niythiilii^'v  of  the  Indian  mind,  or  arc  only  liroii>!ht  out  in  an  incidental 
iiianiiiT,  and  which  ap|icar  not  to  lia\c  had  an  indiirt'noiis  origin;  luit  we  should  do 
j^i'cat  ininslice  to  the  Indian  eliaracter.  not  to  mention  liy  far  the  most  prominent  of 
their  lieliefs,  so  far  as  they  jro\crn  his  daily  practices.  We  allnil(>  to  the  doctrine  of 
Mdiiilois,  or  what  may  he  denoiniiiated  .Manitolniry.  And  here  npjiears  to  he  the 
sti'oiiucst  ^inunid  liir  oriLiinality  of  ciince|ition.  All  the  tribes  hint'  some  eipiisalent 
to  this.  We  use  tin'  Alfiompiin  word,  hecaiise  tliat  is  In'st  known.  'I'he  woi'd  Manito, 
wlu'ii  not  used  witli  a  prelix  or  accent,  does  not  mean  the  Deity,  or  (ireal  S[iirit.  It 
is  ciinllneil  to  a  spiritual,  or  mysterious  power.  The  doctrine  that  a  man  may  possess 
sucii  a  power,  is  well  estahlislied  in  the  helief  of  nil  the  tribes.  All  liieir  pi'iests  and 
prophets  assert  the  possession  of  it,  but  the  possession  is  not  beiie\-ed,  liy  even  th(( 
brnidest  Zealot  or  impostor,  to  be  supreme,  or  equal  to  tliat  of  the  (Iri'at  .Merciful  Spirit, 
or  diur'iic  deity.  A  man  may  fast  to  obtain  this  jiowcr.  Tlie  initial  fast  at  the  a^'c 
of  puberty,  which  every  Indian  nnileri;iies,  is  for  light  to  lie  individually  advertisetl 
and  lii'i'iiMie  aware  of  this  jier.sonal  Manito.  When  revealed  in  dreams,  his  purpose  is 
aciiiiiiplislied,  and  be  adopts  that  revelation,  which  is  frenerally  .some  bird  or  animal, 
as  his  personal  or  guiirdiau  Manito.  He  trusts  in  it  in  war  and  [leace ;  and  there  is 
no  exigency  in  I'd'e,  in  or  from  which  he  lieliexes  it  caiiMot  help  or  I'xtricato  him. 
Till'  misl'ortune  is,  for  liin  peace  and  welfare  of  mind,  that  these  Manitoes  are  not  of 
eipial  and  harmonious  power.  One  is  constantly  suiniosed  to  be  ".strnniier,"  or  to  iuive 
iii-eater  spiritual  powers  than  another.  Hence,  the  Indian  is  nevei'  sure  that  his 
neijriibor  is  not   undi'r  the  ^guardianship  of  a  Miinito  strnnger  than   his  own. 

Thi.s  is  not  hall'  the  worst  of  the  doctrine.     There  are  malignant,  as  well  aw  Ixjuevo- 


i ', 


11. 

Ir 


1 


'V- 

I 


MKNTAL   TYl'K    Ol''    TllK    INDIAN    JlACi:. 


U5 


lent  Maiiit.K-^*.  II.t.  tin-  two  ruisciriKS  ..f  (i(K«l  aiul  Kvil.  wWuU  w.'  Iiiivf  .lisfii^si.tl 
as  ..r  uii.ntal  ..liKni-  .l.'\i'l..|).-  tlii-mwlvfH.  Tlu-  f>  il  Miuiilo  is  .•..nstaiitly  i-xriviHiiK 
liis  |...\v.r  I..  .uuhl.Turt  ..!•  ..vcnviicli  tliu  K'xxl.  And  tlms  tho  In.liaii.  uli..  IkIh'v.s  in 
11  \mmvv  (Jivat  Spirit,  or  (f'./i"  M'Uilh,,  with  lu.  otliir  iittiiliiit.-H  1ml  noodiu-M  an<l 
„lii.|iiity.  is  left  ill  a  |.criiotiml  mid  liorriMo  statf  of  H'ar.  His  Civat  Sjiirit  is  hflic-vcd 
to  ndf  tlu-  faith  and  tho  sky.  and  to  Iw  thi' W.\-/iia-\v  ail.  or  makt-r  <.!'  Ih.- world; 
lint  ill'  icav.s  tiifsc  two  aiita^onistii-al  chiss.'s  of  Man't.H's  to  war  willi  I'arli  otlirr.  and 
to  .•ninitcruct  I'lich  otlior's  dcsijrns.  to  fill  tin-  world  with  tnnnods.  and.  in  fact,  to  jiovrrn 
till'   niiirnl  destinies  of  mankind. 

We  tinis  have  llie  doctrine  of  Oriiiii.sd  and  Ariinan.  of  the  orii  ntal  worlil.  re|in>dnced 
ill  another  form,  lint  one  not  h'ss  fraii«hl  with  elciiienls  to  distnrl.  the  harmony  of 
cri'iitioil,  to  pierce  the  ejrj,'  of  Oriuiisd.  and  lo  render  the  lile  of  the  simple  helievcr  in 
this  dojiiiia  an  unendinjr  sci-ne  of  discord,  dismay,  ami  tnmiilt. 

12.  Tlieiv  is  no  attempt  hy  the  hunter,  priesthood,  jnjrfrlers, or  jiowwows,  which  can  Ik- 
pilhered  from  their  oral  traditions,  to  imiinle  to  the  irreat  Merciful  Spirit  the  attrilmte 
(if  jiLs/ici,  or  to  make  man  acconnlahle  to  llim,  lier<'  or  lieirafter.  for  aherrations  lioin 
rliiiir.  i/ihhI  irili  Intth.oY  any  form  of  moral  rijrht.  With  henesoleiice  and  pity  as 
prime  attrihntes,  the  (lirat  Transcendental  Spirit  of  tlie  Indian  does  no!  take  upon 
himself  a  iMiiiiteous  administration  of  the  world's  all'airs,  hut,  on  the  contrary,  leaxes 
it  lo  lie  filed,  anil  its  all'airs,///  ;•(///////,  jiovcrned,  hy  demons  and  lienils  in  hnnian  linni. 
Here  is  the  Indian  theolo^ry.  Kvery  one  will  si'C  how  suhtile  it  is;  how  well  calcnhiled 
tdlead  tla-  uninformed  hunter  mind  captive,  and  make  it  ever  fearful ;  and  how  striking,' 
a  coincidenco  its  leadin;:  do;;ina  of  the  two  ojiposinjr  principles  of  (idoU  and  Kvil  alliirds, 
with  the  oriental  doctrines  to  which   we  have  referred. 

ins  hetweeii  the  harharons  trilies  of  America, 


l;!.    It  is  dillicull  t< 


11.1 


.'ind  the  exislin,;;-  civili/.i'd  races  of  Asia.  The  latter,  east  of  the  Indus,  at  least,  and 
JMirderin^'  on  the  Imlian  Ocean,  are  called  non-pro^rt's.sive  races;  hut  they  possess  a 
t\pe  of  civilization,  founded  on  agriculture,  arts,  and  letters,  which  is  very  ancient. 
Tlie\  ha\('  practi.sod  the  scieiu'e  of  nuinliers  and  astronomy  from  the  earliest  tiiiU's. 
Most,  or  all  of  them,  have  alphahets.  The  cuneiform  character  was  in  ii.se  in  tin; 
da\s  of  Darius  llystas|H's.'  Many  of  the  arts  are  sujiposed  to  'u.ve  had  tlii'ir  origin 
there.  The  use  of  iron  amonj^  them  is  without  dale.  Their  systems  of  rtdiirious 
pliilosopliy  were    conimitled    lo    writiiif:',    if  not    put    in    print,    liefore  America  was 


discovered.    The  Chinese  knew  the  art  of  printing',  helore  it 


was  (iiscoverec 


1  in  K 


iirop( 


;'f  :^ 


They  were  ac(iuaiiited  with  the  powers  of  the  nia;rnet,  and  the  mariner's  compass. 
Naval  architecture  has  helonjicd  to  tlie  Chinese  and  Japanese,  time  out  of  uiiiid.'  Tin 
lliiidostanees  huilt  temjiles  in  India  of  onornious  niufiiiitudo  and  exact  proportions 
loll}!,  it  is  helieved,  helore  the  use  of  Ky.yi)t 


lan  or  lirecian    arc 


hitect 


lire. 


The  sword. 


Rawliiisoii. 


'  Vultoire's  Essiiy  uii  History. 


'  I)iiliuldi,''s  China. 


vimnassaBmimm 


80 


M  E  N  r  A  I-    T  Y  i'  V.    ()  V    T  H  K    INDIAN    I?  A  C  E . 


n 


ll 


the  s|ioar.  tlio  liow  ami  iinow.  aiid  tlii'  sliicld  ami  baiimT,  came  into  tlicir  liamis  from 
tilt'  oarlii'st  (lays  of  tlu>  Assyrian,  Clialdi'an,  ami  l\  sliiii  nioiiafcliics.' 

II.  From  Pi-ofcssor  Wilson's  lii'ctiiri's  on  the  Hindus,  llii-  vcli^iioiis  system  and  |)rac- 
tioes  of  these  nations  are  liased  upon  a  eonl'used  notion  of  (iid,  hut  have dejicnerated 
intd  the  most  monstrous  and  suhlime  ahsui'dities.  Their  systems  are,  one  and  all, 
iileal,  eontemjilative,  full  of  mysticism,  iind  extra\auantl\'  transcendental.  'I'hey  have 
not,  liUe  the  (Iret'ks,  so  much  deilied  men  and  made  jiods  of  heroes,  as  they  ha\o 
shown  a  |ironeni'ss  to  (U'ily  events,  pout'rs,  and  attriiintes.  'I'lie  creation,  the  |ireser- 
vation,  and  the  I'e^-eneration,  or  reproductivi'  powers  of  man,  are  worshipped  .syndxili- 
oally  in  dilVerent  phases,  as  the  riiisr  caisk.  Urahma  is  cri'ation,  \'islimi  preservation, 
and  .Sisa  r(>|iroductioii,  amoiifr  the  Hindus.'  Setting  out  with  an  idi'a  of  Monotheism, 
the_\'  have  in  this  way  multiplied  their  ohjects  of  adoration,  till  they  are  the  most 
siihtile  and  extravagant  polytheists  on  the  glohe.  Thirty  thousand  jiod.s  have  llu' 
Hindus  alone.  All  the  elements  are  deified,  and  their  worship  lias  hecome  pn)verhial 
for  the  gross  character  of  its  idolatry. 

15.  -Many  lia\i'  suiiposed  that  the  oriental  arts  and  knowletlge  were  translerred  to 
this  eoiitincnt  at  early  epochs,  and  have  ludield  e\  ideiice '■'.' iliis  in  the  ruins  of  teni|)les, 
teocalli,  and  other  structures  and  \estigi's  of  ancient  art,  scattered  over  the  country. 
We  shall  know  more  of  this,  when  we  come  to  Iind  and  decipher  inscriptions.  As  \i't, 
\erv  little  is  known,  scieiililically,  of  American  ruins  and  iiionmnents  of  aiiti(piity. 
We  have  done  very  little  lieyond  the  jjopiilar  descriplion  of  I'ertain  remains  of  ancient 
architecture.  The  fust  accounts  of  Del  liio  of  the  luius  of  I'aleiKpic,  ek't'trilied  tin- 
antii|uarian   world. 

\'iews  and  descriptions  of  the  hnildings  and  temples  of  a  former  race  in  Central 
America  and  Yucatan,  scrNcd  to  conlirm  this,  (leiierally,  very  high-toned  theories 
were  in  vogue-  in  spi'aking  of  the  ancient  period  of  American  civilization.  The 
descriptions  of  Stephens,  and  the  artistic  views  of  Catherwood,  have  done  much  to 
reiuK'r  thi'  existence  of  thi'.si'  ruins  in  Central  America  and  Yucatan  an  element  of 
popular  knowledge.  In  our  ,(\vn  countrx,  Mr.  .N'orman  has  added  to  this  diO'iision. 
in  Kiirojie,  the  spread  of  this  knov.ledge  has  heen  in  the  hands  of  men  of  I'cseiirch. 
Denmark  has  stepped  forward,  to  separate  the  era  of  the  S<'aiidinavian,  from  the  other 
ruins  and  vestiges  of  ancient  occupancy.' 

1(1.  In  the  rniled  States,  there  has  heen  imicli  s|)eculatioii  ujion  our  luouiids  aiul 
I'iirth  works,  from  the  era  of  Mr.  .lell'erson's  Notes  on  \''rgiiiia,  in  I77S,  to  the  present 
da\'.  (ieiierally,  tin.'  remarks,  with  mucli,  hut  various  degrees  of  merit,  Innc  wanted 
olementariness,  and  not  uiifreipicntly  seem  open  to  the  criticism  of  high  theories  upon 
very  slender  materials      There  has  heen   some   attempt,  it  would   .seem,   hy  ancient 


'  Hnlliii's   l'iiiviTs;iI   Ili.<t(iry. 


II    II.  Wils 


lil'ctU 


rf.ir.'  til,'   rnivii^ity  n|'  Oxfnr.l,  mi  tlir   Hi 


isn. 


m 


i 

'ik 


■  .*? 


.\nlii|nil.iti's   ;\m('ri('!iii;i. 


iM  K  X  T  A  L    T  Y  r  !•;    O  1 '    T  III':    I  N  I  >  1  A  N    I !  A  C  I', . 


n: 


liaiiils  ill  the  sdiitli.  lo  imitate  tlii'  ,ui,i;iiiitic  piles  iii'  tlie  Kiiiiliriites  ami  tlie  Nile,  'I'lie 
t\|ie  dl'  the  teoealli  ami  (erraeeil  |ivraiiiiil  caiiiuit  lie  siieeesst'iill v  mui,l;1iI.  siiurt  ol'  these 
localities.  Uiit  our  ruins  are  wliollv  witiioiit  the  oriental  iiiseri|itive  arts  of  these 
eiU'K  striu'lures  of  ni.inkimi.  M.  .lomard  has,  iiuieed.  identilied  Lvliiaii  characters  in 
one  of  tlie  tiuiinli  ol'  the  Ohio  vallev.'  The  km)\vledj:v  of  the  iiihaliitaiits  of  Persia, 
of  India,  and  of  China,  is  \'ei'y  ancient.  We  are  not  aiiliiori/ed  to  conclude  that 
the  iiiiiorant   only   iniuratc. 

17.  Ivaces  of  men  "ai'ry  with  them  two  licneric  traits,  namely,  c/Vs  and  ii/m-..  'i'lie 
latter  ale  llii  most  ancient,  for  a  man  must  Ikim-  the  coiice|)tioii  of  a  thiiii;  lieliire  he 
can  construct  the  lliiiiu  itsell'.  ()|)inions,  llien'fore,  of  (l<id,  of  worshiji,  of  asironomy. 
in  line,  the  |ire-tlioii,i.;hts  or  iiriiici|iles  of  I'very  ai't  and  scienci',  should  lie  soiii;lil  as  the 
earliest  i'\  idcnccs  of  the  connections  and  allinitit's  of  races,  'riionuhl  and  words  are 
older  than  wcirks.  This  triilli  t;i\i's  to  philoloiiy,  as  a  lu'oof  of  antii|nity,  its  lies!  claim. 
Hact's  who  thoiiLiht  in  :i  iiarticnlar  manner,  or  w  liosi'  thoiiiihts  succeeded  each  other 
ill  a  certain  li.Ked  train,  spoke  j:raniiiiaticall_\'  aliki'.  •!  see  a  iiorse,'  or  •  .V  lior>e  I 
sei','  are  phrases  that    indicate   two  classes  of  syntax. 

IS.  The  o|iinioii  that  there  is  a  (iod,  that  mutter  was  created  liy  liini,  and  coiitiiiiies 
to  exist  hy  his  \vill,  i.s  a  hasis  liir  the  lliiidn  tlieoloi;y,  lioweM'r  corrniitt'd. '  That 
this  power  ami  harmony  of  the  creation  is  kept  up,  is  I'ontinnally  opposed  to  another 
power,  and  i.s  in  danm'r  of  lieing  destroyed  hy  it,  ajipear.s  to  Ikuc  lieeii  one  of  the 
earliest  philo.sopical  and  reliuions  eri'ors.'  Man,  as  tln'  chief  possi'ssor  of  creation,  is 
siihject  to  this  distnrhinjj,'  jiower.  Heat,  air,  watt'r,  earth,  lijilit.  and  darkness,  alK'ct 
him.  Hence  his  olVeriiigs  to  them,  iindi'r  various  names,  in  lieatheii  theolojiy  and 
mytholoj:y,  and  the  oriiiin  of  elemental  worship.  We  lia\e  'j:\\vn  Zoroaster  as  the 
ea.lii'st  author  who  is  known  as  sustaining  this  theory  under  the  symhols  of  tire 
and  the  sun.  'IMii-  IJrahmiiis  early  taiii:ht  it,  worshipping  as  a  primarv  dogma, 
as  we  have  stated,  the  creation,  the  continuance,  and  the  propagation  of  the  race  as 
diU'ereiit  Iiyjiostases  of  (!od  :   they  also  entlironoil  the  elements  as  ohjects  of  worship. 

111.  The  Hindus  regard  the  eternity  of  life  as  the  great  evil.  Its  indestrnctihilitv 
hy  deatii  is  the  grand  ohjeet  from  wiiieh  tiiey  seek  to  he  deliNcred.  'I'liere  is  no  ri'st 
for  the  soul :  it  wanders ;  it  siillers  various  transmigrations  from  mw  ohjeet  to  another; 
and  is  the  great  hnrthen  to  he  dropped.  I'ytiiagoras.  as  staled  and  lielieved  hy  the 
(Ireeks,  is  known  to  liaye  taken  tlii>  notion  from  the  Mralmiins.  It  is  clear.  I'roiii  the 
writings  of  the  Sanscrit  ])rofes,sor  at  Oxford,  that  they  anciently  taught,  and  now 
practi.M'  it,  as  one  of  the  prime  <'lenieiits  of  their  theology.  They  teach,  also,  ii 
succession  of  creations  or  worlds. 

20.   W'e  haye  said   that  it  is  diUlcnlt  to  compare   the   notions  of  onr  Indians  with 


irf 


'  I'll    I'irrn'  (irrvc,  \(V 
'  Ziiro.-i-itcr. 


'  Wilson. 

'    \'iili'     Wlisnll'^     l,|.,||||Y 


MENTAL   TYPE    OF  THE    INDIAN    RACE. 


u 


w 


liT 


l« 


!,' 


;r 


Wl 


met'  —  mere  hunters 

omethiii";  in 


thout 


tlioso  of  tlio  existing  orientals:   the  one  is  ii  h:ivl)an 

knowledge,  iirts,  or  k'tters;   tlie  other  eivili/ed,  and  (jossessin;^  tliem.     Si 

however,  he  inferred,  from  tlie  theory  announced,  of  tlio  (uifi</iiit;/  af  l/i<)ii(/hf  ami  ufcdM 


«y: 


'1\.   It  lias  I 


R'en  seen,  m 


tlie  course  of  our  discussion,  that  the   Indians  of  America 


worship,  with  more  truth  and  purity  than  has  heen  found  this  side  of  the  Indus,  tins 
Tigris  and  Euphrates,  the  heing  of  a  universal  Ciod,  or  Maiiito,  who  is  called,  in  the 
North,  the  (Jreat.  (!ood.  or  Merciful  S[)irit.  To  his  power  they  oppose  an  antago- 
nistical  (Ireat,  Kvil-minded  Spirit,  who  is  constantly  scekiutr  to  destroy  and  overturn 
all  good  and  henevolent  measures.  This  evil  power,  or  Mulc/ii  Mnuitu,  is  represented 
or  symliolized  often  hy  the  Serpent;  hence  gifts  and  addressees  are  nnule  to  him  by 
their  Medas  and  .lossakeeds.  They  also  oiler  oblations  to  him  directly,  as  inliahiting 
the  solid  I'arth.  They  pour  out  drinks  to  him.  Thus  the  ancient  oriental  notion  of 
a  dualistical  deity  is  revealed. 

2'1.  It  has  also  heen  seen  that  they  are  worshippers  of  the  elements,  of  Hre,  and 
the  sun ;  and  that  hyuuis  and  offerings  are  made  to  the  latter.  It  has  been  shown 
that  their  oral  traditions  contain  abundant  evidence  of  the  idea  of  the  metempsy- 
chosis, or  transmigration  of  the  soul  through  a  wandering  series  of  existences,  human 
and  brutal.  These  are  certainly  not  American,  but  foreign  and  orlititdl  ideas,  and 
denote  an  oriental  origin. 

li'i.  If  it  be  now  in(iuired.  Are  the  North  American  Indians,  then,  ofl-shoots  of  an 
oriental  Indian  stock,  among  whom  these  ideas  once  prevailed?  it  is  asked.  What 
stock?  The  Hindu  religious  practices  and  ojiinions  of  modern  days,  if  we  seek  f(n' 
comparison  there,  are  very  dillerent  from  those  prescribed  hy  the  \'idas,  the  most 
ancient  authority.  Changes  have  been  introduced  by  the  Puranas  and  other  sacred 
books  of  comparatively  modern  date,  so  that  there  are  some  of  their  ancient  gods 
which  are  utterly  unknown  to  modern  worshippers. 

'1\.  The  idea  of  ii^st,  is  perfectly-  unknown  to  the  North  American  Indian.  He 
does  not  entertain.  Init  repudiates  the  very  thought  of  it.  To  him  all  races  are 
'•born  equal."  The  burning  of  widows  at  the  funereal  })ile ;  the  casting  of  bodies 
inti  any  stream,  like  the  (langes,  who.se  waters  are  believed  to  be  sacred;  these  are 
ideas  .uul  practices  e(|ually  unknown.  The  incineration  of  the  bodies  of  the  dead 
was  not  jn-actised  on  this  c(.utinent,  even  in  the  trojjics,  and  is  a  rite  unknown  to  the 
tribes  of  the  United  States.     It  is  said  to  be  practised  in  New  Caledonia.' 

'io.  The  periodical  oiVering  of  cakes,  libations,  tlesh,  or  viands  at  the  grave,  to 
ancestors,  or  the  Patras  of  the  luunan  race,  which  is  stated  to  be  a  custom  of  the 
Hindus,  is.  however,  seen  to  be  an  idea  incorporated  in  the  practice  of  the  American, 
or  at  least  the  Algonic  Indians.  These  Indians,  believing  in  the  duality  of  the  soul, 
and  that  the  soul  sensorial  abides  tor  a  time  with  the  body  in  the  grave,  requiring 
food  for  its  ghostly  existence  and  journeyings,  deposit  meats  and  other  aliment,  at 


Hariiimi'n  Travels. 


f.l 


i 


\^ 


lU 


r; 


%] 


V' 


[i 


•  i      ^  ■ 


m 


'  1 


"i 


"-If 


MKNTAL    TYPE    OV    THE    INDIAN     RACE. 


8ft 


t 


and  iifti-r  tlic  time  of  interment.  Tlii.s  cii.stom  i.-<  iiniver.siil.  and  was  one  of  tjieir 
earlie.st  ul)served  traits.'     J)e  15ry  mentions  a  feast  to  fire,  in  I")S,S. 

•Jli.  Another  eustoni,  near  aidn  to  it,  prevails.  Tiiey  oiler  pieces  of  ll-sh  and 
viands,  at  meals  and  feasts,  to  tlieir  ()-<jif-t<:-::rri,i-c-ini,/,  or  ancestors.  (See  i'late  I',.) 
This  duty  seems  to  he  oblii-'atory  on  every  Indian  in  jrood  standing'  with  his  triho, 
who  has  been,  so  to  say.  piously  instrneted  by  the  Medas  or  his  parents;  and  the 
conse(iucnee  is,  he  fears  to  iK>deet  it.  Every  feast,  in  fact,  every  meal  at  whieli 
there  is  .some  particularly  savory  or  extra  dish,  brings  prominently  up  this  duty  of 
a  gift  to  the  spirit  of  forefatiiers,  or  of  tho.«'e  relatives  in  old  time.s,  or  newly  deceased, 
who  have  preceded  them  to  the  grave.  The  first  idea  that  a  grave,  or  burial-ground, 
or  (/'/-/' -(/(.■-^/;/,'. suggests  to  him,  is  the  duty  he  owes  as  an  h(jnest  man,  e.\peeting  good 
luck  in  life,  to  hi-         tives,  or  ()-ijit-ti-::<<)H-(-iniij. 

When  an  Inil.  I'alls  into  the  fn-e,  or  is  partially  burned,  it  is  a  beiii'f  that  tiio 
Hpirita  of  their  ancestors  have  pushed  him  into  the  llames,  owing  to  tlur  neglect  of 
these  pious  oll'erings.  Sometimes  it  is  a  wife  or  child  that  is  believed  to  be  thus 
pushed.  In  passing  a  grave-yard  or  burial-place  where  the  remains  of  his  ancestors 
repo.se,  the  Indian  is  strongly  reminded  of  this  pious  duty;  and  if  ho  has  any  thing 
from  which  a  meat  or  drink-olVering  can  bo  made,  his  feelings  make  a  strong  appeal 
to  him  to  perform  it. 

An  Algonrpiin,  on  a  certain  occasion,  was  passing  at  dusk  through  an  e.xtensive 
Indian  burial-ground,  where  his  O-i/it-lr-zroii-c-iniij  lay.  Believing  that  the  dual  soul 
abiiles  with  the  body,  his  fancy  pictured  to  him  two  of  the  "Patras"  .sitting  between 
the  graves,  lie  had  a  kettle  of  whiskey  in  his  hands.  lie  felt  that  he  could  not 
part  with  this  precious  drink,  by  pouring'out  even  a  .small  lil)ation.  lie  grasped  it 
the  firmer,  and  hurried  on,  but  east  back  a  furtive  glance.  One  of  the  spirits  was  on 
his  track.  lie  hurried  on,  but  his  ghostly  pursuer  gained  on  him.  lie  determined 
at  once  on  his  course  ;  and  letting  the  phantom  come  up  close  to  him,  he  wheeled 
round  on  a  sudden,  and  grasped  him.  lie  looked,  and,  lo !  ho  held  in  his  arms,  not 
his  pursuer  or  ghostly  patra,  but  a  tall  bunch  of  rushes.  The  spirit  had  vanished, 
and  transformed  himself  to  a  plant  in  an  instant.  Such  arc  the  notions  (jf  the 
Algon([uins,  and,  so  far  as  known,  the  North  American  Indians  generally. 

27.  It  is  a  species  of  idolatry  laid  to  the  charge  of  the  Israelites,  tl;;vt  >>Iii'u-  ihuy 
were  in  the  wilderness,  they  "ate  the  sacrifices  of  the  dead."  (Psalms  cvi.  28.) 
There  is  hardly  a  form  of  eastern  idolatr}-  herein  alluded  to,  into  which  the  Israelites 
had  not,  at  one  time  or  another,  fallen  ;  but  the  most  common,  wide-spread,  and  oft- 
recurring  rite,  was  that  of  burning  incen.so  on  high  places  to  imaginary  beings,  or 
devils,  under  the  delusive  idea  of  their  being  gods;  the  very  trait  which  is  so  striking 
in  all  our  Indian  tribes. 

28.  If  llindostan  can  be  regarded  in  truth  as  having  contributed  to  our  Indian 


'% 


Iluckliijt's  Collection. 


'  Griivc-post. 


I 


ili 


40 


MKNTAL    TYI'K    OF    T  UK    I  N' I)  I  A  N    RACE. 


stocks  ill    all.   it   must   1 


1 11 VI' 


hccii   at    a   \\'V\  aiicicnt   cpocli.  liclurc   the  \'i(li 


s  we IV 


m 


i' 


Ji 


I- 


m 


M 


m 


I 


'! !  t 


written;   for  it  is  asserted   tliat   the   [jrcsent  custonis  iil'  the  Hindoos  are  t'()iTii|iti(iiis 
o''aii  elder  system,  and  are  in  many  things  new,  or  traceahle  to  thosi-  hooks.' 

211.  'I'he  [irohidiility  ol'  ii  Shemitic  orifiin  for  iit,  least   the  northern  stoeks,  revives 
with  the  investiuation  ol'the  principles  of  their  liinj^uaj.'es.      It  is  Hoiii.dit  to  place  this 

le  uecnmulation  of  Nocahulaiies  and  grammars  from  all 


ntud\'  on  a 


hroad 


er  hasis 


th 


the  leading  stoek.s.  It  is  already  perceived  that  the  elder  i)hiloloj:ists  employed 
frairmentary  materials;  that  .some  of  their  generalizations  were  too  hasty;  and  that 
there  are  no  amalgamations  of  diverse  princii)les  of  .syntax,  hut,  on  tlii'  contrary,  a 
remarkable  oneness;  that  they  are,  in  fact,  rather  iuki-"///////! /ii-  than  jtuhi-si/iilliilir; 
not   ■•agglutinated,"   hut  accretive. 

.'in.  It  was  early  thou'vht  that  the  manners  and  customs  of  the  tribes  savore<l 
much  of  the  Miiugolic  or  Samoidean  type.  The  trilies  of  the  ivist  Indies,  who  wt're 
in  the  mind's  exc  of  the  early  diseovorors,  embrace  much  of  that  generic  type,  both 
in  their  jihysical  and  moral  character.     Columbus  himself  tlu)ught  so. 

On  the  discovery  of  the  race,  as  represented  by  the  Caribs  of  the  West  Indies,  in 
1  r.fj.  Columbus  was  so  struck  with  the  general  reseud)lance  of  their  physiological 
traits  to  those  of  the  East  Indians  or  llindustanese,  that  he  at  once  called  them 
Indianos.  All  sulisequent  observ(>rs  in  tliat  ai'ea  have  ct)ncurrcd  generally  with 
him  in  this  respect.  The  red  skin,  the  ha/el  and  gla/.ed  vyc.  and  coal-Idack  hair, 
have  continued  to  tmr  day  to  be  characteristics,  even  where  the  tireadth  of  the  cheek- 
bones, modified  by  artilicial  craniologii'al  pressure,  and  the  varying  stature,  and 
ellects  of  mere  latitude  and  .-ubsisteiice,  fail. 

.'!!.  Siudi  has  also  been  the  oliservation  in  North  America.  Ninety-two  years  after 
the  discover}-,  tliat  is,  in  15S4,  when  the  llrst  ships  sent  out  by  Sir  Walter  Kaleigh, 
under  his  commission  from  (^ueen  Elizabeth,  reached  the  Virginia  coasts,  they  landed 
among  a  generic  family  of  the  red  men,  dill'ering  in  language  wholly  from  the  Caribs, 
but  whose  physical  type  was  nevertheless  essentially  the  same.  The  stock  family 
found  in  N'irginia  has  since  become  very  well  known  to  us,  under  the  generic  cogno- 
men of  AlgoiKpiiiis.  Wherever  examined,  Ijetween  the  original  landings  atOct'oijid.v 
and  KoANoKi:,  and  tlw-  south  cajjcs  of  th(>  St.  Lawrence,  they  have  revealed  the  same 
general  physiology.  They  have  reiiroduced  themselves,  in  every  age  of  our  history, 
without  change.  The  black,  straight  hair,  the  black,  glassy  eye,  the  coflin-shapcil 
face,  produced  by  prominent  cheek-bones,  and  the  peculiar  varietetic  red  colour,  and 
fine,  sol"t,  inodorous  organization  of  the  epidermis  and  skin,  has  been  recognised  as 
expressively  Indian.  Fulness  or  lankness  of  muscle,  height  or  shortness  of  stature, 
and  weakness  or  vigor  of  vitality,  may  be  considered  as  the  eflects  of  peculiarities 
of  food  and  rlimate.     But  the  traits  that  ])reside  over  and  give  character  to  the 


Wilson. 


if- 


':.» 


M  K  N  T  A  L    'I'  V  I'  E    U  F    Till-:    INDIA  N     K  A  C  K  . 


11 


il 


a,;.- 


'-IS" 

■3^ 


^m 


imijo'iilar  mass,  slinw  tlicmschcs  as  clourly  in  tlu'  Wfll-ffil  Osam'  ami  Dacotali.  and 
till-  statrlv  Alt^omiiiiii.  as  in  tla-  llsli  iiml  ral)l)it-H'd  (hiisih  'run  (MiisUiiri))  on  tlie 
cualhus  of  Canad;!,  or  tlic  root-eating-  Siioslionce  ol'  tlie  UocUy  Moinitains. 

:V1.  Tlioro  must  lie  sonu'tliing  iiorniani-nt  in  the  [diysical  t \  pi;  of  tlic  man,  which 
1ms  iiroduci'd  itself,  witii  sncli  ama/in^'  I'onstancy,  thronuh  all  our  hititndes,  torrid, 
tropical,  tempi'rate,  and  frij;id.  And  tiie  faets  go  nii^ii  to  prove  tiiat  this  type  is 
more  prominent  and  important,  as  indicative  of  I'aithfidness  to  orjianic  hiws  of 
lineament,  anil  minute  corpuscular  organization,  than  is  Licnerally  supposed.'  At 
least,  the  result  of  three  and  a  half  centuries  does  not,  whore  the  hlood  is  unmixed, 
much  favor  the  idea  of  a   /)/(»/;v.s.s(Vr  /»/(//.<(>•«/  (f<  nhijini'iif. 

:]:).  Nor  is  there  much  to  favor  the  idea  of  the  organi/.alion  of  a  new  mental 
ji'.'rm.  The  same  indestructibility  of  type,  the  same  non-pri>j:ressiveness  of  the 
Indian  oriental  mind,  is  perceived  in  the  race  in  every  part  of  this  continent.  A 
new  course  of  thouiiht  led  Copernicus  and  (ialileo  to  infer  (hat  the  earth  turned 
dailv  on  its  axis  before  the  sun.  It  led  Harvey  to  conclude  that  the  blood  circulates 
i)\-  an  organic  |)ropu!sion  from  the  human  heart.  It  led  .lenner  to  bidieve  that  one 
species  of  virus  nuiy  destroy  the  liability  to  take  disease  from  a  more  violent  natural 
elfect  of  another  and  kindred  speeie.s.  There  appears  to  be  little  or  nothing  of  this 
kin<l  of  thought  in  the  Indian  mind  of  either  continent.  It  appears  to  have  no 
inlelli'ctual  pro[)ulsion,  no  analvtic  tendencies.  It  rei)ruduces  the  same  ideas  in  iS-'id 
as  in  1 1'.ili.  But  if  it  has  this  want  of  originality,  this  want  of  a  disposition  to 
r>.->.-.i.amine  the  truth  of  its  former  ojiinions  or  dogmas,  is  the  assimilation  to  Asiatic 
arts  and  sciences  strongly  apparent? 

34.  The  ancient  Persians  had  a  calendar,  consisting  of  twelve  moons  of  thirty  (la\s 
each,  giving  them  a  year  of  three  hundred  and  sixty  days.  They  had  a  cycle  of  one 
hundred  and  twenty  years,  and  allowed  the  fragmentary  hours  of  each  year  to  be 
hcajied  up  before  them,  till  the  close  of  this  cycle,  when  they  added  the  accninulated 
days,  to  s(|'iare  their  chronohjgv.  They  believed,  like  the  Hebrews  and  other  orii'Utal 
nations,  that  the  sun  passed  every  day  around  the  earth. 


ind 

as 

ure, 

ties 

the 


'  Tho  frrcat  iiii|)r(ivoniciils  in  llic  iniciusccipc,  wliit'li  liiive  Ijocii  iiiudo  witLin  lato  ywir-^,  liiivo  liml  the  toiuloiicy 
to  show  the  ]iiTiii:iinMic-y  (if  the  physiciil  type  of  m;iii,  by  reveuling  the  iiiiiiute  urj.niiiizalinn  nl'  ;uiiiiial  tissue, 
bones,  nails,  flesh,  hair,  pores  of  the  shin,  ite. 

In  a  scries  of  experinieiit.s  ih'Vnted  to  thc^  liair,  iiiaile  with  this  iiislniinent,  by  Mr,  Peter  .\.  Browne,  ,.( 
Philadelphia,  this  gentleniiin  has  denionstriited  three  primary  speeies  of  the  hair  and  iiairy  tissue,  or  \vo..l,  nf  ilic 
human  head,  a.s  shown  by  the  rosearehes  respeeting  the  Anglof^uxon,  Indian,  and  Negro  raees.  These  experi- 
nient.s,  which  appear  to  have  been  conducted  with  scienlilie  and  philo.sophical  care,  ilenotc  the  siruelure  and 
organization  of  each  of  these  species  to  be  peculiar.  They  are  denominated,  in  the  order  abuve  slaleil,  cylindrical 
or  round,  oval,  and  eccentrically  elliptical,  or  flat.  The  Indian  hair  employed  in  (liese  experiments  was  tho 
Choctaw.  Imiuirics  are  now  on  foot  by  this  gentleman,  if  we  err  not,  in  connection  with  the  Philadelphia 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  to  pursue  these  results. 
6 


I 


li 


If 


t 
i  I 


i 


s 


i  i 


42 


MENTAIi  TYl'K   OK   THE    INDIAN    KACE. 


Ai'conlin^f  to  Sir  Stiuiiluiil  Uiilllcs.  lliii(l(i.-<tiiM  ami  .Iiivii  liml  ii  luurkot-day  every 
lil'tli  (l:i_v.  'I'lie  Cliiiiese  liml  ii  cvele  (if  sixty  vearn.  Ductur  .Mdiiison  stiites,  that  tlie 
mode  of  till'  latter,  ill  reeoniinjr  tlieir  elironolo.Lry.  eonsiMled  of  two  set  oC  liieroirlypliies, 
comprising'  what  they  ileiioiiiiiiate  stnns  and  liniii'lirs.  'I'lieir  cycle  was  (li\iile([  into 
»iil)-lierii>ds  of  ten  stems,  and  each  stem  into  twelve  Itranches,  '|'|i(>  hii'rojriyphio 
denotinfr  the  stem  U'liif?  always  dillbrent  in  the  cycle,  and  that  of  the  liraiiehos  U'ing 
tho  same  for  cacli  relative  day,  tlu'ir  astronomers  had  the  means  ol' an  exact  chronology. 
Tluy  had  a  wovk  of  (ivi'days;  every  tiflh  day  l)eiiiL%  liUe  the  Hindn  system,  market- 
day.     Eacii  day  had  ii  name,  and  each  mimo  a  hierofilyjihic,  representini;  that  olijeet. 

35.  Somethin;,' of  this  kind  was  foinid,  in  the  th(Mi;,dit-work  of  the  calendar  of  the 
Aztecs  of  Mexico.  They  had  however  a  cycle  of  lifty-two  yiars.  tonnded  manifestly 
in  orifiinal  iirnoranci-  of  the  trne  len.uth  of  the  year,  and  a  wron,u:  division  of  tho 
months.  They  hud  four  ihiys,  called  respectively,  'I'ochtii,  .\catl,  Techpatl,  and  Calli, 
or,  ii  Iiird,  a  reed,  a  Hint,  and  a  hou>'.  The  fifth  day  was  a  market-ilay.  These 
names  they  repeated  to  (hirteen.  Thirteen  days  constituted  a  month,  or  IncuKt,  as 
the  Spaniard.*  called  it.  A  year  consisted  of  twenty  months,  or  two  hmidred  nnd 
sixty  days.  All  this  was  cli'arly  the  result  of  a  superstitious  astrolojry  and  wild 
mytholo^'V,  in  the  hands  of  tlie  priests  and  i)olitical  leaders,  who  were  the  exclusive 
rejiositories  of  knowledge,  and  were  lea.irued  tv)  accpiire  [lower  over  the  people.  It  was 
early  seen  liy  them,  hy  ohservin.i;'  the  planetary  motions,  that  their  astronomy  was 
wronir.  To  correct  it,  and  make  it  tally  with  the  periods  of  the  sun's  recessions,  they 
added  one  linnilrcd  and  live  day.s  to  their  year,  making  it,  as  wi'  now  see,  correspond 
to  the  lunar  year  of  the  Kast. 

Each  cycle  was  divided  into  four  sul)-periods  of  thirteen  years,  called  TIalpilli.  To 
record  time,  each  day  had  a  dot,  or  date,  Iji'fore  its  .symliol,  indicatin;;;  its  numher  in 
tho  Tlal[)illi,  and  a  dot  or  date  behind  it,  denoting  tlie  year  of  the  cycle.  By  tlii.s 
simple  contrivance,  althouifh  tho  names  of  the  days  were  often  repeated,  it  was 
arithmetically  impossible  that  the  number  of  the  TIalpilli  ami  of  the  cycle  should 
coincide.     The  arrani:'enients  are  denoted  on  the  following-  table. 


TI.AI.I'l  1,1.1  1. 

1  Toihtli 1 

2  Acall -2 

3  Techiwtl    :i 

4  Calli \ 

5  Tocliili .") 

n  Aciitl ti 

7  Ti'clipatl    7 

«  Ciilii 

9  Toch.li 

10  Arall 10 

11  Touhiiall   11 

12  Calli  12 

\'i  Tochili i:j 


2  8. 

1  A.Mtl Ml  1   Toclipatl  . 

2  'l\rlii.atl    1:")  I  2   Calli    .... 

:!  Calli    Hi  '      W  Tochtli..  . 

4  Tuchili 17  I      4   .\call     .  .  . 

.')  A.-atl    IH  i      ,-,  Tcclipatl  . 

0  Trclipall    m  ;      0  Calli    ..  .. 

7  Calli    20  '      7  Turlilli... 

><   I     ><  Toflitli 21  S  A.-atl    ..  . 

0    ;     0  .\,.all 22  0  Twlipatl  . 

10  T,clipatl   2:!  10  Calli    .... 

11  <'alli   24  11  Toclitli    .. 

12  T..rliili 2.')  l-i   Acatl.... 

l:i  A. all     20  KJ  Tcclipatl  . 


.27  I  1  Calli   .. 

.2S  !  2  Tdclilli, 

.20  ;  :\  Ao.itl    . 
.:io 


.  .'iO 


)( 

. . .  '■)'^ 

...  JO 


cvci.K.  ;'i2. 

40 

II 

12 

4;J 

44 

4.'. 

40 


4  Techpatl 
r.  Calli  .. 
<!  Tnelilli. 
7  Auatl     . 

5  TcTlipall 47 

0  Calli    48 

10  Tochtli 49 

11  Acatl 50 

12  Toehpatl 51 

l:i  Calli  52 


'w 


€ 


!\ 


'A'if: 


M  K  N  T  A  h   T  V  r  K   O  1-'   T  1 1  H    1  N  I » I  A  N    U  A  ('  E . 


43 


■10 


\2 


l\y  tliis  HV.xti'iii,  wliii'h  is  iict'iinitcly  oliscrvi'd  in  tlio  miip  of  llotiiriiii,  wliicli  we 
liino  iiiHcrtfd  in  a  ('oii(lcnst'<l  rorm.  (I'liitfs  I  iind  2.)  it  was  rasy  to  di'tcniiiiic  the 
ti.iic  liicy  i'iii|ilny(;d  in  tlioir  iiiijfratioii  down  tln'  Pacilio  const,  and  into  tlic  interior. 
I!iil  llicii'  ycai'  was  still  inexact,  wliidi  was  noticed  hy  olisei\  atioiis  of  the  priests; 
and  in  l'il',l,  at  the  tinio  tlio  Spaniard.-i  arrived,  they  had  corrected  it  to  within  two 
liiiins  and  thirty-nine  ininntes  of  the  exact  solar  year.  This  was  their  ;;reatest 
ti'inin)ili.  It  a|i|i(',M's  evident,  however,  that  their  s_\steni  of  astronomy  is  ol'  lin/ii/i  nnnn 
yriiti'lh,  and  that,  takinji;  a  few  ideas  of  what  had  all'ected  the  memories  of  their 
ancestors,  in  the  eastern  hemispheie,  as  the  market-day,  and  the  donhle  hierofilviiliic 
system,  it  had  Keen  the  accinnuialed  residt  of  palient  nhservalion,  in  the  clear  skies 
of  .Mexico. 


41 

4.". 
40 
47 
48 
40 
50 
51 
,52 


It 


III.    VNTIQI'ITIKS. 


t 


II 


!|' 


A.  (Icncnil  iircliii'olopy. 

B.  Anlii|iir  nkill   in   t'urtifiriuion. 

C.  Rrcctioii   (>r  tiiinuli  iitiil  iiltars. 

I).   Evicli'iiccs  (pf  ancient   '.cld  ciillivaliiiii. 

E.  Aiilii|uiti('.-i  III'  liij;lu>r  iinrtlicrii  liititiulcM. 

F.  Anciiiit   stall'  ol"  arts  ami  niisccllaiU'imM   falirics. 
(i.   Kviikiici'K  of  aiiciriil   niiiiih};. 

il.   Ani'iciit  ii>siiai'ii's. 

I,    Ai'(.'li;i'iilii;.'i(Ml  cvi  ifhi'c.-'  nt'  till'  cniiiiiicnt   liaviii;;  lii't'ii  visiti'il  liy  a  pci 
111  llic  era  o     CnliiMilpii". 


pf  lillirs  |iriiir 


A.    r,  KNEHAL    ARCH.KOLOGY. 


m 


?1 


H 

■I  '  ! 
.1    t 


(I'M; 


A.  TiiKHK  is  litt!(>  ill  tlic  liistorv  (»r  the  Iiiiiitcr  state  of  iiinii.  tliat  ciiii  lie  (liiriiilicd 
witli  till'  iiiuiit'  of  imniiiiiu'iits.  Tiilu's,  wlio  ri'ly  on  tlio  Ixiw  mid  arrow  lor  tiicir  iiieaiis 
of  siilisistiiici' ;  who  I'liitivati-  1!k'  iiirtii  liy  looscniiiir  tlic  soil  witii  llic  scapiilii  of  a  staj;; 
or  liisoii ;  who  an-  roiii|ili't('ly  crratio  in  their  iiahits  and  eiistom^ ;  and  wiio  ])nt  mi,  as  a 
nhelti'r  from  tiic  eleiiients.  hiiildinps  of  the  sli,L'htest  and  most  iierishalile  mati'rials.  eaiinot 
be  expected  to  have  left  \ery  exti'iisive  or  strikiiiff  monunu'iital  traces  of  their  jiast  his- 
tory. This  will  lie  found  to  he  the  case,  in  a  jieculiar  inaiiiicr.  it  is  apprehended,  with 
the  antiipiarian  remains  of  the  hraiich  of  the  human  race,  who  formerly  inhaliited  the 
area  of  the  Tnited  States.  The  most  anti(ine  thiiiiis  in  it,  appear  to  he  the  people 
themselves.     They  are  the  j^reatest  wonder  that  the  continent  has  prodiici'<l. 

Tlii'se  tribes  roved  through  vast  forests,  in  which  they  can  hardly  be  said  to  have 
had  a  fixed  occnpaucy.  They  were  cut  up  into  many  petty  independencies,  perpetually 
at  war  with  each  otlier,  who  did  not  remain  stationary  lonj;  euou;ih  to  orLiauize  f^overn- 
ments  capal)lo  of  coinmandiiifi'  labor  on  public  works.  To  waylay  an  enemy;  to  shako 
hi.s  scalp  in  the  air;  to  (lillow  the  tracks  of  a  deer  or  a  liear;  to  brandish  tli<»  war-club 
in  the  dance;  —  these  were  esteemed  greater  acliievemeiits  among  them,  than  to  erect 


f  Slii 


AN  Tit^r  IT  ii;.s. 


\f> 


(VI' 

l.v 
ni- 
ko 
uh 


II  ccliiiim.  i)r  iii-criltc  ii  .Mliiift.     Wi-   arc  inils    Miir|pri,'<iMl   llmt    lluv  f-liouM    Inivc  li  I'l 
am  tliiiiir.  in  tin-  line  nf  iiiitii|iiili("*.  Imt  tin-  sinull  and  naki'd  lii'M-*  wliicli  (licv  lilli'il. 
Vet.  it  i^  loiMiil  tliiit  Hitinc  riiuiltincil  rH'oi'tM  lor  ili'Tcncf.  uml  llic  tlfc|>.Mcaf«'il  |iriii('iiilcM 


if  M  iialivi'  rclr.Miin,  howfvcr  criniiroii-',  lia\c  mi 


atlt'i'i'il  tlii'niiuliiiiit  till'  liinil  cvidi 


of  Miicli  citinliinatidnK  and  idi)laliMiiM  \voixlii|i.  in  a  siiccics  nf  luinnli  and  niililarv  ditrhrs 
and  t'ni'ani|in\i'ntM,  wlii>'li  attest  tlu'  [m.-stwiun  of  ('(insidiTaMi-  iMtwcr.  It  is  Irnc,  that 
tlii'Mc  mvliMdIiiLiical  data  appear  tii  liavi'  ln'ni  ai'cMratclv  snit<'il  Ut  tlu'  nppaiviit  conditiiai 
(if  llir  trilics,  and  nut  tn  liavc  transccndi'd  it.  When'  an  Mnnmalniis  ruin,  or  work  nt' 
art,  (M'cnrs.  wliicli  implies  a  (.'ivator  de^jri'i'  dl'  civiii/ation.  it  is  sali'r  to  i-onsidcr  it  jis 
intrnsivc,  or  as  litdon^dn^'  to  ii  dilVcrent  fi'a.  tiian  to  attempt  to  distnrli  or  unsettle  tiie 
jreneral  tiiooiT  ol'  llie  linnter  period.  Time,  and  the  hand  of  decay  and  oliM'uralion, 
are  powerful  aids  to  the  m\st<'r\  of  anticpiily  in  all  lands;  Iml  they  are  espeeially  to 
lie  unarded  apiinst,  in  examininu:  the  rnins  of  a  hariiarian  people.  Such  a  people  do 
some  thin^fs  excpiisitely  well;  they  maniulicture  arms  and  implements  with  exact  and 
ln'MUtiful  ada|)tation  t  the  ;\'1s  of  war  aii'!  the  chase;  lint  the  prollciency  wholly  I'ail.s, 
wlu'U  we  come  to  e\  imine  ''uildin^-.  sculptures,  and  like  works.  A  .sava.iio  may  ilo 
his  [lart  well,  in  the  huildiiiL;'  ot'  a  ncind  of  earth,  which  is  the  Joint  work  of  a  whole 
\illaL''e.  and  is  ti>  serve  as  its  place  of  worship  or  sa  'ifiee.  lie  may  lahor  as  oni'  oi'  a 
hundred  hands,  in  exca\  atin;;'  a  o:o'h.  or  er'  unjj;  a  parapet  lor  sustainin;.;'  rude  pi<ket 
Work,  to  shield  a  couniiunity  of  women  '"".  i  he  attacks  of  cluhs  or  arrows,  itut  it 
is  in  \ ain  to  lo<ik  for  the  traces  of  an  eipi:i  dciiiee  of  I- 'lor  in  erect iiiii'  his  own  dwclliiiir. 
The  liunti'i'  state  required  moui,  I  leiiiplcs.  hut     •■  [lermanenl  pi'i\iile  residences. 

The  lielief  in  a  theory  of  a  1;  uh  d  ree  of  ci\  ilizatioii  in  the  area  of  lieire  hunter 
trihes.  such  as  extended  north  of  tin  I{io  (Inimle,  reacliinir  to  .m.  '  rent  Lake.s,  in  any 
a.ue  of  wliicli  there  is  reliahle  knowledu'e,  is  indeed  ealenlated  to  retlect  hut  little  credit 
on  .Vmerican  archivoloijieal  philosopliy.  Atlmillinji-,  what  is  prohahle.  that  there  were, 
in  the  courst'  of  ajres,  elements  of  the  peculiar  civilization  of  livhia,  IMufnieia,  Ireland, 
Scandinavia,  and  Ancient  Ih'ita  ;.  and  S|)ain,  from  mariners  or  advcntiirer.s,  either 
accidentally  or  desij;iieilly  lau'led  on  the  coasts,  there  is  no  prohahility  that  the 
nuiiihcr.  at  anv  one  period  jjrior  to  the  discovery  hy  Columbus,  was  oonsideriihle ;  and 
it  is  nearly  certain,  that  such  ad\enturei"»  or  castaways  were  nearly,  if  not  (piite,  without, 
females.  In  either  view,  they  nnist  have  ixdied  upon  the  native  temiile  for  any  period 
of  contiiuiance ;  and  as  sho  would  reproduce  reseuililanco  of  her  own  phy.sical  type, 
these  elements  o,  ]'  iirhance  or  intrusive  know  li'djic  would  in  a  few  ;j;i'iieratioiis. 
entiivly  disappear,  i  me  intrusive  men  were  not  violently  despatched,  like  the  fn>t 
Enjflish  colony  in  \'irginia,  or  the  crew  of  the  stranded  vessel  HiX)k(i)  of  hy  icxpiois 
tradition.  We  should  closely  inspect  our  anticpiities  for  these  onsiial  evidences  of  foreii^ii 
art;  and  not  loo  hastily  uttrihute  an  advanced  civilization  to  wandering  tribes  o| 
hunter  ;.tid  warriors,  who  stood  in  no  other  relation  to  them  than  that  of  coi>t|Uerors 
or  murderers. 


46 


ANTIQUITIES. 


i^;,,    I 


Even  in  Mexico,  wlicre  (iiie  of  tlicso  foreiirn  clcnu'iits  was  jn'()l)iil>ly  iit  tiic  hotloin 
of  their  civilization,  as  tostilled  hy  Moute/mna  to  (Jortez,  tliero  was  a  [)redisi)ositioii 


on 


the  part  of  the  Spanianls  to  uvi'rrate  tlie  native  arts  and  knowledge.     Cortez 


in  the  outset,  but  a  rebel  to  lega'  authority  at  Cuba,  and,  afterwards,  both  he  and  liis 
followers  were  prone  to  magnify  the  type  of  civilization  of  the  Aztecs  in  order  to 
enhance  tlu'  glory  of  the  con([Uest.  A  loud  stroke  of  the  Indian  drum  was  the  sound 
of  a  "gong"  in  the  ears  of  lienial  Dias;  a  fohk'd  skin  with  devices  in  the  Indian 
manner,  seen  at  Zempoala,  was  a  "book."  'J'his  disposition  to  over-estimate  is  every- 
where observable  in  the  Spanish  narratives  of  a  semi-i'i\  iiized  people,  who  had  really 
much  to  conunend,  aiid  nuiny  arts  that  c;dled  for  astoiiisiiment. 

But  when  the  eye,  about  one  century  later,  (say  A.  1).  It'iOtL)  fell  upon  the  small 
and  erratic  Ijunds  of  ibresters  who  were  seated  along  the  North  Atlantic,  from  Florida 
to  the  St.  Lawrence,  there  was  very  little  to  l)reak  the  wild  and  cheerless  view  of 
barbarity  which  their  manners  and  customs  presented.  They  were  exclusively 
hunters  tind  fishermen.  The  little  zea  maize  that  they  raised  to  eke  out  a  i)recarious 
exis',''nce,  was  a  cultivation  exclusi\el_\-  in  tiie  iuinds  of  the  females.  A  coarse  kind 
of  pottery  in  common  use  was  also  a  femliuue  art.'  Their  dwellings  of  mats  and  bark 
and  poles  were  alike  due  to  leiuiniue  industry.  There  was.  in  reality,  no  nxili  ci\  ili- 
zation,  unless  it  be  ibund  in  tiie  art  of  fal)ricating  wea))ons  and  iiiii)lements ;  in  the 
mnemonic  art  of  recording  events  in  the  pictographic  ciiaracters  of  tiii'  h'< /.'iriii.  and 
in  the  state  of  their  numeration,  as  shown  in  their  exchanges  of  wrought  sea-shells, 
whidi  had  .«ome  of  the  properties  of  a  coin. 

In  all  that  related  to  energy,  courage,  and  cxpertness ;  to  war  and  ekxpKMU'e  ;  to 
endurance  as  captives ;  and  to  the  leading  traits  of  a  wild  and  unshackled  indeju'n- 
dence,  they  were  immeasurably  superior  to  tiie  Aztecs. 

When  the  Anglo-Saxon  raci'  l)egan,  late  in  the  seventeenth  centui-y,  to  cross  the 
Alleghanies,  and  to  exi)lore  the  valk'V  of  the  .Mississippi,  the  lbre>t  was  oliserved  to 
have  encroached  upon,  and  buried,  a  class  of  ruins  in  the  shape  of  tunudi.  barrows, 
abandoned  fields,  and  nilitary  earth-works.  These  relics,  of  the  origin  of  which  the 
tribes  knew  nothing,  have  contiinied  to  be  the  theme  of  philosophical  speculation  to 
the  presen*  day. 

New  discoveries  are  nuiking  every  year,  as  fresh  areas  of  tiiat  magnilicent  \all(^y 
yield  to  the  hand  of  agriculture,  and  the  record  ol'  its  anti(|uities  is  thus  becoming 
fuller,  and  more  coinj)lete. 

It  is,  perhaps,  premature  to  generalize  on  the  present  state  of  oui-  archa-ological 
materials,  but  something  may  be  done  to  throw  the  facts  into  groups  in  which  they 
can  be  more  perfectly  examined  and  studied;  and  little  more  will  be  attempted  in 
the  present  paper. 


■:i 


-fiSfe 


Do  Ury,  1.500. 


15. 


ANCIENT   SKILL    IN    l<'0  U  T  I  F  I  C  A  T  I  0  N. 


lov 


Ill'V 

ill 


TiiK  area  wliirli  is  I'lnhriiwtl  li.v  works  of  tliis  isiiul  is  very  lariic  :  west  of  tlio  AUe- 
nliiinics  it  cniLiMc's  tlio  ^ivatcr  portion  of  tin-  fiiliiv  Mississippi  valley,  cxtoiidin^  to 
Miiiiifsota  and  the  hanks  of  inaiiy  of  its  eonllucnt  slivaiiis.      TIk'  vallf.v  of  tlio  Oliio 
appears   to  have  heeii  a  favorite  fielil  of  aneieiit  oceiipancv.      Its  fertile  soil;   its  mild 
climate;   its  vaviecl   resoiiives  ;   and   its   pietiiros(|uo  eharaeter  and  heanties.  a|)pear  to 
have  heen  as  well  appreciati'd  and  understood  hy  its  ancient  as  its  present  iniiMhitants. 
That  its  possession  was  coveted,  tliat  it  was  Ion;:  cherished,  and  perhajis  often  foiiiiht 
for.  is  indieate(l  hv  the  larw  iinmber  of  inonnds  and  field-works,  of  various  character, 
which    have   heen   disclosed   hy   its   modern   settlement.     The   Valley  of  the   Scioto 
aiipears.  in  particular,  to  have  sustained  a  heavy  ancient  poi)ulatioii,  who  left   tlioir 
altars,  tuiinili.  and  [)laces  of  strong  defence  to  attest  a  power  and  strength  which,  we 
cannot    hesitate  to  sav.  made  ('hillicotlie  its  central  capital.      Whoever  examines  the 
full  and  accurate  descri[)tioiis  which  have  been  given  of  its  varied  earth-works  hy  Dr. 
K.  11.  Davis,  assisted  hy  Mr.  S<[uier,  and  puhlished  in  the  first  volume  o\'  the  Smith- 
sonian Contrihutions  to  Knowledge,  must  leel  impressed  either  with  the  \-ery  ancient 
date  of  these  remains,  or  with  the  great  poi)ulousness  of  its   I'ertile  plains.     Other 
parts  of  this  stream,  as  at  .Marietta,  Galliiiolis,  the  (ireat  .Miami,  and  iiunicrous  minor 
sites,  attest,  by  their  ii.onuineiital  remains,  'he  resitleiice  iind   reign  of  tribes  having 
considerable   power. 

The  long  and  fertile  area  of  the  American  bottom  opposite  St.  liouis  appears  to  have 
heen  another  central  seat  of  this  occupancy  ;  and  the  ridative  positions  of  the  Monk 
mound,  and  its  satellite  mounds,  furnish,  in  some  respects,  a  strong  coincidence  with 
the  astronomical  and  astrcdogical  structures  of  the  Toltecan  race. 

In  N'irginiu.  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and  along  the  borders  of  the  lower  Mississippi, 
the  number  of  works  of  defence,  and  the  strong  idolatrous  character  of  the  ancient 
inhabitants,  are  denoted  b\-  other  remains,  which  are  si'cn  to  have  covered  large  areas 


)f  the  most  valuable  and  fertile  norti 


of  those  states.     Dr.  Troost  and  Dr.  Dicken- 


son have  exposed  peculiar  classes  of  facts. 


These  ardueological  vestiges  extend  eastwardly.  and  then  north-eastwardly  from 


M 


ISSlSSlppI 


d  I 


ouisian 


1,  thronirh   Alai)aina,    Florida,  and    f 


icorgia,  rpiite   to 


■>(/.itli 


th 


arolnia.  wliere  a  worK 


of  this   kind  exists  on   the  estate  of  the   late    IIiui.  .John   <'. 

louii,  which  is  called  Fort  Hill.     The  Tuscaroras  of  North  Carolina,  in  17l"_',  built 

■1 


Call 

a  fort  to  defend  themselves  against  the  colonists   under  Colonel  Moore,  but   it  was 


foun 


1  elli: 


it   aiiainst  lield-guns. 


am 


1  (h- 


■y    w 


.'re  obliged   ti 


surrender. 


o  make  an  unconditioiii 


(47) 


! 


48 


I 


If  i 


ANT  I  U»  CITIES. 

tlic  North 


It  is  not  known  lliMt  the  sninll  trilics  of  tlic  Nortlu'rn  Atlantic  f'ortidi'd  iiiiiinst  an 
oni'niy,  at  least,  tliat  tlii-y  crccti'd  any  works  ol"  nuicli  or  permanent  importance, 
corresponding  to  tliose  in   tite   Wi'st. 

Works  of  this  character  ai:ain  appear  in  Western  New  York,  in  the  ancient 
territories  ot'  the  Iroipiois.  extending  as  far  sonth  as  Anl)nrn  :  they  are  seen  on  tho 
liighest  and  eldest  ridge  of  land,  extending  through  Eric  and  Chautanrpie  counties 
to  the  portages  ol'  the  Alleghany  river.  It  is  not  apparent  that  all  these  works  are 
of  the  same  strong  military  character,  and  re(piii'eil  as  many  hands  to  defend  them,  as 
the  prime  fortilications  of  tiic  West ;  but  they  embrace  the  same  [irinciples,  so  far  as 
they  are  carried  out.  ami  the  sepidchral  and  general  remains  indicate  the  same  era. 

There  is  one  teature.  in  wiiich  the  works  found  in  the  West  all  agree.  They  e\ince 
a  strong  natural  eapai'ity  for  defence.  They  cover  the  highest  points  of  land,  and 
are  .so  placed  as  to  couuuauil  its  approaches.  The  form  and  size  of  the  work  to  be 
adopted,  was  immaterial  whenever  a  hill-top  or  ])lateau  was  occupied.  It  was  walled 
or  ditched  in.  accordin.g  to  its  geological  outlines.  Tho  principle  of  the  im^/ion  was 
secured  liy  any  hi'ights  or  lauds  which  connuauded  a  length  of  wall  or  picketing. 
7V("( /-.v.. >.  generally  resembling  a  segment  of  a  circle,  were  drawn  in  front  of  the 
gates,  sall_\ -ports,  or  openings.  Snudl  hay-cock  inouu<ls  were,  in  other  situations, 
erected  to  rake  witli  missiles  these  entrances.  The  entrances  themselves  were 
sometiuK^s  of  an  o\al  or  /ig-zag  form.  Dilliculties  of  ingress,  and  facilities  of  issue, 
of  a  hand  to  hand  force,  were  created  by  curved,  or  parallel  lines,  or  by  gaps, 
suitably  defended. 

K.\am})les  of  each  of  tlase  princii)lcs  of  the  ancient  fortification,  as  it  exist.s  in  tho 
ISIississiiipi  N'alley.  are  given  in  the  Siuith.sonian  volume  No.  1,  to  whicii  wo  have 
alludoil.  The\-  will  1k'  foinid  described  in  the  works  at  IJournville,  (Plate  IV.  page 
11).  at  Fort  Hill.  (Plate  V.  page  11),  at  Hamilton,  Butler  County,  Ohio,  (Plato  VI. 
j)age  l(i I.  where  the  Tln-^itil.ui  i/ti/i  inn/ is  i xi  mpUfml.  On  tho  Little  Miami,  (Plate 
VII.  [lage  IM,  on  the  (ireat  Miami,  (Plato  \'III.  1.  li.  .'].)  In  Licking  County,  Ohio, 
(Plato  IX.  1.  ">.  i>ago  "J I),  on  Point  Creek,  (Plato  X.  page  20.)  And  by  the  accurate 
surveys  depicted  in  I'lates  XI.  to  XV.,  respectively.  These  plates  and  descriptions 
secure  the  re(iuisite  tlcgrce  of  scientific  accuracy. 

Tho  dillerent  modes  in  which  a  gateway  or  sally-port  is  covered,  in  those  antiijuo 
works. by  traverses  and  mounds,  is  denoted  by  the  following  Plate,  No.  4.,  Fig.  1.  2. 
3.  1.  o.  t).  7.  8.  '.».  1(1.  11.  12. 


i 


,  ■  I 


f(ii 

h 

V: 


I'l  1-. 


■  jit, 


/•■„/    .t 


/ 

■ — ■;■'.".■:■;.:;:;'.- 

'■■  '■'.'.'".  "",■"" 

I'l  \i 

/■•.,,  /• 

i'l     VIII        Nn      I 

h.i  ; 


■-::,; -r  v 


Fi<i.(> 


I'l  VI 


/      I'lVIII.N..  1' 

1        r, .' 


VI. 

Miio, 
inito 
tioiis 


tit  [Vie 


I'l  IX    .\..  I 
!■„•  II' 


IliaKJi  'u  S  i:.i 


.,|.i  rsA 


, J  u_ 


I'l   X 


I'lVIII     N,,   1. 


i.ii.  r,..,r;-. 


^/r:\'\iK::;:.u 


:j;^^, 


Vi 


^¥ 


J*  '  i 


■If! 


C.     THE   ERECTION    OF    T  U  .M  U  L  1,    OH    ALTARS   OF 

SACRIFICE. 


^ 


^t 


'4l 


I.  Tuimili   I'ldijer. 

II.  Rctlimbt  Mounds. 

III.  Uancws. 

IV.  Miijor  Altiiis  iif  Siiciilice. 
V.  Tiitcmic  MoiiiiiU. 

1.  It  liiis  liuon  pcnciviMl  hy  a  part  of  tlii'  pivcoding  ohscrvatidiis,  that  the  Indian 
theoloiry  recofiniscs  duitii's  of  (loud  ami  I'lvil,  to  ono  or  lioth  of  whom  tliry  ollrr 
isacrifin-s.  These  sacrifices,  wiicn  tlicy  are  made  to  propitiate  the  deity,  of  avert  a 
eidamitv.  as  s'lrkiKss  in  tin  Jin/iili/.  whicii  is  one  of  tiu;  most  common  and  iieneral 
modes  of  allliction  in  which  an  Indian's  heart  is  melted  into  sympatiiy,  —  these 
saciilices,  1  remarl<,  in  sneli  cases  often  consist  of  some  cl.  islied  oliject  in  tiie 
animate  or  inaninnite  creation,  liinij:'  np  at  tiie  hidi;e  door,  on  a  iii^ili  peehd  jiole.  and 
exposed  tinis  to  daiiiile  in  tiie  air.  Scarlet  (doth,  which  is  a  favoriti'  color;  liMions, 
nl.ich  are  i)on,iiiit  at  a  liiiih  piice ;  the  winus  of  a  hinl,  or.  w  lien  the  appeal  is 
stroni;-,  a  small  dog',  which  has  (irst  been  devotetl  to  the  sacrilicial  knife,  ;ire  thus 
olVered. 

Other,  and  more  general  oliji'cts  of  re(|nest.  calamities  to  he  aMiided.  or  Inck  to  lie 
secured,  aie  eN])rt'ssed  hy  some  <dicrished  thing,  such  as  a  piece  of  tohacco.  whii'h  is 
deemed  a  sacred  plant,  thrown  into  the  water  or  (ire,  or  left  upon  a  I'ock.  Still 
another  mode  of  making  an  acceptahle  otl'eiing.  is  hy  the  incense  of  tohacco,  hnrned 
in  the  pipe,  the  fuuR's  of  which,  as  they  rise  and  mingle  with  the  air.  where  gods  and 


spirits  are   thought  to  dwell 
AV 


insidered 


lue  of  the   most    acci'i 


italile  of  sacrifr 


len  such  oll'erings  are  made,  the  weed   has   heen   lighteil   from   liie  newly  obtained 

niaile  witli  some 


from  the  Hint,  and  not  from  common  i'wv;  and  tlu'  ciU'cr 
geiHiliections. 


nit:'  IS  aiwa\s 


These  simple  acts  of  adoration  are.  iierhnps.  generally  made  under  the  supervi- 


of  the  medas,  ]u-iests,  or  other  religious  finictionarie^ 


or  li\- 1 


hielV 


or  k'ai 


ler.- 


who  unite 


the  civil  and  what  we  n 
our   Tnitcd   Stales  t 


lay  call  the  sacerdotal  powers,     'i'liere  is  certainly,  in  i'a<di  of 
ailed,  in   some  of  the   laniiUini'es.   .'\Ie<las, 


niies,    II    elMss   ol    luiii    c 


.lossakeeds,  Wahenos.   anil    .Musi 


\ll\l     W    llllll 


•es,  or  iloctors.    who   allect    to   1 


ia\e   more 


knowled'.:e  of  occult  and  mysterious  things  than  the  rest,  and  are  loiind  to  put  them- 
selves forward  as  prophets  or  seers.  It  i.>  generally  on  their  omens,  deductions,  or 
|ireilictioiis  that  (he  d<'ci.<ioiis  and  actions.  pubMc  and  private,  of  the  entire  nation  re>l. 
Tims  the  political  jiower.  in  an  Indian  tribe,  is  in  fact  founded  on  the  reli-ious 
<■  (  4ii  ) 


f;i 

r'l 


50 


ANTIQI'ITIKS. 


r  I 


^i! 


I 


Iff 


m 

as  » 


M 

f  -  f 


I  ' 

fii' 


eU'iiii'iil  ;  and   as   tlic  lattci'  is   I'alsc,  wo  sliould   not   woudiT  (lial   tlu'   luriiu'i'   [H'ovos 
rallaL'ioiis,  and  so  ol'lcn   It'ads  tliuir  wnncils  astray. 

'I'lu'sc  siniplc  inodos  of  adoration  and  wtjrsliip  arc  conlurnialtlc  with  tlio  muans  of  all 
our  United  Stat(>s  trihcs,  wliiTcvor  they  may  ohanw-  to  be,  in  the  forest  or  on  the 
plains.  The  trilies  thenisehis  are  not  lixed,  in  their  locations,  to  one  spot  all  the 
\('ar  round;  and  neither  the  jjossi'ssors  of  the  ehieftainshi|i,  nor  the  simple  priesthood, 
ha\('  power  or  means,  if  they  wen-  inclined  to  use  tlii'm,  to  induce  or  compel  lalior  on 
lixed  places  of  worship.  The  deepest  recesses  of  the  lorest  —  those  features  in  the 
eartlfs  surface  \\hich  are  suited  to  excite  the  li\'elicst  feelini;.-  of  a\ve,  as  jiiunacles  and 
cataracts,  are  indeed  their  chosen  places  of  oil'ciinj;-  and  \vor>hip.  These  natural 
features  are.  indet'd,  most  emphatically,  '•  temples  not  nnide  w  ith  haud.s."  They  will 
often,  indeed,  set  up  a  wati'r-worn  houlder  on  the  shores  of  a  lake  or  rixcr,  or  in  the 
waste  of  tlu'  lioundless  prairies,  and  perhaps  tip  it.  if  the_\-  lia\i'  [laints  at  hand,  with 
some  resendilaiuHs  to  a  person.  l!ut  as  they  luuc  with  some  few  exce[)tions,  no 
visilile  idols,  carvi'd  out  of  wo(jd  or  stone,  and  no  tauiiihle  oiijects  wliiite\'er.  out  oi' 
the  arcanum  of  the  //»"//»•///»'  ,v((c/.,  or  (hi>/i-k" /i-< -/(ni-i/ini.  which  end)ody  the  idea  ol' 
idolatry,  their  adorations  and  oll'erings  uf  ever}'  kintl,  to  which  allusion  ha.s  now  been 
made.  lia\e  been  deeuu'd  remarkable  in  a  savage  race,  and  led  to  niiniy  luisgixiuLrs.  in 
ever\'  age  of  our  history. jwhether  lliey  are  not  the  remote  desceiidauts  (jf  a  race  of 
maukii:d  who  bad  once  lieen  acipiainted  with  the  true  (Jod.  This  is  not  the  [ilace  to 
examini'  that  ipiistinu.  \Ve  are  speai^iug  of  fai'ts  as  tln'y  exi>t.  and  the  stale  of 
ni\sterious  oliser\ances  of  an  t'rratie  pco[ik',  inhabitants  of  woods  aiul  wilds,  \\lio  .still 
Hank  oiu'  western  settlements. 

Such  iloes  not,  however,  appear  to  have  been  the  character,  condition,  and,  at  least, 
the  civil  t\pe  of  a  part  of  the  people  who  have,  in  some  former  and  unknown  age  of 
the  continent,  ert^cteil  the  mounds  ol'  the  .Mississi[)pi  \'alley.  That  people,  whatewr 
was  the  type  of  their  barbarity,  or  departure'  I'rom  it.  had  ln'come  in  a  great  measure 
ji.ru/  in  their  residences.  Tlii'y  raised  the  zea  mai/e,  we  have  i'\'ery  reason  to  beliexc, 
in  larger  (puintities  than  anyt)f  the  existing  forest  tribi's.  'i'liey  ap[iear  also,  if  wc  ai'e 
not  mistaken,  to  have  cultivatcil  a  species  of  bi'an  and  vine,  as  the  anti(pu'  gardiui- 
beds.  existinii  in  extensi\e  areas  in  Indiana  ami  southern  ,Mich't;an.  ap[)ear  to  denote. 
This  enabled  them  to  congregate  .1  large  towns  and  villages,  such  as  were  evidently 
seated  in  the  Scioto  Valley  and  at  the  month  of  the  Muskingiun  ;  and  thi'v  could 
em|ilov  tbems(dves  on  more  lixed  and  formal  j)lans  of  worshii).  Their  knowledge  of 
architecture  in  wood  and  stone  was  (piite  rude.  They  were  ac(puunted  with  no 
metal  but  copper.  'i'lie_\'  formed  chisels  and  axes  and  ornaments  of  that  metal. 
They  ear\<'d  sea-s'.ells.  They  had  not  reached  to  the  degree  of  know  ledge  of  the 
Toltecs  and  A/.tet-s.  which  led  a  whole  village  to  live  in  ou"  large  stone  edilice  (\  ide 
reports  of  Fremont.  Emory.  Aberc.  and  Cook),  that  fre(|uently  bad  a  hundred  rooms, 
which,  by  builiiing  the  (ii'st  story  «<//»/,  and   raising  the   second   on   a   [datform.  to   be 


k'r 


«« 


i«l. 


ANTIQUITIES. 


-.1 


.till 


Iciins, 
lo  be 


'M 


roiu'licd  l)v  liaiiil-liulilcrs.  iioctiiniiillv  willnlriiwii.  cniiviTlfd  lilcriillv  their  houses  into 
ciisties.  IJiit  tliev  constnu'tiMl,  in  tlie  I'liiti'il  Stiites,  iiioimds  of  eurtli.  now  covered 
with  "-i-iisH.  desif^'ued  for  piihlii'  oceiisioiis,  espeeiallv  of  defeiiee  mid  worsliip.  wliicli 
hiive  resisted  the  iietioii  ol'  tlie  oleiiieiits  for  aucs,  imd,  it'  not  iiiutihited  h}'  the  s[)ade 
and  iilou^h,  will  stand  as  lon.u;  as  the  pyramids  of  Choliilii  and  (li/eli. 

Thev  apjiear  to  liave  eidtivated  piiii'.ie  liehis  situated  in  the  plains  or  valleys,  near 
some  fortified  hill,  where  the  whole  mass  of  the  population  eould  nightly,  or  as  dan.Livr 
threatened,  resort.  The  very  jiivat  area  of  iirouml,  covered  hy  dell'nees  in  many 
places,  is  a  strom:'  reason  for  supposin;i-  that  the  military  work  itself  was  a  town  or 
vilhi'.;e,  where  the  women  and  children  were  under  permanent  protection.  In  the 
wide  area  of  these  fortilied  towns,  theycoidd  erect  their  dwellings,  which  were  iirohahiy 
of  wood,  and  therefore  perishahle,  and  have  k'ft  no  trace.  The  military  force  of  such 
a  '•  fenced  cit\  "  or  town,  was  more  elll'ctive,  as  many  of  the  females  could  he  employed 
in  carrvinu'  arrows,  and  other  li,.;ht  woi'k.  There  wei'e  no  liomhs,  as  nowada*  •■  'o  lall 
o\('r  an  enclosure;  the  ureal  strui^yle  was  aUva_\ s  at  the  jiates;  which  were  maintained 
in  a  desperate  hand  to  hand  stru,L;i;le  with  darts  and  clulis,  as  we  have  indicated  in 
I'lale    I.  oil   the  plan  of  the  anti([ue  liiitifications. 

The  larui'r  mounds,  whi(di  were  the  places  of  oll'eriiiiis  and  sacrifices,  and  of  the 
siniiiiiii  of  h\inns.  wi're  without  the  works.  These,  it  is  most  [)rol)al)le.  were  only 
appi'onciied  li\'  the  priests,  liefere  or  after  the  C(Uillict  ;  a;  '  were  the  sites  ol'  pnlilie 
su]i|>licalions,  and  pulilic  te  deiiins.  It  was  no  (k'secration  of  the  oliject,  lo  which  the 
laruc  tumuli  were  tledicated,  to  employ  them  as  sepulchrt'S  lor  their  ccdehrated  men  ; 
hut  rather  ser\ed  to  invest  them  with  tlie  character  of  increased  .sacredness  and 
respect. 

2  &  ;!.  The  minor  mounds,  such  as  we  have  denominaU'd  Iiayccxdv  mounds,  apjicar 
to  haveheen  seated  inside  or  outside  of  a  ik'fendiMl  town  or  fort,  of  a  militarv  character, 


e  a  sort  of  redouht.     AVheii  seated  at  places  di.staiit  from  such  works,  they 


ind  wer 


were   lienerallv  mere  harrows. 


I.   15ut  there  is  a  third  specii's  of  the  class  of  minor  mounds,  wliiidi  were  evidentlv 


)f  an  (iltiirir  character.     Tl 
.daliorate  examination  of  tl 


MM" 


us  aiinears 


elaliorate  examination  of  th<>  aiiti(|iiities  of  the  Scioto  \ 


to  have  heen   first  shown  hy  Dr.  Davis,  in  his 
ille\'.     That  oU'eriiiiis  were 


iiiaili'   In    lire 


tl 


le  mount 


l-huiklei 


as  well  as  1)\-  the  existini;-  race  of  Indian 


I'learlv  si 


de 


tl 


All  altar  of  earth,  not  very  iinposinu'  in   its  iieiuht  or  circumterence 
•th.  in  which  two  simple  principles  were  ohserved 


was  iiiaite  hv  tlieiii   Irom  loose  ea 


ireular,  that  all  coiil 


d  approach 


and 


naiiudy.  that  of  the  altar  and  pyramid.      It  was  ( 

stand  around  it  ;  and  second,  that  it  should  have  concavity  enoufili  at   top,  to  prevent 


he  tire  liom 


tumhling  oil'.      Here  the  people  could  freely  make  their  oil 


eriii"s 


to    th: 


olIiciatiii,ir  jo.ssakeeds,  which  appear  to  have  consisted  most  commonly  of  the  j)ipe  in 
which  incense  had  been  ollered,  and  which  was  prohahly,  from  its  ordinarv  and  extrar 
ordinary  u.ses,  one  of  the  most  cherished  objects  in  the  household.     It  is  prohalile.  from 


t.. 


1 


I 


1^ 


''    II 


(i 


:i 


■  .; 

Si:: 


^ 


id 


62 


ANTK^riTIKS. 


tlio  numln'i'  of  tlu'sc  alliirs  in  (lio  Scioto  Valley,  tlmt  it  liail  a  dciiNO  ijopiilation  in  it; 
iukI  tlit'i't'  was,  not  iniprohal)!}',  a  ciioico  in  tlic  priest  or  oHiciatinff  powwow,  tin-  result 
ot'  personal  [lopiilaiity,  as  we  see  in  piil)lie  men  at  the  present  day. 

IJy  lon^;  use,  the  heil  of  the  loam  or  earth  eomitosinj,'  tiie  altar  would  bccoinc  hard, 
anil  partake,  in  some  measure,  of  the  character  of  hriek.  What  circumstances  deter- 
mined its  disuse,  AVe  cannot  say.  It  is  certain,  that  in  the  end  the  (ire  was  covered 
up,  with  all  its  more  or  less  hurned  and  cracked  conti'nts,  and  the  earth  heaped  up,  so 
as  to  hui'v  it  most  ell'ectually,  and  coiistitnto  a  mound.  This  ])eculiar  formation,  as 
Dr.  Davis  informed  mo,  was  first  ex[)osed  hy  the  action  of  tin-  rivi-r,  which  undermined 
one  or  more  of  these  structures,  exposinjf  the  baked  red  line  of  earth,  of  a  convex 
form,  which  had  nuide  the  former  bed  of  the  altar,  and  upon  which  vast  numbers  of 
sculptured  [)i[)es  were  foimd.  These  pipes  have  Ix'en  li^rured  in  the  fu'st  volume  of 
the  Smithsonian  Transactions,  and  constitute!  a  body  of  the  best  scul[)tnres,  although 
not  the  only  ones  of  a  sinnlar  character,  for  their  artistic  skill,  which  have  yet  come 
to  lifiht.  It  is  found  that  the  pur[)oses  of  exehangi>,  ]H'riiaps,  have  carried  them  north 
to  the  lakes,  antl  east  to  some  parts  of  the  country  formerly  occupied  by  the  Eries,  the 
Tro(|uois,  and  the  Mississagies. 

The  aceompanyinjr  Plate  (No.  5,  Fif^s.  1,  2,  .",  1,  5,  (j,  7,  8,  0)  exhibits,  in  a  series, 
the  base  and  circumference  of  the  principal  mounds  existing  in  the  West  and  South, 
and  a  diagram  of  their  relative  elevation. 

G.  It  remains  only  to  spc'ak  of  one  class  of  mounds,  which  differ  wholly  in  their 
object  and  mode  of  construction,  as  well,  probably,  as  their  era  of  erection,  from  all 
the  preceding  species.  Allusion  is  made  to  what  have  iR'en  called  the  i»ilf<if!rc  and 
Wisconsin  mounds.  Mr.  David  Dale  Owen  has  llgured  several  of  them  with  great 
exactitude,  in  his  re|)ort  of  the  survey  of  the  public  lands,  made  to  the  General  Land 
Oflice  in  lSo9,  but  they  had  belbre  attracted  attention,  and  nn  account  of  some  portion 
of  them  with  drawings,  was  i)ublished  in  Sillinian's  .fournal  of  Science. 

These  mounds,  or  monuments  of  earth,  consist  of  the  ligures  of  aninuds,  raised  on 
the  surface  of  the  open  country,  and  covered  with  grass.  None  of  them  exceed  ten 
foot  in  height,  although  many  of  them  include  considerable  areas.  Their  connection 
with  the  existing  Totemio  f<ystem  of  the  Indian.s  who  are  yet  on  the  fiekl  nf  action,  i.H 
too  .strong  to  escape  attention.  By  the  system  of  names  im|>osed  n|H)n  the  men  com- 
posing the  Algon<piin,  lro(|Uois.  Cherokee,  and  other  nations,  a  iiix,  a  bear,  a  turtle, 
&c.,  is  fixed  on  as  a  badge  or  stem  from  which  tin-  descendants  may  trace  their 
parentage.  To  do  this,  the  figure  of  the  animal  is  employed  as  an  heraldic  nign  or 
.surname.  This  sign,  which  by  no  means  gives  the  individual  name  of  the  person,  is 
called  in  the  AlgoiKpiin,  town-mark,  or  Totem.' 

A  triJH,'  could  leave  no  nujre  permanent  trace  of  an  esteemed  sachem  or  honored 


'  Till'  (nio  pviiimncialliin  is  ila'-ilni, 


L'ilt 


on 

ti'ii 

tion 

111,  iw 

coin- 

rtlo, 

their 

ai  oi" 

jii,  in 


lorm 


HI 


i! 


'?  i 


It 


ll 


'■'■^- 


H'l 


M 


(  I 


•  ii 


I 


f  ,1 


■■'■&: 


■ta^^lK  ^-w  S^«»  (Oe- ~ 


.(g) 

'(•J 


-  I 


^    i 


■-is 


^     ? 


i.  V 


cZ       ce       0.       a- 


i 


"3 

a 


.^        I.       »       a; 


|R 


«': 


II:      i        I 


> 


u 


if 


^  N  T  I  q  IJ I T  1  V.  S . 


88 


iiidiviilmil.  tliiiii  In  thr  crt'ction  of  mir  nf  tlicsc  iii<iiiiiiiiciit.x.  Tlicy  iirc  dourly  Hopul- 
clmil,  mill  liMVf  no  ntlicr  nhjcct.  Imt  to  jircscrvr  tin'  iiiiiiics  ol'  ili>liii;{iiiNlic(l  iictorH  in 
tlii'ir  liiKtuiy.  The  Vi>\,  tlif  MivVii,  tin-  Win.K,  mid  Knci.i;.  imc  clfiirly  ri'cogiii/ahlc  in 
tlu'  (Icviit's  piilili^licd. 

Tiailitiiiii  would  drop  ^^ll('ll  ii  ciLHtoin  in  two  or  tlircc  ('ciitiiricM,  if  the  t<aiiif  triln' 
liad  not  foiitimicd  to  livi-  in  tin-  Hiiini-  iiroii.  Hut,  in  reality,  llic  trilx'H  who  occnpiod 
WiHconnin  nay  in  tin- year  ISfld,  had  not  (K'cnpicd  it  from  the  earliest  known  iij.'i'h. 
The  Winnchaiiocs  ^itill  o('<'iipi('d  thi>  fhorcs  ol'drcfn  May.  on  thr  arrival  of  the  Frcncii. 
Innnrdialily  houIIi  of  ihcni  wen'  .Mcati'd  ii  nation  which  is  now  nnknown.  nndcr  thf 
namo  of  M ascotins,  or  I'rairio  Indians.  The  Sacs  and  Foxes  were  still  in  Tjowcr 
Michiiran.  The  prohahility  of  their  more  recent  ori;;in,  than  the  nionnds  proper,  rests 
on  this;  Imt  it  is  adniittcd  that  there  are  no  triiditions  respecting  them. 


lilli 


1/ 

'l 

■  ( 


" 


II 


D.     KVIDKNCK.S  OF    A    FIXED   C  [' I/I' I  V  A T  1  O N   AT    AN 

ANTIQUE    PEIMOI). 

1.  rniiric-rulds. 

II.  Ilciiiuiiis  ol'  aiitii|iu'  (iiinli'li-lioil-i. 

III.  Iiilliuiicc  111'  the   Culliviitiiiii  (if  tlio  /.I'll   Maizi'. 

IV.  Aiitii|iiilic,-t  (if  tlie  liijiluT  iiortlicin  latitiuks  nf  tlie   L'liilcil  Stiiti'S. 


I.       P  H  A  I  i!  1  K  -  I''  I  i;  I.  I)  S  . 

AVliAi  in'Diiortidii  (if  tlic  |iriiiri('S  of  tlic  West  iiiiiy  l)c  ii.'^sii^iicd  ii.s  ('alliiii;'  imdci'  tlic 
iiirciciicc  of  liiiviiiL;  lii'cii  iiliiindoiu'il  Cu'lds,  iiiiiv  coiislitiitc  ii  i^mIiJccI  ol' vinciid  .-iiccula- 
liciii.  It  ;i|i|M';irs  to  lie  cliiir  tliat  tin'  jircat  aivii  of  tlic  |iraiiii'.>i  iirdpcr  is  indcpciKlciit 
dl'  tliat  caux'.  Kirc  is  tlif  (■\idi'iit  cause  ol'  tin-  dniudatioii  of  trees  and  slinilis  in  a 
lai'Lie  pa  It  of  the  area  lietweeii  the  Uoeky  and  I  lie  Aiietiiiany  iiioiiiitains.  Water  t'oiiU'S 
ill  llir  a  siiare  of  the  demidatiou  in  \alle\s  and  nioi^t  prairies,  whieli  may  he  supposed 
to  he  the  re-nll  of  a  more  recent  einerucnce  from  its  former  inlhieiice.  lint  there  is  ii 
tliird  and  limited  (dass  of  prairies,  or  openings,  in  tlie  forest  i(j;ions  N\lii(  h  may  \V(dl 
he  examined  with  a  \  iew  to  this  (piestion.  Portions  of  tlie  western  \alleys  are  (dearly 
|-efeiahle    to   this   class. 

We  siilimit  evidences  of  smdi  former  ('nlti\ation  in  a  paper  on  the  anti(pii'  irarilen 
heds.  as  they  have  heeii  calleil.  in  Indiana  and  .Miidiivan,  and  some  remarks  on  the 
ori,L:in  and  extent  of  the  cultivation  of  the  /eii  inai/.e,  a-  drawn  from  the  Indian 
traditions. 

II.  I!  i:  M  .V  1  N  S  Ol'  ANTIQl'K  (1  A  Ii  D  K  X  -  I)  K  I)  .*<,  A  \  II  K  X  T  i:  \  S  I  V  K  F  1  K  I,  I)  S 
OF  IIoHTUr  LT  i:  K  A  I.  liAHdlH,  IN  Till:  I"  H  I  M  IT  1  V  i:  P  Ii  A  I  U  "  K  .S  (IF 
TIIK      W'ksT. 

The  history  of  man,  in  his  state  of  disjiersion  over  the  frlohc  is  little  more  than  a 
succession  of  advances  and  decdeiisions.  producim:'  altercil  tyjies  of  harhari^'ii  and 
ci\  iiization.  Inwiiat  particular  iiraile  of  eillier  of  these  t_\  pes  the  Indian  race  were, 
on  rea(diiiiif  the  shores  of  this  continent,  is  unknown,  or  to  heJnd;:tMl  ol",  chi'lly.  liy 
their  monuments  and  remains  of  ancient  art  and  industry.  That  they,  lii<e  most  of 
tile  i:reat  Shemitic  stock  who  peopled  Asia,  had  nnderj;(>iie  j;reat  transitions,  risiiiji  and 
falliii;:  in  the  scale  of  comparative  ci\  ili/ution.  as  they  developed  them.seUt's  in  the 
vast.  ami.  as  to  'heir  oriiiin,  indelinito  area  of  land  and  (icean  stret(diiii^  lietween  the 
hanks  ol'  the  Euphrates  and  the  Mi.ssis.sjppi,  Im  aiiparent.  They  were  found,  at  tho 
discovery  of  America,  as  hunters. 


^<i^ 


llll- 


VlU 


in  ii 


,-M 


Wl'l 


rly 


mlon 
diiui 


OF 


Tii\ii  ii 


a\i< 


Isvi-rc. 

St  of 
Is  !in<l 


[n  tlu' 
lit  Iho 


'>5to 


I  ': 


.Wm«!|i  IJi^H-iillMii  I 


)  ! 


''         .i 


• 


/  I         1 


m 


Hit 


It ; 


t  1 


( 

t  S 

; 

! 

1 

i 

i 

1 

1 

i     ; 

( 

i 

' 

^^=v* 


i        'I 


■•   t 


■^^ 


AN  TI<»f  1  T  I  Ks.  r>r, 

With  wliat  iictiiiil  state  <•!'  kii<i\vlcil;;c  tlicv  liml  rt'iiflicil  this  (•(iiiliiiciil.  nr  if  as 
ii.aiiadfs  in-  hiintiTs,  to  what  height  of  civih/atioii  anv  pari  ')!'  thnn  ha>l  atlaiii.il  all.T 
icachiiiL;  it.  and  hd'oiv  tin-  discovery,  are  ((iiesliuiis  which  would  hardl\  iiav  hrcn 
M-kcd  wilii  respect  to  ti-ihes  ill  the  northern  hititiiih'S.  had  il  not  ii.en  tor  the  nionnds. 
eariii-wori\s.  and  other  nioniiinenlal  vcstiucs.  overunnvn  witii  li.nst,  whidi  were  loiind 
on  the  sellh'nient  of  tile  .Mi>.-issi|i|)i  \alle\ .  Kverv  (hsclosnic  in  our  aiiti.|iiitics  u  hi(  h 
tends  t<i  shed  h.iiht  oil  tiiis  snhjeil  is  iiii[iortaiit ;  and  it  i-*  under  this  \  irw  that  1  >nlaiiil 
tlie  accoiiipanviii'i-  ih'awin,i:s  (IMiites  I'p  and  7)  of  some  curious  antii|ue  izarden  lieds.  or 
traces  of  ancient  lield-hu>haii(h'v.  wiiich  appear  to  denote  an  ancient  perioil  of  li\ed 
a'lricidtnre  in  the  prairie  re-ions  of  the  West.  These  veslincsof  a  state  of  indu>lr\ 
whicli  is  till' l)e\ Olid  aii_\  that  is  known  to  iiave  existed  anion^  tlie  ancolors  of  the 
proeni  liahan  trihes.  exist  chieliy,  so  far  as  is  known,  in  the  sonth-wc>lerii  parts  of 
.Michii:an.  and  tlie  adjoinini;-  districts  of  Indiana.  'I'liev  extend,  .-io  far  as  oli-ervcd. 
o\fr  the  lc\cl  ami  fertile  j)!' lirie-lands  for  alioiit  one  hundred  and  lifty  inile-^.  ran::iim 
from  the  source  of  the  Wahasii.  and  «ii"  the  west  branch  of  (he  .Miami  of  the  l.ake.<.  (o 
ilie\alli'\s  of  the  St.  .lo.^eph's,  the  Kalania/.oo,  and  the  Ciand  liiver  of  .MichiLiau. 
'I'he  Indians  represent  them  to  extend  from  ihe  latter  |)oint,  up  the  peninsula  laath  to 
the  \icinit\'  of  .Michillimackinac.  They  are  of  \arious  sizes.  eoM'i'inji'.  i;-cnerally.  from 
tucill\  to  one  Ininured  acres.  Some  of  them  are  rep<a'le(l  to  emhraee  e\eli  three 
hniaiied  acres.  .\s  a  ^icneral  fact,  they  exist  in  the  richest  soil,  as  it  is  lliunil  in  the 
prairies  and  hiirr  oak  plains,  in  the  latter  case,  trees  of  the  lai'Licst  kind  are  scatlereij 
o\cr  them.  lint,  in  the  jireater  inniilier  of  cases,  liie  preser\alion  of  their  outlines  is  due 
to  the  praiiie-iirass.  w  Inch  forms  a  eom[iaet  so  I  (i\-er  them  as  lirni  and  lastiie^-  a-  if  lhe\ 
were  impresseil  in  rock;  indeed,  it  is  litdieved  liy  those  who  li.ne  examined  the  Liiass 
whicli  has  |ireserved  the  western  mounds  and  earth-works,  that  the  comiiaet  |irairie 
sod  which  co\crs  them  is  more  |ierniaiient  in  its  (pialilies  than  e\en  the  liniic-t 
saiKUtoiies  and  limestones  of  the  West,  the  latter  of  whiidi  are  known  to  criimMe  ;uid 
\\a>ti'.  with  a  marked  rapidity,  under  the  comliiiieii  inlhieiK'e  of  rain,  frost,  and  oilier 
atniospiieric  plcuomeiia  of  tli(>  climate.  ,Vs  evideiiet^  of  this,  it  is  asserteil  llml  the 
nniiierous  mounds,  einliankiiieiits.  and  other  forms  of  western  anti(piities.  iiic  as  perl'ect 
at  lhisd;iy.  wiici'e  they  have  not  Iieeil  distllllieil  li_\  the  pliai^h  or  exca\  at  ions.  ;is  the\' 
Were  on    the  eailirsi    di-^co.crv   of  the   I'oniitry. 

The  annexed  drawiiiLis  (I'latesdX:  7)  e.xhiliit  ]ila(s  and  sections  of  these  aiitii(i'i' 
beds,  from  ihi  (iiaiiil  Kixcr  and  St.  .loseph  Wdhys.  of  MiclnLian.  'I'liey  were  taken 
from  uuilistnrlK'd  parts  of  the  mixed  forests  mid  prairie  lands  near  those  priniar\ 
siriMins.  'I'hose  from  t  iraiid  i!i\er.  were  taken  near  Thomas  Station,  in  Is:j7;  those 
t'roin  the  .^1.  .losephs.  fnaii  a  point  near  the  \ilhitjt>of  Three  i;i\ers.  in  |S"i7.  The\ 
certainly  olli'r  new  and  nniipie  traits  in  our  ant  iipiities.  denoting;'  a  species  of  cull  i\  at  ion 
in  elder  times  of  :in  niinsual  kind,  lnil  which  has  heeii  ahandoned  tia- centuries.  '\'\ir\ 
are  (idled  •■;;ard'ii  beds."  in  common  parlance,  fnaii  the  dillicully  of  assimilatiii;^  them 


1    1 


i     f- 


r.o 


A  NT  I  (ill  I  TIKS. 


I      i; 


■^■■» 


I 


I 


tu  iiMvtIiiiiii'  else;  llniiii;li  it  woiilil  lie  iiinrc  iiri)|ii  r.  |icrli!i|is.  In  nuisiiliT  lliciii  us  (lii> 
vcstijit's  ol'  imcicllt    lii'ld    llllinl".       'I'lic    lirciis    ill'c    tnu  liir;:!'    Ill  ilillllil    llic    ll.-'suinplinll  c.r 

tlirir  liciiiu'  n'i|iiircil  llir  llic  |iiir|»isc  uriirdiiiiirv  liniticiilliiic  l'l:its  ni'  liiml  so  cvli'ii- 
sivf  as  siiiiic  (if  flicsf  were,  laid  out  liir  mere  i;iinieiis  or  |ileiiMire-uriiiiiiils,  wniilil 
presiiiipose  llie  exisleiice.  ill  llie  iiiikiiuwii  |ieriiHl  (if  llieir  ciillix  aliuii.  ul'  liiiil(liiiL''s  and 
salriipies.  or  eliiei'laiiidonis  of  arliilrarv  aiilliorily  over  llie  masses,  ol'  wliieli  liiere  \h 
no  oilier  e\iden('e.  'I'lie  oilier  niili(iiiariaii  jinMil's  ol'  llie  ici^ion  are,  indeed,  of  llic 
sim|ilesl  and  leasl  imposing  kind;  not  emliracinir  lar^re  nioniids.  or  llie  remains  of 
Held  iiirtilicatioiis  —  imjess  we  arc  to  consider  lliese  lioilieidliiral  lalmis  of  |lie  lahle- 
]iraiiic  lands  as  luuiiij:'  existed  cotcniporanconslv  with,  and  as  appendant  setlleniciitM 
of,  the  principal  ancieiil  defenced  towns  and  slron:i-liolds  of  llie  ()|ii(i  Valley. 

The  princijial  points  ol"  iii(|niry  arc.  by  whom  and  at  what  period  were  tlies!  iieds 
con>lrncleil  and  tilled,  and  wlicllicr  liy  the  ancestors  ol'  the  cxistint!'  race  of  Indians, 
liy  their  |)redeccssors,  or  liy  a  people  iiosscssini:  a  liiiiher  dcirrcc  of  lixed  ci\  ili/!iii<>n '.' 
in  most  of  the  other  anticpiarian  cnrtli-works,  or  remains  of  hnmaii  lalmrs  ol'  the  west, 
wc  (ili>erve  no  urealer  dcirrcc  of  art  or  skill  than  may  lie  dail\  allrilniled  to  hunter 
races,  who  are  ini'rin'/ed  upon  liy  nci,LdilKirini^'  ti'iiics.  and  coiiiliine  lor  the  purpo-^e  ol' 
dclencc  aiiiiinsl  hand-to-jiand  missiles,  sncli  as  hill-lops  siirroiinded  with  earllicii  walls 
and  palisades.  iiiit  there  is.  in  these  eni;;inalical  plats  ol"  \aiionsl\  shaped  licds. 
iieiierally  consistim:' ol' rows.  c\  idi'iice  ol' an  ainnnnl  oriixei!  industry  a|ipl'ed  to  ai^iicnl- 
ture.  wliicli  is  entirely  oppo.-ed  In  the  theory  that  the  lalmrers  were  iioiiiadrs.  or  liunlers. 

.Ni  far  as  m\'  knowledge  extends,  the  area  ol'  conntry  marked  hy  liiese  evidences  ol' 
a  horticnlliiral  population,  covers  the  tract  rroiii  the  head  vvalers  of  the  Waliasli 
!iiid  the  .^Iiallli  of  the  Lakes,  to  the  eastern  shores  of  I,ake  .Michigan.  Similar  lieds 
are  said  to  extend  clsewln'rc.  'I'lie  lieds  arc  of  vr.rions  sizes.  Neariy  all  llie  lines  of 
I'ach  area  or  snh-arcii  of  lieds.  arc  rcclamrnlar  anil  parallel.  (Mhers  admit  of  half- 
circles,  and  V  arionsly  curved  lieds  with  avenues. and  arcdillcrciillv  i^roiiped  !iiid  dis|iosed. 
'I'lie  mode  of  lliinialion  indicates  two  species  of  cnitnre.  The  first  consists  of  convc.v 
rows,  whose  arches  spriiiLi'  from  the  s:imc  liases  in  opposite  directions. —  as  seen  in 
Fi-nrcs    1    and    I.    I'late  I'l. 

in  the  othi'i'  kind,  ihc  luiscs  of  the  convex'  rows  arc  separated  hy  a  path,  or  plain, 
as  shown   in   liiiiri's  "J   and   ."i.  i'late  li. 

IJcitli  the  plain  and  lh(>  convex  beds  are  uniformly  of  the  same  w'dth.  If  the' 
space  iietwci'll  the  beds  is  In  be  viewed  as  a  path,  from  wllicll  to  Weed  or  ciihivale 
the  convex  bed.  the  iilea  is  ojiposed  by  the  comparative  waste  of  land  d  'noted  by  a 
jieifect  eipiality  of  width  in  llie  beds  and  paths.  |{esides.  there  are  no  such  paths  in 
the  larucr  masses  of  rows,  which  are  wholly  convex,  but  arc  bounded  by  avenues  or 
paths  at  Considerable  distances.  'I'hc  principal  species  of  ciiltnre  re<enililiim-  this 
atiaicjcment  of  beds,  in  modern  horticulture,  consists  of  beans,  potatoes.  ;ind  rice; 
that  of  <elerv   recpiiics.  not    a    path    separatini!    the   ridi:es.  iiiil  a  ditch.      Indian  corn 


OIIVCX 

I'l'M   in 


iliiin 


|lf  tla- 

Itivntc 

1 1   1)_V  ti 

ths  in 

l\it's  or 

:  tliin 

rice  ; 

ki  (-11111 


m 


ANTKillTIKS.  ".7 

iiiiiy  have  Ik'i'ii  cnltiviitfd  in  rows.  Tli.'  li.rnicr  iind  the  pivscnt  mod.-,  as  far  as  wr 
know,  was  in  liills.  TIh'sc  anti(|nc  coiri-liills  wciv  nsnailv  laru'c.  Tlicy  wciv,  as  the 
lr.M|u.iis  inlornu'd  ine  in  IS  to,  tliivi.!  or  I'onr  times  tlie  diameter  of  llie  modern  iiills;— 
a  size  wliic!'  residleii  IVoni  tlio  want  of  a  i)lon^ii.  In  conseiiu.'ncc  of  tliis  want, 
tiie  same  liill  was  midlowed  l)y  tlie  scapula  or  nultstitntu  iiir  a  Ihk".  ..r  instnnnent  used 
for  iiiantinLT,  durinj,'asu»ression  of  years,  Thus  tlie  (•orn-liiii  liecame  lar.L'i'  and  dislinel, 
and  in  fait  a  liillocU.  This  is  an  exphuiation,  ^'iven  me  while  viewing'  the  aneiiiil 
corn-lields.  near  the  Oneida  stone.'  which  are  now  overjrrowii  with  forest  tret's. 

These  ancient  pirden-hids  of  the  West  may  have  derived  their  permanency  from 
tiie  same  want  of  auricnltural  implements  and  of  horses  and  cattU-  to  plontih  the  land, 
and  from  the  iiractice  of  relormin^j;  and  replautiuL'  then)  liy  haml.  in  the  Indian 
manner,  vear  after  year,  in  this  manner,  we  may  account  for  one  of  their  nmsl 
surprising.'  traits,  namely,  tiieir  capa<'ity  to  have  resisteil  lH)lh  the  acticai  of  the 
elements  and  the  disturiiinii  li>rce  of  the  power  of  vegetation.' 

lev.  Isaac  .M'Coy  cut  down,  in  1S27,  an  oak  tree,  on  one  of  the  heils  (li-ured  in 
I'lale  (1.  Fijr.  -),  which  measured  thirty-eifrht  inches  in  diameter,  at  the  hei-ht  of 
twentv-si.v  inches  aliove  the  jiround,  and  which  denoted  t/im  l,ii„<lii<l  nntl  Im  ii'i/-jlr,' 
inrliii'l  1,11/1  rs.  This  would,  ai;reealily  to  admitted  principles  in  the  pro^ri'ss  of 
ve.i-'etation.  ^;ive  A.  D.  l")(t:i.  as  the  date  of  the  lirst  aiinmil  ciride.  or  cortical  riu,i;- 
deposited  hy  the  tree.  The  continent  was  discovered  ten  years  iH'I'ore  this  a-<siimed 
date.  ('alK)t  ran  down  the  math  .Vt.lantic  coast,  it  is  true,  live  years  later,  hut  did 
not  land,  ("artier  first  entered  the  (Iidf  of  St.  Lawrence  in  I'l.Jl.  I>ut  he  left  no 
man  in  the  country,  durinj;' tliat  or  the  ne.\t  year,  when  he  aseiauled  the  river;  and 
the  Indians  of  wliom  hi'  inijuired  respectinir  the  .siau'ccs  of  the  St.  liawreiice.  told  him 
that  these  sources  wi-re  very  remote,  tiiat  the  wati'rs  expanded  into  sevi'ral  laru'e 
lakes,  anil  that  no  nnrii  had  heen  heard  of.  who  had  ever  pme  to  thi'ir  source,  t^iehec 
was  tiiundi'd  in  lii"J-V  Sir  Walter  l!aleij;h  sent  his  lirst  colony  to  N'iruinia  in  l"iSI. 
althoui;h  a  colony  was  not  pernnuiently  .s'ttled  till  llllC  The  Holland  States 
lieL'an  their  lirst  e\ploiat(U'y  elUu'ts  under   Hudson,  in  the  present   area  of  New  Yca'k, 


in  Itill'.t.      Historians  ha\e  fixed 

to  eo|oni/e  Canada.     Tiie  KiiLdish  I'il 


hlllS.  as  tiie  date  of  tlie  first  ellurt  of  ijic  FiviK'h 
I  l'"at  hers,  from  I  Iollan<l.  follow  im!  the  track  ol' 


lluilsou.  in  hilill,  iiitendiim-, 


it  a|ipears.  to  v\\ 


ler  the  ureat  river  he  hai 


li>co\creil 


nit 


landed  at  IM\nioutli 


From  none  of  these  sources  could 


1111  aLii'icu 


Itiiral 


pOpulill  lull. 


wliose  lalioi 


appear  to  have  terminated  in    Imliana  and   .Michiiran  aliout   I'liHi. 


Iia\  e 


.l.ahh 


iinM'i'eued 


Tliis  stiiiu',  wliii'li  I  visitcij  in  IS  I"), 


lilor  nf  .■jyi'iiito  —  (ino  cif  tlie  oinitic  Mvk   lth 


Tliis  furn'  i.-  liir  los  in   tlic  tciiiiienit.'  laliliul.'S  tli.iii   uiiilir 
i.'t  ili.'^|ilaiiii^  .-l.iiii-   ill  ;i    hmII. 


tliL'  ciniiiin.xi's,  wluiv  Mr 


'I'liis  m:i>  clcMM    Vi  :irs   .//'/.  r   tlir   ImiMiiii,'  ..C   l'',.||    Oivm 


111    llir   pn^i'iit    -ilc   I 


X  All.; 


lull-   ITlHl  -1  lll.- 


\    V 


l'.MTi;;ii    lli.|..riril    lt,.ciiiiiriiN,   Stiiti'    l».  pirliiirni,    All.niv.  N     Y. 


i 


i     ! 


•    i   ! 


'  I 


68 


A  N  T  Hi  f    1  1  !  K  •' . 


TIk-  S|iiiiii>li  ('Iciihiit  <>r  r:irlv  Ann  ricaii  |Ni|)iiliitit)ii  is  (><|tiiilly  iiiu(l('(|iiiiti>,  clininolo- 
);icall\.  ti)  liavc  rtinii-lii'il  mi  nir-.'^linnt  itf  |iii|iiiliiliiiii  litr  IuImii-h  prior  to,  or  iicai'  llu> 
a^Mimifd  (laic  of  llit'sc  iiiilu>liial  iiniiiumi'iits,  Alllioiifzli  Vcnpiicio  iliscdViTcd  llu' coa;*! 
Ill'  Paria  in  1  IHT.  and  tlu-  cxtciidt'd  hIioivh  of  Mra/.il  and  Purajrnay  in  !■")(»;;,  he  landed 
not  a  scad  on  citliiT  coast.  It  was  not  till  li')12  that  Do  Iamhi  diwovfivd  Florida. 
Oiijaliii  first  lantlcti  on  tin-  i;nlf  coasts  of  Mc.vico  in  I'tlS.  Curtcz  I'ollowcd  Idni  in 
I'll!'.  Tin-  nioiitli  of  till'  ^Jississippi  was  passe, 1,  in  the  coast  explorations  of  the  jrnlf, 
in  1.VJ7,  lati'  in  the  autumn;  hut  it  was  not  till  ' "  "I  that  De  Soto  penetrated  Florida, 
and  reached  an  iuterioi-  point  on  the  .Mi-sissi|>pi.  All  this  while,  we  are  to  suppose, 
(Ui  t!'e  foreign  hvpolliesis  of  ||i(>  oi'i;:iu  of  these  Ih'iIs,  that  thi>  norticultnral  an<l  a^'ricnl- 
tnral  lalMns  of  the  nati\»s  of  Indiana  and  .siaith-wt'Mti'rn  Michifran,  the  \-esti;:<'s  of 
which  are  herein  noticed,  were  carried  on  hy  a  population  which,  accordini:  to  one 
author'ty,'  eipialleil  that  of  ludiarui  at  the  period  of  the  oliservation.  Let  it  h(>  home 
iu  mind,  at  the  same  liuu'.  tlial  the  French  from  Canada  did  not  |H>iu>trate  the  urea  of 
the  iireat  Lake-  till  Ili'llJ.  when  SaL'ard  reached  r>ake  Huron;  nor  f:o  into  upper 
Louisiana  till  ICiT.'l,  when  Manpietle  entered  the  Mississippi,  at  the  month  of  tin; 
Wisconsin;  that  I^a  Salle  did  not  \isit  Illinois  till  IllTiS;  that  the  settlement  at  Holixi, 
ou  the  (iulf.  was  not  made  till  Id'.l'.l;  that  Detroit  wtus  not  foinided  till  ITlll,  and  New 
Orlcaii-  not  till  1717.  With  these  data  iu  the  mind,  the  idea  of  these  antiipie  ajiricnl- 
lural  lal>ois  lieinv  attriliutahlc  to  eiijirr  of  these  modern  elements  of  western  population, 
will  appear  as  ipiile  unteuaMr.  Hesides,  Uith  th(>  Spanish  and  French  |iopulation, 
when  ihcy  first  appeared  at  remote  interior  points  west  of  the  Allejihanies.  did  not 
coMii-  to  uniici'lake  aj/ricidtiu'al  lalHir>  at  those  unsuslained  interior  points,  far  less  to 
plant  e\tcusi\i'  i;aiileus  and  plea.-ure-i:roini(ls,  like  those  whose  vestiges  we  wee  in  the 
\  alleys  (if  the  (iiaud  liivcr,  Kalama/.oo,  and  Klkheart.  De  I^eon,  t'orti'Z,  and  De  S)to 
came  to  -^eek  new  elements  of  commerce  and  trade,  and  to  finil  treasures  in  the  untilli'd 
portions  of  the  i  outinent.  in  its  j;(ild  and  silver,  furs  and  dyi'-woods,  medicinal  plants, 
and  other  spontaneous  |ir(»ductii)ns  of  the  American  forests.  Aj^riculture  hecame  onlv 
au  i  icidi  't  in  these  selienies  llir  di.scover\  and  couiiuest ;  and  was  merelv  resorted  to.  in 
Hie  end.  I.)  sustain  life,  and  not  as  furnishinj;'  articles  of  e.\|iort.  Hut  what  should 
induce  f()r!'i;;ners  to  undertake  lal)or  ou  the  remote  interior  tahle-huuls  of  Indiana  and 
.Michi,i;au '.'  Furs  and  the  liir-trade  were  the  only  Icadiufr  source  of  easv  commerce 
there,  anil  this  was  i       intioijuced  till  the  first  (|uarter  of  tlie  si.\teenth  centnr\. 

We  are  coin[K'lled  to  l(M)k  to  an  earlier  period  for  the  orijzin  of  these  ajiricnlfni'al 
vestijres.  It  is  more  prolmhle  that  they  are  the  results  of  early  cultivation,  in  some 
of  the  leading'  and  more  advanced  iudijicnous  laces  who  possessed  those  midland 
I'e^ions  li'lween  liie  Mississippi  and  the  Lakes.  It  was  a  reuiou  which  flinuerh- 
alioundeil  in  L'ame  of  vai'ioiis  sorts;   and  \^hile  a  part   of  the   season  was   employed   in 


Vi.lr  l.iirr  .,{•   Mr    MCnv 


1 


ANTIgriTIHS. 


fit) 


iliroiitilo- 
near  till' 

I  till'  f«>iit*t 
III-  liintlt'l 
.,1  Floriilii. 
kmI  liiin  in 
)!'  tin-  >:iill"- 
,.tl  KItiritla. 
to  ^^\llll)o«^^ 
mil  ii^rritiil- 

vcstif:t'>«  of 
liiiii    to  tiiu- 

it  Ih'  Imuiu' 
tin'  urt'ii  ot" 

into  iipiifi 
oiith  of  ll"' 
lit  at  Holixi, 
11.  ami  Ni'W 
imii'  a-irinil- 

II  |ioj)iilatioii. 
1  )io|mlalioii. 
inii's.  dill  not 
|s.  I'ar  lfS!<  to 

wH"  in  till" 
„1  IK'  S.to 
lie  iinlillcil 
inal  iilaiits, 

Hcauu-  only 
sorted  to.  in 

wliat  slionld 
ndiana  and 
y  eonnneice 

ntnr\ . 
ai;rienltinid 
ion,  in   some 

ose  midlanii 
ell  lornierly 
employed   in 


ai 


Innitin'.',  a  lieavy  |.o|.nlation,  f*neli  a-  the  vestige:,  .lenote.  |.r..\Ided  lavadslnlVs  li\  ll.e 
ndtin"  of  eorn.  Ih-iuih,  jniW.  mid  vuriou''  esenlinl  roois.  «liieli  are  known  lo  llourisli 
in   these   latitudes. 

That  this  people  were  not  udvane.'.l  K-yond  the  .nlale  orseini-ajirienltnialisis  a|.pears 
prol)ahle,  Iroiu  the  want  of  any  ivniainiii^t  evidences  in  arehiteelure  or  tempi-  -wca-hip, 
Hueh  as  marked  the  Mexieiui  and  IVruvia  i  races  ;  for.  In^yontl  the  .Krnrn-nce  of  mounds 
of  the  minor  class,  or  small  tnmnli,  there  are  no  evidences  of  their  attaimnent  as 
constructors  or  ImilderH.  The  pinlen-heds,  and  not  the  moiui.ls,  form,  indeed,  the 
most  prominent,  aixl  by  far  the  most  striking  and  cimracteristie  •mtiipiarian  monuments 
of  this  district  of  country.  There  would  seem  to  have  Urn  some  connection  U^tween 
th.M'  Ixds  and  the  peculiar  class  of  low  imitative  moumls.  in  ihe  form  of  iiii'nnnU, 
which  mark  a  very  ctaisiderahle  area  of  the  oppositt-  side  o!    Lake  Miehiiran. 

I,akc  .Michijian  is,  indeed,  remarkahle  for  its  jirotnisii  n  Irom  imrtli  to  south,  for  lis 
entire  lcn;:tli,  into  the  prairie  re^'ions  of  Indiana  ami  IIIm.oIs.  It  occupies,  in  Irutii, 
a  summit  ;  iind  wiiile  its  outlet  is  into  I-ake  Huron  north,  and  thus  hy  the  lake  chain 
and  tii.  wrence  into  the  north  .\tlanlic,  the  Illinois  runs  south  from  its  innne- 

diate  he,.  .ud  linds  tlu'  ocean  in  the  (Inlf  of  Mexico.  Tiie  ancient  ;:arden-lM'ds,  and 
the  animal-shaped  mounds,  tiio  latter  of  which  may  he  supposed  to  have  lieen  erected 
to  perpetmite  the  memory  of  f^reat  hunters,  who  Ixire  the  ii<nii'-<  of  the  aninnds 
imitated,  occupy  the  same  latitudes.  They  constitute  some  of  the  liest  corn  latitudes  of 
Michiiian  and  Wisconsin.  It  is  lo  Ik-  home  in  mind  that  the  waters  of  Lake  .Michi>ran 
alone  separate  tlu'se  two  clas.ses  of  remains,  ami  that  the  norlhei-n  triltes,  who  are  hold 
and  expi'rt  canoe-men,  lind  no  dilliculty  in  crossini:  from  shore  to  shore  in  tiie  calm 
.sinnmer  nionths. 

The  French  found  the  t>nstern  and  so\ithern  sliorcs  of  i,aUe  .Michijrai\  in  the  posses- 
sion of  the  lllinese,  some  of  whose  descendants  still  survive  in  the  I'eorias  and 
the  Kaskaskias,  south-west  of  the  Mississippi.  Tiie.se  ••  lllinese"  triU's  were  of  the 
generic  stock  of  the  AI;ron(|uins,  and  did  not  exceed  the  others  in  ajrricultural  skill. 
None  of  the  esu'ly  writers  speak  of,  or  allndi'  to  the  species  of  culti\ation  of  which  the 
horticultural  In'ds,  under  con^iileration,  are  the  M'stijres.  The  Ottowas,  who  still 
iidndjit  parts  ol  thi>  country,  as  at  (Inn  Lake,  Otfowa  Colony,  and  otlier  places 
dependent  on  (Irand  I!i\er,  atti'ilmte  these  heds  to  a  people  whom  they  and  thi'  united 
Chippcwas  call  the  .MushcodainsUL',  or  Little  Prairie  Indians.  I5ut  there  is  no  evidence 
that  this  people  possessed  a  hi^dier  ilet;ree  of  industry  than  themselves.  Tlu'  Ottowas 
dill  not  enter  Lake  .Michii^Mn  till  after  their  delist  in  the  St.  liawreiice  VaUey,  alou}^ 
with  the  otlier  Alfjonipiins,  aljont  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century.  The  trees 
frrowiinr  on  the  In'ds  thrmij!;h<)iit  southern  .Miclii.L'an  and  Indiana  denote  clearly  that, 
at  thai  period,  the  cultivation  had  heeii  lonji'  ahandoned.  It  was  evidently  of  a  prior 
period,  it  lias  lj<rn  seen  that  it  could  not  have  U'cn  of  I'lnropean  ori;;iii,  if  we  conline 
our  view  to  known  or  admitted  periodw  of  liistory       It  is  more  roiusonahle  to  iittnlnite 


^>. 


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V] 


V2 


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V 


V 


/A 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


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|2j8     1 2.5 


I.I 


us 


2.0 


L25  i  1.4 


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Hiotographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14S80 

(716)  872-4503 


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t<    be    >£jtttiA.     V^IG^.^*^ 


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m  ii 


« 


!■ 


GO 


ANTIQUITIES. 


iIr'  lalior  to  races  of  liulians  of  iin  oarly  poriotl,  and  of  a  more  advanced  grade  of 
iiidu.'^try  and  manners,  who  were  ^ct,  howe\er,  to  a  cei'tain  extent,  Ininter.s.  Are  not 
these  beds  eotemporary  vestiy,es  of  the  epoch  of  tlie  inouud-bnilders,  if  not  interior 
positions  of  tlie  people  themselves,  who  have  so  i)laced  their  fortified  camps,  or  hill- 
seated  ontposts,  as  generally  to  defend  their  agricultural  settlements  from  the 
approaches  of  enemies  from  the  South  ? 

The  charm  of  mystery  is  so  great,  that  men  are  nyit  to  be  carried  away  with  it, 
and  to  seek  in  the  development  of  unknown  or  improbable  causes  for  the  solution  of 
phenomena  which  arc  often  to  be  found  in  plainer  and  more  obvious  considerations. 
That  this  charm  has  thrown  its  spell,  to  some  extent,  around  the  topic  of  oiu'  western 
antiquities,  cannot  be  denied. 


III.     Influence  of  the  Cultivation   of   the   Zea  Maize  un    tme 
Condition,  IIistouy,  and   Miguations  of   the   Indian   Race. 

The  inlhicnce  of  the  cultivation  of  the  Zea  Maize  on  the  semi-civilization  and 
history  of  the  Indian  race  of  this  continent,  has  been  very  striking.  It  is  impossible 
to  resi  it  this  conclusion,  in  searching  into  the  causes  of  their  dispersion  over  the 
continent.  We  are  everywhere  met  with  the  fact,  that  those  tribes  who  cultivated 
corn,  and  lived  in  mild  and  temperate  latitudes,  reached  a  state  of  society  which  was 
denied  to  the  mere  hunters.  The  Indian  race,  who  named  the  Mississippi  Valley  at 
the  era  of  the  first  planting  of  the  American  colonies,  were  but  corn-growers  to  a 
limited  extent.  It  was  only  the  labor  of  females,  while  the  men  were  completely 
hunters  and  periodical  nomades.  They  spent  their  summers  at  their  corn-fields, 
and  their  winters  in  the  wild  forests,  doing  just  what  their  forefathers  had  done ; 
and  the  thought  of  their  ancestors  having  had  the  skill  or  industry  to  raise  mounds, 
c  r  throw  u}^  defences  on  the  apex  of  hills  or  at  sharp  defiles,  never  occurred  to  them 
till  questioned  on  the  subject  by  the  whites.  They  were,  it  is  true,  cultivators  of 
the  zea  maize,  so  far  as  has  been  shown,  and  also  of  the  tobacco-plant,  of  certain 
vines,  and  of  a  species  of  bean, — arts  which  existed  jmrl  2'>assu  with  the  hunter  state, 
and  which  they  professed  to  have  known  from  the  remotest  times.  The  tribes  of  the 
Carolinas  and  Virginia,  extending  along  the  Atlantic  quite  into  New  England,  raised 
large  quantities  of  the  corn,  or  zea  maize,  and  they  all  relied  upon  it  as  one  of  their 
fixed  means  of  subsistence.  The  traditions  of  even  the  most  northerly  tribes  traced 
this  grain  to  the  South.  That  it  was  of  tropical,  or  of  south-western  origin  ;  that  it 
extended  gradually,  and  by  an  ethnographical  impulse,  into  the  temperate  and 
northern  latitudes,  is  aflirmed  by  early  observation,  and  is  a  result  which  the  pheno- 
mena of  climate  d,  priora  determines.  The  Indian  corn  will  not  mature  north  of  lati- 
tude 40°  30', — it  is  not  a  profitable  crop  north  of  44°  30',  and  the  tribes  who  have, 


;|    :! 


II 


!:i| 


ANTIQUITIES. 


61 


;«; 


M 
■^ 


M 


from  the  earliest  times,  cultivated  it,  have  no  traditions  that  eitiier  themselves  or 
thrir  -rain  had  a  northern  origin.  The  first  trihes,  indeed,  in  passing  north  from 
tiie  continental  snnnnit  of  the  Mississippi,  who  look  northwardly  on  the  course  of 
their  origin,  are  the  non-cnni-raising  tribes,— the  great  Athaba.sca  group.  Tliese  h.ok 
to  the  Arctic  latitudes,  or  the  north-east  coasts  of  America,  by  the  Unjiga  Pass  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  as  their  place  of  origin;  .some  of  them  preserve  the  tradition  of 
their  having  huuled,  amid  snow  and  ice,  on  the  bleak  and  frigid  shores  of  the  Arctic 

Ocean. 

The  Indian  tribes  of  the  United  States,  who  formerly  inhabited  both  sides  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains  and  the  whole  Mississippi  Valley,  extending  north  to  the  Great 
Lakes,  and  reaching  south  around  the  northern  coasts  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  all,  so 
far  as  known,  preserve  traditions  which  point  either  south,  south-west,  or  due 
west,  as  their  starting  point  in  the  ethnographic  chain.  With  the  zea  maize  they 
brought  and  propagated  northwardly  the  art  of  pottery.  They  made  cooking  pots, 
porringers,  and  vessels  of  coarse  clay,  tempered  with  silex.  This  art  extended  also 
(juite  into  the  northern  parts  of  New  England,  and  to  the  banks  of  Lake  Superior, 
where  it  ceases.  The  Indian  tribes  of  the  broad,  elevated  summit  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  never  raised  corn,  nor  had  they  the  art  of  pottery.  Fremont  found  no 
traces  of  either,  till  he  passed  entirely  through  them,  or  went  into  the  latitudes  of 
California ; — De  Smet  noticed  neither,  in  his  missionary  journeys  between  the  sources 
of  the  Missouri  and  the  northern  branch  of  the  Columbia.  The  Shoshonees,  ov 
Snake  tribe,  who  dwell  in  the  arid  valleys,  about  the  area  of  Fort  Ilall,  in  the 
southern  pass,  boil  their  fish  and  the  tlesli  of  the  few  animals  of  those  longitudes,  in 
pots  made  of  osiers,  or  small  roots  and  fibres  dug  from  the  ground.'  On  the  con- 
trary, the  history  of  the  track  of  migration  of  all  the  known  tribes  of  the  low  and 
swampy  latitudes  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  of  the  Atlantic  coasts,  is  distinctly 
traced  by  the  fragments  of  pottery  which  mark  the  sites  of  their  ancient  villages. 
Nothing  is,  indeed,  more  chai'acteristic  of  these  village  sites. 

With  these  two  elements,  —  the  arts  of  raising  corn  and  making  lottery,  in  which 
they  all  agree,  —  our  American  Indians  of  the  corn-yielding  latitudes  also  brought 
with  them  the  knowledge  of  the  three  species  of  mounds  which  particularly  mark 
the  western  longitudes;  namely,  the  tribal  mound  of  augury  or  oracles,  and  of  high 
annual  oblations,  the  mound  of  sepulture,  and  the  village  mound  of  ordinary  sacrifice. 
These  were  very  difierent  in  their  object  and  structure,  but  were  sometimes  mixed  in 
application,  as  caprice  or  necessity  might  dictate,  or  the  fortunes  of  war,  which  gave 
the  conquering  tribe  the  power,  might  determine.  They  all  arose,  and  were  founded 
on  one  fundamental  principle  and  characteristic  o[  the  race ;  namely,  their  Eeligiox, 
—  in  which  the  worship  of  the  sun  and  moon  iind  various  planets  stood  as  types  of 


ci ; 


\  idu  N.  J.  W>ttli,  Ksii      Due.   1ml.  Oir.  hit.  Dqit. 


I 


ft 


■!     \ 


i  ..; 


62 


A  N  T  mVl  '1'  I  E  S . 


divinity,  iiiid  wiis,  nioro  or  less,  an  cli'iiiciit  ol'  union  ;  iind  tliis  system  fif  worsliip 
iippoiirs  to  iiiux'  niiirked  all  tlu'  primordial  or  first  emigrated  tribes.  It  innst  ho 
recollected,  as  one  of  tlic  fundamental  points  in  our  anti((uities,  that  the  Indian 
tribes  are  of  an  age  which  is  very  anti(iue, — that  they  have  occupied  various  parts  of 
the  continent  not  only  for  centuries,  but  probably  for  scores  of  centuries.  An 
observer,  otherwise  prone  to  great  sobriety  of  conclusion,  thinks  they  must  have 
reached  the  continent  soon  after  the  dispersion  of  maid^ind.' 

A  people  who  re(piire  a  pile  of  earth  or  stones  in  the  shape  of  a  mound, —  a 
teocalli  or  House  of  God,  as  the  Aztec  word  imports, —  though  they  he  otherwise 
incapable  of  combined  labor,  except  when  religion  impels  them,  may  be  supposed 
to  have  manual  skill  and  means  to  rai.so  either.  The  united  hand-labor  of  many, 
devoted  to  such  an  object,  would  soon  accomplish  it.  There  is  nothing,  indeed,  in 
the  magnitude  and  structure  of  our  western  mounds,  which  a  .semi-liunter  and  semi- 
agricultural  population,  like  that  which  may  be  ascribed  to  the  ancestors  or  Indian 
predecessors  of  the  existing  race,  could  not  have  executed ;  whereas,  the  interior  of 
the.se  earthy  pyramids,  even  the  largest  of  them,  has  disclosed  nothing  beyond  a 
rude  state  of  the  arts,  or,  at  best,  such  arts  of  potter}'  and  sculpture,  .shell-work  and 
stone  implements,  as  are  acknowledged  to  behmg  to  the  hunter  or  semi-hunter  period. 
It  is  these  interred  evidences  of  the  actual  state  of  the  arts,  found  in  the  momids, 
that  denote  the  mounds  themselves  to  be  the  work  of  the  semi-hunter  races,  Ix'fore 
they  or  their  descendants  had  fallen  into  their  lowest  state  of  barbarism,  or  that 
type  in  which  they  were  found  by  the  colonists  between  1584  and  l(i20.  There 
is  little  to  sustain  a  belief  that  these  ancient  works  are  due  to  tribes  of  more  fixed 
and  e.xalted  traits  of  civilization,  far  less  to  a  people  of  an  exjjatriated  type  of 
civilization,  of  either  an  Asiatic  or  EuKorKAx  origin,  as  several  popular  writers 
have,  very  vaguely  and  with  little  severity  of  investigation,  imagined. 

It  is  impossible  to  discuss,  on  general  principles,  the  vestiges  of  the  agricultural 
labors,  and  curious  "garden-beds,"  in  the  forests  and  prairies  of  Indiana  and  Michigan, 
which  have  been  taken  up  for  examination  in  this  paper,  without  considering  the 
subject  of  an  antique  period  of  semi-civilization  in  the  West,  in  all  its  bearings. 
Viewed  in  its  true  lights,  there  appears  to  be  a  unity  of  period  and  general  character 
m  the  mounds,  the  elevated  and  various  earth-works,  defences,  hill-tops,  ditches  and 
embankments,  remains  of  cultivated  fields,  the  peculiar  and  low  state  of  the 
Mechanic  arts,  the  ignorance  of  the  u.se  of  metal,  and  the  want  of  knowledge  of 
the  common  princii)les  of  anticjue  Military  science,  which  are,  more  or  less,  evident 
and  conspicuous  at  the  various  sites  of  western  antiquities,  but  which  yet  stamp  a 
certain  character  of  unity  upon  all.     This  coincidence  in  knowledge  and  want  of 


■■■.;*'. 


.1 


,^\: 


;«-< 


Vido  Mr.  Gallatin.     Am.  Etli.  Trans.  \'ol.  I. 


ANTIQUITIES. 


68 


knowledge,  marking  the  type  of  the  civilization,  is  to  be  traced  in  the  antiquities  of 
the  whole  area  of  country  from  the  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  extending  eastward 
to  the  cape  of  Florida,  and  northward,  both  along  the  Atlantic  shores  and  up  the 
valley  of  the  Mississippi  and  its  great  tributaries,  till  the  mingled  evidences  of  it, 
from  both  leading  tracks  of  migration,  eventually  meet,  and  are  to  be  found  in  the 
wide  area  of  the  Lakes. 

The  Aztecs  diil  not,  according  to  their  own  records — the  pictorial  scrolls — reach  the 
Valley  of  Mexico  until  A.  D.  1090.  There  are  no  evidences  to  ])0  relied  on,  of 
inhabitants  of  earlier  date  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  who  were  more  elevated  in  their 
character  than  mere  roving  hunters,  and  worshippers  of  geni.  Most  of  the  western 
monuments  denote  the  twelfth  century  as  the  i^eriod  of  their  abandonment.  This  is 
the  general  period  indicated  by  the  growth  of  the  larger  forest  trees,  on  mounds  and 
works  of  art,  in  the  Mississippi  and  Ohio  Valleys,  and  in  Florida.  The  Aztecs  do  not 
trace  their  history  farther  back  than  to  their  point  of  landing  on  the  Pacific;  /.  c,  one 
hundred  and  eighty -six  years.  They  trace  their  migration  directly  from  the  north,  which 
would  have  been  correct,  generally  speaking,  had  they  come,  in  this  migratory  move- 
ment of  one  hundred  and  eighty-six  years,  from  tlii'  banks  of  the  river  Gila,  or  any 
part  of  the  peninsula  of  California,  or  the  gulf-coast  of  r'alifornia,  as  starting  points. 
Tiiey  do  not  profess  to  have  come  from  the  cast  or  north-<ast,  which  they  must  have 
done,  had  they  reached  Mexico  from  the  Mississippi  Valley,  or  the  sea-coasts  of 
Florida,  Cuba,  or  the  Antilles.  It  was  a  movement  taking  place,  with  every  pro- 
bability, in  longitudes  west  of  the  arid  spur.s  and  elevations  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
and  cannot  Ije  supposed  to  have  extended  over  the  wide  deserts  of  sand,  without 
game,  gra.s.s,  or  water,  intervening  between  those  mountains  and  the  sea-coast  of 
Upper  California.  Such  a  migration,  which  was  made  with  great  deliberation,  building 
towns  and  remaining  for  a  series  of  years  at  a  place,  must  have  disturbed  the  relations 
of  tl'.e  Indian  tribes,  through  whose  territories  tliey  marched,  and  among  whom  they 
roamed,  producing  lateral  migrations,  not  westwardly,  which  would  bring  them  to 
the  shores  of  the  Pacific,  whence  the  Aztecs  moved,  but  towards  the  east.  And 
when  they  gained  strength  enough  to  overturn  the  Toltecs  and  their  confederates, 
still  more  extensive  migratory  movements  must  be  supposed  to  have  resulted.  Some 
of  these  movements  tended  southward  and  south-eastward ;  reaching  on  one  side 
towards  the  Pacific,  and  on  the  other  into  Central  America  and  Yucatan,  where 
both  the  lexicography  and  the  style  of  building  and  mode  of  life  denote  ancient 
affiliations.  Others  would  i)ress  northwardly  and  nortli-eastwardly,  where  temperate 
latitudes,  and  forests  abounding  with  game  of  every  species,  would  furnish  strong 
means  of  temptation  to  men  of  migratory  habits.  It  is  most  I'casonable  to  suppo,se, 
that  the  ancient  population  of  the  Missis.sippi  Valley,  and  thence,  in  process  of  time, 
of  the  Atlantic  coast  and  plains  south  of  the  great  lakes,  was  thus  derived;  —  and 
if  so  derived,  it  would  l)ring  with  it  the  /ea  niaiz(>,  the  bean  and  vine,  and  summer 


•1 

i   ll 


i  • ' 
s 


I    i 


u 


{,; 


!l 


iiil    :i 


t|i       I 


;ii 


m\ 


if 


.!       J 


¥ 


li 


i  . 


■;.i 


-i'' 


\ti 


St' 


.n 


G4 


ANTIQUITIES. 


(Viiits  —  a  tiisto  wliicli  is  most  lomiirkiihlo  with  all  our  wostorn  Indians  —  and  the 
Uiio\vkMlij,(;  of  making  cooking  vessels,  wliicli  all  the  eoni-i)huiting  tribes  possessed. 
It  is  certain  that  the  Aztecs,  who,  in  their  pictorial  scroll,  preserved  by  Boturini, 
rej)resent  themselves  as  landing  from  an  island,  in  a  boat  moved  by  paddles,  did 
not  travel  east  two  thousand  miles  across  the  fruitless  waste  of  the  Rocky  iMonntaiiis, 
to  get  into  the  Mississippi  Valley,  where  some  writers  have  located  Aztlan,  before 
the}'  sot  out  northwardly  ibr  Mexico,  from  this  extraordinary  position.  Nor  would 
they,  in  such  a  movement,  —  one  more  arduous,  indeed,  than  tiiat  of  the  Israelites  by 
Sinai,  —  have  found,  as  they  did,  tropical  fruits. 

The  fact  that  the  ancient  Indian  trilu.'s  of  the  Mississip|)i  Valley  brought  the  zea 
iihiizr  witii  iheui,  is  almost  demonstrative  proof  that  they  proceeded  from  .southern  oi 
intertropical  latitudes.  This  grain  Mas  the  element  of  Mexican  civilization.  They 
could  not  have  lived  in  large  mas.ses  or  towns  without  it ;  consecjuently,  they  could 
not,  without  such  a  fixed  means  of  subsistence,  have  built  the  pyr.-imids  of  Cholula 
and  Chalco,  and  other  like  works.  Ph'ratic  tribe.s,  who  once  knew  the  v;  ^le  of  this 
grain,  would  ne\er  relin((uish  it  or  forget  its  mode  of  cultuiv.  however  far  they 
migrated.  Most  of  our  triljes  have  invented  myths,  to  denote  it  as  the  gilt  of  the 
Deity  to  them,  and  as  designed  for  their  .subsistence  when  game  failed.  The 
cultivation  ol'  large  lields  of  corn  would  have  enabled  these  tribes  to  band  together, 
and  thus  to  have  it  in  their  power  to  erect  the  largest  mounds  in  tiie  West.  It  is 
remarkable,  indeed,  that  the  most  innnerous  as  well  as  the  largest  mounds  are  seated 
on  fertile  plains  or  in  licli  alluvial  valleys,  which  are  the  best  corn  lands  West  of  the 
Alleghanies. 

Assuming,  then,  that  tribes  from  the  Mexican  latitudes,  in  its  widest  ancient  extent, 
— which  wo  ma\-,  for  convenienco,  limit  to  cither  the  liio  Bravo  del  Norte  or  even  the 
banks  of  the  Kio  Bosco  or  Bed  Bivor, — furnished  tlio  clement  of  the  ancient  population 
of  the  Mississippi  Vallc}', — that  is,  the  mound-builders  and  real  authors  of  the  period 
of  agricultin"al  industry  denoted  by  antiquarian  evidences, — and  we  have  no  reason  to 
question  their  ability  or  capacity,  any  more  than  tlr.-ir  strong  natin-al  taste,  founded 
on  religious  liabit,  to  erect  the  mounds  and  defences  which  have  been  enigmas  in  those 
fertile  latitudes  for  so  long  a  period.  That  their  prcdocossors  in  this  valley  were  mere 
foresters,  rovers  after  game,  who  had  no  fixed  habitation,  and  dressed  simi)ly  in  the 
((•./"/(,  wo  may  observe  from  such  naked  wandering  tribes  being  fjund  by  them  in  their 
migration  through  latitudes  «y-s/  of  tlio  mountains,  where  such  men  are  depicted  a.s 
prisoners,  dragged  along  by  the  hair  of  the  head,  as  shown  by  Baturini's  ma\),  to  be 
sacrificed  by  their  sanguinary  pricsLs. 

A  war  between  two  Indian  elements,  so  diverse  of  habits,  —  a  collision  of  interosta 
and  power  between  a  semi-civilized  and  barbaric  class  of  tribes,  —  would  be  the 
natural  result.  Temporary  attacks,  the  conflict  of  whole  tribes,  anU  the  dreadful 
retaliations  of  a  people  whose  rites  and  jiractices  in  the  treatment  of  prisonor.s  were 


''^ 


''"si 


1    ll 


ANTIQUITIES. 


65 


t-ys 


m 


honibk',  would  in  tiiiu'  cinhroil   tlio  whole  viillcy,  in  all   its  Iciifrtli   imd  hrcadtli,  aiul 
liiiiiu-  ufm-nil  conihiniitioiiH   of  nico    a<;ainsl  race, 


Ii 


Ins  niauiu'i- 


tli< 


ll'iitiiro  of 


luilitarv  lU'll-iiccs,  wliosc  remains  arc  now  mostly  overgi'ow 


n  hv   the  I'on'st. 


lid 


an 


s(".      'I'liese    defences   are    all    very   rude,    hut    iieculiar. 


Th 


■y    appear 


to    li 


been   a  native   develoi)ment  of   tiie  art  of  strate.tiy.      There   is   nolliinu'  of   tlie  old 


li 


Hostile 


ibes    t; 


d 


li 


world's  knowledge  apparc 
threw  up  rings  of  earth,  or  raised  plateaus  or  small  mounds  in  a  i)lain.  The  ditch 
was  generally  irithin.  and  not  irll/iaiif  the  wall.  It  was,  in  fact,  a  shelter  for  men,  (a- 
native  magazine,  from  missiles.  The  Tlascalan  gateway  denotes  an  allinity  of 
military  knowledge  w  itli  the  tribes  to  whom  we  ri'fer  this  particular  kind  of  earth- 
work. Moth  the  races  .seem  to  have  ccmtented  themselves  with  making  the  entrance 
to  a  fort  dillicult,  and  giving  the  defenders  of  it  the  advantage  in  the  use  of  missiles 
and  forest  arms.  Tiie  snudl  mounds  were  placed  .sometimes  inside  and  sometimes 
oiil^iilc  of  the  gateways  and  openings.  Krom  these  artificial  hillocks  a  hand-to-hand 
(i,.:lit.  witii  arrows,  spears,  and  clubs,  could  bo  advautagecaisly  maintained.  The 
raised  areas  were  eviilently  the  site  of  more  formidable  works,  and  of  what  might  he 
deemed  the  temple  service  of  the  priests;  and  these,  which  appear  to  be  few,  embrace 
the  double  objects  of  religion  and  defence.  Such  manifestly  were  the  ancient  sites  of 
Mai'ietta,  Circleville,  and  Chillicotlio,  which  may  be  regarded  as  the  chief  points  of 
the  ancient  power  in  the  Ohio  Valley. 

Tiuit  there  were  such  general  combinations  between  native  tribes  of  northern  and 
southern  races,  is  denoted,  not  only  by  the  extension  of  the  art  of  mound-building 
over  northern  latitudes,  but  also  by  the  traditions  of  the  Iroquois'  and  the  Lenawpes, 
wiio  distinctly  speak  of  thein,  iuul  tell  us  that,  after  long  struggles,  the  northern 
eonli;deraey  of  tribes  prevaileu,  and  overcame  or  drove  ofl"  the  intruding  tribes  towards 
the  .south. ■ 


IV.     Antiquities    of    the    higher    Northern    Latitudes    of    the 

United    St  a  t  e  s  . 

Much  caution  is  required  in  recording  the  traditions  of  the  aborigines;  and  the 
dilliculty  is  increased  by  the  extensive  multiplication  of  tribes  and  bands,  w  ho  have 
had  the  ambition  to  figure  as  original  people  or  principals  in  their  respective  groups  ; 
the  frequency  with  which  they  have  crossed  each  other's  track  in  the  course  of 
their  leading  migrations;  and  the  often  preposterous  claims  to  tribal  originality 
and  suj)remacy  which  are  set  up.     There  are  no  records  of  any  sort,  heyoiul  their 


'  Vide  Notes  on  tlie  lro<(uoi9;   iilso,  Ousic. 
'  American  PLilosophical  TraL.sactions,  Vol.  1. 


. 

1* 

1 
1 

f 

i 

-! 

1 

■1    w 


|i  fl     111! 


GO 


ANTIgUlTIES. 
u    iiioiiiinu'iitM   of   earth    aiiil    .stout'    iinijli'iiu'iits ;    and    ovoii    tlicHC   cli.saj)! 


)t'ar    111 


nid 

|iid('i'('cliiig  iioi'tli  bi'vond  a  irrtaiii  latitiulo.  Few  of  the  IiuliaiiH  are  qiialilied,  by 
liahits  of  relleetioii,  to  titate  that  which  is  icuown  or  has  ocoiirred  among  them 
in  past  years;  and  thos(>  wlio  attempt  to  supply  by  invention  what  is  wanting  in 
fact,  ofti'ii  nial\.e  a  miserable  jumI)lo  of  gross  improbabilities.  Jlistory  cannot  .stoop 
to  pre.serve  this.  It  must  be  left  as  the  peculiar  [n-ovinoe  of  allegory  and  mythology. 
Indeed,  their  imaginative  legends  fiirni.-*h  by  far  the  most  interesting  branch  of  their 
oral  traditions;  and  hence  this  development  of  the  mind  of  the  race  will  be  noticed 
at   large  under  that  head. 

In  the  highest  latitudes  occupied  by  the  Algoiujnins,  on  and  north  of  the  liuko 
Superior  basin,  we  search  in  vain  for  any  .striking  objects  of  anti(iuity.  In  the 
actual  basin  of  Lake  Superior,  the  oldest  and  most  impressive  features  are  those 
arising  from  the  ui)heaval  ol'  rocks  by  ancient  \olcanic  forces,  or  from  the  extra- 
ordinary elFects  of  lake  action,  operating  upon  largo  area.s  of  the  sedimentary  rocks, 
which  have  been  broken  up  by  the  waves,  and  re-dejiosited  on  the  shore  in  the 
form  of  vast  sand  dimes.  But  these  disturbing  forces  belong  .strictl}-  to  the  consider- 
ation of  its  geological  phenomena.  The  mining  ruins  are  by  far  the  most  important, 
and  will  be  noticed  hereafter.     (Vide  G.) 

There  are  no  artificial  mounds,  embankments,  or  barrows  in  this  l)asin,  to  denote 
that  the  country  had  lx;en  anciently  inhabited;  and  when  the  inquiry  is  diiectt'd 
to  that  part  of  the  continent  which  extends  northward  from  its  northern  shores,  this 
primitive  character  of  the  face  of  the  country  becomes  still  more  striking.  The 
scanty  character  of  the  forest  growth,  the  diminished  area  of  the  soil,  and  the 
incix!ased  surfaco  of  bare  and  exposed  rock,  impart  to  the  country  an  air  of  arid 
desolation.  Ancient  sca.^,  of  heavy  and  long-continued  volume,  appear  to  have 
dragged  along,  whether  by  the  aid  of  ice-fields  or  not,  vast  boulders  and  abraded 
rocks,  which  are  pitched  confusedly  into  gulfs  and  depressions  of  the  surface ;  while 
the  more  elevated  and  dcmided  portions  of  the  rocks  bear,  in  their  polished  or 
scratched  superficies,  indubitable  evidence  of  this  ancient  action.  The  Indian, 
standing  upon  the.se  heaps  of  rock-rubbish,  and  unable  to  reach  the  true  causes  of 
the  disturbance,  is  prone  to  account  for  appearances  as  the  work  of  some  mytho- 
logical personage.  It  is  something  to  afi'irm  that  the  mound-builders,  whose  works 
have  filled  the  West  with  wonder, — quite  unnecessary  wonder, — had  never  extended 
their  sway  here.  The  country  appears  never  to  have  been  fought  Ibr,  in  ancient 
times,  by  a  semi-civilized  or  even  pseudo-barbaric  race.  There  are  but  few  dart.s 
or  spear-heads.  I  have  not  traced  remains  of  the  incipient  art  of  i)oltery,  known 
to  the  Algonquin  and  other  American  stocks,  beyond  the  Straits  oi'  Saint  Mary, 
which  connect  Lakes  Huron  and  Superior;  and  am  inclined  to   believe    that   they 


do  not  extend,  in  that  longitude,  beyond  the  latitude  of 


30', 


There  is  a  fresh 


magnificence  in    the   ample    area   of  Lake  Superior,  which  appears  to  gainsay  the 


r.iili 


I 


■:€ 


ANTIQUITIES. 


67 


#? 

m 


.:it| 


formor  cxirttoncc  ami  oxcrcino  by  iniiii  of  niiy  liiws  of  iiiccluuiiciil  or  indiishiiil 
p jwiT,  iK'yond  the  canoe-fnimc  mid  tlie  wiir-clul).  And  itn  utorm-heatcn  and  ca.stcl- 
latud  rocks,  liowovcr  imposing,  givo  no  prools  tiiat  tlie  (hint  of  hninaii  anti([nity, 
in  its  ai'tilicial  piiasos,  han  ever  rested  on  tiieni. 

By  far  the  most  wtriiting  olyect  in  the  basin  of  Lalto  Superior,  whicli  had  attracted 
tiie  attention  of  tiie  early  inhabitants,  was,  evidently,  the  initivo  copper,  which,  in 
the  shape  of  detritus,  exists  so  extensively  in  that  quarter.  This  metal,  whicii  is 
foinid  also  in  situ,  as  part  of  tlie  product  of  veins  in  the  trap  rock,  has  l)een  scattered 
abroad,  by  geological  action,  along  with  the  erratic  block  and  diluvial  deposits.  It  is 
also  found  to  exist,  to  an  uncommon  extent,  in  its  original  position  along  with  the 
ores,  spars,  and  vein  stones,  in  l)oth  which  locations  the  Indians,  who  call  it  Red  Iron," 
explored  it.  They  employed  it  in  making  various  ornaments,  implements,  and 
instruments.  It  was  used  by  them  for  arm  and  wrist  bands,  pyramidal  tubes,  or  dres.s 
ornaments,  chisels  and  axes,  in  all  cases,  however,  having  )H3cn  wrought  out  exclusively 
by  mere  hammering,  and  brought  to  its  required  sluipos  without  the  use  of  the 
crucible,  or  the  art  of  soldering.  Such  is  tiie  state  of  tlie  manufactured  article,  as 
found  ill  ilie  gigantic  Grave  Creek  Mound,  and  in  tlie  smaller  mounds  of  the  Scioto 
Valley,  and  wherever  it  has  been  scattered,  in  early  days,  througb  the  medium  of  the 
ancient  Indian  exchanges.  In  every  view  whicli  has  been  taken  of  the  subject,  the 
area  of  tiie  basin  of  Lake  Superior  must  be  regarded  as  the  chief  or  primary  point  of 
this  intermediate  traffic  in  native  cojiper;  and,  so  far  as  we  know,  it  appears  to  have 
been  in  the  hands  of  the  Algonquin  tribes  :  at  least,  those  tribes  were  found  here  at 
the  opening  of  the  sixteenth  century,  when  these  portions,  generally,  of  the  (then) 
territories  of  New  Franco  were  first  visited. 

Having  found  a  latitude  beyond  whicii  the  architectural  antiquities  of  the  Missi.s- 
sippi  Valley  do  not  apparently  reach,  it  is  seen  that  such  antiquities  begin  to  meet  the 
steps  of  tiie  inquirer  as  soon  as  he  passes  south  of  this  general  boundary.  They 
increase,  liotli  in  frequency  and  importance,  as  he  proceeds  to  the  respective  basins  of 
Lakes  Huron  and  Michigan,  and  over  tlie  plains  and  through  the  fertilo  valleys  of  the 
lake  and  jirairie,  and  Western  States,  till  they  are  found  to  extend  to  -h^'  characterize 
tin;  whole  Mississippi  Valley.  They  are  also  traced  through  all  the  ,:  ates  east  and 
west  of  that  valley,  bordering  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  extending  a  limited  distance 
from  the  Floridian  peninsula,  along  the  shores  of  the  north  Atlantic. 

In  exchange  for  the  native  copper  of  Lake  Superior,  and  for  tlic  brown  pipe-stone 
of  the  Chippewa  Kiver  of  the  Upper  Mississippi,  and  the  blood-red  pipe-stone  of  the 
Ct)teau  des  Prairies  west  of  tlie  St.  Peters,  they  received  certain  admired  species  of 
tlie  sea-.shells  of  the  Floridian  coiusts  and  West  Indies,  as  well  as  some  of  the  more 
elaborately  and  well-sculptured  pipes  of  compact  carbonate  of  lime,  grauwacke,  clay 


!      I 


Miskopcwiiliik. 


08 


A  N  T  I  (]  i;  1  T  IKS. 


I  I 


slatf ,  and  wrpontiiicH,  of  which  ii(liniriil)lo  upociiiiPiiM.  in  hirjxo  nimntitii's,  have  rocontly 
boon  fouiul  hy  ivwiMirc'lioH  made  in  thi'  invcrtcd-liowl-Mliniii'd,  or  Hiii'ridcial  inoniidM  of' 
Un'  Oliio  Valli'V.  mid  in  thi'  ossnarit's  of  tlu'  rjalvcs.  Thi-  makiTH  of  tlu'sc  may  also 
be  supposed  to  liave  spread,  nortliwardly,  the  various  ornamented  and  artistic  buiiit- 
clay  |)ipes  of  ancient  forms  ami  ornaments;  and  tiie  ovate  and  circular  beads,  heart- 
shaped  pi'udants.  and  ornamented  piriret,-*.  made  from  tin-  eonidi,  wiiicli  have  received 
the  false  name  of  ivory,  or  line  Imjui'  and  horn.  'I'lie  direction  of  this  native  e.\chan;;e 
of  articles  appears  to  have  taken  a  stronj;  current  down  the  line  of  the  Great  fiaUes, 
throiijjh  Lakfs  Erie  and  Ontario,  alon^^  the  coasts  of  the  States  of  Ohio  and  New  York, 
and  into  the  Cjuiadas.  S])ecimens  of  the  blood-red  ])ipe-stone,  wrouj^ht  as  a  neck 
ornament,  and  of  the  conch  beiul  pendants  and  p)ri^ets,  and  of  the  anti((ue  short  clay 
pipes,  occur,  in  the  ancient  Indian  burial-^frouiuls,  as  far  east  as  Onondaga  and  Oswego, 
in  New  York,  and  to  the  high  country  which  abounds  in  such  extraordinary  sepulchral 
deposits  of  human  Imjucs  and  Indian  ornaments,  about  Beverly  and  the  sources  of  the 
several  small  streams  which  pour  their  waters  into  IJurlington  l>ay  on  the  north  shores 
of  Lake  Ontario.  At  the  latter  ])lace  1  also  obtained  specimens  of  the  pyrola  perversa 
in  an  entire  state.  All  these  are  deemed  to  be  relics  of  the  Ante-Calwtian  period.  It 
mny  be  necessary,  perhaps,  hereafter,  to  except  from  this  character  the  antique  short 
ornamented  clay  pipes  named.  There  arc,  at  present,  reasons  ibr  believing  that 
however  peculiar  this  species  of  pottery  may  appear  to  the  mere  American  antiquary, 
its  prototype  existed,  and  may  be  found,  as  a  relic,  in  France,  Ihjlhind,  or  flermany. 
There  is,  indeed,  scmicthing  of  an  Etruscan  cast  of  character  about  it.  Copper  axes, 
stone  pestles,  tlesbing  chisels,  fragments  of  earthen  kettles  and  vases,  and  mortars  for 
pounding  corn,  and  ft)r  breaking  up  the  feldspathic  and  other  materials  used  for 
tempering  the  clay  of  their  eartlien-ware,  occur  in  almost  every  portion  of  tlu> 
Algonquin  and  Chippewa  territories.  There  iiavc  also  been  found  specimens  of  the 
ancient  bone  needles  used  by  the  females  in  making  s(mie  of  their  fabrics.  IJeference 
is  made  to  the  annexed  plates,  witli  descriptions  for  each  of  the  oJijects  of  anti((narian 
art  above  mentioned,  together  with  their  names  and  nses,  and  the  time  and  place  of 
their  discovery  and  disinterment. 

In  looking  back  to  the  ancient  period  of  occupancy  of  the  npper  Lakes,  there  are 
one  or  two  features  in  the  earlier  antiquarian  period,  wliich  have  not,  so  far  as  my 
knowledge  extends,  received  the  notice  they  appear  to  merit.  The  first  consists  of 
sepulchral  trenches  or  ossuai'ies,  in  which  tlie  lx)nes  of  entire  villages,  it  would  seem, 
have  been  carefully  deposited,  after  the  bodies  had  been  previously  scafTolded  or 
otherwise  dispo,sed  of,  till  the  lleshy  parts  were  entirely  dissipated,  and  notliing  left 
but  the  ostcological  frame.  My  attention  was  first  arrested  by  a  deposit  of  this  kind, 
on  one  of  the  islands  of  Lake  Huron,  which  had  been  broken  into  and  exposed  bv 
action  of  the  waves.  This  sepulchre  had  its  direction  from  nortii  to  south,  whereas 
all  oar  existing   Indian   tribes  are  known  to  bury  their  dead  east  and   west.     The 


iVI 


A  NTH^r  ITl  MS. 


00 


tlii^'li  iiiul  k'f.'  boiu's  were  laid  loiifritiidiniillv.  Tlu\v  wore  very  cloiin  mid  wliitc,  us  if 
ficiil  riiic  liiid  lu'i'ii  t)rij;iii:illy  oxciviscd  in  ,Mf|iaratiiif,'  tliciii  rnmi  their  iiit(';riiim'iits. 
'i'iic  area  id'  tin-  lied  may  liasi-  liccn  uIkjiU  t'oiir  iW't  in  width  and  d('|itii,  iiy  twenty  in 
K'lij^th.  The  trench  was  not  fully  explored,  but  the  entire  iniinbci'  and  (luuntity  of 
lM)iieH  of  uhnofl  every  part  of  the  human  fianu',  appi'art'd  to  bi'  such,  that  it  mu.-t 
have  embraced  the  aeennndation  of  a  eonnnunity  for  a  loni;  time.  Tiie  oldest 
Indians,  at  the  neij.dd)oring  island  of  MiehillimacUinao.  could  give  no  account  of  it. 
though  fre(|uently  interrogated.  Oik'  of  tiie  elder  men,  who  had  lon^  exercisi-d  the 
fiMictious  of  a  jossakei'd,  or  Indian  seer,  suggested  that  they  were  probably  sepuhdires 
of  the  .lA(.v/(/v«/((//y.s/^(/,  (H" '•  Mascotins,"  US  they  have  been  called  by  the  French;  — 
a  lril)e  who  are  mentioned  as  having  formerly  occupied  this  (juarter,  and  who  had 
been  at  war  with  them.  The  term  means  I,ittle  I'rairie  Indians,  and  not,  as  .some 
think,   Kire-lndians,' 

Recently,  aboriginal  remains  of  a  very  interesting  character,  including  pietographic 
inscriptions,  have  been  li>und  in  the  islands  of  fjake  Krie,  which  a|)pear  to  throw  light 
on  the  history  of  the  Indian  tribes  who  formerly  inhabited  that  lake.  These  remains 
will  be  examined,  and  described  in  the  next  volume  of  this  work. 


'  Till'  Cliiiipi'wii  woril  for  I'rairie  Imn  tlu'  nulix  for  firo,   Shkodn,  in  it.     IVrlmpa   prairies  were   ancioiitly 
(Mod  J\rt-j}hnns,  from  their  periodiciil  burnings. 


1 


y 

IS 


f    :  I 


If!'      !' 


K. 


1. 

n. 

4. 

r,. 
(i. 
7. 

H. 

«i 

1 ». 
II. 
iii. 

l:!. 
II. 
].'). 
Hi. 
17. 

IM. 

lit. 

21. 

O.J 

•J:!. 
21. 
2'). 
2G. 


TIIK  STATK  OF   AUT,   AND  M  I  SCE  L  L  A  N  KOUS 

FA  nines. 

(jciicnil  Vii'WK. 

Aiitii|iU'  I'ipc  iif  tli<>  pcridd  i>(  the  liinding. 

yiciiili'^M  I'lpi'  "f  'riiumli'i'  Huy. 

Iiidiiin  A.xo. 

Arrow-liciiil. 

Miici',  or  wiu-i  lull. 

Aiiti(|U«'  (iiii-;,'i't  anil  Mi'diil. 

r„,„  l',.stlc. 

AkiM'k,  !)!•  liidiiiii  I'lit, 

Uitcciiiliil  Stdiit's. 

l''illU'ri':il  {''mill  Varies. 

Ciilii,  111'  it.-i  i'(|nivali'iit  in  Kpa-s<hcll8. 

Italista,  or  Di'inon'!*  Head. 

Midai'kii.  ov  .*  iiiuli't.-'. 

.Viitiiiuc  .lavidiii,  or  Spear, 

Ai^ijikiui,  or  Houc  Awl. 

Itollf  Sliultlc. 

Ice  Ciittci'. 

Uci]if'-niakoi's  Reed. 

Aiitiipie  Mortar. 

Stone  IJloek  Prints. 

Flesliin;;  Instrunicnt. 

Antiipie  Knife. 

Ancient  Steno  Bill,  or  Tomahawk. 

Copper  Arm  and  Wrist-liands. 

Anomalous  Objects  of  Art  and  Custom. 


].  If  wc  wort'  to  judfrc  tlie  ("liiiicso  hy  the  tools  and  iini)U'monts  Aviiicli  tiioy 
employ,  as  these  were  e.xhibitod  for  tlie  first  time  to  the  British  public  in  1842,  at  the 
Chinese  Museum  at  Knightsbridge,  London,  or  a.s  aince  shown  by  other  collections  in 
this  country,  without  the  fabrics  produced  by  them,  we  should  certainly  underrate 
their  skill  and  type  of  civilization  and  refinement  be\-ond  measure.  This  fact  denotes 
how  ciiutious  we  shoidd  be  in  judging  of  the  arts  of  a  people  who  are,  by  any  possi- 
bility of  just  theory,  descended  from  that  mixed  race,'  or,  what  is  more  plausible,  from 
tlie  purer  Mongolic  family  of  northern  Asia.  It  is  astonishing,  certainly,  how  exqui- 
Bitely  formed  a  pipe,  spear-head,  javelin,  war-club,  fish-hook,  awl,  or  other  implement 


'  The  Cbinpso  Nation?  and  Languages.     Knickerbocker,  Vol.  V.,  No.  .'),  ISIiS. 

(70) 


ANTIQUITIKS. 


71 


■si- 


ll n 


if  till'   p 


rcHi'iit   I'Mfc 


if  IikI 


IIIIIK,    \V 


kiiilc.  tuiil  otlii'i-  iiitls  ill   till)  wor 


ill   Ih>  miulc  In'  tlii'iii,  willi  no  ullhr  tool  Imt  u  niili> 
U,  wliicli    111)  iii^tnictfil    iiii'cliaiiic    woiilil   cmt   ii>i'. 


iiiniiT  till'  articles  attcsfin;?  a  iiu'cliaiiical  or  artistic  power,  id'  tlic  aiiliiiiii'  or  iiKiuiul 
niMi'ilit    lU'ciUcs  1)1'  Imiic,  sliiittU's.  liiscs  ol'  |i(ir|ili\  rv.  asrs.  knives  ul' 


lienod,  are  wel 

elicit,  liliick-|)iiiits  I'or  clothing,  rope-iuakcrs'  iveils.  siietioii  tiilies  of  steatite,  ninl 
viirious  oilier  imiileiiieiits  tieiiotiiii,'  iiiucli  aptitiule  in  many  arts.  Discriptions  of 
lliesc!  several  olijects  are  given,  in   tlie  se(|uel.  with  ciuvfiilly  ilrawn  jilates  of  each 

iiistniineiit. 

It  in  tVoin  a  consiileration  t)l'  thoHO  antiiiuitii'H,  which  liiive  liceii  ili>(lnseil  liy  liiiiiiili 
ami  the  plough,  that  the  tiiio  state  of  urtH  ami  lahrics  of  the  inouml  and  fort  Imililers 
must  In-  infeireil.  We  are  appealed  to  !iy  these  monumeiits  of  history,  not  to 
«n »-/v(^  nor  in«/(;r((^  that  folate,  whatever  was  its  type,  which  we  are  not  disposed 
to  place  high  in  the  scalo  of  civili/ation.  Hut  it  appears,  nevertheless,  to  have 
eiiil)raced  a  li-ansitiim  jn  riml  hetweeii  tliu  pure  hunter  and  the  agricultural  state,  ami 
to  hav(!  felt  the  incipient  impulses  of  an  abundant  and  relialile  means  of  siihsistence, 
some  lixed  power  of  government,  and  the  expansive  inllueiices  of  interior  commerce, 
so  far  as  tlu'  exchange  of  articles  in  kind  went. 

This  incipient  state  of  ii  commercial  element,  and  the  lirst  stejis  of  a  kind  of 
eeiilraiisin  in  government,  acknowledged  by  this  ancient  peoiile.  is  shown   by  the 


reiiiaiiis  ol    anti(|ue   mining    nuns,   such   as   those  on    Lake   .Superior;    when 


th 


supplies  of  native  coi)per  were  got;  also  in  the  area  of  Indiana,  where  there  appears 
to  have  been  some  attempts  at  metallurgy,  perhaps  iiost-C'olumbian  ;  and  the  anti(|iie 
traces  of  the  same  species  of  labor  existing  in  the  valley  of  the  Unica.  lU'  White 
liiver,  and  ol'  the  Arkansas  river,  and.  perhaps,  the  reci'iit  discovi-ries  of  aiiti(|ue 
gold  mining  in  California.  Accounts  of  these  are  appended.  These  attemiits,  which 
evince  industry  and  skill  b(>yoiid  the  wants  of  the  mere  hunter  era,  are  pi\)l)ably 
of  one  epoch;  and  admit  of  being  grouped  together.  The  whole  of  the  western  and 
northern  antiquities  of  the  highest  class,  embracing  ovpi'y  monument  of  the  kind, 
north  of  the  contemplated  territory  of  Utah,  and  the  country  north  of  the  (iila.  to 
v\hich  the  Toltec  and  A/tec  civili/ation  probalily  reached,  may  be  vii'wed  together 
by  the  antiquarian,  as  I'orming  thi>  si:('om)  ty})e  of  American  anti(|ue  civilization. 
That  this  tyjje  was  of  a  transferred  Americo-Shemitic  character,  appears  probable  from 
renewed  impiiries  on 


the  laiiLruii'ies,     That    it  was  distinct  from  the  Tolti'can   s\st 


I'm 


which  ran  to  empire  and  idolatry,  i:  also  probable.  It  clearly  included  the  various  and 
conllieting  tribes,  whose  strife  for  iiide|H'ndeiicy  and  wihl  liberty  and  loo.se  leagues. 
without  the  true  principle  of  confe'i'racy.  drove  it  to  an  opposite  .system,  and  led  to 
final  disunion,  tumult,  and  downfall. 

This  ancient  groiq)  of  triJH's,  who  have  left  their  remains  in  the  Mi.'<sissippi  N'alley, 
and  appear  to  have  culiniiiated  and  fallen  there,  bei()re  fresh  hordes  of  adventurous 
hunters  and  warriors,  had  no  coin;  no  .science  beyond  the  first  elements  oi  geometry, 


\l\ ;  i 


[k 


M 


ANTIQUITIES. 

il  iiiitiii-iil  iistroMomv;  ami.  ncct'ssiiiilv,  (I'roiii  tliis  wiint  of  im 


(isciil 
Yot   tluTi'  wc'iv.   evidently,  cinitrilniti'i'.is   in   kind,  to  oniihlc   tlicni   to  work 

lear. 


!.      '.^ 


nunihci> 

system. 

tductlier  on  the  pnhlic  delenoes   and   tnnndi   wliich  remain.     So  mueli  seems  e 

Tliero  \va»  anotlier  element  besides  tlieir  tendency  to  monareiiy,  wliieh  separated 
tlie  Tolteeun  from  the  Utah,  or  northern  lyi)e  ol'  tribes.  It  was  the  stroni;-  bias  to 
idolatrv  Avhieli  led  them  to  I'oimd  their  monarehy  on  il ;  while  the  northern  tribes 
jirel'e;  L'd  the  simpler  worship  of  their  gods  of  air,  withont  temples  or  an  edillee  of  a 
local  character,  excefit  elevated  places  fur  olVering  incense  and  supplications.  AVhen 
these  conld  not  be  secured  by  the  selection  of  geological  eminences,  they  raise<l  arti- 
ficial heaps  of  eartii.  The  west  has  hundreds  of  such  geological  or  drift  mounds. 
This  was  the  history  of  the  tumuli.  The  idolatry  of  image  worship  was  mA  tolerated 
1)V  the  nui.sses  generally,  but  entered  into  the  limits  of  tlieir  southern  borders,  as  we 
peiveixe  1)\'  small  imagi's  of  stone  or  pottery,  found  in  Mississipjii.  Teiniessec  and 
Western  Virginia.  They  were  wild  worshippers  of  the  elements.  They  loved  to 
iuKigiue  a  god  who  could  ride  on  '-the  wings  of  the  wind;"  who  could  revtd  in  tiio 
clouds,  or  walk  the  blue  arch  of  heaven.  In  every  historical  sense,  they  "sacrificed 
and  burnt  incense  on  high  iilaces."'  The  minor  a)ul  more  ri'inote  tribi^s,  who  had  lied 
across  the  Alleghanies  probably  at  an  earlier  date,  in  the  attractive  juirsiiit  of  the 
dei'r  and  bear,  and  in  (piest  of  that  wild  freetlom  which  they  lo»ed;  do  not,  when 
lluir  habits  and  traditions  and  character  are  closely  scriitini/ed,  appear  to  have  been 
of  a  radically  dilVerent  stock  from  tiie  niuimd-builders ;  for  tjiese  Algouipnn  tribes 
worshipped  the  same  gods  of  the  winds  and  mountains.  Kxcu  in  .Massachusetts, 
wlu'i'e  there  Is  not  an  artificial  mound,  and  nothing  which  can  be  dignilieti  with  the 
uauR'  of  an  aiiticpu'  fosse,  they  had,  agreeably  to  John  Elliot,  the  anostolic  missionary 
of  lOol,  {\ww  ••  Qmrnhijui  ai/i'  iKnii/iit'/i,"  -  or  high  places,  where  the  sagamores  and 
powwows  lit  their  lires,  and  tjll'ered  incense. 


ym 


!     1 


AXTIQUE     Pll'E     OF     TIIE     PERIOD    Of     TIIE     TjAXDI.N'd. 


I 


II 


The  American  Indian  takes  a  gresit  pride  in  his  pipe.  There  is  nothing  too  precious 
for  him  to  make  it  from,  llis  Ijcst  elVorts  in  ancient  sculpture  were  devoted  to  it. 
And  there  is  nothing  in  his  mamii'rs  and  customs  more  emphatically  ciiaracteristic, 
than  his  habits  of  smokit'g. 

Smoking  the  leaves  of  the  nicotiana  was  an  ancient  custom  with  the  Indian  tribes, 
'i'oliacco,  which  is  improperly  supposed  to  be  an  Asiatic  plant,  appears  lii'st  to  have 
been  brought  to  England  I'rom  the  North  American  coasts  by  the  ships  of  Sir  Walter 
Italeigh,  about  l-JSS.     I'owhatan  and  his  s\l\an  court  smoked  it.     It  was  considered 


II.  Kings,  XV.  1. 


'  Indian  Bible. 


ANTIQUITIES. 


78 


mis 

it. 

tio. 


Iter 
rod 


(1  siicrc( 


1  gift.     Thoy  aflect,  in  tlioir  or 


ill   talcs,  to  liiivo  ivcc'ived  it  like  tlio  zeii  maize, 


1)V  an  auLrelic  niossongo 


r  from  tho  Groat  S|)irit.     'riicy  olVcrud  tlio  fumes  of  it  to  him, 
1)V  l)ur^in^■    it   in   tlieir  piiu'S.     Tliis    eert'iiiiwiy   always   preceded  solemn    occasions. 


'I'liey  then   partook  of  the  same  oljlafu 


il  is  well   known  that  they  spend  a 


large  part  of  their  leisure  hours  in  the   pastime  of  smokin.i. 


It  is  a  custom  which  marks  them  in  a  \ 


)i'culiar  manner. 


While   it   aiJiiears   to  bo 


cient,  there  is  nothing 


am: 
locations, 


more   (i.\ed  in  their  habits.      I  have  met   tiieni  in  far  distant 


in   the  wilderness,  in  a  stat(>   of  want   for  (ijod,  and  yet  the  fust  re(|uest  h 


beeu  for  tol)acoo. 


So  fi.Kcd  and   aenoral  a  habit  would  appear  to  connect   itself  with 


their  geoj;raphicid  origin. 


Yet  hero  we  are  (piito  at   fault. 


Tiicre  is  no  mention  of  the  custom  of  smoking  in  the  Sacred  Volume.     Abraham 
d  Jacob  when  tliov  wore  called  ii[nn\  by  the  duties  of  hospitality,  ollorod  food,  but 


not  a  pipe  or  a  smokm; 


mixture,  to  tiioir  guests.     Job  does  not  mention  it.      Who 


God  sa\s,  '"it  is  a  smoke  in  my  nose,  it  is  tlu;  iume.s  ol  a  meat-sacrihcc  tiiat  is 
alluded  to.  1  here  is.  in  fact,  no  allusion  to  this  custom  in  tlu'  Old  or  New  IVstamont. 
Herodotus  ilocs  not  name  the  piiio  or  smoking.  This  looks  as  if  it  wt're  an  occidental 
(nistoiu.  We  aiv  obliged,  in  lact,  to  come  down  to  the  close  of  the  lifteeiith  century, 
A.  ]).,  the  di.scuvery  of  America,  for  our  first  knowledge  of  the  Nicotiana,  and  its 
u.ses. 

Tlie  ancient  tribes  made  their  o/t-ini-ijim,  or  pipe,  from  various  stones  or  mineral 
subslances  elaborately  carved,  or  from  a  s[)ocit's  of  terra  ootta.  Their  graves  ami 
tumuli  all'ord  specimens  of  both.  The  .V/.tecs  em])loyod  green  .si'rpentine.  It  is 
apparent,  l)y  the  progress  of  anti(|iiarian  discovery,  that  tiie  instrument,  as  well  as 
tiie  weed,  were  offered  in  sacrifice.  Some  of  the  western  streams  have  encroached  on 
a  species  of  low  mound,  disclosing  near  its  inti'rioi'  base  a  cui>-shaped  or  semi-circuhir 
line  of  hardened  earth,  which,  on  investigation,  has  been  found  to  be  a  buried  hearth 
or  altar,  containing  innumerable  sjieciinens  of  ancient  stone  pipe.s,  which  appear  to 
have  been  much  altered  by  fire.  Most  of  these  specimens  are  elaborately  carved, 
representing  birds  or  animals  of  tho  country,  known  to  ancient  tribes.  That  these 
implements  had  been  oflered  by  fire,  is  conclusively  proved  by  many  of  them  being 
cracked  and  burned.  Tho  altar  is  also  charly  identified  hy  the  deeply  hardened  strata 
of  loam  or  earth.  Dr.  Davis,  of  Chillicotho,  has  investigated  these  altar-mounds  on 
the  banks  of  the  Scioto  i-ivor.  Anipli;  descriptions  of  them  arc  given  in  the  first 
volume  of  the  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge. 

The  Scioto  \'alley  appears  to  have  anciently  borne  a  comparatively  den.se  popula- 
tion. It  is  an  entire  misapi>rehension  to  suppo.se  that  this  was  evidence  of  a  highl\- 
civilized  population.  The  very  custom  of  smoking,  and  on'ering  tho  tobacco  plant 
and  the  pipe  at  these  altar.s,  a  cnshmi  so  peculiar  in  itself,  is  the  best  proof  tliat  tho 
people  were  of  the  iKm-iiidustrial  Indian  race.  What  other  nation  would  think  of 
offering  on  such  a  rude  altar  such  gifts?  We  have  seen  that  tlie  oriental  world  had 
10 


i'   i 


'-i'U 


m 


.1 


i 
I 


it 


li 


74 


ANTIQUITIES. 


no  Buch  cuatoin.  The  stylo  ol"  tlie  i)ii)o.s  is  incloed  ehiborato,  and  buspouks  a  [nolicieiicy 
in  the  art,  which  is  equal  to  that  of  the  Toltecs  or  Aztecs.  But  it  is  tlie  [)ipe- 
poilpturc.  No  article  denoting  a  higher  civilization  was  found.  There  are  evidences 
that  this  art  of  pipe-sculpture  was  not  confined  to  the  Scioto  or  Ohio  valleys. 
Mississippi  and  Tennessee,  Alabama  and  Florida,  exhibit  detached  specimens  of 
ef[ually  good  sculpture  in  the  same  article.  It  has  even  been  found  as  far  north  as 
N.  lat.  40,  on  the  St,  Mary  Straits.  (See  Fig.  2,  Plate  9.)  This  sculpture,  which  is  a 
limestone,  represents  a  lizard.  No  altar-mounds  have  been  disclosed  in  these  latter 
States.  But  these  scattered  evidences  of  art,  if  followed  up  with  skill  and  assiduity, 
would  probably  disclose  similar  altars  in  those  states.  Birds,  and  not  quadrupeds, 
were  generally  scul[)tured. 

Of  the  second  species  of  pipes,  namely,  the  Terra  Cotta.  there  are  reasons  lor 
sup[)osing  it  generally  of  a  posterior  age. 


3.  Shout   Antique   Stem  less   I'u'e   disclosed   uy  the   upturning 

0  1'     AN     ANCIENT     TuEE     AT     Tu  UNDER     BaV,     MICHIGAN. 

In  the  month  of  .June,  18.j9,  an  Indian  chief  of  River  An  iSalJci,  named  Muk-ud-aie 
Kiiin-eiw,  or  the  Black  Eagle,  presented  for  my  inspection  and  acceptance  an  anti([uo 
pipe  ol'  peculiar  construction,  which  he  informed  me  he  had  found  on  the  main  land 
at  Tlunider  Bay,  near  the  river. 

The  following  drawing  (Plate  8,  Figuixis  1,  2,  and  3)  exhibits  an  exact  figure  of  this 
ancient  relic. 

The  chief  informed  ine  that  he  had  obtained  it  about  six  or  seven  feet  below  the 
surface  of  the  soil,  where  it  had  been  disclosed  by  the  blowing  down  of  a  large  pine, 
which  had  brought  up  by  its  roots  a  heavy  mass  of  earth.  The  tree  was  two  fathoms 
round  at  the  butt,  and  would  make,  he  said,  a  large  canoe.  With  it  was  found  the 
bones  of  a  human  skeleton,  and  two  vases  or  small  akcclis,  but  so  much  decayed  that 
they  broke  in  taking  them  up.  In  them,  besides  the  pipe,  were  some  of  the  bones  of 
the  pickerel's  spine  —  a  kind  of  sharp  dorsal  process.  lie  saw  the  thigh-bones  of  the 
skeleton,  but  the  iipjier  part  of  it  appeared  to  have  fallen  to  decay,  and  was  not 
visible. 

He  thinks  the  tree  must  have  grown  up  on  an  old  grave,  and  tiuit  tlie  soil  must 
have  accumulated  on  it;  an  opinion  whica  appears  almost  inevitable,  for  there  is  no 
other  way  of  accounting  so  well  for  the  unusual  depth. 

Tiie  pii^e,  he  avers,  although  so  unlike  those  now  employed,  was  used  by  their 
iiucestors.  It  was  smoked  by  clapping  the  small  end  to  the  mouth,  without  the  use 
of  a  wooden  stem.  Pipes  of  this  kind  were  in  use  by  the  old  Indians.  Thus  far  the 
chief. 


\     * 


■  f 


\\\\ 


ho 


is 


f  • 


If. 


i;  I 


r  m 


\  il 


!  [    ■ 


P 


It 


ill  ii 


(' 


1 


r^diri     -1. 


•-.(HfVJ      ^-"-A^ 


^^**««i»«^ 


:i, 


i 


sir- 


'il< 


f   31 1 


I 


w 


I 


II  r  I ' 


10;  \i 

■I    .1 


i)    s 

,1 


:1|!; 


•|" 


^     1 


Si    ! 


V.i 


i  .1 


1  ■'    -.> 


n 


«:■ 


s':Mid  unlJi.LMV 


>^fjAP*|itojqhJ.,if|i[uriuj.'H?v 


AuiJV  s  ii<'.iuiisi!'^  s  .V(..ML'.i(; 


'■'i     I 


ill: 


»  J1BU 


■■■■I 


V' 


1 1  ' 


1 

I  ; 

i 

1 

•'; 

1 

1 

! 

i 

i 

1 

?v* 


ANTKM'  IT  IKS. 


i  "^1 


It  consists  ol'  11  .siu'cics  of  coiuparativoly  iiiio->j;riiin('(|,  yellowish  polU'ry,  iVHonihliiii? 
till'  term  cott.i,  liiit  inoiv  Hlij,'iitiy  linked,  luul  less  perii'ctly  leiii|)ere(l. 

Siil)se(|iieiit  oliserviitioiis,  in  ISII  and  IS  I"),  liiive  disclosed  llie  same  siieciis  of 
anti((iie  pipe,  {){'  various  patterns,  in  tlio  reniarkahlo  ossuaries  at  Beverly,  in  ('anadii 
West;  and  in  ancient  i;;raves  in  ()nundaf,'ii,  Geiiesee,  and  Krie  counties,  in  Western 
New  York.  The  .spcinicns  found  at  the  former  kniality  are  represented  in  Plato  S, 
Fijrurcs  ■">  and  (1,  mid  in  Plate  10,  Kij^uivs  I  and  -.  Those  found  in  Western  New  York 
are  depicted  in  Plate  '.),  l""ij.(ures  I  and  ;J,  and  in  Plate  II,  Fiji;iire  5.  There  was  also 
found,  among  the  archa>ological  relics  which  are  so  striking  in  the  area  of  Onondaga, 
a  heautiful  specimen,  carved  IVom  grei'ii  serpentine,  tlie  locality  of  which  mineral  is 
uiikr.own  to  mineralogists.  (See  Figure  1,  Piatt-  H.)  The  specimen,  F'igiire  I,  Plate  S, 
was  found  in  thi'  collection  of  .Mr.  Tomlinson,  at  the  (^rave  Creek  MountI,  in  1811. 
It  is  elaborately  carved  from  a  dark-colored  steatite.  Numbers  2  and  o,  Plate  12,  are 
fidiii  the  same  neighliorhood.  Tlie_\  evince  much  skill  in  llie  style  ol"  carving. 
Xmnber  .'J  repre.sont.s  a  fish  common  to  the  Ohio  waters. 

Among  the  fragmentary  articles  which  may  be  referred  to  the  ))ipe  scnl[)ture  and 
pi|)e  porcelain,  are  the  snake's  head,  Figurt'  (i,  Plate  '.),  and  snake's  l)ody.  Figure  5, 
Plate  n. 

The  most  noted  s|)eciiiu'n  of  the  prevalent  tasti'  I'or  smoking,  as  well  as  skill  in  the 
mamil'acture  of  the  pipe,  is  represented  by  Figures  I.  2,  and  o,  Plate  lo.  This  specimen 
is  ill  the  form  of  an  idol,  and  was  smoked  from  the  back,  by  the  adjustment  of  a  stem 
to  the  lower  oridce  dejiicted  in  the  back.  It  appears  to  have  anciently  stood  on  .sonio 
rocks  near  tlio  old  Indian  trail  leading  IVom  the  present  site  of  IJrowiisville,  (the 
Old  Redstone.)  to  the  Ohio  river,  which  is  struck  about  twenty  miles  below- 
Wheeling.  This  specimen  is  eleven  inches  in  leiigtli,  by  four  and  a  half  broad,  and 
is  Ibrmed  of  coarse,  nentral-colored  sandstone. 


4.  Indian  Axe. 

Various  stone  implements  of  the  antiqnc  period  of  the  linnter  occupancy  of  America, 
have  received  the  name  of '-Indian  Axe."  With  what  justice  this  term  was  ai)plied, 
in  relation  to  the  use  made  of  the  European  axe  of  iron,  it  is  i)roposed  to  inquire. 
The  ancient  Indians,  prior  to  the  era  of  the  di.scovcry  of  America,  had  indeml  no  use 
for  an  axe,  in  the  .sense  in  which  wo  apply  the  term  now-a-day.s.  Fire  was  the  great 
agent  they  employed  in  felling  trees  and  reducing  their  trunks  to  proper  lengths. 
There  was  no  cutting  of  trees.  No  stone  axe,  which  wo  have  over  examined, 
possesses  the  hardness  or  sharpness  essi>ntial  to  cut  the  solid  fibres  of  an  oak.  a  pine, 
an  elm,  or  any  s^iecio.s  of  American  tree  whatever. 

When  the  wants  of  an  Indian  hunter  had  determined  him  to  fell  a  tree,  in  order  to 
make  a  log  canoe,  or  construct  pickets  for  a  palisad(\  he  erected  a  fire  around   it.  close 


■: 


76 


ANTKilMTI  KS. 


upon  tlio  ground.  WIh'ii  the  I'm'  liiul  IiuiiumI  in  ho  um  to  itroducc  ii  nml  tliiit  ini>,'lil 
iniiH'do  its  riirllitT  proi^roHH,  ii  Htonu  inHtrinnciit  of  n  pcculiiir  cnMMtnictioii,  with  n 
liimdlc  to  ki'cp  tli(>  pci'soii  IVom  the  liciit,  \\m  cniploycd  to  pick  uwiiv  the  ('(mi,  iind 
krcp  till'  Hiirl'iu'i'  iVi'sli.  TliiwiH  (he  iii.stninii'iit  ciilli'd  \>y  llicni  A;)<i/,iriif,  nnd  to  wliicli 
popular  opinion  liiiM  iiMiiidly  applii'd  the  niinii' of  iixo.  Tlio  inuu-xcd,  (I'liitc  II,  Kin. 
I.)  is  an  cxiiet  iv[)r('s{'ntiition  of  one  ol'  these  iintiipie  iixes.  IVoiu  tiie  region  oC  llie 
upper  iaiii's.     I)e  llry  iiictmcs  this  proci'ss  in  niakinj;  canoes. 

The  iiidde  of  usini^  this  ancient  axe.  whieii  would  lie  more  appnijiriately  classed  as 
a  pick,  was  liy  twislin.L?  anauid  it,  of  a  size  correspoudinn'  tn  the  riu;;',  a  supple  withe, 
forniiiifj;  the  hiuidle,  which  could  he  (irndy  tied  top'ther,  and  whicii  Wduld  enahle  the 
user  to  strike  a  llrni  'nnninl  hlow.  (Se('  IMati'  l">.  i""i;i.  I.)  This  handle  was  not  at 
li^ht  an^iles  with  the  axe.  It  was  so  placed,  as  the  lin^-  shows,  so  that  at  alxiut  the 
len^;th  of  three  feet,  it  would  intersect  ii  line  drawn  at  right  angles  from  the  tlmt  of 
the  Made,  or  odj;o  of  grcivtest  sharpness.  This  incidonco  of  handle  to  the  hlade,  would 
eiiat)le  an  indrawing  hlow  to  he  struck,  which  thei'c  w<'re  practical  reasons  Wtv. 

The  length  of  the  instrument  figured  is  seven  inches,  wanting  a  I'raclion;  its 
hreadth  helow  the  ring  three  and  a  (puirter  —  at  the  ring,  two  and  three  (jiiarter 
inches,  at  the  point  of  the  hlaile  two  inches  nearly.  The  whole  weight  is  three 
pounds.  The  ring  is  not  continued  around  the  innci',  or  handle  side,  iiir  the  plain 
ivasou  that  no  ring  at  that  part  is  necessary.     If  made,  it  woidd  woal<en  the  instrument 


an( 


1   give  no  additional   support  to  the   hamlle.     The   material  of  this   s|H'cimeu 


IS  a 


compact  grauwacke; — a  material  of  little  harihuss,  and  which  could  lie  readily  rui)lied 
and  shaped. 

To  tiiis  account  of  the  earliest  stone  axe,  it  may  he  olijectid  that  there  are  smaller 
specimens,  so  small  imloed  that  they  could  not  have  lieeii  reipiired  jiir  an  adult.  Wo 
[lossess  a  specimen  three  and  two-third  inches  in  length,  and  another  only  two  anil  a 
(pKirler  inches  in  length.  It  is  rcjilied  that  these  small  axes  were  atlaptcd  to  the 
strength  of  liovs  iuid  ciiildren,  whose  lahoi's  in  tlu 


;i(ici 


of  lire-frettiny,'  were  alwa\s 


welcome  and  important,  nnd  their  aid  was  prohcoly  given,  particularly  when  we  reliect 
that  this  labor  w.a.s  generally  done  hy  the  females. 

1    are    known   to   have   been  i'xca\atcd    and  shaped   by   the   same 


anoes 


of 


wool 


process  of  fire,  oven  after  the  di.scovery  and  settlement  of  the  country.     l)c  Bry  gives 
the  process  as  practised  by  the  Indians  of  \'irginia  in  1GS8. 

The  small  species  of  the  coal  axe,  employed  by  youths  and  boy.s,  are  numerous. 
Figures  I,  2,  3,  and  4,  Plato  Ki,  are  from  .sjiecimens  pre.ser\ed  in  the  National  Institute, 
Washington.     Figure  5,  same  Plate,  same  localit}',  is  believi-d  to  bo  a  Iiaiul  specimen 


:)f  tl 


10  same  Ivini 


1  of 


iniilemen 


t.     Figures   1  and  4,  Plato  14,  iiro  from  the  West. 


Figure  2,  of  the  same  Plato,  i.s  believed  to  bo  a  hand  specimen,  formed  chi.sol-shaped. 
Figiu'o  ?>  is  a  drawing  reversed,  from  an  antiipie  in  the  National  Institute  which 
appears  to  have  had  an  eye  for  a  helve,  and  [iresented  a  blade  well  formed  for  striking 
an  indrawiu'i;  stroke. 


\  •   I  H 


I  ll 


I 


i* 


;!  .    • 


Hi;    I 


nf: 


I   i 


». 


^     B(' 


tail 


n 


,.irf«i^rt*B»"i<-*^^  ■■■ 


A  N  T  Hi  U  ITI  E  S . 


fl 


5.     Aruow-IIkao. 


A  GREAT  variety  of  these  ancient  instrnments  was  fabricated,  according  to  tlie 
siH'eio.s  of  hunting,  the  .size  and  ferocity  of  tlie  animals  pnrsned,  and  the  ages  of  the 
persons  using  tlieni.  Boys  were  always  furnished  with  small  arrow-points,  such  as 
were  expected  to  he  spent  against  squirrels,  or  the  lesser  cpiadrupeds  and  birds.  This 
was  the  second  lesson  in  learning  the  art  of  hunting;  the  first  consisted  in  using  the 
blunt  arrow  or  Jit kiriik,'  which  was  fired  at  a  mark.  (!reat  comijlacency  and  pride 
was  e\  inct'd  by  the  })arentH  in  ])re|)aring  the  rising  generatlt)n  for  this  art,  on  expert- 
ne-s  in  whicli  so  much  of  his  future  success  depended;  and  a  boy's  first  success  in 
kiHin"  a  bird  or  (puidruped,  was  unifonnly  cek'brated  by  a  festival,  in  which  tlu^ 
object  killed  was  eaten,  with  great  gravity,  by  the  elders,  and  the  feat  extravagantly 
extolled.     Thus  early  was  emulation  excited. 

Of  the  vavi(Mis  kiuils  of  aridws  jiieked  up  in  tlie  fields  an<l  woods,  we  intn)duce  the 
fiiTures  of  several,  numbered  and  classified  agreealily  to  their  sizes  and  uses.  Tlu^ 
smallest  of  these,  or  boy's  arrow  of  the  first  class,  does  not  exceed,  but  often  falls 
Ih'Iciw.  oue  incli,  besides  the  shaft,  in  length  :  from  this  they  vary  t(j  tlnve  and  a 
(juarier  iuclies.  In  breadth  and  the  form  of  the  barb  there  was  a'so  nnieh  variety, 
and  .in  eiilirc;  and  ingenituis  adaptedness  of  the  instrument  to  the  object.  Figures  1 
to  :t.  Plate  17,  and  1  to  12,  Plate  IS,  exhibit  this  variety.  Of  Plate  IS,  Figures  4  and 
o,  anil  S  to  12  r(>spectively.  are  drawings  of  specimens  de})osited  in  the  collection  of 
the  National  Institute,  at  Washington.  The  use  of  the  arrow,  among  the  early 
nations  of  mankind,  is  so  ancient  that  history  is  at  fault  in  fixing  its  date.  There 
is  reason  to  believe  that  it  was  coincident  with  the  origin  of  war,  and  M'ith  the 
killing  of  animals.  The  instrument,  in  connection  with  the  bow,  is  first  mentioned 
in  the  IJible,  in  Genesis.  The  paintings  found  in  the  ruins  of  Nineveh,  and  the 
earliest  dates  of  mankind,  prove  its  anti(iuity  in  war  and  hunting;  and,  although  the 
invention  of  gunpowder  has  led  to  far  more  ellicacious  and  powerful  means  of 
destruction  in  war  and  sieges,  it  admits  of  no  cpiestion,  that  the  bow  and  arrow  are 
still  the  most  speedy  and  efiicacious  instruments  for  the  repetition  of  the  on.'<laught  on 
droves  of  animals.  It  is  the  testimony  of  hunters,  white  and  red,  in  our  day,  that 
arrows  can  be  discharged  much  faster,  and  more  fatally,  from  the  cpiiver  and  bow, 
upon  herds  of  animals,  than  it  is  possible  to  load  and  fire  balls  fn)m  a  single  gun  or 
I'ifle.  An  arrow  from  the  bow  of  a  Pawnee  or  <'iie\-enne  has  lu'en  known  to  pass 
through  the  body  of  a  buflido.  Its  foree  upon  the  human  frame  is  prodigious;  as 
an  instance  of  which  I  mention,  that  in  .some  old  bones,  at  Saganaw,  an  nnextracted 


A1l'"1'. 


li 

|3f^ 


78 


ANTIQUITIES. 


nrrow-liciid  wms  foiiiKl   firmly  iinlwddud   in   tlie  tiljiii  of  a  inan,  nor  ooiiM  any  forco 
(Icliicli  i(. 

The  material  ol"  American  arrowH  is  f^cniTally  a  conclioiilal  clicrt,  lioi'nstonc,  or 
(•(unnKin  (|uartz.  In  color  it  varios  from  liij^lit  _\i'll(jw,  to  neutral,  smoky,  or  diirU 
ill-own.  Tiie  (|iiait/.,  wliere  that  occurs,  is  usually  of  llie  falty  variel}-,  and  iierlectiy 
wliile.     I'lire  Mint  lias  seldom,  if  ever,  been  loiind. 


r^' 


•1  :■ . 


1^  P  ■!    ;  |i 


^i  :i 


I  I  ' 


G.     M.u;k,    (iu   W .\  li - C  m- n. 

There  is  no  instance,  it  is  lielieved,  among  the  North  American  Indians,  in  which 
the  waiH'iuIj  employed  by  them  is  made  of  a  straight  jiiece,  or  has  not  a  reciii've(l 
head.  (lenerally,  this  implement  consists  of  a  shaft  of  heavy  wood,  such  as  the  rock- 
mapi(\  with  a  l)all  carved  at  one  side  of  the  Iiead.  mucji  in  liii'  manner  of  the  South 
Sea   Islander,  or  Polynesian  war-clubs. 

Sucii  is  the  Pug-ga-ma-gun  of  the  Algonrpiins.  It  dilTers  from  the  Polynesian  (dub, 
chielly  in  its  possessing  a  tabular  shaft,  and  in  its  less  elaborate  st\le  of  cai'\ing. 
Chilis  exhibited  at  the  war-dance  or  other  ceremonial  exhibitions,  are  always  lunji  r 
tiian  those  intended  for  practical  use,  and  partake  decidedly  of  a  symbolical  character. 

A  practice  has  prevailed  since  the  introduction  of  iron,  of  combining  a  lance  with 
the  same  implement.  It  is  then  shaped  somewhat  in  the  I'orm  (jf  the  bnti-end  of  a 
gun  or  ritle,  i)ut  having  more  angular  lines.  A  lance  of  iron,  of  formidable  dimen- 
sions, is  inserted  at  the  intersection  of  the  most  prominent  angle.  This  fearful  weapon, 
which  appears  to  bo  the  most  prominent  symjjol  of  war,  is  very  common  among  the 
prairie  tribes.  No  warrior  is  properly  equipped  without  one.  It  is  often  ( laborately 
ornamented  with  war  eagles'  feathers,  and  with  paints  and  devices.  Brass  tacks  are 
sometimes  used  in  the  lance-clubs  as  ornaments,  and  not  unfre((u<,'ntly  a  small  hand 
looking-glass  is  sunk  or  inserted  in  the  tabular  part  of  the  handle.  It  was  then 
intended  to  be  stuck  in  the  ground,  and  to  serve  the  warrior  to  make  his  war  toilet. 
Figures  of  the.se  several  species  will  be  inserted  under  the  head  of  "  Manners  and 
Customs."  Of  the  antique  mace,  such  as  was  in  use  prior  to  the  discovery  of  the 
country,  descriptions,  accompanied  by  plates,  have  been  given  under  the  head  of 
"Stone-bill,"  or  Pointed  Mace;  see  Plate  11.  Kig.  1. 


7  .       A  N  T  I  (J  I'  K     (J  O  H  (i  E  T ,     OU     M  K  D  A  L  . 

Whether  this  was  in  ancient  times  merely  an  ornament  which  any  one  might  wear, 
or  a  badge  of  authority,  it  migiit  be  fruitless  now  to  in((uirc.  It  is  probable  thiit  tiie 
modern  practice  of  conferring  metallic  medals  on  chiefs  only,  and  of  marking  thereby 
their  autlioritj-,  was  founded  on  an  nncient  practice  of  this  kind  existing  in  the 
original  tribes. 


?,c 


or 


I'K 


llll 


IT. 


LMl- 


011, 


:-lv 


iro 


ml 


I'll 


\     ! 


lil 


1 


t 


m   ii 


i 


>5j^i^ 


I't 


,/.     |3 


1     i 


H    'i  Vi 


■J 


fi.r 


; 


*'f 


,' 


M 


In 

i 

.J' 

!l    '   [ 

,' 

1 

^ 

i 

f 

J 

I . 

ii 

1 ' 

* 

iiu 

^'i!' 

i.v 

*>J 


!   I 


]r 


lit 


I  '!     ! 


(!t  ■■        M 


I.     ( 


!     ': 


I!!  1*1 


!^i 


)  i;  I  I, 


IM 


/' 


V\ 


l\ 


I 


ANTKiU  ITl  i;s. 


7!> 


Th 


luiciciit  "or^t'l  or  iiK'(l;il  ol'  (lie  North  Aiiiciiciiii  IiIIm 


iiiul  .sli'min^  jmrtf*  of  lar;;t'  ,si'a-.-ilicll.s.     'I'lii-  instance  liLinird  in  I'latu  ID,  Fi 
was  tiii<i'ii  from  one  of  the  oKI  ossiiarii'S  of  licvcris,  Canada   West.' 


iUKI 


TIlis  urticlo  is  tiirco  iucla's  iicidss,  ami   tliive  and   lliiei.'  (|uaitir  inidics  IVuni 


to  Ixittoiu. 


i/r,  i'onnd  in   their  ancient 


Another  Hpecies  of  iincienl  nu'dal  or  ^lorp't  ol  tinialler  si 
iihices  of  sei)nltiire,  eonsistiMl  of  a  circniiir  piece  of  llat   siieil,  from  one  and  a  iialf  tc 


dies   in  diami'ter,  tiiiartered   with    dia 


iiilt' 


li 


iiaviii'. 


th 


(le\  1C( 


s   of    dots 


two    mcl 

hilweeii  liiem.  This  Uind  was  donhiy  iierforated  in  the  plain  of  the  eirek'.  Three 
examples  of  tiiis  form  of  nu'dal  or  liad^je  of  fliieftaiiisliip  are  li,i;iired  in  IMate  '!'>,  I''i,i:s. 
7,  'J'.l,  and  ild.  Tin-  s|)cciinen  linnri'  liH  was  ohtaiiied  from  an  old  firaso  at  I'lip*''' 
SaiulnsUy,  Ohio;  and  numlier  .'1(1,  IMate  -'>,  from  a  similar  position  in  Onoiiilajra 
count\',  N.  Y.  These  lo<:alities  si'rve  to  show  its  nse  amoii,^'  di\i'rse  tribes,  and  i)io\e 
an  extensive  eommnnity  ol'  the  prevalent  manners  and  customs;  —  a  point  which  it  is 
im|iortant  at  all  times  to  keep  in  view. 

In  eonnection  with  this  sniiject,  there  is  jjivi'ii  in  I'iate  12,  Fiji.  I.  tiu'  representation 
of  an  aiu'ieiit  liritlsh  medal,  obtained  from  the  (U'sceiidants  of  the  cliief  to  wIkhii  it 
was  i;i\-en  about  sixty  year.s  aftt'r  its  date:  (ITlil).  It,  will  be  observed  that  this 
medal,  which  is  rndely  stamjied,  was  struck  the  }ear  of  the  erowninj;' of  (ieor;:e  111. 
It  presents  the  boy  kinii's  head,  erowiU'd  with  tiie  olivcdeaf;  and  the  insciiplion  — 
(leor-iiis  ill,,  I).  (\.  M.  15ri.  Fra.  et  llil).  Uex.  F.  1). — .shows  tiiat  tiie  ancient  title  of 
the    Mritish  kiiijis  was  then  retained  in  full. 

The  oliverse  exhibits  a  Ihitish  ollioi'i'  and  an  Indian,  sitting'  under  a  trei'  ou  rolls  of 
lobaceo,  shakinjj,'  hand.s,  with  the  motto,  "  llajipy  w  !iili'  united."  'J'lie  Indian  has  a 
pipe  restiiifj;  in  his  left  hand.  The  olllcer  has  his  left  hand  at  iiis  l)reast.  The  land- 
.scape  in  the  liackiiround  is  manifestly  the  city  and  harbor  of  New  York;  as  tlu'  stamp 
"  N.  York."  '•  1).  (J.  F.,"  •'  17G4,"  plainly  denotes. 

A  \vin,i>'  ciussed  with  a  pipo,  forms  an  approi)riate  (i.^ure  at  the  to^i  for  han.^in;:'  it  by 
a  riiihon. 

Figures  .']  and  1,  Plate  '20,  are  medals  of  the  French  jH'riod  of  coioni/.atioii  in 
western  New  York,  about  l(j(j(>,  in  the  area  of  Onondaga  county;  and  are  irrelrai;able 
proofs  of  that  ill-fated  .scheme.  Fig.  2  .sliows  .small  medals  of  an  octagonal  Ibrni, 
inscribed  with  the  names  of  St.  Agatha  and  St.  Lncia,  of  the  IJoniisli  calendar.  JJoth 
are  made  from  an  alloy  resembling  silver.  Number  1  is  an  ovate  medal  of  the  same 
period,  from  a  leaden  plate,  and  rudely  representing,  on  one  side,  the  lignre  of  a  man 
hanging  liy  his  arms,  and  a  .snake  hefore  it.  The  other  side  represt'iits  a  man  sitting. 
Fig.  o,  Plato  20,  is  a  crucifix  of  silver,  of  tlie  same  period.  No.  •"),  Plate  20,  represents 
an  ancient  form  of  gorget,  figured  with  the  heads  of  .snakes  or  tortoises. 


'  Thi.s  .siiiriiiifu  is  iiivscrvfd  iu  the  cabinet  of  eia-iu.sitics  uf  Mi.s.s  Crook.^  of  DuiiJ:i,s;  to  w!io.,f  i«ilitoucss  I 
owe  itif  fiivoi-  of  Kiiijr  |„-niiiilfd  to  eojiy  tlii.s,  iui,l  >,,in,.  otlu'i-  aiiti(|iiilios. 


m 


■!: 


HO 


ANT  I  til;  IT  I  EH. 


8.    (.'oiiN    I'lisTi.i:,    (lit    II  A.N  II    li  li  A  v-Sin  s  i: 


I;       '•>    '  ' 

i    '  i 


I  •■] 


Kl  '  >' 


I'l 


TilK  /.(Ml  iimi/.f  was  (•iiltivatfij  liy  tin'  Inilliiii  tiilics  (if  Anuriiii  llir(iii^li(iiil  ils  wlitili 
extent,     t'dlloii  wiiM   niiseil   \>y  tlie   Mexican  aixi   Peruvian  tiilies;   Imt    tiiere  is  i 


III 


iltivateil  liv  trilies  li 


I'tll  i>\'  (lie  I! 


Si/i. 


instance  (in  reciud  in  whicli  tlio  plant  was  cultivated  hv  triiies  Iimiiv'  iKirth  <il  llie  lim 
(Iiamlc  del  Ntirte.  Tlie  Klmiiia  ami  LnuiNiana  trilies  raJM'd  it  kind  nj'  iiielcin.  iiiid  per- 
liaps  sdine  niiiior  M'lictiililes ;  liiil  tlie  wlmlc  nl'  tlie  trilies  situated  in  the  Mississippi 
\'iil!ev.  in  Oliiii.  and  tlie  I/iikes,  reacliin;.'  (in  iHitli  sides  (if  the  Alle;:lianies,  (piite  tn 
Massacliiisetts.  and  dtlier  parts  dl' New  Imi;.;IiiiiiI,  enllivatcd  Indiiin  (din.  It  was  their 
.'^laple  piiidiicl.  Tlie  iKIaware,  the  lliidsdii,  ( 'diiiiecticiit.  and  iiiiiidi'  livers  iidilli  cil" 
it.  _\  ielde(|  this  ji'raiii ;  and  it  was  a  ,u;irt  which  their  sa^aiiKires  and  priests  alliilniled 
td  the  ;;iid  nf  the  Scuilh-west.  The  dry  jiriiin  was  prepared  liir  lidiliiij:  \ty  cnisliin^  it 
ill  a  rude  wdcidcii  iir  stdiie  nairtar.  'i'liis  was  a  st^vi-re  lahor.  which  lell  Id  the  Wdiiien'H 
share;  lint  it  was  niitifxated  liy  i)r(>[)nrinir.  daily,  (uily  as  niiieh  as  was  re(piirei|  hy  the 
liiiiiily.  It  was  not  crushed  line,  hut  lii'dkeii  intd  cdarse  grains,  in  which  .•^tate  it  was 
eaten  liy  the  eastern  trihes,  under  the  niiine  df  samp  —  a  kind  dl"  hdininy.  The  dish 
called  "•  snccutash"  cdiisistcd  df  ;ireen  Cdrn,  cut  iVdiii  the  cdli.  and  iiiivcdwith  ,m'een 
lieaiis. 

There  is  ahiiiiihiiit  evidence,  in  the  ancient  pestles  I'dUiid  in  the  (lelds  I'driiierly 
(iC(U[iicil  liy  Indian  trilies  thrdiijrhdut  the  Atlantic  States,  dl'  the  |iractice  dl"  iisiiifr 
pestles  iiir  criisliinji'  it,  alidve  referred  to.  Tlie.se  pestles  were  geiieialiy  made  IVdiii  ii 
semi-hard  rock,  dlU'ii  j;raMwacke,  iir  a  kind  of  siliciiuis  slate.  They  were  ahout  ten 
inches  in  leu;;tli,  taperin.L'  tn  (he  tdp,  and  Wdiild  weifih  live  (ir  si.\  piiunds. 

The  Ibllowiiifr  specimen  (IMate  lil.  I''i,ir.  I.)  is  IVdiii  the  Tawasantha,  (ir  Ndriiiau's 
Kill  \'alley,  Alhany  Cduiity,  N.  Y.  It  is  dl'tlie  stratum  dr.maiiwiicke  idck,  whii'li  lies 
in  Cdimectidu  with  arjiillite  of  that  cdiiiity. 

Tliert'  was  an  inipdrtant  naide  of  jireparin^''  the  /ea  inai/i'  lin'  the  use  df  warriors 
who  were  e.\i)ectc(l  to  lie  out  many  days.  The  grain  was  re(luced  to  a  liner  condition 
than  samp,  or  hominy.  It  was  the.  mixed  with  a  pdrtidu  of  sugar,  inadi'  IVdm  the 
acer  saccharimnn.  The  whole  was  put  into  a  small  leathern  hag.  This  constituted 
the  warrior's  entire  commissariat.  Meats  he  was  expected  to  kill  hy  the  way.  The 
hurtheii  was  so  light  that  it  did  not  at  all  impede  walking  c".  running.  When  it  wa.s 
dcsigiu'd  to  use  it,  a  small  p(jrtion  was  mixed  with  water.  It  could  not  he  eaten  (//•//. 
The  (piantity  of  water  might  ho  enlarged,  agreealily  to  the  needs  of  Ihi'  warrior.  It 
was  then,  in  fact,  a  species  of  mhi/);  ami  the  strejigth  given  hy  a  single  gill  of  the 
meal  was  sulllcieiit  for  the  day. 

The  jiidla  (if  the  Mexicans  is  a  snhstanco  similar  to  that  descrilied  aliove.  It  is 
[Kirched  corn  well  groimd,  and  .seasoned  with  sugar  and  spices.  A  gill  of  it  yivr  day  is 
siiflicient   to  keep  a  man  alive. 


y(  r 


W 


13 

is 


IH 


i  *? 


B-:^ 


t 


on 
10 
(I 

U! 

IIS 

'■.'/• 
It 


r  — 


li  I 


'•ft' 


I  ''^: 


J 


li 


fl 


!♦  i.ii 


ft  :.! 


I    \ 


^ 


■  /■■ 


i 
M. 

i!" 

''a 

fj 

1 

I  ia 


i 


III 


^1 


Hi 


li  'I 


r  I  i 


•S    ' 
Ih 


il 


J 


■(,     ^ 


i'  i 


I:! 


Ml 


I      »i 


^.. 


I' 


I  I 


is  I 


■I 


'.    ' 


<    i 


:..M 


m 


a 


m 


ANTIQUITIES. 


81 


9.     Akeek,  ou  Ancient  Cooking   Pot. 


-if 


In  a  state  of  iiatmv,  Ixjiling  is  luM't'ormed  somotiinos  l)y  casting  hoated  stones  into 
bark  vessels  filleil  with  water.  One  of  onr  triijes,  (tlie  Assinoljoins,)  has  been  named, 
it  is  averred,  from  tiiis  custom.  Tlie  Micmacs  and  Souricjnois,  and  some  other 
extreme  northern  trilics,  l)()iled  in  tiiis  manner.  Tiie  southern  and  south-west  and 
midhmd  tribes,  from  the  earliest  notices  of  them,  possessed  a  species  of  kettle  made 
from  iiottery,  the  art  of  making  which  was  carried  northward  \ip  the  Mississippi 
\'alley  and  to  the  great  lakes.  The  Atlantic  and  New  England  tribes,  whose  traditions 
point  .south-west,  had  also,  at  the  earliest  recorded  dates,  a  species  of  pottery,  shreds 
of  wiiieli  are  found  at  the  sites  of  the  oldest  villages. 

This  article  was  extensively  used  among  the  Algon(piin  trilios,  by  whom  it  was 
called  Akc/,- — a  word  which  ajipears  to  have  been  comi)()sed  from  A/,t(\  earth,  and  the 
generic  //•■,  denoting  something  hard  or  nietal-liko.  It  was  made  of  common  cla}-,  or 
clay-earth,  tenijiered  with  feldspar,  quartz,  or  shells.  Sometimes  the  conunon  black 
c;irtli  of  alluvial  lands  was  used  by  tribes  in  the  Soutii  and  West,  and  when  so,  sands 
or  ]iounded  sliells  were  taken  as  the  tenipi'ring  ingri'dient.  There  was,  generally, 
a  ready  adaptation  to  this  i)\irpose  of  the  aluminous  or  other  mati'rials  of  the  country 
possessed  by  the  trilies.  Thus  the  Florida  trilx-s,  who  possessed  rich  black  .'soils  at 
I  he  margins  of  their  rivers,  and  an  abundance  of  shells,  made  their  ves.sels  of  these 
materials;  while  those  tribes  living  on  the  banks  of  the  Potomac,  Delaware,  and  other 
Atlantic  rivers,  extending  quite  to  the  Penobscot,  employed  the  different  strata  of 
clays  which  arc  to  be  Ibund  along  tho.se  streams. 

In  the  Mississippi  Valley,  there  is  also  evidence  in  the  remains  of  their  pottery,  of 
a  better  ware,  formed  of  the  mixed  aluminous  deposits  of  its  tributaries. 

As  a  general  remark,  the  pottery  was  a  ruder  and  coarser  faljric,  as  the  triljcs 
migrated  north.  It  was  essentially  with  these  tribes,  an  art  of  the  women,  who,  by  a 
natural  law  of  the  division  of  labor  among  hunter  tribes,  were  responsible  for  the 
preparation  for  the  board  of  the  viands  taken  in  the  chase  by  the  men.  As  a 
consequence,  the  potter.s'  art,  which  fell  into  their  division,  did  not  adranre,  but 
(•ontinued  stationary  at  a  point,  where  it  had  at  first  been  taken  up.  Among  the 
Iroquois,  a  very  warlike  people,  it  was  considered  peculiarly  the  women's  art,'  and 
there  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  it  was  thus  considered  by  the  Algonquins, 
Dacotas,  and  other  generic  tribes. 

The  finest  and  most  compact  species  of  pottery,  is  seen  in  their  funereal  vases  and 
their  pipes,  which  do  not,  however,  equal  the  terra  cotta.    Even  in  the  best  specimens 


'  Notes  on  the  Iroquois. 


11 


I     ; 

i:      ; 


t 


li'lf 


82 


ANTlgi;  iTIKS. 


whicli  liiive  conio  to  oiir  notiro,  siu'li  as  the  spLH'iinoiiH  IVoiu  tlii'  siiiiill  Hiirrilioial 
mounds  of  the  Scioto,  it  I'lilis  far  short  of  the  quality  of  thi-  Aztec  ware,  and 
iufiuitcly  so  of  tlie  higiiiy-wroufrht  and  su])erl)  fahries  of  Peru.' 

Tlic  akeek,  (I'hite  '2'2,  Fijr.  1.)  to  whieh  this  article  is  particularly  devoted,  is  in 
Hhape  very  nearly  a  globe,  with  one  side  opened  and  turned  out  as  a  lip.  It  has  in 
no  instance  a  foot.  It  may  he  used  as  in  a  sand-hath,  or  by  a  strin;^  around  the  lip, 
which  is  attached  to  a  tripod,  as  seen  in  Plate  22,  Fijr.  2. 

The  only  entire  specimen  of  the  northern  akeeks  whieh  has  been  examined,  was 
obtained  in  a  cave  on  an  island  in  the  river  St.  Mark's,  Michigan.  It  is  dej)osited 
in  the  cabinet  of  the  New  York  Historical  Society.^    (See  Fig.   1.) 


■I 


10.    D  I. SCO  I  DA  I-   St()N?;s. 

(lami's  of  various  character  have  attracted  the  Indian  tribes  from  the  earliest 
notices  we  have  of  them.  Some  of  these  games  are  of  a  domestic  character,  or  such 
as  are  usually  played  in  the  wigwam  or  domicil.  Of  this  kind  are  the  game  of  hunting 
the  moccasin,  the  game  of  the  bowl,  and  sinulry  minor  games  known  to  the  Algonrpiins, 
the  Cherokees,  and  other  trll)es.  But  by  far  the  greater  numlx'r  of  games  practised 
by  the  North  American  Indians  are  of  an  athletic  character,  and  are  designed  to 
nourish  and  promote  activity  of  limb,  and  manual  expertne.«s  in  the  lield,  or  on  the 
green.  Such  are  their  various  ball  plays,  and  wrestling  and  running  matches,  which 
whole  tribes  are  assembled  to  Witney's  and  participate  in.  To  run  swiftly;  to  fend 
adroitly  with  the  baton  ;  to  strike  or  catch  ;  to  lift  great  \\ eights;  to  throw  stones;  to 
shoot  darts;  to  dance  with  spirit;  and,  in  short,  to  exhibit  any  extraordinary  feat  of 
agility,  strength,  or  endurance  in  mimic  strife,  has  ever  been  held  to  be  among  the 
princifjal  objects  of  applause,  especially  in  the  young.  It  is.  indeed,  in  the.se  s[)orts 
that  the  elements  of  war  are  learned ;  and  it  is  hence  that  excellence  in  these  feat,s  is 
universally  held  up  to  admiration  in  the  oral  recitals  of  the  deeds  of  their  heroes  and 
prodigies.  Manal)ozho  excelled  in  his  superhuman  and  god-like  feats,  and  killed  the 
mammoth  serpent  and  Ixiar-king.  Pupuhwls  could  turn  pirouettes  until  he  raised  a 
whirlwind,  and  Kira-slnd  could  twist  oft'  the  stoutest  rope.  These  things  arc  related 
to  stimulate  the  physical  powers  of  the  young;  and  there  is  not  a  trilx;  in  the  land, 
whose  customs  we  know,  of  wiiom  it  is  not  a  striking  trait  to  favor  the  acquisition  of 
skill  in  games  and  amusements. 

Among  these  field  sports,  the  casting  of  stones  is  one  of  the  most  ready  and  natural 
trait.s  of  savage  tiilws.  With  such  accuracy  is  this  done,  that  it  is  astonishing  with 
what  skill  and  precision  an  Indian  will  hurl  stones  at  any  object. 


I'ropoodings  of  tlic  Xnrtliorn  Antiqimrian  Society. 

NniiiTS  of  wiiue  Anlinuo  Karlheu  Vos.<oi£  found  in  tlie  Tumuli  of  Florida,  &c.    N.  Y.,  V/.  Van  Norden.    1846. 


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ANTIQUITIES. 


83 


Tlie  miinerous  discoidal  stones  that  arc  Ibimd  in  the  tumuH,  and  at  the  sites  of 
ancient  occupancy,  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  serve  to  denote  tliat  this  anmseniunt  was 
practised  ainonj?  the  earlier  tribes  of  that  valley  at  the  mound  period.  These  antique 
quoits  are  made  with  great  labor  and  skill,  from  very  hard  and  heavy  pieces  of  stone. 
They  are,  generally,  exact  disks,  of  a  concave  surface,  with  an  orifice  in  the  centre, 
and  a  broad  rim.  A  specimen  now  before  us,  from  one  of  the  smaller  tuniuli  at 
Grave  Creek  Flats,  in  the  Ohio  Valley,  is  wrought  from  a  solid  piece  of  porphyry. 
It  is  three  and  a  half  inches  in  diameter,  with  a  thickness  of  one  and  five-tenths 
inches.  The  perforation  is  half  an  inch,  and  the  rim,  forming  the  disk,  a  snuiU 
fraction  under  the  same. 

The  object  of  hurling  .such  an  instrument  was  manifestly  to  cover  an  upright  pin  or 
jH'g  driven  into  the  ground.  Whether,  like  the  ancient  Greeks,  in  hurling  their  discus 
a  string  was  used  to  give  additional  velocity  and  direction  to  its  motion,  cannot  be 
stated. 

These  ancient  instruments  are  of  various  sizes,  but  all  unite  in  the  same  principles 
of  construction.  One  of  the  specimens  observed  at  the  same  locality  is  one  and  four- 
tenths  inches  in  diameter.  The  following  sketch  (Plate  2o,  Figures  1  and  2)  is  an 
accurate  copy  of  the  larger  specimen  we  have  described,  of  the  exact  size.  Figures 
.'!  and  4  represent  the  smaller  ones,  am!  it  is  supjiosed  were  made  for  children's  use. 


11.     FuN?;uAL   Food — Vase. 

'i  (dea  of  placing  food  in  or  near  the  grave,  to  serve  the  departed  spirit  on  its 
,;  .iioy  to  the  fancied  land  of  rest  in  another  world,  is  connected  with  the  ancient 
belief  in  a  dualitv  of  souls.  This  idea  is  shown  to  exist  among  the  present  tribes  of 
the  United  States.'  One  of  these  souls  is  liberated  at  death,  but  the  other  is  compelled 
to  abide  with  the  body ;  and  it  is  to  provide  for  this,  that  a  dish  or  va.se  of  food  is 
deposited  generally  at  this  day,  not  in  the  grave,  to  be  buried  with  the  corpse,  but 
under  a  close  covering  of  barks  erected  over  the  grave. 

The  ancient  Indians  placed  this  food  in  a  vase  of  unglazed  potteiy,  in  the  grave. 
This  pottery,  as  disclosed  by  graves,  is  of  a  dark  color,  and  consists  of  clay  and  shells 
slightly  baked.  The  vase  is  generally  small,  sometimes  not  more  than  si.x  inches  in 
heiiiht,  but  varying  from  nine  to  ten ;  it  is  seldom  more.  It  is  uniformly  without  a 
foot,  and  with  the  lip  slightly  turned,  and  externally  ornamented.  The  ornaments 
are  impressed  on  the  va.se  in  its  .H)ft  state,  and  unpainted. 

Nearly  every  ancient  Indian  grave  that  has  been  opened  in  the  State  of  Ten- 
nessee, has  one  of  these  ancient  vases,  or  "crocks,"  as  they  are  popularly  called. 
Their  use  can  hardly  be  imagined  without  adverting  to  this  ancient  custom. 


Vide  Oiieota,  or  tlit  Indian  in  liiii  Wigwam. 


f  u 


ANTIQUITIES. 

The  sniall  burial  mounds  of  Florida,  along  tiic  Gull"  coast,  are  literally  filled  with 
these  antique  vases.  These  places  of  sepulture  are  locally  denominated  "feasting 
mounds,"  from  an  evident  impression  that  the  ancient  vases  were  dedicated  to  sonic 
purpose  of  this  kind.  It  appears  to  be  a  peculiarity  in  those  found  near  the  Appala- 
chicola,  as  observed  by  Mr.  iiitchcock,"  that  the  bottom  of  each  vase  is  pierced  with 
a  small  orifice  broken  in.  In  u  sj)ecimen  recently  forwarded  by  Mr.  Buckingliun 
Smith,  from  an  island  in  the  Everglades  of  Florida,  it  is  impossible  to  decide,  from  thii 
broken  fragments,  whether  this  custom  holds  good.  But  it  coincides  in  its  make  and 
material,  with  the  specimens  from  Appalachicola  now  in  the  antiquarian  collections 
of  the  New  York  Historical  Society. 

A  specimen  of  this  vase  in  a  good  state  of  preservation,  was  obtained  from  an 
antique  grave  in  Ohio,  by  Dr.  A.  Crookshanks,  in  1844,  agreeing  in  its  character  with 
tliose  of  Florida.  It  is  entire.  The  material,  —  a  dark-colored,  micacious  clay, —  is 
tempered  with  shells.  It  bears  the  evidence,  as  to  all  the  specimens  examined,  of 
being  made  by  hand.     It  is  unglazed. 

Another  specimen  of  the  funereal  vase  was  obtained  by  Mr.  Ilosmer,  from  an  antique 
grave  opened  on  the  banks  of  the  Genesee  River,  in  New  York. 

The  late  Dr.  Douglas  Houghton  obtained  fragments  of  the  same  species  of  ware, 
from  some  ancient  works  existing  in  Chatauque  County,  New  York.  This  locality 
is  near  the  village  of  Fredonia,  but  a  little  distance  frcmi  the  banks  of  Lake  Erie. 
Dr.  Houghton  found  at  the  same  place,  and  made  of  the  same  material,  the  fragment 
of  a  small  but  curious  clay  image,  whicii  was  ornamented  with  a  head-dress  resembling 
very  accurately  the  skin  of  a  bear's  liead  ;  the  nose  pointing  directly  in  front. 

The  great  extent  of  country  over  which  the  vases  prevail,  denote  the  general  preva- 
lence of  the  custom  at  the  ancient  era  of  these  graves,  and  of  the  mounds  and  earth- 
works which  exist.  The  following  drawing,  (Plate  27,  Fig.  3,)  which  may  serve  as  a 
type  for  all,  size  excepted,  is  executed  from  a  specimen  obtained  in  Florida. 


12.     Coin,   or  its   Equivalent. 

The  discovery  of  America  caused  a  total  revolution  in  the  standard  of  value  among 
the  Indian  tribes.  Exchanges  among  them  had  been  adjusted  to  a  great  extent,  by 
articles  in  kind.  Among  the  northern  tribes,  skins  appear  to  have  been  a  standard. 
A  beaver  skin  long  continued  to  be  the  plutt,  or  multiple  of  value.  But  however 
gcijeral  this  standard  might  have  been,  it  is  certain  that  among  the  tribes  seated 
along  the  north  Atlantic,  some  varieties,  or  parts  of  species  of  sea-shells,  under  the 
names  o^  pea<j,  seawun,  and  intnipum,  becam<,'  a  sort  of  currency,  and  had  the  definite 


'  I'lWcedinfrK  "f  tliy   Nkw  Vurk   IliKturieal   Society. 


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ANTIQUITIES. 


86 


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aritliincticiil  value  of  coin.  In  New  Kni^land  a  strinj^j  of  wampum  consisted  of  a 
defniite  lunnher  of  irrains,  (he  wlioie  of  wliicii  ivas  worth  (ive  shillinj;s.  At  Manhattan 
and  Ft)rt  (h-ange,  it  ajijicars  from  ancient  documents  on  fiU'  in  the  State  Dejiartmeiit 
at  Athany.  as  stated  hy  Dr.  O'Calligan,  tiiat  ahout  IGIO,  tiu'ee  l)ea(ls  of  iiurple  or  liliie 
wamiium.  anil  si.\  of  wiiite  wampum,  were  e(iuivaieut  to  a  styver,  or  to  one  jjeniiy 
Englisii.  It  re(iuired  four  hunihi'd  and  lifty  heads  to  make  a  strand,  which  was 
conse(jueitl\  vahied  at  8  1. •"»<•.  At  a  suhseijuent  period,  four  grains  of  sewan  made  a 
penny.  I'miiU;  wampum  was  made  from  tiie  Venus  mercatorius,  wliile  the  wldte 
•vas  taken   from  the  pillar  of  the  ])eri\vinkle. 

In  opening  ancient  f^raves  in  Western  Xi'w  York,  this  ancient  coin  has  heen  i()Uiid 
in  tiie  shape  nf  shell-heads,  some  of  wiiicli  are  half  an  inch  in  diameti'r.  The  sanu' 
article  has  iieeii  disclosed  hy  the  tumuli,  and  uraves  of  the  West.  It  has  ;dso  heen 
taken  from  the  jilaius  of  Sandusky,  and  from  the  locations  of  Indian  firavi's  near 
15ull'alo,  and  north  of  the  Niairara  river  in  Canada,  it  is  at  these  localities  precisely  the 
same  article.  Not  less  than  srvi'iiteen  hundred  of  this  shell  coin  were  taken  from  a 
single  vault  in  a  tuundus  in  Western  N'irginia.  It  lias  sometimes  heen  imiu'operly 
called  "iNory"  and  "hone."  It  is  of  a  limy  whiteness  and  feel,  from  the  decomposi- 
tion of  the  surface,  and  retpiires  care  to  determine  its  character.  But  in  every 
instance  it   is   found   to  yield   a  nucleus  of  shell. 

Figures  1.  2.  .'),  4,  o,  0,  IMate  21,  in  the  sul»joined  print,  e.\hihit  this  article  in  it.s 
.several  sizes. 

13.     I?Ai.isTA,    OH    Dkmon's    H  i:  .\  I) . 

Algonquin  tradition  allirms.  that  in  ancient  times  during  the  (ierc(>  wars  which  tli(> 
Indians  carried  on,  they  constructed  a  very  formidalde  instrument  of  attack,  hy 
sewing  \ip  a  large  round  houlder  in  a  new  skin.  To  this  a  long  handle  was  tied. 
When  the  skin  dried,  it  hecame  ver\-  tight  aromid  the  stone;  and  after  I)eing  painted 
with  devices,  assumed  the  appearance  and  character  of  a  solid  globe  upon  a  i)ole. 
This  li>rmidahie  instrument,  to  which  tiie  name  of  halista  nuiy  he  api)lied,  is  figured 
(Plate  l-">.  Fig  '2)  from  the  description  of  an  Algon([uin  chief.  It  was  lK)rne  by 
several  warriors,  who  acted  as  balisteers.  Plunged  u[)on  a  boat,  or  canoe,  it  was 
capable  of  sinking  it.  Ikought  down  among  a  group  of  men  on  a  sudilen,  it  produced 
consternation  and  death. 


14.     jM  K !).vi;k  .\,  OR  Amvliits. 

Cliarms  for  preventing  or  curing  disease,  or  for  protection  against  necromanc\',  were 
the  connnon  resort  of  the  Indians ;  and  they  are  still  worn  among  the  remote  and 
les.«i  enlightened   trilK's.     These  charmi»  weri    of  various  kinds;   they  were  generally 


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86 


ANTIQUITIFS. 


1  s 


from  the  aniiniil  or  mineral  kin},'dom,  such  as  bono,  horn,  chiws,  shells,  steatites,  or 
other  stone  of  the  magnesian  family. 

Tlie  Indian  philosophy  of  medicine  greatly  favored  this  system  of  charms.  A  lai'frc 
])art  of  their  materia  medica  was  subject  to  Ijc  applied  through  the  instrumentality  of 
amulets.  They  Ixilieved  that  the  possession  of  certain  articles  about  the  person  would 
render  the  body  invulnerable  ;  or  that  their  power  to  ])revail  over  an  enemy  was  thus 
secured.  A  charmed  weapon  could  not  be  turned  aside.  The  possession  of  certain 
articles  in  the  secret  arcanum  of  the  (j>w/t-/iC-pi-t(Hjini,'  or  medicine  sac,  armed  the 
individual  with  a  new  power;  and  this  power  was  ever  the  greatest,  when  the  posses- 
sion of  the  articles  was  secret.  Ilencc  secresy  in  the  use  of  their  necromantic  medi- 
cines was  strictly  enjoined.  There  was  a  class  of  charms  that  might  Ijc  thrown  at  a 
person,  and  the  very  gesticulation,  in  these  cases,  was  believed  to  be  enough  to  secure 
efiicacy.  The  mere  thrusting  of  a  Meda's  sac  towards  an  individual  was  deemed  to 
be  elficacious.  A  beam  of  light  was  often  suflicient,  in  the  Indian's  eyes,  to  be  charged 
with  the  fatal  intluence.  Where  the  doctrine  of  necromancy  is  believed,  it  is  impos- 
sible to  limit  it,  and  the  Medas,  who  had  learned  their  arts  from  regular  profession  in 
the  secret  chamber  of  tlie  mystical  lodge,  formed  a  class  of  persons  of  whom  the 
cdmmon  people  were  in  perpetual  fear.  The  term  nin/ae/iu,  whicli  is  applied  to  this 
class  of  things,  relates  to  any  article  worn  openly,  or  concealed  about  the  person,  to 
which  the  doctrine  of  medical  magic  might  be  applied. 

The  variety  of  articles  actually  worn  to  ward  off  evil  iiilluences  was  very  great. 
Some  form  of  a  sea-shell.  man\ifaetured  or  unmanufactured,  was  regarded  as  a  common 
protective,  or  amulet,  by  most  of  the  tribes.  This  passion  for  shells  i'rom  the  sea 
was  peculiar.  Tlie  sea  ajjpears  to  have  been  invested  with  mystical  powei's.  It  was 
regarded  as  one  of  the  most  magnilicent  displays  of  the  power  of  the  (Ireat  Spirit  or 
Deity,  and  a  product  rolled  up  from  its  depths,  colored  and  glittering,  as  the  nacre  of 
oceanic  shells,  was  regarded  as  bearing  some  of  this  great  mysterious  power.  The 
veniis  mercatorius  was  thus  prized,  and  various  articles  of  ornament,  which  they 
deemed  sacred,  were  made  from  them.  Such  were  the  ancient  and  the  modern 
}r<iiiii>inn,  strings  of  which  were  worn  about  the  neck,  and  delivered  as  mementoes 
at  the  ratification  of  their  most  solemn  covenants. 

Ear-drops  ami  nf!.«e-drops  were  anciently  made  from  shells,  and  they  were  worii^ 
not  merely  a.>  uiUaiiKrii.-.  ''iit  -i.  '  >  ■.'  ■''■^^^^  ._l__^_JJ^ii^MAdp»t^«'^W^yCTuie 'jri/.y.lv 
or  black  bear,  was  sujiposed  to  impart  some  of  the  jjowers  of  the  animal.  The  red 
pipe-stone  of  the  Coteau  des  Prairies  was  carved  into  various  ornainents,  and  worn 
about  the  neck,  or  suspended  from  the  ears.  It  is  impossible  to  tell  what  form  this 
desire  might  not  take  among  a  people  whose    aperstitions  were  so  varied  and  subtle. 

Articles  which  had  served  the  purpose  of  amulets  in  life  were  deposited  in  the 

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ANTIQUITIES. 


87 


t<imb, — for  tlio  Indian  fiitnrity  iw  not,  ii  pliu-o  of  roHt ;  luul  tlio  liuntor'H  houI,  in  itn 
unoiisy  wiindi'i'inL'.'*.  ntill  liiul  occii.sion  for  llic  protcctiiii;  jHiwcr  of  tlio  cliarin.  Ilciicc, 
in  oiK'nini;  luicifnt  j;rii\L'.>i  and  luinidi,  it.  is  loiiiid  that  the  amuk't.H  to  wliicli  tin; 
iloceiiHcd  wiiM  iittacl'cd  in  lifo  were  doi)OMit»'(l  with   tiic  immIv. 

The  Hulyoini'd  HpccinnMis  iiro  piven  l'ii)ni  tlie  two  [KiiiMls  of  /««/  and  (//i/(>(,'ohunl»ian 
nntic|nitit's.   (Fijis.  1,  li,  .'!,  I,  '.,  !l,  11,  Plate  L'").) 

The  antiipies  of  tliin  clnu-acter,  formed  from  tiie  mucii-|)riy.ed  .sedimentai'y  rt'd  pipe- 
ctone  deposit  of  Miiniesotii,  are  lifrured  in  7,  liM,  2'),  'JCi,  '21,  and  'JS,  (IMate  'Jo.)  tojtether 
with  amnlets  mndo  from  various  kinds  of  stone  or  hone.  In  l"'i;riires  8,  !(>,  \'i,  II,  I'l, 
IC),  17,  IS,  1!),  'JO,  'Jl.  'J2,  and  'J.!.  Plate  Jo,  and  Fijrures  7,  8.  !),  10.  ami  II,  Plate  'Jl, 
we  ohserve  tlie  change  whi<'ii  tliis  passion  underwent  amnni;' the  trihes.  on  tlie  introduc- 
tion of  various  shaped  heads  of  ;.dass  and  eoarse  enamel  hy  Kiiropeans,  at,  and  after,  tiie 
openinjr  of  the  10th  century.  Farther  evidences  of  this  kind  are  ob.served  in  Fif^'ures 
I,  'J,  .").  and  4,  Plato  .'JJ,  under  the  guise  of  metallic  rings,  distrihuted  hy  tiie  early 
mi.xsionaries.  The.se  speeimens  were  obtained  in  tlu;  area  of  the  ancient  French  colo- 
nization, in  Onondaga,  New  York. 


lo.    Antiquk  Javkmn,  ok  Iniman   She  mag  on  on  Si-kah. 


This  autitpie  implement  was  oni-  of  the  most  ('IHcacious,  in  close  encoiuiters,  heforc 
the  intro(lu(^tion  of  iron  weajions. 

A  line  s[)ccimen  of  it  was  brought  to  me,  at  Michillimackinae,  in  (August)  18.!7.  Iiy 
a  noted  chief,  called  MiKoxs  K-wvox,  or  the  Little  Bear  Skin,  of  the  Manistee  river 
of  tiie  northern  iieninsula.  The  following  is  a  fnr-.'iimik  of  it.  (Plate  20,  F'igwre  J.) 
The  material  is  of  a  veHowish  chert.  It  is  seven  inches  long,  and  one  and  a  half 
wide  at  the  lower  end,  which  is  chipped  thin  to  admit  the  splints  by  which  it  was 
fastened   to  tiie  stall". 

Tlie  length  of  thi,'  pole  or  stall'  could  only  bo  conjectured,  and  was  probably  five 
feet.  The  chief  said,  on  presenting  it,  that  it  was  one  of  the  old  imidenients  of  his 
ancestors. 

Figures  1,  ;],  4,  Plate  20,  are  far-Hi huIih  of  several  fine  specimens  of  spcar-heads, 
now  in  possession  of  the  National  Institute,  Washington,  D.  C. 


I 


T/.    AisiiKTV,   on   Ro.vF.   Awr,. 

Men's  and  women's  clothes  were  before  the  discovery  made  of  skins,  or  dressed 
leather.     It  was  necessary  to  the  formation  of  garments  for  the  body  and  legs,  and 


\    1 


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88 


ANT  IQ  HIT  I  EH. 


kIkm'm  Cor  till'  feet,  thiit  mmio  lianl  iiikI  Kliiir|t  iiiMtniiiicnt  hIiduM  Ik-  t-iiipld^ed.  riivi)  ;■ 
"I"  n-iulily  |M'iictnitiii>r  tin'  fkiii  t>r  Iciitlicr.  Tlie  iiicllinil  (if  tin'  iimifiit  i<|  .•  j'  •  'if 
Hcwini;  n['  oiir  triln'M,  n'ro'iiililt'd  thai  nf  ii  inoitcni  cnrilwiiiiK  r  intlu'r  tlmi> 
t•*'alll^*trl■xH  or  tailor.  Loatlirr.  iln-i^Mcd  or  iiiiilri<'«Mt'il,  luMiig  tlic  iiiatcriiil  to  iu-  pul 
togi'tlior.  thin  wiiM  (lOfoiiipliKliiMl  hy  making'  holcx  in  tlio  odgcn  of  the  nuriiit'iit  or  ekin, 
and  piiHliiiiji;  tliroiifrh  tiicsc  tlic  cihU  of  dcor  hiiu'wh,  or  other  flliroiiH  iiitc)jiiiiit'iit.  lAir 
this  purpose  the  siTiall  ami  coiiipacf  end  of  ii  horn,  which  is  ciilli'd  <iinlihiiii  hy  the 
AlfMincpiiiis,  was  tidvcn.  Spnictiiiifs  a  rih  lioiic,  and  at  others  tiie  tiliia  of  animals,  was 
used.  These  articli's  are  still  employed  for  this  piirposo,  for  coarse  work,  anion^r  the 
remote  trihes.  These  awls  were  of  various  si/es.  as  shown  in  (ifiures  1.  U,  .'i,  I,  f). 
I'late  '11. 

'I'he  metallii'  iierdle  is  one  vif  the  articles  supplied  to  these  triU's  hy  eivili/ation. 
.Sewing  and  the  seamstresscal  art,  is  an  incident  of  high  civilization. 

17.    Bo.N  H-S  n  r  TT  I.E. 

In  making  their  mats  or  rude  lodge-tajH'stry,  and  othi'i' coarse  falirics,  the  ahorigincs 
employed  an  instrument  of  hone,  of  a  peculiar  construction,  which  has  the  properties 
of  a  shuttle.  It  was  designed  to  introduce  the  woof  in  preparing  these  fahrics.  as 
they  dill,  from  rushes  and  other  tle.vihle  materials  used  for  the  pnrpo.^e.  The  art  was 
rudi',  and  of  a  kind  to  fall  into  disuse,  hy  tin-  <'oast  trihes,  as  soon  as  Kuropean 
manul'actures  were  introduced.  It  is  therefore,  wlien  liiinid  in  opening  grascs,  cUc.  a 
proof  of  the  ante-European  period. 

One  of  these  untiipie  implements,  herewith  figured.  (IMate  28,  Fig.  1,)  was  disclosed 
ahout  IS.'!'),  in  opening  nr,  old  grave,  in  the  course  of  some  excavations  which  w(M'e 
imdertaken  within  the  enclosure  of  Fort  Niagara,  N.  Y.  'I'liis  graxc  must  liaxc  been 
older  than  the  origin  of  that  fortivss,  the  I'oundations  ol'  which  were  laid  hy  \a\,  Salle 
among  the  Seneca  Iro(|nois,  in  1('7S. 

This  instrument  is  constructed  of  fniely  polished  1h)1U'.  It  is  ten  and  a  half  inches 
in  length,  perfectly  round,  iilxiut  one  eighth  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  and  has  a  douhle 
harhcil  head  one  and  a  ([uarter  inches  in  length.  lietwecn  the  harhs,  is  a  mouth  or 
slit,  which  would  enahle  it  to  carry  the  thread  across  and  through  the  warp.  The 
instrument  is  .slightly  curved,  prohahly  owing  to  the  dilllculty  of  fniding  one  of  so 
line  a  (luality.  perfectly  straight. 

18.    Itk  Cutter. 

All  the  trihes  of  high  northern  latitudes  employ,  at  the  present  day,  a  chi.xel  of  iron 
of  jiecnliar  construction,  during  the  winter  season,  to  jierforate  tlu'  ice  of  the  lakes 
and  rivers,  for  the  puriM).se  of  fishing  and  taking  Iwaver.     Thi.s  instniment  replaces  in 


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ANTIQUITIES. 


81) 


tli(<  liistory  ttf  llii'ir  customs,  ii  liuni,  wliiili  tlioir  luici'stors  used  for  tlio  name  piirposo. 
Tlic  piiictii'O  pioviiils  particularly  auiouj;  the  lake  trik-M,  who  roly  much  on  lish  lor 
ihfii-  suiwistoiicc,  and  reaches  so  far  south  as  N.  latitude  40°,  and  as  far  inland  as  the 
sticaius  and  waters  become  permanently   fm/en. 

Tile  ancient  horn  consisted  of  a  sinf^le  prong  of  the  antlers  of  the  deer  ov  elk. 
This  was  tied  Hnnly  to  a  handle  (  f  wood,  four  or  live  I'eet  loufi.  We  should  not  know 
of  this  ancient  instrument,  were  it  not  tiiat  the  natives  call  at  our  government  shops 
for  an  iron  chisel,   to  pcM'fcirni   the  same  ollice. 


1!).    IvKKn,    Fou    Riiim:   ok   T  w  i  n  f.   Making. 

We  can  refer  to  no  period  of  their  traditions,  wiien  the  Indian  trihes  were  destitute 
of  till'  art  of  nuikiui:  twine,  and  a  small  kind  of  rope.  .\lthoui:li  they  hail  not  the 
hemp   plaiil.   tliere    were   seveial   species  of   shiulis    spontaneously    produced    liy    tlie 


iirest,   from   tlie  inner  hinU   of   wliicli    the\    made    tlie.se   articles. 


Tl 


lev 


faliri 


nets   for  lisiiin" 


iliitdi  are  referred  to   in   their  ancient  oral   tales.     To   tie  stiv'ks  or 


linudles.  i.s  one  of  the  oldest  and  simplest  arts  of  mankind  ;  and  tlu  vi'ii)  ti'  fir  has. 
lliiMcrore.  lieen  selecteil  hy  some  pliiloloirists,  as  one  of  the  pi  iniili\es.'  It  i^,  liowe\cr, 
:i   coiiipound,  consistiiif^'  of  a  f/iin;/  and  an  n'l,   in   all   ii;e  Ali^ompiin   diaUvts   known 

le   process  ol'  twine  and  rope   makinji'.  from    the  liarky  filire  of  certain   [i'ants.  it 


to    U.-i 

Tl 

appears,  was  one  connected  with  some  kind  ol'  machinery.  Kroiu  the  species  of  stone 
icrd  that  is  found  in  some  of  llii'ir  tuninli,  whose  olijecl  was.  to  hold  the  strands  or 
plies  apart,  it  is  prohaMe  that  a  wooden  instrument,  iiaving  the  i)ro[)erties  of  a  rope- 
maker's  hand-windlass,  was  employed  to  twist  them  together.  Yi't  if  this  was  not 
done.  —  and  we  have  no  evidence  tiiat  it  was, —  the  reed  would  alford  .some  facilitii's 
for  hand-lwistiiij.''. 

We  have  two  remains  of  this  instrument.  The  first  was  founcl  in  the  upper  vault 
of  the  great  Orave  Ci'eek  Mound.  It  is  si.\  inches  in  length,  with  two  orifices  for  the 
twine,  one  and  three-ipiarter  inches  a|)art,  and  tapering  from  the  centre,  where  it  is 
one  and  two-tenth  inches  hroad.  to  half  an  inch  at  the  ciuls.  Thickness,  three-tenths 
of  an  inch.      I'igs.   4   and  o.    Plate  US,   is  a,  fae-simile  of  it. 

The  material  of  this  itistrun;  'lit.  examined  in  the  dim  candle-light  of  the  rotundo 
which  existed  und(>r  this  mound  in  IS  1-1,  could  not  Ik?  satisfactoril\' determined.  It 
was  of  a  limy  whiteness,  rather  heavy,  and  easily  cut.  If  a  metal,  covered  deeply 
iiy  a  metallic  oxide,  which  it  re.send)led,  that  fact  could  not  Ik-  (k'lermiiieil  without  the 
a])plication  of  tests,  for  which  no  opportuiiit\-   was  aflorded. 


II  i 


'  \'i(lo  litter  nf  tho  l.ito  ^Ir,   Oiillntin,  issued  liy   Mr.   Biirbour,  ."ec.  of  Wiir,  1s24. 


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ANTIQUITIES. 


Till'  otlitT  s|H'ciim'ii  of  tliiH  antiqiu'  iii»triinioiit  Ih-I'ihv  im,  (Figs.  2  and  M,  Plat«j  2S,) 
is  t\V()-t('!itlis  of  an  iiicli  lens  tliivn  wi.v  iiiclii's  in  Icii^'th.  one  ami  oiio-tcnth  wide  in  tlio 
nii<lillt>.  jicntly  rurvinsr,  to  one  and  fivi'-tontli«  at  tlio  I'nds.  If  lias  two  oiiCuH'.s  for  tlio 
twine,  half  an  incli  apart.  TiiickncxH  two-tontlis  of  an  incli.  nearly.  !t  eon.sists  of 
n  piece  of  .'^triped  siliciouH  wlate.  It  is  accurately  carved.  It  wa.s  di.xclosed  in  one  of 
tiie  ancient  but  Hnialler   mounds  of  the  Grave  Creek  Flats. 


20.       A  N  T  1  Q  U  K     M  O  R  T  \  H  . 

This  instrument  was  used  by  the  alx)rij!;ines  of  this  contineid,  for  ciiLshinij;  the  /ca 
maize,  and  for  reducing'  (juart/.  feid.>ipar,  or  siiells,  to  a  state  which  permitted  it  to  1h' 
mixed  with  the  clays  of  whieii  their  pottery  was  maiU'.  The  lirst  use  is  best  e.\em- 
plilied  by  the  excavated  block  of  stone,  formerly  and  still  employed  liy  the  Aztecs, 
for  makinji  tortilhus. 

Of  the  mortar  for  poundinjr  stones  to  temper  their  pottery,  a  specimen  is  herewith 
fii^nred,  ( Fi;^s.  0  and  7.  Plate  27.)  This  ancit'nt  implement,  which  is  doniile-clnnnbercd, 
was  discovered  by  the  writer  in  the  Seneca  country,  in  the  vicinity  of  Hnfl'alo  city  — 
tiie  ancient  I\-<>-ni-i>-irn  of  the  aborigines.  It  consists  of  a  heavy  and  angular  blm-k 
of  the  cornutiferous  linu'stonc  of  Western  New  York. 

Fig.  S.  Plate  27,  is  a  corn-ci.icker  of  the  Paipica  Inilians.  It  is  of  very  hard  stone, 
and  was  I'onnd  on  the  Potomac.  This  specinu'ii  is  in  pos.session  of  the  National  Insti- 
tute, at  Washington,  D.  C 


21.     Stone    IJi. or  k-Piu  xts. 


\'ii' 


Tbc  Islanders  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  fabricate  a  siK'cies  of  doth,  or  habilimeiital 
t;ipestr\'.  from  tlie  liln'oiis  iniu'r  liark  of  certain  trees.  This  liark  is  macerated,  and 
(Xtiiided  into  a  comparatively  thin  surface^  by  mallets  of  wood  or  stone.  AVhen  the 
rcipiired  degree  of  attenuation  has  lieen  attained,  the  pieces  are  d\cd.  or  cohavd  with 
certain  pigments,  or  vegetable  concoctions,  known  (o  them.  To  impart  regularity 
to  til''  patterns,  bl(M'ks  or  ]irints  an-  ap|)lie<l.  The  coloring  is  wholly  external ;  in  no 
instance,  of  many  si)ecimens  examined,  d(R's  it  extend  through,  or  on  both  siiles  of  the 
bark.  A  proof  entirely  conclusive  that  it  has  not  ln'cn  dijiped,  or  immersed  in  a  \at. 
ll  is  not  easy  to  determine  whether  a  mordant  ha.'*  I)een  u.«ed  to  .set  the  dye  or 
decoction.  From  several  specimens  from  the  Owyhee,  or  Sandwich  Islaml  groii]i. 
herewith  figured,  (in  Plate  ."0,  Figures  1,  •'»,  and  'i.l  which  have  Im'cii  d(]ii»ilcd  in 
our  cabinet  for  upwards  of  twenty  years,  the  coloring  mattcM-  appears  to  l(e  ipiite 
permanent.      It  has,  at  least,  resisted  the  rays  of  light,  with  bul  little  change,  during 


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ANTIQUITIES. 


91 


that  period ;  but  it  must  be  renmritoJ  that  the  Rpcciineus  have  been  protected,  a  part 
of  the  time,  in  drawers.  It  will  bo  observed  that  the  yellows  and  blacks  have  endured 
best.     A  caruiine-red  has  endured  tolerably  ;   a  light  briek-re<l  exhiijits  no  chan<.n". 

From  a  specimen  of  this  Polynesian  bark  now  before  us,  it  api)ears  to  possess  an 
alkaline  property,  which  gives  it  some  of  the  rpialitics  of  felt.  It  is  fibrous  and 
tubercular.     Long  keeping,  in  <a  dry  place,  has  developed  spongy  spots. 

This  art  of  cloth-making  for  summer  garments  appears  to  be  confined  to  the  tribes 
of  Tolynesia;  but  the  natives  of  Mexico  and  Peru,  who  had  the  cotton  plant,  perhaps 
the  iiikn  fcica  of  the  Cliinese,  and  made  garments  from  it,  used  the  block-print  to  figure 
it.  Traces  of  this  art  appear  recently  to  have  been  found  among  the  antiquities  of 
the  Mississippi  Valley. 

One  of  these  blocks,  herewith  figured  in  Plate  29,  Figs.  1  and  3,  was  disinterred 
from  a  mound  in  the  city  plot  of  Cincinnati  in  1841.  It  is  described  and  figured  in 
the  second  volume,  page  195,  of  the  Western  Pioneer.  It  is  a  stone,  whose  species  is 
not  described. 

Another  was  discovered  by  the  writer,  in  the  collection  preserved  in  1844,  at  the 
great  mound  of  the  Grave  Creek  flats,  and  is  figured  in  Plate  23,  Fig.  5,  and  described 
in  the  first  volume  of  the  Transactions  of  the'  American  Ethnological  Society,  page 
400.  It  was  found  in  one  of  the  minor  mounds  of  those  flats.  It  is  a  species  of 
yellowish  sandstone. 

22.     Fi,E.sinNG   Instrument,  or  Stone  Ciiisei-. 

It  is  known  that  in  skiiming  an  aninuil,  there  will  always  remain  some  parts  of  the 
flesh  and  integuments  to  the  skin.  With  a  hunter,  the  ojjcration  of  skinning  is  often 
done  in  haste,  and  when  there  is  ever  so  much  leisure,  still  the  fear  of  cutting  the 
skin,  induces  the  flayer  rather  to  infringe  upon  the  carcase  than  endanger  the  value 
of  the  hide. 

In  the  hunter  state  of  society,  it  becomes  the  duty  of  the  women  to  dress  and 
prepare  the  skins  taken  in  the  chase.  For  this  purpose,  the  skins  are  stretched  in  the 
green  state  on  a  frame,  and  the  flesh  and  integuments  are  cleaidy  removed.  This  was 
done  in  the  carl}'  times,  by  means  of  an  instrument  of  stone,  which  has  often  been 
mistaken  for  a  small  axe.  It  is  a  species  of  hand  chisel,  blunt  that  it  may  not  cut 
the  skin,  and  yet  of  sufTicient  edge  and  hardness  to  permit  a  stout  jerking  blow.  It 
was  grasped  firmly  by  the  top.  It  required  no  crease,  as  if  to  bind  it.  It  was  often 
very  rude,  and  presented  nothing  but  an  elongated  stone,  small,  and  brought  to  a 
blunt  edge. 

By  this  means,  the  skin  of  the  deer  and  other  animals  was  completely  rid  of  its 
adhering  flesh,  prior  to  the  process  of  currying,  braining,  smoking,  or  such  other 
processes  as  it  required  to  fit  it  for  the  various  uses  to  which  it  might  be  devoted. 


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ANTIQUITIES. 


Two  figiuTH  of  tlio  iiistniineiit  arc  added.  l''ijfiirc  "),  Plato  2'J,  was  picked  up,  in 
1818,  on  the  Missouri  siiore,  on  the  high  ground  above  the  Chain  Koeks.  It  is  a  fine 
j)orphyry,  and  exhil)its  nuK'ii  labor  bestowed  in  rubbing  it  down.  Figure  G  is  from 
the  banks  of  the  Ohio,  at  the  Grave  Creek  Fhvts.     It  is  a  siiieious  slate. 

Another  specimen  of  this  instrument  is  seen  in  Plate  11,  Fig.  4. 


23. 


A  N  T I Q  u  K  Indian  Knife. 


Various  substances  have  been  used  to  supply  the  purpose  of  a  metallic  knife.  The 
Peruvians  and  the  Aztecs,  at  the  epoch  when  the  .Spanish  appeared  among  them, 
employed  obsidian  —  a  species  of  volcanic  rock  which  exists  in  the  Andes  and  the 
Cordilleras.  Specimens  of  this  article  have  been  found  in  the  western  Ijarrows,  whore, 
however,  it  seems  most  probable  they  came  by  trairic.  We  nioy  suppo.sc,  in  other 
instances,  that  tribes  displaced  along  the  Gulf  shores  brought  them  to  new  locations. 

Generally  our  United  States  tribes  employed  Hint,  chert,  horn-stone,  or  some  other 
form  of  the  silicioiis  class.  The  first  wants  of  society  are  easily  supplied.  Teeth  are 
a  primitive  resource  in  savage  nations,  and  any  accessible  hard  and  sharp  substance 
comes  next.  It  is  well  attested  that  the  Appalachian  tribes,  who  all  lived  in  the 
latitudes  of  the  cane,  used  that  very  hard  and  durable  substance  to  fabricate  knives. 


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24.    Ancient   Stone  Bill,   Pointed  Mace,  on  Tomahaavk. 

The  pointed  mace,  found  in  the  early  North  Amci'ican  graves  and  barrows,  is 
uniformly  of  a  semi-lunar  form.  It  appears  to  have  been  the  Cussctrte  or  head- 
breaker,  such  as  we  can  only  ascribe  to  a  very  rude  «tale  of  society.  It  was  employed 
by  warriors  prior  to  the  introduction  of  \\ma<j<ihait  and  tumiihaich.  All  the  sj)ccimens 
examined  have  an  orifice  in  the  centre  of  the  curve  for  the  insertion  of  a  handle.  Its 
object  was  to  penetrate,  by  its  sharp  points,  the  skull  of  the  adversary.  This  was 
not  done  by  cutting,  as  with  the  agakwut  or  mace,  but  by  perforating  the  cranium  by 
its  own  gravity,  and  the  superadded  force  of  the  warrior.  In  an  attack,  it  must 
have  been  a  powerful  weapon. 

A  specimen  (Figure  1,  Plate  11)  obtained  through  the  intervention  of  F.  FoUett, 
Esq.,  from  a  small  mound  on  the  banks  of  the  Tonawanda,  near  Batavia,  N.  Y.,  is  of 
the  following  dimensions.  Length,  eight  inches :  breadth,  one  and  a  half  inches : 
thickness,  abouL  one  and  a  quarter  inches. 

The  material  is  a  neutral-colored  siiieious  slate,  exquisitely  worked  and  polished. 
Its  weight  is  half  a  pound. 

Another  specimen  (Fignn;  2.  Plate  11)  from  Oakland  county,  Michigan,  has  both 


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ANTIQUITIES. 


93 


the  lunar  points  slightly  broken  off,  yet  it  weighs  six  and  a  lialf  ounces.     It  is  of  the 
same  material,  but  striped.     It  i<,  in  all  re.spects,  a  stouter  instrument. 

The  use  of  this  instrument,  as  well  as  the  antique  spear  or  shemagun,  mark  an  era 
prior  to  the  discovery. 


25.     Copper  Arm  or  Wrist-Bands. 

The  antique  specimens  of  this  part  of  personal  decoration,  which  are  furnished  by 
graves  and  tumuli,  do  not  difler  essentially  in  their  mechanical  execution,  from  similar 
productions  among  the  remote  tribes  of  this  day.  They  are  simple  rings  or  l)ands  ol' 
the  metal,  bent.  There  is  no  union  of  the  bent  ends  by  soldering.  Oxidation  has 
nearly  destroyed  them,  in  the  mound  specimens  which  have  come  to  our  notice.  In 
the  specimens,  (Plate  31,)  exhumed  from  tlie  western  part  of  \'irginia,  at  the 
Great  Tumulus  of  Grave  Creek  Flats,  a  salt  of  cupper,  apparentl}'  a  carbonate,  was 
formed  upon  the  metal  in  sucli  a  manner  as  to  protect  it  from  further  oxidation. 

The  \ise  of  this  metal  appears  to  have  l)een  very  general  l)y  the  American  tribes  at, 
and  prior  to,  the  era  of  the  discovery;  and  the  occurrence  of  the  ornaments  in 
graves  and  tumuli  may  be  generally  set  down  to  that  era. 

The  fur  trade,  which  immediately  succeeded  the  arrival  of  the  first  ships,  soon 
replaced  tills  rude  ornament,  by  1);ur1s  and  Ijracelets  of  silver,  or  silvered  copper  and 
tin.  The  jjassion  for  silver,  in  all  its  manul'actured  forms,  was  early  developed  among 
the  tribes.  They  regarded  it  as  a  nobler  metal  than  gold.  The  name  for  gold,  in 
all  the  languages  known  to  us,  is  a  modern  descriptive  phrase,  signifying  yellow 
metal.  It  would  appear,  that  gold  is  not  a  product  of  the  countries  or  islands  from 
which  the  tribes  originated. 


2G.    Anomalous  Objects  of  Art  and  Custom. 

There  was  found,  on  opening  some  of  the  minor  mounds  of  the  Ohio  Valley,  a 
species  of  tubes,  carved  out  of  steatite,  which  attracted  attention.  These  tubes 
appeared  to  have  been  bored  by  some  instrument  possessing  a  degree  of  hardness 
superior  to  steatite.  One  end  was  entirely  open ;  the  other  had  a  small  aperture,  as 
if  it  had  been  intended  to  facilitate  suction,  by  a  temporary  rod  and  valve.  Speci- 
mens of  these  are  figured  in  Plate  32,  Figs.  5,  G,  7,  8,  9,  10,  11,  12. 

Tiie  same  district  of  country  disclosed,  by  its  tumuli,  large  masses  of  the  silvery  kind 
of  mica,  which  may,  from  its  small  perforations,  have  been  designed  for  ornamenting 
ancient  costume.  See  Plate  30,  Figs.  1,  2,  8.  Other  mounds  of  the  sauie  region 
contained  a  very  thick  and   heavy  species  of  jiottery,  which  seemed,  from  its  frag- 


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ANTIQUITIES. 

ments,  to  have  been  employed  for  saline  kettles,  or  some  metallurgic  operation.  (See 
Plate  34.  Figs.  2  and  .3.) 

A  singular  species  of  amulet,  apparently,  was  used  by  the  Potomac  tribes;  see  Plate 
10,  Fig.  0,  which  is  drawn  from  a  .fpecimen  in  the  National  Institute. 

Hollow  bones  of  birds  were  employed  for  a  sjwcies  of  baldric  by  the  ancient  Indians. 
Tiiey  were  of  various  lengths,  reaching  to  three  inches,  and  were  bound  around  the 
body  by  a  cord  passing  through  them.  (See  Plate  33,  Figures  3,  4,  5.)  These  articles 
were  taken  from  the  ossuaries  at  Peverly,  in  Canada. 

In  the  same  location  were  deposited  what  appear  to  have  been  walking-canes, 
having  the  twist  of  a  vine  about  them,  and  domestic  utensils  of  wood ;  all  of  which 
are,  howe\er,  now  completely  mineralized.  (See  Plate  33,  Figures  1  and  2 ;  and 
Plate  19,  Figures  1  and  2.) 

In  some  of  the  low  mounds  of  Florida  were  discovered  the  fragments  of  an  utensil, 
the  purpose  of  which  appears  to  have  been  the  preparation  of  some  liquid,  or  drink, 
wiiich  re(piired  to  be  ceremonially  poured  out,  without  the  possibility  of  the  contents 
being  spilled  and  lost.     (See  Plate  34,  Figure  1.) 

Local  Mamtoks.  —  The  superstitions  of  the  existing  race  of  Indians  are  evinced  by 
their  frecjuently  selecting  curiously  wrought  boulders  of  rock,  called  S/iiiM/d-ht^was- 
fiiiix  hy  the  Algonrpiins.  The.'^e  Ijoulders  have  the  essential  character  of  idols.  They 
mark  the  supposed  locality  of  ,>*ome  god  of  the  air.  They  are  sometimes  distinguished 
hy  the  use  of  pigments.  (See  Plate  12,  Figure  4,  5,  0,  7,  8.)  They  are  generally 
imitative  water-worn  masses,  upon  which  no  chi.«el  or  labor  of  any  kind  has  been 
employed,  except  by  the  addition  of  Indian  pigments.  Plate  74  is  supposed  to  repre- 
sent the  Gitchy  Kenabec,  or  Great  Serpent,  of  their  mythological  and  allegorical 
fictions. 

Figures  G  and  7,  Plate  33,  represent  an  antique  implement  of  pottery,  with  a 
singular  rugo.se  mouth,  of  which  it  is  not  easy  to  form  a  definite  opinion. 

Figure  G,  Plate  23,  represents  a  curious  antique,  the  u.se  of  which  has  puzzled  con- 
ecture,  found  in  a  tunudus  in  the  Ohio  Valley.  It  is  formed  from  a  very  hard  and 
compact  species  of  slate-coal,  and  the  material  diflers  only,  in  this  respect,  from  the 
common  product  of  the  Pittsburg  coal-basin. 

Figure  3,  Plate  11,  appears  to  have  been  a  coal-chisel. 

Figure  5,  of  the  same  plate,  is  manifestly  a  form  of  antique  pipe. 

In  Figures  2  and  3,  Plate  21,  we  behold  two  drawings,  in  two  positions,  of  a  large 
and  well-made  copper  chi.sel,  found  in  1828  in  a  grave  in  tlie  Straits  of  St.  Mary's, 
which  connect  Lake  Superior  with  Lake  Huron.  Its  manufacture  from  the  native 
copper,  which  is  now  being  so  extensively  explored  in  the  basin  of  the  former  lake, 
cannot  be  questioned. 


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F.  ATTEMPTS  IN  MINING  AND  METALLURGY. 


'Til 


1.  General  Remarks. 

2.  Ancient  Copper-Mining  in  the  Basin  of  Lake  Superior. 

3.  Vestiges  of  Ancient  Mining  in  Indiana  and  Illinois. 

4.  Vestiges  of  Ancient  Mining  in  Arkansas  and  Missouri. 

5.  Antique  Mining  in  California. 

I.  A  STATi:  of  iiiciiiioiit  society  appears  to  liavc  existed  among  the  people  wlio  erected 
tortilications  and  iiioiuuls  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  which  led  them  to  search  for  tlie 
native  metals  lying  on  the  snrface  of  the  conntry,  and,  in  some  instances,  huried 
within  its  strata,  or  inclosed  in  veins.  Such  traces  have  heen  discovered,  at  intervals, 
over  a  very  wide  area.  They  extend  from  the  mineral  hasin  of  Lake  Superior  in  a 
south-western  direction  towards  the  Gnlf  of  Mexico.  The  most  striking  traits  of 
ancient  labor  exist  in  the  copper  districts  of  Michigan.  There  are  .some  vestiges  of 
tiiis  kind  in  the  Wabash  Valley.  They  ajjpear  also  in  Missouri  and  Arkansas,  where, 
by  the  accnmnlation  of  soil,  the  works  appear  to  he  of  a  very  ancient  date;  and,  if  we 
are  not  misinformed,  such  indications  reappc.r  even  in  California.  Native  copper  and 
native  gold  seem  to  have  heen  the  two  chief  objects  of  search. 

The  state  of  art,  denoted  by  this  character  of  remains,  does  not  appear  to  be  rai.sed 
beyond  that  which  may  be  supposed  to  be  required  by  the  first  and  simple  wants  of  a 
])cople  emerging  from  the  hunter  state.  There  is  no  evidence  that  they  understood, 
or  undertook  the  reduction  of  earthy  ores.  Hammers,  wedges,  and  levers,  generally 
of  a  rude  kind,  appear  to  have  been  the  mechanical  powers  employed  to  disintegrate 
the  rock.     These  incipient  arts  Avill  be  best  illustrated  by  the  detailed  notices. 

Care  is  required  in  examining  and  applying  archivological  proofs  of  this  nature, 

1.  That  the  state  of  the  art  be  not  overrated.  2.  That  a  false  era  be  not  fixed  on. 
3.  That  a  due  discrimination  be  made  in  the  objects  of  search,  as  whether  they  were 
metallic  or  saline. 

It  is  important  not  to  confound  the  earliest  researches  by  the  Spanish  and  French 
with  those  due,  clearly,  to  the  mound-builders. 

2.  Ancient  Copper  Mining  in  the  Basin  of  Lake  Supeuior. 

The  copper-bearing  trap  rock  of  Keweena  Point,  Lake  Superior,  runs,  in  a  general 
cour.sc,  west  of  south-west,  crossing  the  Keweena  lake,  and  afterwards  passing  aljout 
ten  miles  distant  from  the  open  shores  of  the  main  lake.     This  range  crosses  the 


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ANTIQUITIES. 


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Ontonngon  rivor  about  ten  to  twelve  miles  from  tiio  moiitli.  At  this  point,  and 
chioliy  on  location  NuinixT  !>S  under  tlie  new  grants,  are  found  extensive  remains  of 
pits,  trenches,  and  caves,  wrought  by  the  aborigines  in  ancient  times,  of  which  the 
present  Indians  know  nothing. 

The.se  remains  first  appear  on  the  Firestcel  river,  but  in  following  the  copper  veins 
west  to  the  Minnesota  location,  being  Number  98  above  named,  they  are  more  fully 
developed.  There  are  three,  and  sometimes  four,  of  these  ancient  "  diggin^;s"  on  veins 
which  are  parallel  to  each  other,  extending  three  or  four  miles.  These  veins  are 
about  nine  hundred  feet  above  the  lake.  They  arc  very  regular,  pursuing  a  course  of 
about  north  70°,  oast,  with  a  dip  north,  20°  west. 

An  observer,  in  Sei)tember,  1849,  speaks  of  these  remains,  which  he  had  contem- 
plated with  great  intei'cst  and  curiosity,  in  the  following  manner: 

'•  It  is  along  the  edges  or  out-crop  of  the.se  veins  that  the  ancients  dug  cojjper  in 
great  quantities,  leaving,  as  external  evidences  of  their  industry,  large  trendies,  now 
l)artly  filled  with  ruljbish,  i)ut  well  defined,  with  a  breadth  of  ten  to  fifteen  feet,  and 
a  variable  depth  ol"  five  to  twenty  feet.  In  one  place  the  inclined  roof,  or  upper  wall 
■work,  is  supported  by  a  natural  pillar,  which  was  left  standing,  being  wrought  around, 
but  no  marks  of  tools  are  visible.  In  another  place,  east  of  the  recent  works,  is  a 
cave  when.'  they  have  wrought  along  the  vein  a  lew  feet  without  taking  away  the  top 
or  outside  vein  stone.  The  rulibish  has  been  cleared  away  in  one  spot  to  the  depth 
of  twenty  feet,  to  the  b(jttoin  of  the  trench,  but  the  Agent  is  of  opinion  that  deeper 
cuts  than  tliis  will  be  hereafter  found.  When  he  first  came  to  the  conchision,  about 
eighteen  moutli.s  ago,  that  the  pits  and  trenches  visible  on  the  range  were  artificial,  he 
caused  one  of  them  to  be  cleaned  out.  He  found,  at  about  eighteen  feet  in  deiitli, 
measuring  along  the  inclined  face  or  floor  of  the  vein,  a  mass  of  native  copper,  sup- 
ported on  a  eobwork  of  timber,  principally  the  black  oak  of  these  mountains,  but 
which  the  ancient  miners  had  not  Ijeen  able  to  raise  out  of  the  i)it. 

The  sticks  on  which  it  rested  were  not  rotten,  but  very  soft  and  brittle,  having  been 
covered  for  centuries  by  standing  water,  of  which  the  pit  was  full  at  all  times.  They 
were  from  five  to  six  inches  in  diameter,  and  had  the  marks  of  a  narrow  a.xo  or 
hatchet  about  one  and  three  quarter  inches  in  width. 

Tlie\-  had  raised  it  two  or  three  feet  by  means  of  wedges,  and  then  abandoned  it  on 
account  of  its  great  weight,  which  was  clcvm  thoumnd  fire  hundred  mid  nij/iti/-elijlif 
jtniiiids.   (11,588,)  or  near  six  tons. 

The  upper  surface  had  been  pounded  smooth  by  the  ' ,sfo)ie  hanDiierfi'  and  mauls,  of 
which  thousanils  iire  scattered  around  the  diggings.  These  arc  hard,  tough,  water- 
worn  pel)bles,  weighing  from  five  to  fifteen  pounds,  or  even  twenty  pounds,  around 
which  in  the  middle  is  a  groove,  as  though  a  withe  had  been  placed  around  it  for  a 
handle,  and  most  of  them  are  fractured  and  broken  by  use.  Besides  these  mauls 
there  has  been  found  a  ct)pper  wedge,  such  as  miners  call  a  '  gad,' which  has  been 


i  I 

.J      :.i 


ii-:^i' 


lulls,  of 
wiitcr- 
I  arouiul 
It  for  a 
mauls 
las  been 


ANTIQUITIES. 


97 


much  used.  Under  the  mass  of  copiTer,  and  in  almost  all  the  works  lately  opened, 
there  are  heaps  of  coals  and  ashes,  showing  that  lire  had  much  to  do  with  their 
operations. 

Witli  tlie.se  apparently  inadequate  means  they  have  cut  away  a  very  tough,  compact 
rock,  that  almost  defies  the  skill  of  modern  miners,  and  the  strength  of  powder,  for 
many  miles  in  a  continuous  line,  and  in  many  places  in  two,  three,  and  four  adjacent 
lines. 

The  great  antiquity  of  these  works  is  unequivocally  proven  by  the  size  of  timber 
now  standing  in  the  trenches.  There  must  have  been  one  generation  of  trees  before 
the  present  since  the  mines  were  abandoned.  How  long  they  were  wrought  can  only 
be  conjectured  by  tiic  slowness  with  which  they  must  have  advanced  in  such  great 
excavations,  with  the  use  of  such  rude  instruments. 

The  decayed  trunks  of  full-grown  trees  lie  in  the  trenches.  I  saw  a  pine  over  three 
feet  in  diameter,  that  grew  in  a  sink-hole  on  one  of  the  veins,  which  had  died  and 
fallen  down  man}-  years  since.  Above  the  mass  raised  by  Mr.  Knapp  there  was  a 
hemlock  tree,  the  roots  of  which  spread  entirely  over  it.  that  had  two  hundred  and 
ninety  annual  rings  of  growth.  These  facts  throw  the  date  of  the  operations  now 
being  unveiled  back  beyond  the  landing  of  Columbus,  and  con.sequently  behind  all 
modern  operators  of  our  race. 

The  skill  which  is  shown,  and  the  knowledge  of  the  true  situation  of  veins,  as  well 
as  the  patience  and  perseverance  necessary  to  do  so  much  work,  all  prove  that  it  was 
the  performance  of  a  people  more  civilized  than  our  aborigines. 

It  is  reasonable  to  suppose  that  they  were  of  the  era  of  the  mound  builders  of  Ohio 
and  the  Western  States,  who  had  many  copper  utensils.  This  metal  they  must  have 
obtained  either  here  or  at  the  South-west,  towards  Mexico ;  perhaps  in  both  directions. 

The  successors  to  the  Minnesota  Company  have  sunk  a  shaft  about  forty  feet  on  the 
vein  above  the  great  copper  boulder ;  over  to  the  west,  and  about  one  hundred  and 
forty  feet  from  it,  another  shaft  near  sixty  feet  in  depth,  and  have  connected  them  by 
an  adit. 

The  average  width  of  the  vein  is  four  feet,  extending  to  eight  feet  in  places.  It 
has  well-defined  walls,  and  is  filled  with  quartz,  epidote,  calcareous  spar,  and  copper. 
The  copper  exists  in  strings,  sheets,  nests,  and  masses,  sometimes  across  the  vein, 
sometimes  on  one  side,  and  sometimes  on  the  other.  The  thickest  sheet  I  saw  was 
two  and  a  half  feet. 

When  we  consider  that  the  ancients,  who  went  through  the  tedious  process  of  beating 
and  mauling  away  the  rock  here,  found  copper  enough  to  compensate  them  for  years, 
perhaps  centuries,  of  labor,  the  richness  of  these  mines,  prosecuted  with  our  means 
and  knowl^ge,  can  scarcely  be  exaggerated.  I  sho  M  have  mentioned  a  copper 
chisel,  with  a  socket  for  a  wooden  handle,  which  has  also  been  found,  about  five  inches 
long  and  one  and  a  quarter  inch  wide. 
13 


f ::  s 


11 


I   :a 


iii 


■    ii 


,n 


i)8 


A  N  T  1(U'  1  'J'  I  E  8 . 


^ 


<',\    I 


<:  it 


H   ; 


Tlu'se  di.seoverie.s  throw  all  the  old  oxplonitiouM  ol'tlic  Frcncli  and  Knj^lisli  on  liuko 
Sii|R'rior  into  the  hack-.^round.  Tlie  Indians  have  no  kno\vK'd;;'e  of  the  works  I  have 
been  descrihinjr.  altiiongli  the  second  cliief  of  tiie  Fond  (hi  Tiao  hand  is  nnderstood 
to  ehuni  tiiat  his  I'ainiiy  have  had  the  chieftainship  more  than  seven  iunidred  years; 
and  lie  gives  the  names  and  ages  of  his  ancestors  hack  to  tiiat  j)eriod.  Tiie  people 
who  wrought  them  must  have  cnltivated  the  soil  in  order  to  sustain  themselves. 
What  did  they  cultivate  ?  It  is  liere,  doubtless,  that  nuniy  of  the  silver  ornaments 
found  in  the  mounds  of  the  South-west  were  obtained,  for  the  copper  contains  scat- 
tered particles  of  that  metal. 

It  is  recordeil  that  the  Kgyjjtians  had  the  art  of  tempering  copper  so  as  to  cut  stono 
as  well  as  wood,  and  that  their  great  stono  structures  were  wrought  with  tools  of 
copper  oidy.  I  have  been  told  by  a  person  who  has  seen  the  Kgyptian  stone-cutters' 
tools  preserved  in  the  British  Museum  at  London,  that  there  are  some  very  much  like 
those  found  here. 

We  have  already  copied  from  a  AW'stern  pa{>er  an  accoinit  of  the  remarkal)lo 
discovery  of  a  mass  of  pure  copper,  near  the  Ontonagon  River,  I^ake  Sui)erior,  in  the 
course  of  explorations  last  spring.  Tins  nuiss  has  since  been  cut  up  into  manageable 
pieces  of  three  thousand  to  four  thousand  jwunds  each,  and  thus  hauled  to  the  Lake 
and  shipped  to  this  city,  and  two  or  three  of  them  may  now  be  seen  in  front  of  the 
store  2o'J  Water-street.  They  are  richly  worth  a  short  walk  to  any  one  not  already 
familiar  with  the  notabilities  of  the  copj)er  region. 

This  mass  was  found  on  the  location  of  the  Minnesota  Comjjany,  of  this  city,  in  the 
process  of  exploring  an  old  open  cut  or  aboriginal  digging,  which  was  discovered  by 
the  appearance  of  a  sUght  depression  on  the  surface  of  the  grounu  In  the  bottom  of 
this  cut,  coveied  by  fifteen  feet  of  earth  in  which  were  growing  trees  fully  five  hundred 
years  old,  lay  'his  mass  of  pure  copper,  weighing  eleven  thousand  five  hundred  and 
thirty-seven  pounds,  with  every  particle  of  rock  hammered  clean  from  it,  supported  by 
skids,  and  surrounded  by  traces  of  the  use  of  fire  either  in  the  lioix;  of  melting  it  or  to 
aid  in  freeing  it  from  the  rock.  Near  it  were  found  several  implements  of  copper, 
showing  that  the  ancient  miners  posse.s.sed  the  arts  of  welding  and  of  hardening  copper 
— arts  now  unknown.  It  would  seem  that  they  failed  in  their  attempts  to  break  up 
this  immense  boulder,  or  to  lift  it  out  of  the  cut ;  but  it  may  be  that  their  eflbrts  were 
suspended  l)y  reason  of  war,  of  pestilence,  famine,  or  some  other  general  calamity. 
This  may  have  been  thousands  of  years  ago.  The  works  of  the  old  miners  may  be 
traced  for  two  miles  on  this  vein,  and  on  other  veins  in  the  vicinity  for  a  considerable 
distance.  They  evidently  were  ignorant  of  the  use  of  iron,  and  worked  very 
awkwardly. 

The  locality  of  tiiese  developments  is  the  cluster  of  hills  known  as  '"The  Three 
IJrothers,"  two  miles  east  of  the  Ontonagon,  al)out  twelve  miles  up  that  stream 
(twenty  by  water,)  and  some  three  hundred  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Lake.     There 


ANTIQUITIES. 


99 


lity. 
be 
■able 
very 

ireo 
■oani 
'here 


nre  tliroo  largo  iiiul  rich  voiiiH  here  within  a  short  distance  of  each  other,  at  least  one 
of  them  rich  in  silver.  The  vein  which  the  Minnesota  Company  is  now  oi)i  uing  is 
abont  eight  feet  wide,  though  of  nne(iual  richness.  The  mineral  is  a  native  cojjper 
dilfiised  through  the  rock.  The  Minnesota  is  woridng  some  thirty  hands  tiiis  winter, 
and  preparing  to  prosecute  its  enterprise  still  more  vigorously  next  spring. ' 

The  era  of  these  ancient  operations  must  have  preceded  the  occupation  of  the 
country  by  the  present  families  of  the  Ojibwas  and  Dacotahs ;  for  the  simple  reason, 
that  none  of  the  various  bands  of  these  two  generic  nation.s  preserve  any  traditions 
respecting  them. 

It  is  not  necessarily  to  be  inferred,  that  very  great  numbers  of  men  were  employed 
on  the  works,  at  the  same  time.  It  is  more  natural  to  suppose  that  the  works  are 
due  to  the  labors  of  successive  parties  of  miners,  during  a  long  epoch. 

Neither  does  the  working  of  the  mines  necessarily  presuppose  a  high  state  of  civi- 
lization. The  meclianieiil  powers  of  the  wedge  and  lever  were  employed,  preci.sely 
as  we  .should  suppose,  <)  prinri,  they  would  be,  among  rude  nations. 

One  of  the  most  powerful  means  of  operating  on  stones  and  ores  among  the  abori- 
ginal tribes,  was  (ire  and  water.  These  were  employed  alternately,  to  disintegrate  the 
luirdi'st  rocks.  And  it  is  aj)parent,  that  after  removing  tlie  superincumbent  soils, 
these  W(n'e  the  most  eiricaeious  agents  used  here   in  pursuing  veins. 

In  looking  for  the  era  when  tliese  works  were  in  tlie  most  active  state,  we  may 
sujjpose  it  to  have  lieen  coincident  witii  the  time  of  the  gieatest  amount  of  population 
in  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  \'alleys.  The  mound-builders,  and  also  the  roving  tribes 
of  the  West,  had  many  uses  for  copper.  It  was,  in  fact,  the  copper  age.  They  made 
a  species  of  axes  and  chisels  of  it,  for  mechanical  purposes,  it  was  also  extensi\ely 
used  for  bracelets,  for  tinkling  ornaments,  such  as  are  ai)[)ended  to  the  leather  fringes 
of  warriors'  leggings  and  ])ack  dri'sses.  It  is  a  metal  nmch  esteemed  by  all  the  triljes, 
at  the  present  day,  and  all  our  testimony  is  in  favor  of  its  Ijeing  held  in  the  same 
regard  by  the  ancient  tribes.  Wc  find  it,  along  with  sea-shells,  bone  bead.s,  pendants, 
and  other  antique  articles,  in  the  largest  tunudi  of  the  West.  It  is  one  of  the  chief 
things  found  in  our  antiquarian  works  and  mounds,  over  about  eighteen  degrees 
of  latitude,  which  is  the  length  of  the  Mississippi,  and  a  longitudinal  area,  reaching 
from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  sea-coast  of  New  England. 

It  is  apparent,  that  the  ancient  Red  miners  of  Lake  Superior  supplied  the  demand, 
in  its  fullest  extent.  They  probably  received  in  exchange  for  it,  the  zca  maize  of  the 
rich  valleys  of  the  Scioto  and  other  parts  of  the  West;  the  dried  venison  and  jerked 
buHalo  meat  of  the  prairie  tribes;  and  sea-shells  of  the  open  coasts  of  tlie  Atlantic 
and  Gulf.  It  is  not  improbable,  indeed,  when  we  examine  the  rocky  character  of 
much  of  the  Lake  Superior  region,  and  the  limited  area  of  its  alluvions  and  uplands, 
which  appear  ever  to  have  been  in  cultivation,  that  parties  of  various  tribes  performed 
extensive  journeys  to  this  upper  region,  in  the  summer  season,  when  relieved  from 


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100 


ANTIQUITIES. 


tlipir  liimtM,  to  (li;i;  coppor,  that  it  wa,s  ii  lunitral  territory;  ami  having  supplied  tlieir 
villages,  in  the  manner  the  Iowa  and  Minnesota  Indians  still  do,  in  relation  to  the 
red  I'ipe-stonc  (piarries  of  the  Cotoau  des  Prairies,  returned  with  their  troi)hies  of 
mining. 

No  tribes,  indeed,  whose  history  we  know  or  can  guess,  jwssessed  civilized  arts  to 
sustain  themselves  in  tliis  latitude  during  the  winter  solstice.  The  shores  of  the  lake 
yield  neither  wild  rice,  nor  lutlian  corn.  They  did  not  anciently  cultivate  the  potato. 
They  depended  upon  game  and  fish,  and  it  is  only  necessary  to  have  passed  a  single 
winter  in  the  lake  latitudes,  to  determine  that  a  large  body  of  miners  could  not  have 
been  kept  together  a  hjng  time  for  such  a  purpose,  without  a  stock  of  provisions.  On 
the  contrary,  as  the  theatre  of  summer  mining,  in  a  neutral  country,  or  by  .self-depen- 
dent bands,  hundreds  of  years  may  have  passed  in  this  desultory  species  of  mining. 


3.    Vestiges  of  Mining   in    Indiana  and  Illinois. 

In  the  deep  alluvial  formation  on  the  banks  of  Saline  river,  vessels  of  pottery, 
which  appear  to  have  been  used  in  luiiling  saline  water,  have  been  raised  from  great 
depths.  On  visiting  the  site,  in  1821,'  there  appeared,  on  examination  of  sui  h  facts 
as  could  be  got,  no  doubt  that  these  were  to  be  regarded  as  evidences  of  their  having 
been  used  in  the  evaporation  of  saline  waters.  That  the  native  tribes  did  not  make 
salt  is  well  known ;  and  this  discovery  of  subterranean  boilers  of  clay  is  presumptive 
evidence,  one  would  think,  that  the  work  is  due  to  Europeans,  or  some  other  civilized 
race.  But  if  so,  the  country  must  have  had  the  elements  of  a  foreign  population 
before  the  deposition  of  the  Illinois  alluvions  of  the  lowest  altitudes. 

Indiana  was  visited  by  the  French  from  Canada  early  in  the  seventeenth  century. 
Viucennes  was  founded  in  1710.^  Several  vestiges  of  attempts  to  mine,  as  well  as 
other  archaudogical  data,  appear  in  the  Wabash  Valley,  of  which  we  have  been 
promised  some  account.  It  is  important  to  preserve  these  notices,  whatever  value 
may  he  attached  to  their  age.  Personall}',  we  are  not  disposed  to  assign  a  remote 
age  to  these  labors :  nor  do  they  appear  to  denote  a  very  high  metallurgic  knowledge, 
although  that  knowledge  mav  be  deemed  of  foreign  origin. 


Vestiges  op  Ancient  Mining  Operations   in   Arkansas 

and  Missouri. 

In  descending  the  Unicau,  or  White  River,  from  its  sources  in  the  Ozark  hills  of 
Arkansas  and  Missouri,  in  the  early  part  of  the  winter  of  1819,  my  attention  wa.s 


Vide  Travels  in  the  Central   I'ortidiis  nf  the  Mis.sissiiii)i  A'^allev. 


'■'  Iiaw'.s  lii.st.  Discourse. 


A  N  Ti  g  n  rn  E  H . 


101 


anvHtcd  by  Hovoral  Ibaturos  of  ancient  (jcciiixincy  ;  .xonic  of  which  tUMiotcd  an  attention 
to  niinin};;.  Tlicsc  vcsti^'ca  of  occupancy,  at  an  anticjiic  iicriod.  consistccl  of  tlic 
ri'iuiiins  of  li  town  site;  oflKjncs,  appan  'v  .■alcincil,  ami  of  pottery,  wliicli  appeared 
to  liave  been  \inod  in  naline,  or  metallurg..  operations.  These  remains,  in  liie  \Viiit(! 
lliver  Valley,  were  all  seated  al)ove  the  present  site  of  15atesville.  The  Arkansas 
papers  have  since,  duriuf,'  the  building,'  of  the  town  of  T-ittle  Kock,  published  an 
account  of  an  ancient  furnace  discovered  about  A.  D.  18;5S,  under  the  soil,  and  of 
kettles  of  [Hittery. 

A  high  auti((uity  has  been  claimed  for  tliese  latter  remains,  without  od'crinji-, 
however,  any  conclusive  data,  which  have  come  to  our  notice,  that  they  an-  not  of  an 
early  Si)anish  or  French  era.  Tli(«  whole  western  banks  of  the  Mississippi  were 
ransacked  early  in  the  IGth  century,  under  the  delusive  hope  of  Ihiding  gold  and  silver. 


as 


5te 


of 


as 


5.     EVIDKNCK    OF     A  NO  IK  N'T     M  I  N  I  N' T,     ()  T  F,  U  A  T  I  O  \  S     IN     (!  A  I.  I  F  0  II  N  I  A  . 

It  was  late  in  the  month  of  August,  (the  l!)th,)  ISID,  that  the  gold  diggers  at  one  of 
the  mountain  diggings  called  Murphy's,  were  suri)rised,  in  examining  a  high  barren 
district  of  mountain,  to  Ihid  the  abandoned  site  of  an  antiipie  mine.  ''It  is  evidently." 
s:ivs  a  writer,  "the  work  of  ancient  times."  '  The  shaft  disc'overed  is  two  hundred  and 
ten  feet  deep.  Its  mouth  is  .situated  on  a  high  moinitain.  It  was  .scvt'ral  days 
beliire  pre[)aratioiis  could  be  comiileted  to  descend  and  explore  it.  The  bones  of  a 
liunuiu  skeleton  were  found  at  the  bottom.  Thi're  wi're  al.so  found  an  altar  for  worshiii 
anil  other  evi<lences  ol"  ancient  labor.  Strong  doubts  are  expresse<l  whether  the  mine 
will   bear  the  exi)enses  of  being  re-oiiened. 

No  evidences  luive  been  discovered  to  denote  the  era  of  this  anijient  work.  There 
has  been  nothing  to  determine  whether  it  is  to  be  regarded  as  the  remains  of  the 
ex|dorations  of  the  lirst  Spanisli  adventurers,  or  of  a  still  earlier  period.  The 
occurrence  of  the  remains  of  an  altar,  looks  like  the  period  of  Indian  worship.  The 
facts  should  be  properly  examined,  with  a  view  to  their  historical  bearing.  Such 
examinations,  if  carefully  conducted,  may  enlighten  ns  in  the  nationality  of  the 
ancient  jieople  who.se  relics  we  here  behold. 

IJy  another  notice  in  the  papers  now  submitted,  it  will  be  observed  that  remain.s 
of  mining  have  been  al.so  recently  discovered  on  Lake  Superior,  in  addition  to  tho.se 
lx;fore  mentioned.  Other  parts  of  the  country  may  all'ord  sinular  evidences,  and  the 
facts  from  diflerent  latitudes  deserve  to  bo  generalized.  It  is  a  duty  we  owe  to 
archeology,  to  put  on  record  every  discovery  of  this  kind.  In  no  other  mannm-  can 
the  knowledge  of  this  branch  of  history  be  advanced.  We  have  too  long  wandered 
in  the  mazes  of  conjecture.  A  complete  arch.Tological  survey  of  the  country  should 
be  executed. 


il 


Priviiti'  rniT. 


■  !!  i 


G.    OSSUARIES. 

SoMK  of  tlio  North  Amcricnn  trilx's  hail  an  ancient  custom  of  wrapping  their  dead 
ill  l)arl<  and  skins,  and  placing  thcni  in  some  elevated  i)ositi<m  alx)vc  ground,  till  the 
llesfh  was  decayed,  and  completely  separated  from  the  hones.  This  was  often  done  hy 
depositing  tiie  corpse  in  a  tree;  or  if  it  were  a  village  site,  on  a  species  of  scalVold. 
In  these  situations,  the  Iwdies  wen*  protected  from  carnivorous  animals.  Trihes  that 
lived  in  districts  of  country  ahoimding  in  caves  that  might  he  closed,  placed  their 
corpses  sonu'limes  in  these  caves  permanently.  Hut  several  of  the  forest  and  lake 
tribes  of  ancient  eras,  where  these  advantages  could  not  he  secured,  were  found  to 
place  their  dead  in  the  positions  indicated,  above  ground,  till  complete  decomposition 
had  supervened ;  when  a  general  and  final  interment  of  the  bone:-i  coidd  ho  made. 

There  are  traditions,  that  it  was  the  duty  of  a  certain  class  of  men,  called  some- 
tini'js,  "bone-pickers,"  to  attend  to  this  solemn  and  pious  task;  and  that  it  was  done 
j)eriodically,  at  intervals  of  time  li.\ed  by  them,  or  denoted  l)y  custom.  The  tribe  was 
called  upon,  when  an  individual  died,  to  unite  in  his  obsequies,  ll's  bravery,  wisdom, 
strength,  or  skill  in  war,  hunting,  or  council,  were  then  recited,  ant'  the  lamentations 
Ijublidy  cele])rated.  The  eulogy  then  proiU)unced  was  final,  and  not  renewed  at  the 
general  interment. 

This  is  the  origin  of  those  ossuaries,  or  trenches  of  luinian  bones,  whicli  have  been 
occasionally  found  in  clearing  up  and  settling  the  forest.  The  localities  of  such  bono 
trenches  and  vaults,  were  universally  on  elevated  grounds,  where  water  from  the 
inundation  of  rivers,  or  any  coiiuiion  source,  could  not  overflow  or  inuutlatu  the  bones. 
A  custom  of  this  kind  may  Ijc  supposed  to  intervejw  in  the  history  of  nations,  between 
that  of  burning  the  body,  —  which  is  still  practised,  wo  are  told,  among  the  Tacnllies 
of  British  Oregon,  or  New  Caledonia,' — and  that  of  immediate  interment,  which  is  so 
generally  practised.  Such  a  custom  could  not  be  systematically  continued,  by  a  people 
who  were  not  permanently  estalilished  in  a  country,  or  who,  at  least,  were  subject  to 
be  driven  away  by  the  inroads  of  furious  tribes.  And  it  is  known  to  have  fallen  into 
disuse  by  most,  perhaps  by  all,  the  tribes  east  of  the  Kocky  Mountains,  since  the 
discovery  and  settlement  of  the  country. 

One  of  these  ancient  ossuaries,  which  speaks  of  a  bygone  age,  and  probably  an  expa- 
triated people,  exists  on  an  island  of  Lake  Huron,  called  Lie  R(»iih'  by  the  French, 
and  Minnmia  by  the  Algonquins.  My  attention  was  first  called  to  it  in  183.3,  on 
making  a  visit  to  it,  and  examining  its  anti(pie  places  of  sepulture.  The  village 
formerly  existing  on  this  island,  appears  to  have  been  abandoned  about  seventy  years 


Harman's  Travels. 


(102) 


iU. 


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A  N  T  I  Q  U  I  T  1  Ji  S  . 


103 


■:■/?• 
'..? 


ivj^(K  wlicMi  the  pii'Sfiit  loi't  of  MicluHiiuiickiiiiU',  was  tiaiisrciic'd  lidiii  tlir  iiiiiiii  land  at 
the  ai  rx  of  tlio  peninsula  of  Micliigun,  to  the  island  licaiiii^  this  nanio.  On 
a|ii)r()acuinii,-  this  site,  and  before  reuehini!;  it,  \ny  attention  was  struck  by  a  ([uantity 
of  dry.  and  very  white  human  bones,  scattered  on  the  shore.  On  landing,  it  was 
i)erceived  that  the  action  of  the  waves  from  the  south-west  airainst  the  pebbly  diluvial 
plain,  had  exposed  the  end  of  one  of  these  ancient  ossuaries.  There  were  bones  from 
e\erv  part  of  the  human  body.  They  were  traced  to  a  trench  or  \ault,  on  the  K'vel 
of  the  plain,  where  similar  remains  were  observed  to  extend  for  se\eral  yards  to  a 
depth  of  three  or  four  feet.  In  no  instance  were  the  bones  of  a  complete  skeleton 
found  hinu;  to;ietlier.  in  their  natural  position.  They  wi're  laid  in  })romisciu)Usly. 
The  le;.;-  and  thigh  bones  appeared  to  have  been  packed  or  corded,  like  wood. 

The  state  of  the  bones  denoted  a  remote  antiquity.  None  but  the  smaller  and 
vesicular  parts  appeared  to  have  decayed.  Tlie  trees  were  all  of  secondary  growth, 
and  the  ground  had  the  appearance  of  once  having  been  cleared.  1  inipiired  of  an 
a'.:ed  Ottawa  Indian,  ^\ithout  receiving  much  light.  He  said  they  were  probably  of 
the  era  of  the  human  bones  found  in  the  caves  of  the  island  of  MichiUimackinac. 

Having  satisfied  my  curiosity,  I  proceeded  to  the  grave-yard,  or  ancient  burial-place 
of  the  l()rmer  village  on  the  island — not  a  hundred  yards  distant.  Here  tlu.'  interments 
had  been  made  in  the  usual  numner,  each  skeleton  occupying  a  .si'parate  grave.  I 
opened  several  to  determine  this  fact,  as  well  as  to  verify  the  era  of  tlu'  interments. 
In  one  grave  there  was  found  a  gunlock.  and  a  fn'e  steel,  both  much  oxydateil.  and 
other  articles  of  European  mamd'acture.  denoting  the  palmy  times  of  the  fur  trade. 

Ten  years  after  the.se  examination-;.  I  visited  a  \vry  celebrated  discovery  of  Indian 
ossuaries  at  Ikverly,  twelve  miles  from  Dundas,  in  (Canada  West.  This  discovery  had 
been  made  about  ISoT,  and  had  produced  much  speculation  in  the  local  papers,  and 
many  visits  from  antiquaries  and  curit.sity  hunters.  The  site  is  an  elevated  beech- 
tree  ridge,  running  from  north  to  south.  The  trees  ajipear  to  be  of  tlie  usual  age  and 
mature  growth,  but  standing  at  considerable  distances  apart.  The  ossuaries  are  formed 
invariably  across  this  ridge,  and  consequently  extend  from  east  to  -west.  I  examined 
a  deposit  which  measured  eight  feet  by  forty,  and  six  feel,  deep.  It  was  an  entire 
mass  of  human  crania,  leg,  thigh  bones,  &c.,  in  the  utmost  confusion.  All  ages 
and  sexes  appeared  to  have  been  interred  together.  It  appeared  to  have  been  laid 
bare,  and  dug  over  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  the  pipes,  shells,  and  other  relics  with 
which  it  abounded.  Ten  or  eleven  de[)osits  of  various  sizes  existed  on  the  same  ridsio 
of  land,  but  preserving  the  same  direction.  These  were  not.  however,  all  equally- 
disturbed  by  the  spirit  of  finding  relics,  but  this  spirit  had  been  carried  to  a  very 
blamable  extent,  without  eliciting,  so  far  as  I  learned,  any  accurate  or  scientific 
description  of  these  interments. 
Among  the  articles  obtained  in  the  before-mentioned  excavations,  I  insert  drawings, 


m 


rn 


1.1 


'"!? 


104 


ANTIQUITIES. 


Hiiit 


(Plato  o5,  Fiirures  1  and  2,)  of  tlio  lull  si/o  of  two  sporios  of  .learHhe.ls,  tlio  P.  spirata 
1111(1  /'.  jiirnrsc;  four  spocii's  of  aMti([iio  clay-pipos.  (Figurt's  5  ami  G,  Plati?  S,  and 
Fignros  1  and  .">,  Plate  0) ;  a  -worUod  gorirot  (Figure  ;!.  Plate  19)  of  sv>a-nliell,  of  wliicli 
tlie  original  nacre  of  red  is  not  entirely  gone;  five  speeiniens  of  curious  opa(|ue-C()lored 
enamel  beads,  (Figures  7,  8,  0,  10,  an<l  11,  Plate  24) ;  three  baldrics  of  bone,  (Figures 
11.  1").  and  1('>.  Plate  '21)  ;  four  of  opa(|ue  glass  twisted,  (Figures  12,  1:5,  11,  and  20, 
Plate  2')) ;  eight  dilferent  sized  shell  beads,  (Figures  17,  IS,  ID,  20,  21,  22,  2:5,  and  21, 
Plate  21,)  and  eight  amulets  of  rod  pipe-stone,  (Figures  1,  2,  :5,  4,  5,  0,  0,  and  11, 
Plate  2o) ;  three  of  sh  dl  or  bone,  (Figures  7,  2:5,  and  2-"),  Plate  2")) ;  three  of  bears' 
teeth.  (Figures  2(1,  27,  and  2S.  Plate  25.) 

Figures  8,  K).  1").  Hi,  17,  IS,  li),  21,  22,  and  21,  Plate  25,  are  minor  specimens  of 
glass  or  enamel. 

Figures  25  and  2(i,  Plato  21,  are  hunum  teeth,  u.sed  as  ornaments. 

There  is  aliundant  evidence  that  the  practice  of  forming  jiublic  ossuaries  had  liecn 
continued  after  the  arrival  of  the  French  in  1(508.  The  .-iiells  are  sudi  as  nnist  have 
liecn  di'rivcd  from  trallic  with  the  southern  or  western  Indians.  The  pipes  are  of  an 
autii[uc  and  |>eculiar  jiattern,  and  were  employed  without  stems  :  in  tliis  respect  they 
correspond  witii  the  anti([UO  pipe  from  an  ancient  grave  at  Thunder  15ay,  Jlichigan, 
and  also,  it  is  thought,  with  certain  ])ipes  mentioned  by  Professor  Dewj-  as  found  at 
Fort  Hill,  flenesee  (a).,  N.  Y.'  The  shell  Ijcads  are  of  the  same  kind,  precisely,  as 
those  which  wore  discovered  in  the  Grave  Creek  Mound,  Airsinia,  as  descril)od  in  the 
first  volume  of  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Kthnological  Society.^  I5y  the 
decay  of  tiie  surface  of  the  shell,  which  constituted  their  inner  substance,  they 
ap[)i'ai'  to  be  of  the  same  age. 

The  amulets  of  red  pipe-stone  consist  of  bored  srpiaro  tubes,  of  the  peculiar  sedi- 
mentary red  rock  existing  at  tiie  Coteau  dcs  Prairie,  in  the  territory  of  Minnesota; 
and  are  identical,  in  material,  with  the  cuneiform  pieces  of  this  mineral,  which  were 
dug  at  the  fiot  of  the  tiag-staff  of  old  Fort  Oswego,  N.  Y.' 

The  colored  enamel  beads  are  a  curious  article.  No  manufacture  of  this  kind  is 
now  known.  They  are  believed  to  be  of  European  origin,  and  agree  completel}'  with 
the  beads  found  in  1S17.  in  antique  Indian  graves,  at  Iiaml)urg,  Erie  Co.,  N.  Y.'' 

The  ancient  Indians,  bofi)re  the  introduction  of  European  manufactures,  formed 
balili'ics  for  the  Ijody  from  the  hollow  bones  of  the  swan  and  other  large  birds,  or 
dcer.s'  bones,  in  links  of  two  or  three  inches  long.  These  were  strung  on  a  belt  or 
string  of  sinews  or  leather.     It  is  believed  that  the  relics  figured  are  of  this  kind. 


'  Nn(o.«  on  ihc  Irn(Hi<ii,«,  p.  •20'),  id   I-Mition.      K.  IViLse  &  Co.,  Albany,  1847. 

'  Now   York,   Ii;irlK'tt  .S;   Wi'lf„rJ,   ls:!r,. 

'  N'oto.s  on  the  Iroi|M.iis,  ]).  )l:\~ .  lM   Kdition.      Iv    IVa.M'  it  ("o.,  Albany,  1847. 

'  Second  Part  of  j.oad  .Minos  of  Mis.*ouii.     .\.  V.    Islit. 


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ANTIQUITIES. 


105 


TliiTO  were  uIho  I'oiiml  coiPiicr  lirai'cli'ts,  imiili)iii)iis,  in  every  re.-<iieet.  to  lluife 
(liHcloseil  liv  tlie  moimd.s  mill  LTilVes  (if  the  Wi'st.  'i'liese  relicM  deridli'  il  [lelinil  of  wide 
I'xclmii^iC  mid  ;j;reiit  unity  uf  inmiiier>  and  ( iistonis,  mimni^  tlie  mieieiil  Indiiins.  'I'lie_\ 
link  in  mii.son  the  tiiln's  of  Ciiiiiidii,  Western  Xew  York,  the  .Mi.x.xissipiii  \'iille\.  mid 
tho  Great  liiikes.  Thi'y  indicate  no  art  or  dej;ree  ol'  civili/iitioii  sn|ieiior  to  that 
ponKi'SMetl  hy  tlie  present  race  of  Indians.  They  give  no  eoiiiiti'iiunee  to  the  existence. 
ill  thc^se  iej;ion.s    of  a  state  of  liijjU  eivilization. 


II 


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II.  AKcii  .i;oL()<iirAi.  i:\  I  ih:nc  Ks  that  tiik  continknt 

HAD    liKKN    VI  SIT  I'll)     MY    I'KOI'LK     II  AV  I  N  (i     I,  K  T  T  K  I!  S, 
I'l;  lol!    '!"<>   Til  K    i:i!A    ()!•"    COM'  M  lUS. 

1.  Ain'ii'iit  Iii^Tiiiiiiiiii  (111  tlic  Assniict,  nr,  si>  (mIIc'I.  Ui^'liliin  Hiick. 

'.'.  Aiitii|Mi'  Iii.ti'ri|iiiiiii  t'diiMil  ill  one  of  lln'  Wi'stcin  Tiiiniili. 

;1.  |)cviii's  nil  a  Olnliiiliii'  Slmii'  of  (lie  Muiinil  IV'ii'icI,  {\i\ui'\  in  tlic  Olii.i  \'iillcy, 

■^.  'riiiilitinii  III"  an  Aiii'ii  ..t  Slii|)wn'ck. 

.">.  Skclrtiiii  ill  Ainiiir. 

TiiAi'  AiiicriiM  WHS  visited  curly  in  tlic  tciitli  ('cntiiry  by  tlio  iHhciitiiriMis  Niirtliiiicii 
IVdin  (Irt'i'iiliiiitl.  iiiiil  lliat  its  ):(Mi;:rii|(liy  iiiui  iii'u|ilr  coiitimicil  tn  lie  kiiown  to  tliciii  sit 
lute  us  tiic  twill'tli  ('cntury,  is  lulinitti'il  liy  all  wliu  lm\t!  cMiiiiiiiiMl,  with  altciitiiiii.  tlic 
viiiioiis  (luciimcnts  wiiii'ii  liuvc  liccii  jmlilislicii,  ihiiiiii^  the  lust  twelve  yours,  hy  the 
Riiyul  Siieiely  ul'  Norlheiii  Aiiti((iiurieM  ut  Cnpeiihugoii.  There  ure  e\  iileiiees  which 
every  euiidiil  unil  ri^xht-iiiiinleii  historiuii  will  uilmit,  tliut  the  hunly  uiid  huld  mariners 
()('  Scundinuviu,  nf  thut  |ierii)d,  cnissi'd  freely,  in  vesstds  of  small  tonnuL'e,  the  vurioiis 
ehiiiiiiels.  ;:ull's,  und  seas  of  the  Northern  Atlantic,  and  were  I'aniiliiir  with  the  general 

islands  and  ists  stretfliiii;r  tVom    Iceland   to  the  northern   parts  ol'   the   continent. 

They  \isited  I'rom  (ircenland,  not  only  the  adjacent  coasts  of  what  arc  now  culled 
Newfoundland  und  .\'ovu  Scotiu,  lint  held  their  wuy  to  more  southerly  lutilmlcs,  which 
they  driioin  iiutcil  \'inlund, —  a  term  thut  is,  liy  un  intcr|)relation  of  the  sea  journals 
and  nuutiral  und  a -Ironomicul  ohservutions  of  those  times,  shown,  with  imudi  proliu- 
liility,  to  lia\e  comprised  the  present  ureu  of  ,Mussachnsetts  und  iihode  Islund.  Ihey 
uppear  to  have  made  attempts  to  plant  a  colony  in  this  area. 

Finding;  the  trendin;.'  of  this  land  to  faxor  the  spirit  ol'  uilventure,  they  run  down 
to  more  southerly  lutitudes ;  reuchin^^  it  is  thought,  to  neur  the  jiresent  site  of  St. 
Au^ruslinc,  in  Floridu  ;  the  hays  of  New  York.  Delaware,  und  ChesapeuUe.  not 
uppeaiinji'.  however,  to  lia\-e  attracted  notic((.  It  is  certain  that  their  |)riinitive  ma|).>< 
of  this  part  of  the  coast,  as  pulilished  at  ('opeiiha jen.  hear  a  name  thut  is  trunsluteil 
Grcut   Ireland. 

Thus  niiicii.  the  leurned  of  the  present  ilay  admit.  There  is  no  pretence  thut  the 
Seundimn  iuns  considered  it  u  new  continent,  or  thut  they  vcritleil  uny  freojrruphicul 
theory,  by  their  bold  voyuires.  lint  these  ('cuts  hud  uttructeil  attention  at  home,  and 
the  I'uine  of  them  reached  other  purt.s  of  Kurope;  for  it  is  known  thut  Columbus 
himself  had  been  attracted  by  them,  and  visiteil  Iceland  for  tiie  pui'pose  of  verilyiiif^ 
what  he  hud  heard,  and  increusing  the  sum  of  fucts  on  which  his  i;reut  theory  wa.s 
based. 

(100) 


ANTIgriTIKS. 


107 


10 

III 

ixl 

VilS 


i 


Tlic  Ifiicliiiu  cxiili'iKfr*  mtm'  111  iilh'sl  Ihiil  \  iiihiiiil  \Mis  llif  lUi'Miii  \v\\  iiiarki'il 
mmImiikI  mvii  of  Nrw  Kiij:l;iiiil.  'l\u'  iiimli(';il  I'iiftt  liii\.-  Uvii  ciiivriillv  I'Mimimil  l)_s 
l'ioli'i-«urs  llal'ii  ami  .Mii-miscn.  iiixl  tin-  lii^torl.'iil  (lain  atla|ilr«|  (o  the  .•oiiHHniali<m 
nf  coa.Ht  wliirli  lias  (';i|)t'  ('u(|  an  ils  (li.^liii>;iii,'<liiiiu'  trail.  Ail  lliis  Hrciiis  to  liavc  iu'cii 
dniii'  witli  siir|in>iii;i  mriiraiy,  and  is  illiistnitcil  li\  the  invr^ciit  lii-li  .stal.'  td'  llir  artt 
ill    Dciiiiiai'k   ami  (iiiiuaiiN. 

'I'll!'  piiiu'i|ial  iiica'  ill  llu^  iiiiiiiilin'.  iVoiii  <•>  liicli  lii.xturical  It-tiinuiiv  is  ilrawii. 
a|i|M>arM  to  111'  ill  llic  iiilci|iivlalioii  of  a  ilff<i'iiptivi'  iiioiiiiiiiciit.  liMiiid  in  llio  area  of 
liic  coloiiN  wlii.li  was  atti'iii|ili'il  to  Ik'  loriiicd  at  tlio  iu-ad  of  Nuira.uaiisctt  nuy.williin 
Ihc  el  aih'ii'd  liiiiils  of  Mabsacliii^i'tts.  ll  will  hiTvc.  inol.aMv .  to  .Mivii-tlicii  tin; 
claiiii  to  discovi'iv.  liv  distiiipiiisliiii;:.  and  mi  ali>tracliiin-  from  llii-  coiL^idcrallon  of 
this  iiiscri|ilioii.  so  iiiiii'li  of  it  as  apiicars  to  he  due  to  tlu'  Indians,  and  is.  inanifcslly. 
done  in  tlicir  iiidc  |iii'to^ra|iliif  cliaiai  tcrs ;  and  lca\  iiij;- w  liiit  is  cK'arly  livdandic  to 
slaiid  liv  ils(df.  'I'liis  lias  licm  done  in  tin'  following;  |ia|i('r.  wliicli  ciiiliraccs  llic 
iisiilis  of  a  study  liy  an  Alnom|niii  cliicf  in  l^•l'.^  of  llii'  iiiMri|ition  of  Dis.  Itaylii's 
and  (ioodwin,  a.s  piililislu'd  iil  ( 'o|iciilia^i'ii.  Cliin^waiik,  llif  |)crson  alluded  to.  Iiavinir 
rcjccl.'d.  in  Ills  int('r|irt'tation,  I'vciy  cliaiiiclcr  l>nt  tlircc.  of  llic  nmnlifr  of  tlios.- 
wliicli  tiavc  hfi'ii  ^.'ciicnilly  sii|ipos('d  to  he  northern,  or  in  old  Sa\on  ;  and  these  not 
heiiiji;  es,.ienlial  to  the  iliief's  iiitei  pretatioii.  lint  closely  iii\ol\-ed  w  itii  others  im|ioitant 
to  ihe  .^'H'andiiiiivian  portion;  I  iia\  ■  restoii'd  tlieiii  to  that  eonipiirtiiieiit  of  the  rock. 
'i"wo  (iislinet  ami  separate  inscriptions  tliiis  appear,  of  which  it  is  evidei.t  that  the 
Icelandic  is  the  most  ancient.  'I'hf  central  space  which  it  oicnpies  could  not  have 
been  left,  if  the  face  of  the  rock  liae  lieeii  previously  occupied  liy  the  Indian  or  pieto- 
^ii'aphie   part. 

That  the  natisc  AlL^oiKpiins  recorded,  on  the  siiiiie  I'ock,  and  at  tlu'  same  ci'a,  tlu' 
ilefcat  of  the  Nortlinieii.  as  acknowledLicd  hy  the  latter,  liy  the  use  of  the  halislii 
descrilied.  is  hardly  proliahle.  yet  ]iossiliK'.  The  inscription  was  more  likely,  as  is 
shown  liy  CliiiiLiwank,  a  triumph  of  native  aLiiiinst  nati\e;  \et  it  is  remarkalile.  that 
a  halistii  is  niiKuii;  the  native  fiiiuies  employed.  15ut  the  I'ircuinstance  most  eonelusi\-e 
is  the  want  of  iMiropean  syniliols  in  the  ri(ilit  hand  side  of  the  inscription  relative 
to  the  defeated  enemy.  Could  it  In'  shown,  hy  (ireliu'olo^ieal  e\  idi-nce.  that  swords, 
.lats.  i<;c.,  ill  this  piut  of  the  drawini;.  were  used  liy  the  imaders,  or  that  hats 
were  unknown  to  Ninthiucn  <if  the  tenth  cenlury.  the  olijectinn  would  he  oli\iated. 
The  ei'reiiiouial  oliser\aiices  of  the  sacliem-iiricst.  .MoNC,  and  the  attack  led  hy  the 
chief,  I'i/li-u,  or  I'anther,  are  not  inconsistent  with  Indian  theories  of  my.stical  inlhi- 
-■nccs,  on  White  or  Hed  men.  known  to  their  reli::ioii,  mythology,  and  p.'ciiliar 
M'liiild  wiirship. 

The  second  paper  is  I'onnded  on  the  deterniination  of  M.  .Foinurd.  of  Paris,  of  Lihyaii 
characters  upon  one  of  the  tumuli  of  Wi'stern  Virginia.  To  otiiers  these  characters 
have  appeared  to  ho  Celtiboric.     Tliia  is  the  opiuion  expressed  by  Professor  Kafn,  of 


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A  N  'i'  1  (i  I  1  'I'  IKS. 

(JdiH'nliirji'n.  in  tlic  .MciiKiirs  nl'  tlic  NuiIIkmii  Aiiti([ii!iriiiii  Socii'ty.  This  opinion 
vas  (.•oni'iiiTi'd  in  li\  tlir  AniiTicaii  I'iliinolo^ical  Socioty.'  Tlio  iniporl'oction,  Iiowcvit, 
of  tilt'  sfxcral  coiucs  of  tin'  iiiscriiilinn  lirrctornrc  cxaniini'ii.  rnniisiios  tiii'  occasion  of 
in'cscntinii'  a  p  rlcct  copx.  taken  IVmn  the  oriijinal  stone  in  iS'iO. 

Trailitions  of  the  other  hcniispiicic,  which  Inivc  hcon  variously  nrgcd  npon  onr 
notice,  ivnih -■  it  lii.'siraliic  to  sci'iitini/c  our  anti([nitics  \cry  ch)s('l_\'  for  evidences  of 
earl\'  voNaires.  and  we  .-liouid  not  he  surprised  at  linchng  even  a  (Jrecian  and  IVrsi<' 
eleuient  ol'  an  eaiix  intrusive  po|iuiation.  The  iiicrea'^":!  Unowledife  of,  and  attention 
uiven  to.  tlie  laws  and  tlie')iies  of  winds,  curi'ents,  and  tiunperatnre,  —  which  must 
have,  in  earl\'  aues  as  now.  nuK'h  alleeted  the  nuiterial  intei'coinniunicatiou  of  nations 
naviuatiu^  the  siiores.  and  \isitini:  tiie  islands  of  the  Indian,  Pacific,  and  I'olynesiau 
>;,.ns.  —  commend  that  cl.i-s  ol'  I'acts  \ery  stron^ily  to  the  attention  of  .VuHuican 
ethnolouists.  'I'rade-winds,  monsoons,  oceanii!  streams,  like  that  of  the  .Mexican 
(iulf,  and  other  l()rms  of  the  laws  of  motion  generated  hy  mere  fi  m/n  ni/iin .  (Ilir 
hoth  wind  and  water  ohey  it.)  have  had,  ajipartMitly.  a  ureati-r  aj;-ency  in  settling;-  the 
glolie  tiian  has  hceii  awarded  to  them.  If  nations  stundiled  upon  hoth  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  shoits  \>v  accident,  ihv  ■•-/m/i  iif  <;/'  i-nns  should  not  wonder.  We  ajiphnid 
Columhus  hccausi-  he  iicnil  to  nnikt'  a  discoNcry.  Hut  thexcrii'st  tyro  nnist  admit 
that  he  too  stuud)leil  upon  America  in  lookinu'  for  India  and  Cliiua. 


1.    .Vnciknt    I  x  sci;  I  I'T  ion   ox   t  m  k   Ass(ixi:t,   oii   Dicnrox    Ruck. 

More  importance  has  tieeii  attacheil  to  the  Diuhtou  Hock  inscription,  jierhaps,  than 
its  \alue  in  oui'  local  antiiputies  meiils.  This  may,  it  is  i)i'lie\-ed,  he  asci'ilied  in  part 
to  the  hislorii'al  appeal  made  to  it,  a  few  years  a;:-o.  iiy  tlii'  I{o_\al  Society  of  Xorthern 
Anti(piarians,  at  ('openhaLicn.  on  the  occasion  of  their  pulilishinji'  the  collection  of  old 
Icelandic  sauas.  ri'latin^-  tn  early  discoxcries  in  America.  It  is  certain  tinit  it  was  not 
re,i;arded  in  any  other  liirht  than  the  work  of  Indian  hands  i)e|iiri'  that  era.  There  is 
."^omethiiii;'  plea<iuLi-  to  the  human  mind  iii  inueuious  researches,  the  results  of  which 
nnravi'l.  or  merely  pin-|iort  to  unravel,  mystery  in  any  depiutment  of  know  led,!j;e. 
The  inti'rot  once  felt  in  the  zodiacal  stone  of  Denderach  turned  upon  this  principle, 
althoUL;h  its  iuiportauee  to  ehrouoloiiy  has  Ioult  since  entirely  \auislied.  It  \vas  the 
same  inten-e  ardor  to  j^ry  into  the  uiduiowu.  which  .L:a\e  v^l'^i^  to  the  eai'ly  discoveries 
of  Younii,  (  liampoUiou,  and  Ilossilini  in  the  hieroj;ly])hic  system  of  ancient  KL;y|)t. 
That  the  celehrated  stone  of  Kosetta  did  not  yield  an  eipially  harren  harxcst  with  that 
of  Denderach,  in  the  field  of  antiquarian   letters,  may  lie  attrihuted   to  the  di.scovery 


Vol.   I.  Xnmsacdon.s. 


■■'t 


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lit 
('111 

old 

not 
V  is 

idi 

pie. 
tho 
rii's 
vpt. 
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ivi'i'v 


■,» 


ANTIQUITIES. 


109 


of  its  triliiii'iial  cliiiractor,  of  which  tho  Greek  copy  was  happily  conjectured  to  be  an 
('qiii\aU'iit  ol'  tlic  aiicioiit  Coptic. 

We  liave,  in  our  own  country,  liad  our  interest  excited,  witliin  a  few  years,  by  the 
iiisciilied  stone  of  Maniins,  fiiviii!.'  us  tlie  date  of  l-")20  as  the  period  of  the  first  ingress 
of  Kuropeaii  footsteps  int>  tiie  lro(|Uois  territory.  A  dillerent.  l)Ul  still  an  historic 
interest  arose  fidin  the  Paliadic  or  Oiieota  stone,  to  wiiicli  the  native  tradition  refers 
as  tlie  inoiiiiinental  evidi'iice  of  tlie  iiation;;l  origin  of  the  Oneida  trilie:  and.  latterly, 
our  local  anti(piilies  have  assumed  a  still  more  coiupiicateii  form  by  the  unexplained 
intrusion  of  an  apparently  Celtibi'ric  inscription  in  one  of  our  larger  western  tumuli. 
As  the  Mississip))!  \'alie\'  has  been  settle(l,  false  religion,  basing  itself  upon  the  gross 
impositions  of  the  Mormon  prophet.  Smitii.has  led  to  apocryphal  disco\t'ries  of  various 
metallic  plates,  and.  in  one  instance,  of  metallic  bells.  i)eariiig  inscriptions  which  have 
been  attemiited  to  be  imposed  upon  the  jHipulace  as  \-eritable  aiiti(iuities  :  Imt  these 
pretended  discoveries  have  been  so  i)ungliiigly  done  as  not  tl>r  a  moment  to  deceive  the 
learned,  or  e\ ell  the  intelligent  portion  of  llie  community.  It  has  been  easy,  at  all 
times,  to  distinguish  the  true  from  false  olijects  of  arcluvology,  but  there  is  no  object 
of  admitted  anti(iuity,  purporting  to  bear  antique  testimony  from  an  uiiknown  period, 
which  has  elicited  the  same  amount  of  historical  interest,  foreign  and  domestic,  as 
the  aj)iiareiitly  mixed,  and.  to  sc!ine  extent,  unread  iuse'riplion  of  the  Dightoii 
\lavk. 

As  Americans,  we  art  pecullarl\  susci'ptible  to  this  species  of  newly  awakened 
interest.  It  is  but  th"  other  day.  as  it  were,  that  we  began  to  look  around  the 
uortlierii  ]iarts  of  the  continent  tin-  objects  of  aiiti(Hiariaii  interest.  Kvciy  thing  in 
our  own  history  and  institutions  is  so  new  and  so  well  known  that  there  has  been 
scarce!}-  a  subject  to  hang  a  doubt  upon,  and  it  appears  refreshing  to  light  on  aii\- 
class  of  facts  which  promises  to  lend  a  ray  of  <nili</iii///  to  our  history,  '['he  Indian 
race  is.  iiideiMl,  the  oldest  thing  in  .\inericaii  aiitiiiuity.  and  tiiey  bid  fair  to  taki-  the 
jilace  of  the  inscribed  shaft  and  undeciphered  medal  of  the  old  world,  it  is  on  this 
account  that  so  long-sustained  an  iiil(.'rest  has  lieeii  inaintained  respecting  the  \arious 
tumuli  and  nnr.i^ins  of  the  rude  liirtilicatious  of  the  West,  of  which  we  must  vet 
observe,  w  itli  due  ri'spect  to  the  descriptive  labors  of  our  predecessors,  that  the  specu- 
lations growing  out  of  them  liavc  added  incotiniarably  mori-  to  the  stores  of  vague 
hypothesis  than  of  sound  philosophy. 

The  \ery  nascence  of  our  historic  and  anti(inarian  literature  tends  to  create  a 
distrust  of  its  excellerce,  and  we  are  ])roiie  to  grasp  at  suggestions  from  the  other  side 
of  the  Atlantic,  on  the  remains  of  ancient  art  here,  as  if  the\-  were  iiie\itable  results 
of  the  most  jiains-taking  personal  and  critical  examinations  on  the  spot.  when,  in  fact, 
they  are  sometimes  tiirown  out  us  a  mere  alternative  of  puzzled  thought  or  editorial 
iii'i'enuit  V. 


hvH' 


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I 

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V  . 


110 


A  N  T  U)  U  I  T  I  E  S . 


it 
I! 


A  vorv  (lilU'iviit  .'<|iirit  and  iiukIo  iil'  investiiiiitiou  is  sliowii  in  llic  sovcral  paj^Ts  of 
tlu'  Antii|nitati's  Aniciii'ana — a  work  duvotcd  to  tlu'  early  liistorv  of  tiif  antr-Culnni- 
bian  c'i)iKh.  JKluri'  tlio  publication  of  this  work,  this  epoch  was  nearly  an  historical 
blank  ;  and  it  has  faiij;ht  inquirers  how  to  briny  the  arts  properly  forward,  to  illustrate 
obscure  [joints  of  history. 

llavinj;-  dexoicd  attention  to  the  Indian  mode  of  conununicatinu'  ideas  In-  ])icto,i;ra- 
lili\-.  durin;!  .-e\eral  years  residence  on  the  frontiers,  it  will,  it  is  believi'd,  finther  the 
object  wliicli  the  ('o[>eidia,u'en  Society  had  in  view,  by  se[)aiating  the  pictouraphic  part 
of  the  liiiurcs,  re[iresenteil  on  the  Diuhton  Iiock,  I'roni  the  conlessedly  Icelandic 
[lortion.  and  exliibitinu;  them  in  separate  drawings.  This  it  is  proposed  to  do,  in  the 
se(|uel  of  the  presi'ut   pa[)er. 

The  lUiitei-ials  1  hud  collected  in  the  West,  and  the  study  I  had  bestowed  upon 
them,  would  have  enabled  me  to  take  this  question  u[),  on  my  return  from  the 
frontiers  in  1S41  ;  but  I  should  not,  perha|)s,  have  done  so.  had  not  the  New  York 
Historical  Soci(jty.  in  181G,  [ilaced  nic  on  a  conniiittee  for  that  purpose. 

This  trust  1  executed  in  the  month  of  AuLiust,  ISIT.  taking  an  e\eiiing  boat  at  the 
city  of  New  York,  and  reaching  the  tliri\ing  town  of  Fall  IIi\cr  or  Troy,  near  the 
mouth  ol'  the  Taunton  or  Assouet  Kiver  in  Massachusetts,  caily  the  next  morning. 
This  latti'r  point  is  some  tvn  miles,  by  the  nearest  route,  from  Dighton  Four  Corners 
ill  Rhode  Island,  directly  ojiiiusite  to  which,  on  the  .Massachusetts  side  of  the  river, 
the  rock  lies.  Tiiis  distance  was  passed  in  an  o|)cn  one-horse  buggy,  which  alli)rded 
a  pleasant  \  ii'W  of  the  state  of  New  England  cultivation  and  thrift,  on  a  rather 
indilVerent  soil,  resting  on  conglomerate  and  trap  rocks,  which  support  a  heav^-  bo\dder 
and  block-drift  stratum.  Most  of  the  larger  blocks  in  this  part  of  the  country  do  not 
appear  to  Iuinc  been  carried  long  distances  from  their  parent  beds,  as  thty  are  not  only 
of  unusual  dimensions,  but  willuait  very  striking  eviik'nces  of  attrition.  This  block 
and  boulder  drift  extends  to  the  Massachusetts  shore,  and  beyond  the  inscri[)tion  roek, 
which  latter  is  a  large  angular  block  of  greenstone  trap,  presenting  a  smooth  inclined 
line  of  structure  or  natural  ['m'h  towards  the  channel.  It  lies  on  a  large  Hat  in  a 
bend  of  the  river,  which  is  quite  ex[iosed  and  bare  at  ebb  tide,  but  covered  with 
several  feet  ot  ..iter  at  the  tlow,  submergin;:'  the  rock,  with  its  inscrijjtions.  This 
dim'nal  action  of  the  tide  nuist  have,  in  the  course  of  xcars,  tended  to  obliterate  the 
traces  of  all  pigments  and  stains,  such  as  the  natives  are  generally  accustomed  to 
enqjloy  to  eke  out  their  rock-writings,  or  drawings.  The  ellects  of  disintegration,  from 
atmospheric  causes,  have  probably  been  less,  under  this  tidal  action,  than  is  usual  in 
dry  situations,  but  the  tide  deposits  upon  its  surface  a  light  marine  scum,  which  must 
render  any  scientilic  examination  of  the  inscription  unsatisfactory,  without  a  tlua'ougli 
removal  of  all  rocremental  or  deposited  mattt'r.  There  are  other,  but  far  U'sser-sized 
bnuMers  and  blo-ks  lying  on  ibis  Hat.  on(>  of  which,  u'^ar  to  it,  has  evidently  some 
artiliclal  marks  upon  it,  but  bcinn'.  at  the  tiuK;  of  my  \i>it.  just  under  water,  and  nmch 


led 
loh 


ANTIQUITIES.  Ill 

routed  willi  a  fiiio  alluvial  scum,  its  diaractov  could  not  bo  exactly  traced.  Similar 
blocks,  aud  ovate  boulders  of  gieenstoue  aud  otber  ibrni;itious.  also  lie  thickly 
scattered  on  tlic  maiu  land,  on  each  side  of  the  river.  One  of  tiie  boulders  of  an 
anjiular  character,  on  the  Massachusetts  shore  was  judfred  to  be  twenty  times  the 
dimensions  of  the  inscription  block.  This  ieature  of  the  ;:eolo,iiy  assumed  a  most 
interestinji;  character,  but  I  had  not,  in  a  brief  visit,  assi^ined  myself  time  to 
])ursue  it. 

1  crossed  the  river  to  the  rock  in  a  skiff  rowed  by  an  intercstinjr  lad.  called  Whit- 
marsh,  who  was  not  tlie  less  so  for  a  lisp,  lie  had  been  across  the  river  to  the  rock 
at  an  earlier  hour  the  same  morninji.  and  had  plea.sed  his  fancy  by  drawinj;'  chalk  lines 
on  some  of  the  principal  figures,  which  nnide  them  very  conspicuous  as  we  approached 
the  rock,  particularly  the  (piadruped  at  the  lower  part  of  the  inscription.  (No.  12, 
Plate  JiG)  ;  which  he  had  represented  as  a  deer, —  the  long  upright  lines  on  the  rock, 
just  above  its  head,  being  taken  by  him  for  horns;  and  he  told  me  very  unpretend- 
inglv,  that  this  figure  was  originally  meant  for  a  deer.  The  morning  tide,  which  wa.s 
coming  in,  had  reached  the  feet  of  this  figure,  but  had  not  yet  covered  them,  when  I 
landed  on  the  rock.  The  two  human  figures  without  arms.  (Xos.  20  and  27,)  at  the 
right  of  the  inscription,  (as  the  observer  faces  it,)  the  large  figure  having  the  usual  honr- 
gla.ss  shaped  bod  ;,  and  on  the  left  (No.  1)  of  the  published  interpretation  hereafter 
mentioned,  and  the  chief  dee])  lines  and  curves  in  the  main  devices,  between  these 
figures,  in  which  the  several  coj)ies  of  1700  and  IS.SO  coincide,  were  plainly  traceable. 
The  lines  drawn  in  Mr.  Goodwin's  plate,  on  the  extreme  left  of  the  frontlet-crowned 
figure  No.  1,  I  could  not,  with  any  incidence  of  the  light  I  could  command,  make  out 
or  identify,  which  was  probably  owing  to  tidid  deposits.  The  first  impression  was 
one  of  disappointment.  As  an  arcluuological  monument,  it  appeared  to  lia\e  been 
over-rated.  A  discrepancy  was  observed,  in  several  minor  characters  between  the 
co])ies  of  Baylies  and  Goodwin  of  1790,  and  that  of  the  Klujile  Island  Historical 
Society  of  1830;  but  few  devices  were  wanting  in  its  cs.sential  outlines.  The  most 
important,  in  the  j)art  which  is  not  pictographic,  consists  in  the  lower  portion  of 
the  central  inscrijjtion,  which  has  Ix'en  generally  supposed,  and  with  much  reason, 
to  have  an  alphabetical  value.  The  letters  which  appear  in  the  Rhode  Island 
Historical  Society's  copy,  as  published  at  Coi)enhagen,  are  either  imprecise  or 
wholly  wanting;  but  there  is  something  in  the  inscriptive  figures  upon  which  to 
found  tlie  interpretations  which  will  be  mentioned  in  the  secpiel.  It  was  a  clear, 
bright  day,  and  I  varied  my  positicm,  b}-  movements  of  the  skifi",  in  front  of  the 
rock,  to  get  the  best  incidences  of  light.  It  was  evident,  under  all  the  difli- 
culties  of  tidal  deposit  and  obscure  figures,  that  there  were  two  diverse  and 
wdioUy  distinct  characters  employed,  naniel}-,  an  Algonquin  and  an  Icelandic  in- 
scription. 

But  before  I  proceed  to  state  the  deductions  which  arc,  in  my  judgment,  to  be  drawn 


t)  ~'    I 


,^  \ 


112 


ANTIQUITIES. 


from  it.  I  will  iiiti'dilucc  an  iiitt'r[)rctati(>ii  of  the  pictoiii'Miiliic  pMrt  of  tiiis  fruitriil 
pir/./li'  dl'  iintii|nariiin  K'arniiii;-,  wliicli  wa.s  made  liy  a  wcll-kiiowii  Indian  |iricst  or 
Mi'ila,  at  .Micliilliinackinac,  in  1S.'!',>.  Cliinuwauk,  tiu'  person  alluded  to.  who  is  still 
li\  ini;.  is  an  .Mfionijuin,  who  is  well  vei'sed  in  the  lu-l,-i I'-tr',,,,  oi-  [)it't()^ra[)hic  method 
of  eoi'Miuuiicating  ideas  of  his  eonntiTinen.  He  is  the  pi'in('i|ial  chief  on  the  Hiitish 
siile  of  the  ri\er  at  Sanlt  Ste. Marie.  He  end)ra(H'd  Chiistianity  dnrinir  some  part  of 
the  ])eri<)d  of  my  residence  on  that  IVontier.  jnioi'  to  the  time  of  this  interpretation. 
He  had  pre\ionsly  heeii  one  of  the  most  noted  pi'olessors  of  the  Indian  Mf-<lii-iri}i, 
■which  is  the  name  of  the  professors  of  the  ancient  Ahori^inal  reliuion.  He  is  also  ,i 
nicmher  of  the  Walieno  Society,  which  is  supposed  to  be  a  modt'rn  or  new  ])hasis  of 
it.  He  is  well  \ersed  in  the  various  kind  of  the  pietojirapiiic  figures,  l)y  which  ideas 
are  connnunicated.  He  is  (piite  intelligent  in  the  history-  and  traditions  of  the 
northern  Imlians,  and  jiarticuhirly  so  of  his  own  trihe.  Naturally  a  man  of  a  strong 
and  sound,  hut  uncultivated  mind,  he  possesses  powers  of  reflection  heyond  most  of 
his  people.  He  lias  also  a  good  memory,  and  may  l)e  eonsidei'ed  a  learned  man,  in  a 
tribe  wliere  learning  is  the  result  of  memory,  in  retaining  the  accunmlated  stores  of 
forest  arts  and  forest  lore,  as  derived  from  oral  sources.  He  was  one  of  the  war-chiefs 
of  his  trilie,  in  the  perilous  era  of  1S12.  He  s[)eaks  his  own  language  iluenth'.  and 
is  still  regarded  as  one  <jf  the  best  orators  of  his  trii)e.  Attention  was  perlectly 
arreste(l  liy  the  fu'ce,  com[)rehensivoncss,  and  striking  oratorical  turns,  of  a  speech 
which  he  delivered,  in  full  council,  before  the  govennnent  commissioners  at  .Alicliilli- 
mackinac.  in  IS.'itl.  He  had,  on  another  occasion  many  years  befoi'i',  shown  the  consi- 
dei'ate  t(Mni)er  of  his  mind,  by  drop[)ing  the  nplifted  tomahawk,  which  liad  been  raisi'd 
under  a  hostile  chief,  called  S.vs-s.\.-]iA,  to  arrest  an  American  exploring  expedition,  on 
their  entrance,   in   lSl2(l.   into  the.   until  then,  sealed  waters  ot"  Lake  Su[)crior. 

AVhen  1  fnsi  went  to  reside  in  the  Indian  country,  in  l.Slili,  in  an  ollicial  capacity, 
I  obser\ed  this  man  to  be  expert  in  drawing  the  Indian  signs  and  figures;  I  saw  in 
his  hanils  taljular  pieces  of  carved  wood,  calli'd  j/iiisic-hixinls,  on  which  were  cui'iously 
carveil  and  Itrightly  ]iaiiitc(l,  in  the  lines  of  scnl})tnre,  the  figures  of  men,  birds, 
(piadi'U]HMls,  and  a  vaiiety  of  mixed  and  fabulous  mythological  devices,  which  were 


id   to  be  the  notations  of  somrs. 


'>U( 


h   was  the  man  whom  I  employed  and  paid,  to  bo  my  teacher  in 


nnravelling 


these  devices,  and  to  instruct  me  in  the  several  modes  of  employing  their  pictograph 


art.     Sevi'uteen  Near? 


s  liad  now  ( 


hil 


fi 


om 


the  ti 


my  attention  ^vas  first  called 


to  this  subject,  when  the  I'oyal  Society  of  Anti(piarians,  at  Copenhagen,  ombraceck 


their  pub'.icati 


-the  Antiquitates  Americana. — a  full  series  of  the  .s(!veral  copies  of 


the  inscription  on  the  Dighton  Rock.  I  immediately  thought  of  my  Indian  instructor, 
and  having  taken  the  volume  to  Michillimackinac,  I  despatched  an  invitation  to  him 
at  St.  Mary's,  to  visit  me  during  the  suunner  season.  I  di<l  not  deem  it  prudent  to 
run  the  risk  of  awakening  suspicion,  by  stating  the  oiijoct  of  the  requested  visit.    The 


^1 


itv, 

in 

isly 

ing 
iliic 

ill 

■S   uf 

't(ir, 
liin 

it  to 
riio 


At 


ANTIQUITIES. 


113 


cliief  complied  witli  my  wishes,  bringing  witli  iiini  luur  conipaMiuns  to  nianugo  his 

e!Ul(K>. 

lie  siiiil  tiiat  lie  had  come  in  consequence  of  my  verbal  message,  and  inquired  what 
had  induced  me  to  send  for  him. 

I  laid  before  him  the  volume,  o])eniiig  it  at  Plate  \2.  "You  will  recollect,"  I  said, 
*•  that  many  years  ago  you  gave  me  instruetioiis  in  the  Ki-hr-irin  of  \()ur  nation,  as 
aijplied  to  the  .Mkdaiui.v  and  tiie  Wai.kno  socii'ties.  I  know  xou  to  be  well  versed  in 
this  art.  and  haxc  theivfoii'  scut  liiryou  to  explain  this  ancient  inscription,  which  has 
pu//.k'd  men  of  Icuriiing.  You  have  since  tiiis  time,  1  know,  united  yourself  t(j  a 
Cliristian  church,  and  ma\-  think  such  knowledge  no  longer  worthy  of  attention;  but 
it  is,  nevertheless,  a  rational  curiosity.  The  figures  and  devices  here  sliowii.  have 
been  copied  from  the  face  (jf  a  rock  lying  on  the  sea-coast  of  New  Kngland.  Tiiey 
were  noticed  at  the  time  that  the  Kiiglish  lirst  landed  and  settled  there;  (ItTJO.) 
The\' are  believed  to  lie  very  old.  J5otli  the  inscriptions  on  this  plate  (No.  \'l)  are 
copies  of  the  same  tiling,  only  one  of  them  was  taken  forty  years  l)efore  the  otln'r. 
The  last  was  taken  nine  years  ago.  It  is  supposed,  as  the  sea  rises  on  the  rock  twice 
a  da_\-,  that  some  of  the  minor  figures  may  have  been  oblitcrat'  d.  You  will  perceive, 
by  studying  them,  in  what  jiarticulars  the  two  copies  difliu'.  Was  the  inscription 
made  by  Indians,  or  by  otiiers?     What  is  your  opinion?" 

Tliis  was  the  substance  of  my  remarks.  Xo  otlu'r  facts  or  (Hiinions  were  revealed. 
Alter  .scrutinizing  the  two  engravings  for  some  time,  with  his  friends,  he  replied  :  ■■  It 
is  Iiuliaii ;  it  appears  to  me  and  my  friend,  to  be  a  Mii::-:.iii-iH(-liih.  (i.  e.,  rock  writing.) 
It  relates  to  two  nations.  It  re.semljles  the  Koh-iio-n-ui-uii.  or  prophetic  devices  of 
an  ancient  class  of  seers,  who  worshipped  the  snake  and  panther,  and  aflected  to  live 
underground.  Hut  it  is  not  exactly  the  .same.  I  will  study  it."  He  then  re(piested 
permission  to  take  the  volume  to  his  lodge,  and  asked  for  a  candle,  that  he  and  his 
companions  miglit  study  it  during  the  evening. 

The  next  day  he  came  at  the  appointed  time,  with  two  of  his  companions,  bringing 
the  book.  His  principal  aid  in  this  investigation,  was  a  hunti'r,  called  by  the  name 
of  Zlia-lin-tiis.  I  had  prepared  for  this  interview,  by  having  i)iesent  the  late  lleury 
(Conner.  Es(|..  the  most  approved  interpreter  of  the  department,  in  addition  to  two 
members  of  my  faiiiii_)  ;  all  well  versed  in  the  Chippewa  and  English  languages.  I 
had  numbered  each  figure  of  the  inscription,  in  order  to  give  preeisi(m  to  the  chief's 
iuter|)retation. 

(,'biiigwauk  began  by  saying 'that  the  ancient  Indians  made  a  liivat  merit  of  fisting. 
They  fasted  sometimes  six  or  seven  days,  till  both  their  liodies  and  minds  became  free 
and  light;  which  prepared  thei.i  to  dream.  The  object  of  the  ancient  .^eers.  was  to 
dream  of  the  sun;  as  it  was  believed  that  such  a  dream  would  enable  them  to  sec 
everything  on  the  earth.  And  by  fasting  long  and  thinking  niucli  on  the  subject, 
they  generally  succeeded.  Fa.sts  and  dreani.s  were  lirst  attempti'd  at  an  earlv  a<a' 
15 


I: 


I  • 


11 


i   I 

r 

t     i 


f  ; 


h!>  i 


m 


^%' 


i 


«!  :»!« 


t'  «1 


I 


1 


114 


ANTIQUITIES. 


^1'ir 


f.  I? 


I  I    i  ! 


W 


What  a  young  man  koos  and  oxperiences  during  these  dreams  and  fasts,  is  adoijted  by 
hin;  as  truth,  and  it  hooomes  a  principle  to  reguhitc  his  future  hfe.  Ill-  relies  for 
success  on  these  revelations.  If  he  has  been  much  favored  in  liis  fasts,  and  the  peoi)le 
believe  that  he  has  the  art  of  looking  into  futurity,  the  path  is  open  to  tiie  highest  iionors. 
The  i)ruphet,  he  continued,  l)egius  to  try  his  power  in  secret,  witii  only  one  assistant, 
whose  testimony  is  necessary  should  he  succeed.  As  he  goi's  on,  he  puts  down  the 
figures  of  his  dreams  or  revelations,  by  symbols,  on  bark  or  other  material,  till  a  whole 
winter  is  sometimes  pas.sed  in  pursuing  the  subject,  and  he  thus  has  a  record  of  his 
principal  revelations.  If  what  he  predicts  is  verified,  the  a.ssistant  mentions  it,  and 
the  record  is  then  appealed  to  a.s  proof  of  his  prophetic  power  and  skill.  Time 
increases  his  fame.  His  Icn-hn'-touis,  or  records,  are  finally  shown  to  the  old  jn-ople, 
who  meet  togetlier  and  consult  upon  theui,  for  the  whole  nation  kdievc  in  these 
re\elations.  They,  in  the  end,  give  their  api)roval,  and  declare  that  he  is  gifted  as  a 
prophet  —  is  inspired  with  wisdom,  and  is  (it  to  lead  tlie  opinions  of  the  nation. 

Such,  he  concluded,  was  the  ancient  custom,  and  the  celebrated  old  war-captains 
rose  to  their  imwer  in  thi.s  manner.  I  think  the  inscrijjtion  in  this  volume  is  one  of 
these  ancient  inu::::ln<d)ih'n.  It  is  old — it  was  proljably  done  by  the  ant'ient  ]V'i-/)t-iia-/,-lis 
or  New  England  Indians.  Before  the  white  men  came,  there  were  great  wars  among 
the   Indians. 

He  said  that  he  had  selected  the  drawing  of  17'JU.  Part  of  the  figures  appeared  to 
have  been  worn  ofl',  and  were  illegible.  It  consisted  of  two  parts.  If  a  line  were 
drawn  across  a  certain  |)art  of  the  inscription,  which  he  placed  his  finger  on,  it  would 
not  touch  any  part  of  the  figures.  All  the  figures  to  the  left  of  such  a  line  would  be 
found  to  relate  to  the  acts  and  exploits  of  the  chief  represented  by  the  key  figure, 
Number  1,  and  all  the  devices  to  the  right  of  it  had  reference  to  his  enemies  and  their 
acts. 

I  drew  a  line,  in  pencil,  from  A  to  B  (See  Plate  30)  which  completely  verified  this 
discriminating  observation.  I  also  drew  a  line  to  the  left  of  tiie  key  figure,  from  C  to 
1).  I  luid  prepared  to  give  exactitude  to  my  numbering  of  the  figures  or  devices  by 
emiiracing  every  thing  of  sufficient  value  to  stand  by  itself  as  a  syndjol  or  representa- 
tive character. 

The  inscrii)tion,  he  said,  related  to  two  nations.  Both  were  t'li-l^/t-in-d-fxi,  or  the 
Indian  people.  There  was  nothing  depicted  on  either  of  the  figures  to  denote  a 
f()reigner.  There  was  no  figure  of,  ov  sign  for,  a  gun,  sword,  axe,  or  other  implement, 
such  as  were  brouglit  by  white  men  from  beyond  the  sea.  There  were  some  things, 
lunvever.  which  lie  woulil  mention  when  he  came  to  them,  which  (hd  not  belong  to 
tiie  kc-lcd'-tchi. 

Numljcr  I,  Plate  .''li.  he  said,  represents  an  ancient  pro|)iiet  and  war-captain.  He 
records  his  exploits  and  prophetic  arts.  The  lines  or  |)luiiies  from  his  head  denote  his 
power  and  character. 


m 


the 
ii 

'lit, 

to 

Ho 

his 


'^}^ 


\f* 


i:  i' 


y      I 


■'J 


i#V' 


?J*^ 


.  r 


;  ^ 


■«  ^  -^ 


^5 


X 

O 


\ 


hi 


■ ;       1 


1 

1 

il 

f\  i'i 

!' 

1 

' 

■ 
1 1 

j 

II 

[: 

f 

■H 

[           ' 

■Ml 


fe:^ 


M 
"i 


•-ifffKr 


ANTHilMTlKS. 


11.' 


ts  liis  sifter.     Slic  IniH  liccii  liis  a^4-i.stj||lt  mid  ('oiilidaiit  in 


Fiffiiro  NiuiiIkt  'J,  ri'iu'i'st'ii 

iiic  nl'  his  pniiiliutii'iil  iirts.     Slio  iw  uImo  tlio  Aij-iti>iMni-/:ir,,i/,  or  liooii  of  Succchh  in 


ti 


ic  cinitcnii 


iiiitcd 


cntcrpri.Mi',  hik 


1  hIic  is  held  out,  ilH  n  gilt,  to  tlic  first    iiiiiii  who  hIi 


Htriki',  (ir  toiicli  a  dead   lioily   in   liatlli'. 

Figure  NiuiiIht  .'!  ilcpicts  ii  stfiH'liirc  callcil  \Vii/i-<jiui-(i/>-</-f><i</-Jr.)/ini.  It  is  tlic 
proplii't  or  Mccr's  lodffo.  It  lias  ni'vcral  divisionw,  iippropriatt'd  to  sopaniti'  lines,  inai  Ufd 
(I,  I),  r.  Part  <i  denotes  the  vapor-batli,  or  secret  sweatini;  lod;je,  marked  Ity  crossed 
war-clnlis.  Tiie  three  dots,  in  the  centre  of  apartment  l>,  denote  tliree  iar;ic  stones 
used  for  lieatinj;  water  to  nmko  steam,  ami  are  snpposed  to  Ik-  endowed  with  majrical 
virtues.  (■  ie|)resents  tlie  sacred  apartment  fnan  whieli  oracular  responses  arc  ntteicd. 
It  contains  a  consecrated  wnr-club,  of  ancient  make,  marked  (/,  iind  a  consecrated 
poh',  or  halista,  marked  '■. 

Kijiiire  4  re[iresents  a  ponderous  war-club,  consecrated  for  battle.  Snch  war-cliibs, 
of  which  li;;iire  '.\o,  and  r  of  No.  .'i,  furnish  otlier  examples,  were  ancientlv  made  by 
sewiufT  n|)  a  round  stone  in  a  green  skin,  and  attacliiiif^  a  lon;^  p(do  to  it.  After 
dr\  ill^^  the  skin  assumed  great  hardness,  and  the  instrument,  which  ])erformed  some 
of  the  ollices  of  a  i)a(tering-riun,  was  one  of  the  most  elfectivo  weapons  of  attack. 
(St'c   FiiiMi-e  li.  Plate   1").) 

Figuii-  ■').   The  semi-circle  of  si.v  dots  sifrnifv  .so  many  moons.     The  (iist  were  ( mi- 
fiiiiious,  (he  others  broken  or  iuterruptcil.      They  mark  the  time  he  dexolcd  to  pcilrct 
him.-elf  for  the  exploit,  or  actually  consumed  in  its  accomplishment. 
Fiiruii-  (')  is  the  symbol  of  a  warrior's  heart. 
Fifiure  7.    A  dart. 

Figure  S.    The  ligure  of  an   onomalous  animal,  which  probably  appeared  in  his 
fasts  to  befriend  him. 
Figure  ',).    Unexplained. 

Figure  10.  Accidentally  omitted  in  the  interrogatories.  It  is  the  usual  ligure  for 
a  human  trunk,  drawn  transversely. 

Figure  1 1  represents  the  number  4((.      The  dot  alwve  denotes  skulls. 
Figure  12.    This  is  a  symbol  of  the  principal  war-chief  of  the  expedition  against  the 
enemy,     lie  led  the  attack.     lie  bears  the  totemic  device  of  the  Pizhoo,  which  is  the 
name  of  the  northern  lynx.     (L.  Canadensis.)     The  same  word,  with  a  luvlix  denoting 
great,  is  the  name  of  the  American  cougar,  or  panther. 

Figure  13.  This  is  a  symbol  of  the  sun.  it  is  repeated  tiiree  times  on  the  in.scrip- 
tion ;  once  for  the  prophet's  lodge,  number  3,  again  for  the  prophet's  sister,  iiunil)er  2, 
and,  in  the  present  instance,  for  the  prophet  himself  It  is  his  totem,  or  the  heraldic 
device  of  his  clan. 

Figure  14  rejiresents  a  sciirbird  called  MoNG,  or  the  loon.  It  preserves  the  prophet's 
name. 

Figure  15.    A  Pim-me-dau-ho-nau-(jiin,  or  war  camp.     It  denotes  the  place  of  reii- 


il 


i 


[ 


•i  t 


fr 


\ 


'  M 

1 

' 

'     \'i 

Irf, 


V  i 


:»    :   ! 


116 


ANTIQIMTIKS. 


(li>/,\'<iiiH,  wlicrc  tlic  war  ilaiicr  was  ('clcliralcil  lirlnrc  liallli',  and  alr<i)  IIk'  !«|iiit  of 
rraH.xciiilily  on   tlicir  ti'iiiiii|iliaiit   n-tiirii. 

Fijiui'i'  1(1.  A  .Sti/i-iil/i-J'-iriil-Ji  1)1111,  lili'i'allv.  iiiKtriinii'iit  ul'  llif  war-crv,  « liitli  i-* 
nil  oiiHi^'ii,  or  skill  lla^,  iisiiallv  iMirnc  hy  a  leading  man. 

Fifiurt'  17.  All  instrnnicnt  n.scd  in  war  ci'i'i'iiionics  in  honor  of  a  victorv,  as  in 
ciM't'inonion.'^ls  raising  ilic  Hag,  iiiul  placiii^j;  it  in  rest  alU'i'  victory,  to  \tv  left  as  ii 
inonu'iitt). 

Fijrmt's  Is,  I'.l,  ■_'(!,  icpri'scnt  di-ad  bodios.  Tlicy  arc  the  iiunilK'r  of  men  lost  in 
the  attack. 

Fi;:ui'c  '2\.    A  |ii|ic  of  ancient  construction,  ornamented  witli  li'allierH. 

Fi.unii'  --.  A  stone  ol'  ])i'opli('('y.  It  is  soiiu'tiiiies  ciniiloyed  to  dctonniiio  tlio 
cour.se  a   war  party  slioiild   |)ursne. 

Fi.mire  li.'i,    l'iie\|)lained. 

I''i^iire  L'l  lias  no  apparent  sii^nilication,  as  a  iiicto,i.'raplii(^  symliol. 

Fij:iire  'J"i.  A  wooden  iilol,  set  up  in  the  diii'ctioii  of  the  enemy '«  eounti\,  and 
uiliiiii   >\^Ai\   ol'  the   propliet's   lodiic 


Sniiiiii   iij  f/ii    nixrri/ifinii   til  till    riijlit  uf  tin    liui    A.  It. 

'I'liis  iiroii|)  ol'  devices  tlie  chief  determined  lo  have  relation.  e.\chisi\('ly  or  chiellv. 
to  \varlike  and  prophetical  incidents  on  tlie  part  of  tlie  enemy. 

KlLiiires  L'Ci,  27.  Two  prominent  hnimin  lijinres,  re|)resentin.ir  the  enemy.  They 
are  drawn  without  arms,  to  depict  their  fear  and  cowardice  on  the  onset.  They  were 
paralyzed  liy  the  shock,  and  acte(l  like  men  without  hands. 

Figures  2S,  li'J.    |)ecapilati'd  men.  inohahly  chiefs  or  leaders. 

Fijiui'o  ;]().  A  belt  of  [leace.  denotim;'  a  neuotialion  or  treaty.  Su<'h  Ik-IIs  were 
preserved   with  fireat  care. 

Figure  111.    The  enemy's  |)ro[)het's  lodge. 

F'igure  '.VI.  A  l)ow  iieiit.  and  pointed  against  the  triU'  of  Mong.  This  is  a  .symbol 
of  preparation  for  war,  and  denotes,  in  this  relation,  proud  lioasiing. 

Figure  ll.'i.    Symbol  of  douiit.  or  want  of  conlideiicc  in  the  enemy's  |)rophet. 

Figure  ■ll.  A  lance  ])ointing  to  the  enemy.  This  is  a  symbol  of  boasting  and 
preparation,  and  tallies  exactly,  in  these  ideas,   with   the  purport   of  .'12. 

Figure  ilo.  An  ancient  war-club,  of  the  character  bet()re  noticed  in  l-'iguri!  Number 
4.      It  is  here  seen  that  the  enemy  possess  the  same  efl'ective  weapon  of  assault. 

Figure  .'1(1.    Has  no  known  signilicancy. 

Figure  .'17.    I'liexplained. 

Figure  oS.    Does  not  belong  to  the  subject,  or  is  unknown. 


I 


1^ 


III 


mil 


tlv. 


■iro 


and 


IxT 


\  ihiiii  III 


ANTHil-  IT  IK 


///'    /iixiijilliiii  fii  till    h  I'l  III'  till-  li III     ('.    I). 


in 


'I'lii' I'liii  i;  wild  IukI  I'viiiitMJ  II  iimikcil  (l.'Mivc  ..I'  ivii'liii.r.s  iiiiil  |iiv.ir<i.m  ivK|M'cliii;; 
III.' nllicr  purls  i.r  (III-  iii>cii|itinii.  :qi|»'ar.'il  .loiihirnl  wlu'ii  liis  iitli'iilinii  wiis  iliawii  li. 
til.'  |)iii'|HMt  .il    lliis  .■..iii|iailiii.'hl.      II.'  -iiiil  il  liail  ln'i'ii  f.>  inii.'li  .l.'rii.fd  liial  most  n\' 


till'   iiiaiU.i   a|i|M'ai'.  il  \N  iliiiiiit    iiiraiiiii:. 


lie  tliiHi'^lil,  rriiiii  wiiat  lie  I'uiil.l  iiiiil('i>laii 


tiiiit  it  was  III'  II  ^n'.pjrrai.lii.'iil  tliaiiifl.r,  aii.l  j;iivc  il  tliis  cxiiiaiialiiiii.      It  a|i|«'ar.'.l  t. 
1).'  til.'  ti'iritdiv  I'l"  iIk'   .MiaiLT  liiin'.  .ir  ('(Uir.'il.'iiu'y. 


l-'i'Min-  :;il,    III.    Xillaji.'s  anil   patlis  .il'  lliis  iit'oplc  nr  tlicir  (•Diircilfialcf. 


Fi;:iii'i'  1 1.    Mmpi's  viiliijiv.  .ir 


tilt'  riliri' lucalinll  nl'  lilt'   .VsSKIH'l.x.  lH'ili;.'.ill  tl 


II'   hailKs 


of  II  riviT.  Il  iiiav  111.'.)  represent  a  skin  lla.i:  used  in  the  war,  iiiiil  tlic  liuiu'c  .if  triiinipli. 
'I'll.'  lirsl  iiilcipr.laliiiii  is  ;;iv.n  iis  ijial  In  wiiicli  llif  I'liicl'  appeared  In  allii.'li  iimsl. 
\veij;lil,  anil  as  e.irrespuiidiiijj  willi  liis  jici'.'ral  i.leii  nf  tins  portion  dI'  the  iiiseriiition. 


tin. 


In  tliis  iiitei'i  •eliilinii.  CliiiiLiwaiik     on 
I    Mr.  (iiioihv;  I.  of  iT'.ill  :   iIk'   n  ..» 


lini'il  liiiii-.'ir  slri.'ll\  III  llie  eiipy  of  \h.  15a  vlies 
II    liir  this   lie  did   imt   nieiilion.      II.'  jirnliiilih 


i'.tniid   il    I'liller.  ;;i\iiifr  .-i.iiii.'   •- tails  wliieli  e\i.-i   tnily    in    Iriiee,  .ir  wliieli   are   i|iiil. 
oMiteiateil   in   the   Hlii'l"    Isli    il    Hist. iri. Ill   ."py.      He  was  I'lilly  aware  tlial  the  Iw. 


(Irawiiius  oi 


T'.KI    Ml.l 


l,s;;ii 


\v  ere  cujiii"'  u 


r  II,      sail 


le   inseriptiiiii   taken  at  a  perin.l  .i 


|iirt\  \ears  apart,  an. I  that  the  iiis.i  'Miiii  wa.s  siihj.'.'l.'d  t.i  l!ie  a.'tiiiii  nf  lli.'  tide. 
The  .)liserver  will  notice  thai  ill.'  [  '  i  .:  \  Hid  leading:  synihols,  such  as  1.  '_'.  ."..  I'J.  "Jii, 
'11.  lie.,  iip.m  which  his  int.  rpnlai  ■  ii  turns,  ai.     tiiiallv  plain  in  Imlli  cupi.'s.      ||  will 


t'lirth.'i'  iiliserv.'.l.  that  i    .e"i.li. 


r.   Ill'  the  niiii.  ,  s\  iiihiils  and  .l.'\i.'.'s  w  liich  liie  chiel' 


has  eiii|ilo\e.l,  sii.'li  as  "i,  i  ,  7,  :  .  '.'.  iS:.'.,  he  wholly  disniis-i'.i  I'roni  the  consi.leriitiun  .>!' 
111.'  iiis.'riptiiin,  it  would  not  allect  its  liirning  incident,  .i.  I  p'lienil  piirporl.  as 
e\|ilaiiii'd  hy  Chiii^waiik.  'i'lie  interpretation  w.aild  ther.'hy  l.)se  s.iiii.' <il'  its  d.  tails, 
hill  it  Would  still  r.'iiiaiii    hoiiii  "j;eiie.)iis,  and  h.'  in  eiiliie  conliiriuil  \   with    III."  ciislonis 


ami   pi.'t.i 


rial   art   of  llu'  nativei 


ion. 


Owiiij;  1.1  the  pi'iilialile  ai;.  il'tlii'  inscription,  anil  its  defac.'iii.'iit  hy  eleineiilal  act 
it  would  reiinire.  al  this  lime,  a  very  carel'iil  ami  lah.iri.ais  process  nl'  cnpyiii;;-  it.  witli 
e».'r\  applian.'e  .it'  s.'i.'iililic  |ir.'('isioii.  in  order  In  insure  acciiraiy.  No  sn.'li  e<ip\, 
aiisweriii'.;-  the  hiiihesl  reipiisit.'s  of  eMi.'titiide.  h; 


IS.  Ill  my  opiiihiii.  app.'areil 


Noll 


iir.i: 


short  of  a  .'oir.'r-dani.  lu  .'xclii.le  the  ti 


111 


th 


Ilk'  permaiientl      wliil.'   tlu'  I'opyiim-  wns   in    pro- 


jrress,  wtiiild  app.'ar  U>  nu'ct  this  eslrein.'  leipiirement  .il'  .'xa'tii. 'ss  With  muIi  a 
preliminary  a-  '  ■  hasis  of  operations,  the  whole  surra.'.'  he  rnck  ruiild  he  iinpre>sed 
pap.'r  properly  prepareil.  In  means  ol  uii'"li.  iiiei|iialities  of  sin  lace 


with  a  liriish,  \»  ,th 

and  fragmentary  lines  iiiiuht  he  hroiiiilit  out  and  restori'.l.  It  ,<,Muld  also  Uc  desiiah'e 
to  snliie'l  the  fa.'.'  of  th.'  r.ick  to  the  ])ro('ess  of  the  ihipii.  1 1.  ot  vpe.  the  liii  ;is  of 
w  liicli  .11. mid  he  place.!  at  sii.'li  an  aimie  as  to  catch  the  ininnt.'st  shades  of  surfac.  \.) 
sacii  process  could  he  undertaken  until  the  surface  of  the  r.ick  had  lieen  i  ails  cleansed. 


.1    ♦ 


a 


118  ANTKtl    ITIMS. 

It  will  In-  iioiiccd  lliat  CliiiiL'waiilv  lias  mil  chiiiIdn cd  any  of  the  devici's  wliicli  are 
litTc  attriltiitt'il  to  a  forciLrii  cniiiiii,  cxci'iit  Nds.  IS.  lit,  I'd.  'I'licso  (Icviccs  rcsciiilili' 
an  lidiir-irlass.  or  a  clusi'i!  cross.  Sncli  a  cross  is  a  synilMil  I'or  a  corpse  in  the  northern 
|iictojrrai)li_\-.  hut  it  would  cease  to  he  so,  it'  it  were  not  chixid,  as  it  is  ih'awM  in  the 
lihode  Island  eopy.  On  the  eontrarv,  an  ojx'n  cross  is  the  Honian  diaracter  tor  ten. 
'I'his  (|nestion  of  a  (/<'.«</,  or  o/"//  cross,  constitutes  the  lurninji-  point  in  its  value  in 
this  iuser-ipliou. 

I  called  the  attention  of  ("hiufrwauk  especially  to  the  character  in  close  proximity 
heliire  Nos.  IS,  !1>,  "JH.  which  n'seinliles  tlie  ancient  (".  or  sij;n  of  one  hundred,  and 
also  to  the  sIlmi  llir  I.  innnediately  hehiiid  them,  and  to  the  compound  character 
re^iularly  and  clostdy  t'ollowi'i.ir  it,  wliich  Mr.  -Maunusen  h:is  inter|ireteil  to  stand  I'or 
men.  JIi'  promptly  threw  them  out.  sayinjr  tli;it  tiiey  had  no  sifi;ni(icaney  in  the 
inscription.  It  would  seem  liy  e\t'ry  fair  principle  of  inteipretation,  that  these  six 
characters  should  he  construe<l  together.  This  \  iew  derives  llirce  from  the  considerii- 
tion  of  the  confessedly  alphaln'tical  characters  helow.  IJy  throwinjj:  Kiirures  IS,  ID, 
and  "JII  out  ..."  ChinL'wauk's  interpretation,  his  recoid  loses  only  the  adjunct  i'act  of  an 
ai'Unowledireil  loss  of  three  men  in  the  attack,  ^vllile  it  restores  to  the  Scandinavian 
portion,  what  is  essential  to  it.  'I"he  principles  of  litholoiiical  inscri[)tiou.  as  they 
have  heen  di'M  loped  in  ancient  Iceland,  appear  to  me  to  sanction  the  refei-euce  ol'this 
jiart  of  the  forci'jjn  inscription  to  that  hardy  ad\euturous  race,  who  were  conlessedly 
early  \isitors  to  America.  Thus  i-ead.  the  interpretation  of  this  part  of  the  inscription 
furnished  liy  Mr.  .Ma^'nusen,  app". ns  to  he  fully  sustained.  I'ut  it  in  modern 
(diaracters,  it  is  this:  ('XXXI  men.  The  inscription  helow  is  numifestly  either  the 
name  of  the  person  or  the  nation  lli.t  accomplished  this  enter[)rise. 

The  whole  i|Uesti(in  of  disco\cry  turns  on  this.  Not  Scandinavia  only,  hut 
I'lid'nicia.  (laul.and  old  Hritain,  may  he  considered  as  claimants. 

And  here  if  nnist  he  confessed,  my  ohservation  did  not  enahle  me  to  find  tlio 
oxiM'cted  nanu' of  ••Tliorllu. "  The  figure  assumed  to  stand  i'or  the  letters  Th.  Is  .some 
feet  distant  from  its  point  of  e  mstrued  connection,  and  several  other  picfofjjraphic 
iiiiures  intervene.  If  it  he  not  the  symliol  of  an  Indian  Ihijr.  or  he  fhou.ii;ht  fo  have 
ii  geoi:ra|»hical  siirnilicance.  a^'reeahlv  fo  the  inti'r|iretation  of  Cliingwauk.  yet  its 
adiiii.  sioii  as  the  chi.racfer  Th.  woidd  not  si'rve  to  determine  the  name.  The  lifrures 
succeedinir  the  ancient  (,)  [O].  cannot,  hy  any  inwnnity,  he  construed  to  stand  for 
an  1'".  I.  ni  N.  The  terminal  letter  is  clearly  an  .V  nr  the  figure  ten.  The  inferveninj^ 
lines  are  all  anirular.  and  in  this  res[)ecf  lia\t'  a  IJunic  orCelfic  asju'ct.  So  far  its  they 
could,  h_\  frreaf  care,  he  drawn,  they  are  I'xiiilMted  in  tiie  iiresumed  Icelandic  part  of 
the   inscription.  ( I'lafe  .'IT,    Fiiinre   A.) 


Futi 


nre  .scrutiny  of  this  part   of  the   inscription   is  in\i 


ted. 


A  preceileiice  has  heep  i:iven,  in  point  of  ane,  to  the  Scandimivian,  over  the  picto- 
rraphic  part  of  the   inscri|ition.      This   results,  almost   as  a   matter  of  necesHity,  I'roin 


'■       j 

J 

•f  1 

|(-    ;,. 

Hi 


11 


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V: 


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H.  37 


M: 


li 


'-' ' 


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ill    i 


I  If" 


I       'I; 


I'        ij 


i     ■ 

i: 


I'll. 


Hi 

I' 


t 

t 


m 


(11 


« 


^■if'i;'!'y)?^^c§  'J)!?"  \i'[h:I':  /Sv^s©i>iii£'u'  PiJ^s^tsisin-^iriK^w., 


I  fffiu^h .  ^A.  yV  /  *■'>//» 


I  (^O      X 


f*  ^  Uu««  ■  '.Ifi:    „■(  hn.  t'hil*d* 


,1^: 


■'jKtr^i,*^:^ 


I 


..If  ■■'*.■ 


ANTIQUITIES. 


Hit 


its  contriil  iuul  iiidi'iK'ndciit  position  on  tiic  \wk.  That  the  iiint  of  tlio  piiriuirt  uf 
such  iin  inscriiition  by  lt)rci^iuTs  siioukl  have  bwn  talvcn  at  a  iator  iii'iiod  \,y  the 
natives,  to  ivcoiil  their  own  traditions,  may  be  accounted  lor  on  natural  principles. 
Indeed,  were  there  anythinf,'  on  the  rock  to  denote  the  presence  or  existence  of 
forei;;ners,  in  the  pictographic  i)art  of  the  inscription,  one  nii,i.dit  suppose  that  the 
Indians  desi-ned  to  show,  by  their  drawing,  the  defeat  of  the  very  i)arty  of  the 
Xorthnien.  whose  landing  here  in  lOOl  is  contended  for,  at  Copenhagen,  whom  they 
are  admitted  to  have  driven  oil'.  The  admission  of  such  a  defeat  by  the  invaders,  and 
th  use  of  tlie  great  war-club  or  balista,  are  circumstances  in  which  the  Scandinavian 
and   Assonet  record  curiously  coincide. 

A  full  synopsis  (^I'hite  .')7,  Figures  1  to  50)  is  submitted.  The  figures  on  tliis  plate 
coincide  with  those  explained  by  Chingwauk  to  4  I,  and  figinvs  <i,  />,  and  c,  uf  No.  3. 
The  remaining  devices  ajjpear  to  be  as  follows  : 

Figure  42  is  a  character  rejected  by  the  Indian  expositor,  as  foreign  to  the  iiicto- 
grapiiic  jiart.  it  has  l)een  explained  by  the  late  Mr.  Magnusen,  to  be  an  oUl  anaglyi>h 
for  the  word  men. 

Figure  4  3  appears  to  denote  warlike  implements,  of  a  character  .suitai)le  to  the 
Indian   manners  antl  customs. 

Figure  44  consists  of  two  characters  rejected  by  Chingwauk,  which  are  believed  to 
stand  li)r  the  ancient  C.  one  hundred,  and  1,  a  unit.  It  is  ui)on  this  rejection,  that 
(Igures  IS,  111,  20,  inclusi\(',  between  them,  are  transferred  to  the  old  northern  or 
Ici4an(lic   [lart   of  llii'  record. 

Figure-  I')  is  a  device  on  the  Ilfode  Island  copy,  which  does  not  appi'ar  on  the 
drawing  of  ITIHI.  It  is  tin-  representative  figure  of  the  trunk  of  a  man.  nv  a  headless 
enemy. 

Figure  40  is  a  fragmentary  de\  ice  of  the  Rhode  Island  copy,  whii'li  corres]MMids,  so 
far  as  it   is   pt'rfect,  with    No.    ID  of  tlu'  drawing  of  170(1. 

Figure  4  7  appears  to  be  sometiiing  raised,  as  a  bainier.  by  NO.  27.  The  lines  that 
compose  figure  4;>.  appear  to  have  been  i)arts  of  a  device,  some  essential  portions  of 
whu4i   have  become  indistinct. 

Figuri'  40  appears  foreign,  and  has  no  significance  as  a  pictographie  (le\icc, 
ngreealily   to  the  papers  hereafter  introduced. 

This  leaves  as  the  Scandinavian  jtortion  of  the  inscription,  the  figures  which  arc 
denoted  in  the  compartnu'nt  ai'rangi'd  at  the  bottom  of  Plate  .■!7.  Of  this  inscription, 
figures  44.  IS.  10,  20,  ami  44  bis.,  are  to  be  read.  CXXXl.  The  figuiv  on  compart- 
ment 2.)  consists  of  two  devices.  The  first  has  been  interpreted  by  .Mr.  Magnusen, 
(Ant.  .Vmer.)  as  an  ancient  anagly|ph.  standing  for  the  word  men.  The  second  figiu'e 
of  this  compartment  is  taken  from  the  K.  I.  ('.  of  IS;>0.  \i\  compari.son  of  this  figure 
with  the   Runic  alphabet,  it  is  thought  to  resemble,  though  it  wants  the  down  .stroke 


■1   ■  r 


i   '    l! 


!    i'5l 


!i 


11 

>     i 


''I 


■iM 


■r    |:        if' 


'»,      i 


!  k 


!    ! 


IM 


A  N  T 1  o  r  rr  I K  s . 


of  tlic  li'ttor '('()•  [A],  wliicli  wf  aic  mrornied  was  tlio  uiicioiit  word  lor  a  /khi;  ov 
iiiniHi/.      (Vide  Miusli's  (!r;nn.,  p.    llili.) 

Witli  iH's[)cct  to  tlic  cluniicti'rs  wliicli  slioiikl  be  iiiscrti-d  uIUt  tlie  letters  O  IJ,  in 
till-  iiiscriiiticiiis  (tf  171HI;iiid  IS.'Jn,  wo  liavo  lldt  iiiiirli  iR'sitaiicy.  TIrtu  is  d()id)tU'ss 
soiiu'tliiiiij,'  to  lie  alldwi'd  tor  tidal  deiiosit,  lor  tlio  obscuration  of  time,  and  for  tlio 
want  of  a  indpcr  incidence  of  lijilit.  IJnt  witb  e\i'ry  allowance  of  this  kind,  and 
with  a  [lersiiasion  that  this  part  of  the  inscription  is  due  to  the  Northmen,  it  did  not 
a|)[iear  that  the  characters  nsnally  inserted  could  be  assijrned  to  till  this  spa<'e.  Nor 
did  it  appear  that  the  letter  li  could  bo  ri'cojrnised.  It  is  certain  that  the  i)enulti- 
mate  character  is  an  X.  or  less  probably  the  cardinal  nnnd)er  10.  Some  shadowinj; 
foitii  of  tlie  intermediate  chai'acters  is  f:i\i'n  on  the  upper  mai'uiri  of  IMate  ol  :  iiul 
no  positive  (K'tei'inination  can  be  made  of  their  aii)habetical  vahu-.  Without  doulit, 
tile  arclia'oioii'ist  is  here  to  look  for  tlie  NAMK  of,  eitiier  the  leader  of  the  party,  or  of 
the  nation,  or  triiie.  to  which  tiio  adventurers  belonj^ed.  A  careful  and  scientilic 
examination  of  tiie  suliject,  with  full   nu'aus  and  ample  time,  is  invited. 

One  remark  nniy  be  added.  Kxaminations  have  shown  tb'  .  ..le  jireat  liirests  and 
lake  basins  of  America  are  not  without  analogous  inscriptions,  in  the  article  devoted 
to  ••  pictography."  in  the  Ibllowiuj;  i)api'rs,  this  subject  is  treated  on  the  basis  of 
|»M>oiial  in  vest  illation,  and  it  is  believed  that  the  inscri|)tious  which  have  iH'cn  copied 
at  \;nious  [loints  of  the  interior  are  such  as  will  ciimiienil  the  suliject  tif  the  Indian 
symbolic  and  mnemonic  method  of  inscri|ition  to  respect.  It  is  a  suliject  that  will  be 
pursued   ill  >ul)se(pient  ]iarts  of  this  work. 


2.  X  11  T  1  (■  i:  o  1-  .\N'  1  X  SC  1!  I  I'T  1  O  N  IN'  A  X  T  HU  K  < '  II  ,\  1!  .\  C  IK  U  .S  .  I'lllNII  (I  N 
.V  T.AIUI.AH  StoXK,  OH  AmII.I:!-.  in  (I.VK  Ol'  Till:  WllSTF'UN'  TiMll.I 
OF,     riiOl!  .V  li  L  V.     TIIK     liKi;  1  N  .X  I  N  (i     (IK     T  11  K     S  I  X  T  K  K  N  T  II     ( '  K  X  T  f  H  V. 

The  discovery  of  an  inscription  in  a  lai>'e  tumulus  near  Wheoliiifr,  in  Western 
\'iri:inia,  <iives  an  importance  to  die  openin;^'  of  that  mound  which  it  would  not  other- 
wise possi'ss.  This  arch;i'olo,i;ical  discovery  was  made,  as  Mr.  AU'lard  Toinlin.son 
the  proprietor  states.  (Vide  Western  Pioneer)  on  the  si.xteenth  of  June.  ISIjS.  The 
country  hail  then  been  settled  lll'ty-se\en  years,  and  had  been  first  explored  two  years 
earlier.  Mr.  Jesse  'I'omlinson,  the  original  proprii'tor,  and  uncle  of  Alielard.  iiad 
carefully  guarded  it,  and  prevented  any  excavations  from  biiiijr  made,  or  any  of  the 
forest  trees,  with  which  it  was  covered,  from  bi'ln^  cut.  lie  yielded,  at  leiiiith,  to  the 
public  curiosity  to  explore  its  contents,  when  bis  nephew,  Abelard  Tomlinson,  entered 
into  an  arran.seinent  with  .some  other  ])ersons  to  execute  the  work  on  a  Hxed  plan  of 
excavation.  They  ran  a  hoii/ontal  ,i;allery  into  its  centre,  and  sunk  a  shaft  fidin  it.s 
top  to  intersect  this  audit,  as   represented   in   I'late    12,   Kiyure    I. 


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To  iM'iii'lra(('  II  liiiiiiiln.'  nl'  niilli  (if  llircr   IhiimIi'i'iI   iiimI    I  liiil  \ -IIiicc  I'crl  in  ciii'iiiii- 

fiMvi (I  si'vcnlv  I'd't   ill  iifiulit.  (I'liilc  •"),    Kiumv  "_'.)  willi  an   inilinii<t'ii   Miiiiici', 

licMiiiiy:  liii-i'  tn't's,  was  imL  a  lij,'lit  wmk,  ami  il  ajipfars  that  llic  lalmr  of  scNcral 
iiainU.  for  a  niinilicr  of  nioiitlis,  was  rci|uii'('il.'  Tlic  I'csiills,  wliicli  liiivc  liccii  rccorilcil 
ill  till'  panics  of  till-  Aiiirriiiiii  I'ioiu'ir,  Ndlmiic  "Jd.  pai^i'  I'.t?,  wrw  llic  disroNciy  ol' 
UMi  nidc  toiiitis  coiitaiiiiiij;  .-kcli'loii-:,  ami  a  iiiiiiiIk'I'  of  heads,  aiiiiili'ts,  and  shells  ;  hut 
iiothin.'  indicative  of  an  niiusnal  civ  ili/ation  in  the  hiiildeis  of  this  tninnliis.  esee|il 
the  inseriiilion  stone  ;  even  if  the  hloek-|iiinls.  diseoidal  stones.  s\  plioiis  of  stealile.  and 
watch-towers,  hereafter  to  he  noticed,  he  tlionLhI  to  denote  a  hii;lier  stall' of  w  ants 
than  the  iniliaii  trihes  had.  lliev  were  not  the  wants  of  hivli  ei\  ili/.alion.  Little  or  no 
ini|ioitaiice  a|i|)eai's   to   haxe   Ik  en   atlaclu'd   lo   the   iiiscri|ilion   liir  se\eral    \ears. 

The  men  eiii;a;i('d  in  the  work  were  no  archa'olouists.  It  was  sn|i|iosed  to  he  in 
Indian  characters,  and  they  are  called  •  hiero;;ly|ihics "  hy  .Mr.  'rownseiid.  a  writer 
wild  descrihed  the  openiliL'  of  the  liloinid  ill  a  letter  which  was  |iiililished  in  the 
Cincinnati  ( 'lii'onicle.  a  weekly  ;^a/ette.  of  l-'ehnary  I'd.  I.^'!'.'.  lie  also  dmm'  a  drawiii;; 
of  the  iiiscri|itioii.''  A  <'o|)y  of  this  |ia|ier  was  transmitted  to  me  hy  a  friend.  Ila\  iiiu'. 
at  the  same  time,  a  copy  of  .Mr.  .March's  (Irammar  of  the  Icelandic,  of  Is.'IS,  the 
appendix  to  which  contains  the  /lUnir  uZ/i/ni/ii  /.  1  oli>er\cd  Mime  correspundiicj'  char- 
acters. My  relereiice  to  an  inscription  from  Dr.  I'lotl's  lli-tor\  of  SlalliiiiMiiie,  it  was 
al.so  seen  that  there  wcri'  .several  of  the  idiaiacters  ipiite  identical  with  the  ancient 
liirm  of  the  Celtic  alphahet,  as  employed  io  jiritain  in  the.  .~o  called.  Sliek-Mook.  .\ 
copy  of  the  inscription  (Tow  ii.send's  cop\  )  was  traiisinitted  to  I'rofessor  l!afn.  at 
Copeiihaiicn.  the  distiniiiiished  Secretary  of  the  Itoyal  .'Society  of  Northern  .Vntiipiaries. 
.Mr.  Uafn  does  not  lind  it  to  he  Itu;'!'.  hut  is  ilispo.-^ed  to  con-idei'  the   inscription  Celti- 

heric.       M'  liiiiin  s  ,1,    III  Smiil,'   Umiuli-  il,  s  Aiitiiiumii  s  ,l,i   \i,,;/.    I  S  |ll-|,'s  |:;.   11.    |:j."(. 

.Mr.  .\lielard  15.  'romliiison  states,  in  a  letter  ahovc  reii'iied  t<i.  that  he  commenced 
openiii,!;' the  mound  on  the  i'.Mli  of  .March.  |s.;S:  that  he  wmn-hi  at  the  e\ca\alion 
irmi.self;  and  that  he  liiniid  the  first  or  lower  \anlt  on  the  ilh  of  .Vpiil,  and  the 
second  or  upper  vanit  on  the  Idtli  of  .lime  of  that  yar.  That  ih,' ovs,.ons  rem.iins 
of  two  hiim:in  skeletons  in  a  state  of  decay,  were  found  in  the  hrsl.  one  of  which  h.id 
SIX  hnndred  and  lifty  heads,  and  a  small  yoke-shapeil  ornament  or  implement,  with 
two  perlWrations;  the  other  was  without  any  ornament  whatexcr.  'i'hat  the  upper 
vault  contained  the  remains  of  hut  one  skelet.ni.  ami  a  uivat  iinmher  of  trinkets, 
the  chief  of  which  were  seventeen  hnndred  hone-lieads.  Ii\c  hnndred  sea-sheljs.  one 
hundred  and  lifty  iiieces  of  mica,  live  copper  wrist  and  .irm  hands,  and  a  small  flat 
stone,  of  which  he  fiirnishcs  a  fac-simile,  paire  I'.i'i,  ahoul  three  eiuhths  of  an  inch 
thick,   with   an  emrravinu'. 


<v 


I   i 
i 


)  !l 


( 


'    \\v   nn.|.i-,i;„i.l   that    lli,.   ,.sl,-,t,.   „f  .Mr.   .I,.>sr   Tnii,lii,>,„i    «.»   ,l,ar-,-.l    willi   .s-.',,-,IHI   (,„■   i|„s   w.r.li 
■•  Thi.  «:.>  .-ul.>,..|„.i,ilv   f.mn.l   l.,  li;ivo   Ikv.i  r„|,i,.,l   uiih ,„.,i.Ti,-,l    iiu.-n,™  h>. 

ID 


II 


'il 


...!i      ! 


\±2 


ANTlgl'  IT  IKS. 


Dr.  Siimiicl  (icoi'^v  Morion,  in  liis  Cniiiiii  Aiiifriciiiia,  piijic  'JOl,  piitilislicf*  i'xtnirt« 
of  11  Ifllcr  IVoiii  Dr.  .Immics  \V.  <'lfmi'ii.-<  of  Wlicfliiif.',  of  llu'  ^^cniTiil  iliitc  of  ls;is, 
ill  wliii'li  lit'  il('.><('ril)('s  the  o|)(>iiiiig  ol'  the  nioiiiiil,  and  tin*  viirionH  objirtH  (liccovcrcil, 
witlioiil  nicntioiiiii;;  tin-  in^'crilicil  .xtoiu',  iiiiic.-^.t  it  lie  iiiciudcd  in  tlic  ffcncrul  tiiiii, 
••to;:rtlicr  with  various  arlifics  of  minor  iiitcrcr*!,"  pafze  'Jlili,  Crania  Anicricaiia. 
It  is  to  lie  it'iiii'tli'd  a.s  an  liistoiical  (pii'.stion,  that  tlu'  jiivci.si'  thito  ol'  this  li'ttcr  is  not 
Liiscii.  ISiit  little  intcri'st  apiwars  to  have  liocn  fxtiti-d  hy  tlic  "ntoni',"  and  noliodv , 
if  \vt'  rcli'i'  to  till'  first  ao'oiints,  apiicars  to  lia\t'  roj.'anli'd  it  as  (Nintaininff  aiiiliahclifal 
c'harartcrs. 

.Mr.  ( 'li'iiifiis  ilills  into  the  |io|inlar  riior  of  considtMini;  the  hcad.s  as  "iNorv." 
Tlicx  lia\c'  lii'fii  I'oi'iid  to  he  loinuil  ol'  sca-slit-'lls,  (sec  'riiiiisiictions  ol'  till'  iViiii'ricaii 
Ktlniojoiiical  .Sicirlv.  \'ol.  I..)  and  MLiri'c  in  their  slia|u'  with  the  ancient  wanipiini 
as  diselosed  ill  Wotein  N<\v  York  and  at  lievcrlv  in  Canada,  lie  also  states  the 
corliiMl  la\ers  of  the  larire  oak  which  stood  at  the  to|i  of  liie  central  jiart  of  the 
inoiiiid.  :it  tiiree  hundred:  tliev  are  stated  hy  Mr.  'I'oinliiison  at  ahoiit  live  hiindreil. 
(.\iii.  I'ioiM'er.  piiiic  I'.i'.f)  This  appears  to  he  a  point  of  some  importance,  as  hy  the 
lattiT  statement,  we  lia\('  the  date  of  .V.  D.  I.'I.'IS,  as  the  era  of  the  ahaiidomiieiit 
of  the  moiiiiil.  and  hy  the  former.  A.  1).  I-VIS.  or  yi'/7//-.s/,c  i/Ktrs  nf/ir  the  discovery 
of  the  eounlr\    liy  Coluiiiliiis. 

De   l,eon   di.-covered    Kloiida    in    I'll  "J. 

Kidiii  till'  ciillictioii  of  'reriicau  Campaiis,  the  month  of  the  .Mississip|ii  appears  to 
have  lifcn  discovered  in  I'l'JT.  'I'lieie  \\oiild  he  no  inconsistency  in  Mijiposinj;  that 
some  of  the  foilouersof  De  Soto  had  carried  a  Cell iheiic  inscription  into  the  valley 
of  the   Ohio. 

Dr.  .Nioildii  (''laiiia  .\m..  I'iate  ."i.".)  lm\cs  a  lit;iire  of  the  cranium  found  in  the 
upper  vault,  from  a  drawing;  h\  Mr.  Clemens,  and  states  its  facial  aniile  at  7S '.  'I'liis 
ciaiiiiim  has  heeii  recently  drawn  hy  ('apt.  S.  Kastman.  C  S.  A.,  from  the  ori^iinal  in 
the  pos-icssioii  of  Dr.  De  Mass  of  N'ii'Liinia.  (See  I'late  .'IS.  Kii;ure  ti.)  Its  posterior 
developments  appear  to  he  lari;e.  and  assimilate  it  to  the  Southern  type  of  crania. 

-M.  .lomard.  of  I'aris.  (vide  Sirnmli  Xn/i  m//'  inn  I'ii  rn  (Irnrrr  truini  i/nni  ini  (incliu 
tniiniliis  Ann  riciilii.]  is  inciiiieil  to  (let  III  it  all  inscription  in  tlii'  ancient  Fiihvan 
laii.;;iiai;i'.  lie  had  hel'ore  him.  however,  luit  an  imperfect  copy  of  tlie  inscription, 
which  was  tiansmitteil  in  ls:;'.t,  hy  .Mr.  iMiireiie  \'ail;  ln'injr  the  copy  (M'iginally 
piiiilishe(|  ill  ilu'  Cincinnati  paper  hy  .Mr.  'I'ovvnseiid.  which  had  misled  others. 

Dr.  Wills  De  iiass.  of  Crave  Creek,  has  ivceully  (IS.'.O)  hnaiiiht  to  Wasiiinjrton 
the  oriiiiiial  stone,  a  fac-simile  of  which  is  wiveii  hv  Ca[)t.  .'^.  Ivistman,  V.  S.  A.  (I'late 
.l.^.  i''ij:iire  i.)  lie  has  also  copied  its  i-everse.  ( l''iL'ure  "J. I  'I'liese  drawinfrs  accurately 
eoircspoiid  willi  ihe  copv  pulilisiicd  hy  the  .\iiiericaii  l']llinoloi;iral  Societv  in  l>lti. 
The  same  ailisi  has  al.-o  copied  the  ancielil  Celtic  iiiscriplion  hel'ore  referred  to.  (i'late 
lis.    FiL:ure   .'1):  also  a  enrions  device,   foiniil   in  one  of  the   minor  mounds  at  (liave 


''1^ 


J--^^ 


k 


TIlis 
il  in 
■rii>r 


.1   'i 


)# 


!('! 


{!.  I 


k 


f .  «.  *^ 


/:,.. 


R' 


f/ll 


[nav\ohai/iiavoa//m 
Lvo/\/wiAv<i/rv\vA^> 


It..  I  ^1 


I   I  u 


""3 


I  .',  .>■  .ii;.1  fl'ir  i«-i    ••■: 


r   I 


] 


I    I 


4 


lit      ' 


I    -ft     :| 

iN 


I 


I 


H 


If 

It! 


r 


5;        1 


\ 

1 

i 

i 

^   i 

li 

■ 

If 


A  NT  I  (III  T  I  |.;s. 


Civck   Fliils  (Imuihc    I)  ;   anil 


I  ciiriiliir  stone,   without   insciiptioii.  hut   iilfntval  in 

If  iviulor 


ilcrial  with   the  inscriptioii  sloiif.  (Fijiiiiv  •')  )      TIich.  facts  will  t-nahk-  tl 


to  Ibnu  his    I'vii   jiKJniiR'iit  in   thr   mat 


or. 


ini 


(iravc  Crc  ,    Flats  appears  to  hnvo   heoii  tiio  nite  of  an   aneient    Indian   town  of 
portance.     ,*"i'vimi   mounds,  or  their  remains,  still  existed   upon   these  Hals  in  IMI. 


althoiifrli  the  ]  loiiuli  and   the  s|iade  had  done  nnieli   to  oMiterate   the  small 
Tiiere  were  al-o  traces  of  a  larj;e  cireular  work,  endiraeim;-  a  part  of  tiie  piil.ji. 
leading-  nortli-east  to  the  hills.     The  relation  oft! 


el'  one: 


lesi'  se\eral  olijeets  is  shown  l)\'  I'l; 


Ite 


!•.     After  crossing'  this  low  ;ironnd,  tli 


ere  were  also  traces  of  a  circumvallat 


itui  on  the 


more  elevated   level   ;:rounds;   and  on  risinj;-  the  hills  to  Parr's  [•( 
(piite  entire  ami    undistin'hed,  the  luins  of  a  tower  or  look-out.  u| 
point  of  uroinid   on   the   farm   of  .Mr.   .Miteheitree.      (See    Plate   .'I'.l.) 


oint.  there  was  sti 


ion  a  eonnnanclmji' 


'i'liis  work  had  Keen 


commenced  hv  excavatiu':-  the  earth  .-several   feet. 


wallinj; 


il  up  with  roMiih  sloni's.  in  the  manner  of  a  well.      From  the  ipnnitity  of  raiien  stones 


around  ami  wiliiiii    this  e\ca\atuin.  tl 
d.      F 


lis  tower  nuist  haxc  heen  manv  feet  alio',  tiie 
irouiid.  F\er_\  one  of  the  stones  of  \\hich  il  is  composed,  nnist  iiave  heen  carried  up 
the  acclivitN  for  nearly  a  mile;  as  the  surface  of  the  hills  consists  entiivlv  <if  loam 
and   loose  soil. 

A  corresponding:  work  of  a  similar  character  appears  to  liave  existed  on  the  ajiex 
of  tiie  hill  which  Inrms  the  opposite  liaiiks  of  the  Ohio  Piver,  in  lielinoiit  ('ouiit\  ; 
and  a  (!efeusi\c  work  of  .-oiile  extent  exists  on  the  hiidl  Liroiinds  hack  of  this  ap'^x, 
hut   separated   from   it    In    a  deep  ravine.      (See    Plate  .'I'.l.l 

To  eiiaiile   the   leader  I  «  appreciate  the  ndative  position  of  the  iii'eat   mo 1,  ami 

•' ll"'r  olijeets   of  aiili(piarian    interest    in    its   iieidiliorhood,   ;i    |ilat    of  the   entire 

•■  Mills  "  is  introiliicrd.  (i'late  '■'>'■'.)  '{'here  is  also  added,  a  view  of  the  Ohio  l!i\ci', 
taken  from  the  rude  ol)scr\  atorv  which  has  li.'eii  constructed  at  the  top  of  the  'jiv.it, 
mound    lookint;   to  and   across   the  Ohio,   into   Peliuoiit  Couiitv.      (  Plate  7- 


I.) 


ite  2'.K  Fi-ures  I.  -2. 


I.  lepresi  lit   a  stoiH'  lilock-priiit    and  its   i 


reverse.  i<iunil  in 


"IK'  of  the  miiiiir  mounds  in  tiie  town  of  I'ili/.aliethtown.  on  the  superior  plateau 
of  till' (Irave  ( 'reijv  |''lats.  This  auli(pie  oiiject  \y  aiialo-dus  to  a  |M-iul  of  the  same 
character,   found   in  a   moiuul    in   Cincinnati.      (I'late  1^:'.,    Fi^r.   •").) 

Fiiiiires  .»,  and  (1,  Plate  li'.i.  denote  poiphviv  axes;  pi'rhaps  another  form  of  the 
ileshiiiLi  instrument,  di.sclosid  liv   the  minor  luonuds  ot'  the  (irave  Creek  (Iroup. 

With    re-aid   to   the   iii.Ma'iptioii.  it    may  lie   saiil.  if  uvnuiue.  to  lie  intrusive,  and  of 


liireij:ii  oriiiiii.      ft   has   liclouiicd  t 


o  some  advi'iitmu'i-.  m-  captive  carried   hv   the   ti 


to  this  Shot.     Ml 


iiiV  contend,  on  w  hat  arc  considered  sli^iht  uroim 


hif-'ii  slate  of  civilization   in   ih 


a  comparatividy 


ancient    iiihaiiitanls   of  the  West,  and   adduce   their 


architectural   riiiiis.  ami   attainments  in   fortiliv'at 


ion.  as    I   II 


roof  of  it.      I! 


lit,  iirantinj' 


whatever  can  he  advanced  on  this  head. 


on   this  hranidi  o!'  .\n 


diteol 


nericaii  arclueoloLiv .    to   admit    tin 


il  would  I'onliiulict    all   our  actual  knovvled^^i: 
possession,   liv    them,   at   any 


i  I 


i 


SK 


Wi 


'i 


li 


\m 


: 


i| 


)'! 


1    •! 


1L'» 


AN  TMil    I  T  IKS. 


jii  riod  kiinwii  tu  us,  ol'  ill!  ;il|ili;ilptt  ol'  any  kiml.  Tlic  chMriii'tcrs  i'm|ilu\i'(l  in  |ii(tiin' 
wiit'm^-  liy  the  T  'Iters  iiiul  A/ln-s,  \vi  IV  syiiilMilic  ami  r('|)n'scntati\('.  ami  tlicy  lia\i' 
left  invlVai  iiNi' ex  iilnici's  of  tlicir  lii^ili  iu'Dliciciicy  in  tliciii :  Imt  iiotliihi:  imifc.  'I'linr 
ran  In'  im  |  iftiMicc  tliat  an\  liiilian  racr  wlio  cnct  iiilialiilcd  tliis  xallcy  |icis-i'>sfil 
an  al|ilialM'li.  •.  <  'I'lic  insiTiption  ol'  this  tiMiiiiliis.  il'  it  lie  true,  is  liirciLiii.  'I'lic 
i|ii(sii.;i  111'  it^  p'liiiincncss  must  ri'sl  on  llic  \i",acit\  of  Mi',  'rniniiiisnii,  ami  liis 
iiri^lili.irs  wliii  liavi'  iiiiilt'il  ill  liis  slatcnii'iits.  On  the  sciirc  of  its  iiciiiL;'  el'  llifric 
nri:;iil.  tile  arriiiilll  i<\'  \h  ( 'Iclliclis,  \\\h)  is  tlic  least  l'a\(iraliie  tu  tlie  antii|ility  of  the 
luiiiiiiil.  i)|i|«ises  no  liar  !>>  a  liireiuii  tlieoiy.  (liviiii;'.  as  liis  I'aets  do.  tlie  d.ite  of  lo^IS. 
I'lit--  it  l\\ent\-si\  y(  ,^1's  al'tei'  tlie  discovery  of  {''loi'lda  liy  IK-  I.eoii.  and  one  \far 
siilisi  .jiient  to  tlie  di^eovei's  of  tlie  iiioiitli  of  tlie  .M ississijijii  l)\  Naivaez.  A  struiii:er 
oli|«Miioii  is  liiuiid  III  till-  iiia:>ility  ol'  the  ( 'o|ienlia;ien  antii|uariaiis  to  read  it.  while 
ai  knowled^iiii;-  a  laiye  iioiiion  ol'  its  eliaiacter  to  he  in  the  ."siianish  type  of  the  Celtic, 
'j'lie  liillowiii;:-  characters  arc  I'oiiinion.  it  will  he  seen,  to  the  inscription  at  Diiihton 
liock  and  (Iraxc  Creek  .Moninl.  namely;  0X1-  -^  ^''"  -i'<"'h'r  amount  of  reseni- 
Maiice  to  it  appears  in  t he  "stick-hook  '  character  ol'  the  ancient  lirii i>h  Celti<'.  'I" his 
i>  percri\eil  in  the  <'haracters  0  (  I  )  AX  X  ,  \^  hicli  are  common  to 'mili  inscriptions, 
naiiielx.  the  Celtic  and  the  \'iri:iiiic.  There  would  appear  to  !ie  miiiic  ;jroniids  here 
l'"i-   the  \Vel>li   tradition   of  .Madoc, 

We  liavi'  thus  three  ins<riptions.  which  appear  to  have  ln'cii  made  in  the  same 
iiii\ed  character,  or  to  i.  e  somethiiii;  in  coiiiiiioii.  i'ilcmenl-  of  an  alphahet  are 
Mcii  which  Were  kiiMWii  to  many  nations  of  Woti'i'ii  Liirojie.  and  were  oriijinally 
deri\:iii\.'  I'liiiii  the  liaiik<  of  tin'  .Mediterranean,  hefore  till'  introduction  ■<{'  the  Human 
alphahet. 


.'1.     I*i;\i(  i:s    OS     \  N    .\Nrii^ii:    (Ii.oim   i,\n    Sionk,    KnrND    in    t  n  r. 

<  »  11  i  ()    \'  A  I.  I.  i:  V  . 

Mvery  fact  relating:'  to  asserteil  inscriptions  of  iiiicient  date,  on  this  continent, 
ri'ipiires  ihecld.-ot  scrutiny.  Itiit  \m'  are  nut  at  lihcrty  to  deny  record  te  any  well 
attested  report.  'I'here  was  foiiiiil  in  one  of  the  r.oiip  of  minor  moimds  ol'  the  (Irwe 
Creek  l'"lal<.  in  the  (  Miio  \  alley,  a  ■'iiiall  iilohul  ir  stone,  a  hoi  it  one  inch  and  a  I1..II'  in 
diaiiiet(-'i'.  coiilainiiiL:'  some  de\ices.  which  roemhie  tho~e  of  the  ins"ri!icd  stone 
allejed  to  |ia\e  hcen  fiiiiiil  hy  .Mr.  'I'omlinsoii  in  the  lar^e  mound  at  that  place.  .\ 
cast  of  tliis  stone  was  presciiteil  lo  me  in  1  s  I  I.  clnriii'.:  a  visit  to  that  phae.ln  Dr. 
Wills  i)e  ila-s.  of  vvliich  a  copy,  with  its  inscriptive  m  itter.  is  Ljivtii  In  IMate  ."iS. 
FiL;ur(>  I.      The  (diaracters  on  this  stone  appea,  to  he  as  follows.     O   A.   •  f^    ■       I'lieie 


I  ;> 


,>       r   a. 


)  , 


"^p 


.5-'^t:^ 


I 


p 


i         < 


# 
•^^. 


''*^^.' 


u 


<i  >\ 


i  li 


I ' 


ki 


'f 


i. 


i't 


I? 


(  I'       !  i- 


\l        ' 


*  11 


:'      S 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MS80 

(716)  872-4503 


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ANTIQUITIES.  l-T. 

is  some  eccentricity  in  tlie  ibrnis  of  the  letters.     Tiie  first  is  recognised  on  the  Di^hton 
RocU. 

Noiliiiig  is  more  denionstraliie  tlum  tliiit  wiuitever  bus  emanated  in  the  grajjhic  or 
inscriptive  art,  on  this  continent,  I'roni  tiie  Ked  race,  does  not  aspire  above  the  sinii)le 
art  of  i)ictography ;  and  that  wherever  an  alphabet  of  any  kind  is  veritably  discovered, 
it  must  have  had  a  foreign  origin,  iiy  granting  belief  to  any  thing  contraveniiiL: 
this  state  (jf  art,  we  at  first  deceive  ourselves,  and  then  lend  our  influence  to  difl'use 
error. 


.: 

:,      :j 

:,   n 

4  H 

4.    Ax  AxciKNT  SiiirwuECK  ON  TIIE  Amekican  Coasts. 

Iroquois  tradition  preserves  the  account  of  the  wreck  of  a  vessel,  in  the  ante- 
Columl)ian  era,  on  a  part  of  the  Southern  Atlantic  Coasts,  occupied  by  one  of  the 
tribes  of  that  ancient  and  leading  stock  of  men  —  namely,  the  Tuscaroras.  This 
division  of  that  confederacy  then  lived  in  the  present  area  of  North  Carolina.  The 
story  is  stated  by  Cusic,  in  his  curiou;)  pamphlet  of  the  historical  traditions  of  the  Six 
Nations,  published  at  Lcwiston,  in  Western  New  York,  about  182-').  Cusic  bad 
rellected  much  on  the  position  of  the  Iroquois  in  our  aboriginal  history;  and  waited, 
it  seems,  for  some  one  more  competent  than  ho  deemed  himself  to  be,  to  undertake 
tlie  task  of  writing  it.  Jhit  at  lengtli  ho  determined  to  do  it  himself,  and  acomplisbed 
the  work  with  his  mind  replete  with  traditions,  but  with  a  very  slender  knowledge  of 
the  structure  of  the  English  language.  Ilis  ignorance  of  general  chronology,  and  of 
the  very  slow  manner  in  which  tlie  dialects  and  languages  of  the  human  race  nuist 
have  been  formed,  was  profound;  and  his  attempts  to  assimilate  the  periods  of  tlie 
several  Atotarhoes  or  leading  magistrates  of  that  famous  league  of  al)originnl  trib(>s. 
are  utterly  childish  and  worthless.  Not  so  with  his  traditions  of  events.  Whi^n  be 
comes  to  speak  of  the  Indian  mythology,  and  beliefs  in  spiritual  agencies,  the  monster 
period,  and  the  M-ar.s  and  wanderings  of  his  people,  he  is  at  home,  —  and  history  may 
be  said  to  ])e  indebted  to  him  for  telling  his  own  story  of  these  things  in  his  own  way. 
So  much  for  Cusic. 

The  account  of  the  shipwreck  runs  somewhat  after  this  manner.  Wiiile  the  bulk 
of  t!ie  Iroquois  were  yet  in  the  St.  Lawrence  Valley,  a  ship  appeared  on  the  coast, 
and  was  driven  southward  and  wrecked.  The  natives  aided  in  saving  them.  The 
ailventurers  were  in  leathern  bags,  and  were  carried  l)y  hawks  to  an  elevation.  They 
afterwards  wont  to  another  situation,  wliere  they  increased  so  much  as  to  excite  the 
jealousy  of  the  natives.  They  were  finally  overrun  and  eaten  u\)  by  great  monster 
quadrupeds,  which  overspread  the  country. 

Stripped  of  its  hype;  bole,  this  story  may  be  supposed  to  toll,  that  the  mariners  were 
dressed  in  leathern  doublets,  and  owed  their  rescue  from  the  waters  to  a  trilie  called 


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126 


ANTIQUITIES. 


Falcons ;  that  thoy  flourished  by  followiiif;  the  priiiciploa  of  civilization ;  so  as,  in 
the  ciul,  to  excite  the  enmity  of  those  who  hiid  saved  them,  and  that  the  infant  colony 
was  exterminated  in  blood. 

This  tradition  probably  aflbrds  a  gleam  of  the  lost  colony  of  Virginia,  and  veils  in 
metaphor  the  treachery  and  turpitude  of  the  natives.  Nothing  would  comport  better 
with  the  Indian  character  of  concealment,  than  to  have  shrouded  this  act  of  cruel 
extermination  under  the  figure  of  the  ravages  of  monsters.  The  Tuscaroras,  who 
relate  the  event,  are  known  to  have  Ijecn,  from  the  beginning,  unfriendly  to  the  whites. 
The  terrible  nnissacro  which  they  had  planned,  and  in  jiart  executed,  against  the 
North  Carolinians  in  1711.  was  probably  a  recurrence  in  their  minds  of  a  prior  traged}' 
of  this  kind,  which  had  proved  snccessful.  Even  if  the  first  Virginia  coh»ny,  which 
2)erished  at  "Croatan,"  had  been  exterminated  by  the  I'owliatanie  tribes,  the 
knowledge  of  its  success  may  bo  considered  to  have  been  sullieient  to  insjiire  the 
Tuscaroras  with  hopes  of  like  triumph  in  their  own  nefarious  design. 


i 


kiSii 


ANTIQUITIES. 


127 


[Tlio  Ibllowiiir;  (loscription  of  certain  luiinan  skeletons,  supposed  to  be  in  armor,  found  at  Full 
Kivor,  or  Troy,  in  Massachusetts,  is  fnun  the  pen  of  George  Uibbs,  Esq.  It  is  drawn  with  that 
writer's  usual  caution  and  archaeological  acumen.] 

Some  30iirs  since,  accounts  were  i)ublished  in  the  llhode  Island  nowspapers,  and 
extensively  copied  elsewhere,  stathig  that  a  .skeleton  in  armor  had  been  discovered 
near  Fall  liiver,  on  the  Khode  Island  line.  A  full  description  wa.s  also  pulilished  in 
one  of  our  periodicals  (it  is  believed  the  American  Mcmthly  Magazine),  and  thi'iice 
co[)ied  into  Stone's  Life  of  Brant  (appx.  19,  Vol.  2),  in  which,  from  the  character  of  the 
armor,  it  was  conjectured  to  be  of  Carthaginian  oilghi  —  the  remains  of  some  sliip- 
wrecked  adventiu'cr.  Other  theories  have  been  more  recently  started,  in  conseriucnce 
of  the  disco\eries  of  the  N(jrthern  Society  of  Danish  Anticpiarics,  and  their  interpre- 
tations of  the  hieroglyphic  figures  on  the  rock.s  at  Dighton  and  elsewhere,  which 
attribute  the  remains  to  one  of  the  fellow-voyagers  of  Thorfin.  These  spccidations, 
liowever,  seem  to  Inive  been  made  without  any  critical  examination  of  the  bones 
themselves,  or  the  metallic  implenien's  found  witli  them.  The  discovery,  during  the 
last  summer  (1839),  of  other  bodi'r>s,  also  with  copper  ornaments  or  arms,  led  to  a 
more  particular  inquiry,  and  my  informant,  who  was  then  at  Newport,  proceeded  to 
Fall  liiver  lor  the  purpose  of  ins])ecting  them.  The  following  description  was 
prepared  by  him  from  notes  taken  on  the  spot,  and  is  to  be  relied  on  as  strictly 
accurate.  It  may  serve  to  correct  a  f\ilse  impression  in  a  matter  of  some  his- 
torical inij)ortance,  and  lor  that  reason  only  is   deemed  worthy  of  attention. 

"The  Skeleton  found  some  yi.  u's  ago  is  now  in  the  Athena?uni  at  Troy.  As  many 
of  the  ligaments  had  decayed,  it  has  l)een  put  together  with  wires,  and  in  a  sitting 
posture.  The  bones  of  the  feet  are  wanting,  but  the  rest  of  it  is  nearly-  entire.  The 
skidl  is  of  ordinary  size,  the  forehead  low,  beginuing  to  retreat  at  not  more  tlian  an 
inch  from  the  nose,  tlie  head  conical,  and  lai'ger  behind  the  ears  than  in  front.  Some 
of  the  facial  bones  are  decayed,  but  the  lower  jaw  is  entire,  and  the  teeth  in  good 
preservation.  The  arms  are  covered  with  llesh  and  pressed  against  the  breast,  with 
the  hands  almost  touching  the  collar-bone.  This  position,  however,  may  have  been 
given  to  it  after  being  dug  up.  The  hands  and  arms  are  small,  and  the  body 
apparently  that  of  a  person  below  the  middle  size.  The  flesh  on  the  breast  and  .^onie 
of  the  u]i|)er  ribs  is  also  remaining:  it  is  of  a  black  color,  stringy,  and  much 
slinnd\.  The  leg  bones  correspond  in  size  and  length  with  the  arms.  A  piece  of 
copper  plate,  ratiier  thicker  than  sheathing  copjjcr,  was  Ibund  with  this  skeleton,  and 


''i 


11 


!  !« 


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I   5- 


ji  i  ;;   j.^ 


128 


A  N  T I  liU  ITI E  S . 


i    '*: 


lias  ])vvn  liimji  roiuul  tlio  neck.  This,  however,  does  not  seem  to  be  its  orijiiniil 
]iositi()ii,  as  there  were  no  iiiari<s  on  tiie  breast  of  the  <;reen  carbonate  witii  wiiicii  parts 
of  tlie  ooi)[)er  was  covered.  This  phite  was  in  shape  liice  a  Ci.  i  i)enti'r's  saw,  l)iit  witiiout 
serrated  edges;  it  w.is  ten  inclies  in  width,  six  or  seven  iuclies  wide  at  top,  and  four 
at  the  i'ottoni;  tiie  lower  part  broken,  so  that  it  had  probably  been  lonj^er  than  at 
j)resent.  The  edges  were  smooth,  antl  a  hole  was  pierced  in  the  top  by  whiidi  it 
appears  to  have  l)i'en  snspeiided  to  the  body  with  a  thong.  Several  arrow-heads  of 
cop|ier  were  also  found,  about  an  inch  and  a  half  long  by  an  inch  broad  at  the  base, 
and  iiaving  a  round  hole  in  the  centre  to  fasten  them  to  the  shaft.  They  were  Hat, 
and  of  the  sanu'  tinckness  with  the  pliite  above  mentioned,  and  (piite  sharp,  []n\  sides 
concave,  the  base  srpiare  and  not  barbed.      Pii'ces  of  the  shaft  were  also  found. 

The  most  remarkable  thing  about  this  skeleton,  however,  was  a  Ixdt,  comjiosed  of 
parallel  cojjpcr  tubes,  about  an  hundred  in  nund)er,  four  inches  in  length,  and  of  the 
thickness  of  a  common  drawing-pencil. 

These  tubes  wtM'i'  thin,  and  exterior  to  otliei's  of  wood,  through  each  of  which  a 
leather  thong  was  passed,  and  tied  at  each  rnd  to  a  long  one  passing  round  the 
body. 

These  thongs  were  preserved,  as  well  as  tiie  wooden  tubes;  tiie  copper  was  niucii 
decayed,  and  in  some  places  gone.  This  belt  was  fastened  under  the  Ud't  ai'ui,  by 
tying  tlie  ends  of  the  long  strings  together,  and  passed  round  tiie  breast  and  back  a 
little  i)elow  the  shoulder-blades.  Nothing  else  was  found,  but  a  ])icce  of  coar.se  cloth 
or  matting,  of  the  thickness  of  sail-cloth,  a  few  inches  s((uare.  It  is  to  bo  ob.sorved 
that  the  llesli  appeared  to  have  Ix'cn  preserved  whi'rever  any  of  the*  copper  touched  it. 

1  coidd  not  learn  the  place  where  this  body  was  found,  or  its  position. 

With  respect  to  the  liodies  found  this  summer,  I  saw  the  man  who  dug  them  up. 
They  were  found  in  ploughing  down  a  hill,  in  order  to  open  a  road,  id)out  three  or  four 
feet  under  ground,  some  two  or  three  liundred  yards  from  the  water,  and  nearl}-  oppo- 
site Blount  Hope. 

There  appeared  to  have  been  at  least  three  l)odies  interred  here,  but  the}'  were 
entirely  broken  up  by  the  plough ;  one  skull  only,  which  rcseml^led  in  shape  the  one 
above  described,  being  found  whole.  The  flesh  on  one  of  the  thigh-bones  was  entire, 
and  similar  in  color  and  substance  to  that  in  the  tirst  skeleton,  and  like  that.  It  bore 
the  marks  of  copper  rust.  Three  or  four  plates  of  copper  like  that  first  found  w^ero 
discovered,  one  having  a  leather  thong  thnnigh  the  hole  in  the  top.  Arrow-heads  of 
copper  were  also  found,  and  parts  of  the  shafts.  One  arrow-head  was  fastened  on  by 
a  piece  of  cord  like  a  fishing-line  well  twisted,  passing  through  the  hole,  and  wound 
round  the  shaft.  There  were  also  some  more  matting,  a  l)inicli  of  sluu't,  red,  curled 
hair,  and  one  of  black  hair,  but  neither  resembling  that  of  a  man,  and  a  curved  bar 
of  iron  about  fourteen  inches  long,  much  rusted,  not  sharpened,  but  smaller  at  one  end 


."^'f 


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ti 


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li 

II 

ii 

ANTIQUITIES. 


l-2!» 


tliiui  at  tlic  otlicr.     It  did  not  apimiir  to  Imve  boeii  used  as  a  woajioii.     Thcsu  wore 
all  the  rcinaiiiM  diHcovercd." 


Siifh  arc  the  famous  Fall  IJivcr  skcIctoiiH.  l^iit  little  iirmmii'iit  is  nccossar}',  to 
show  that  thoy  must  have  beoii  North  Ameriian  liidiims.  'I'hu  state  of  preservation 
ol'  liio  iU'sii  and  liones,  proves  that  they  eonid  not  have  heen  of  very  ancient  diiti' ; 
the  [liece  of  the  skull  now  oxhihitod  lieiiij;  peifeetly  sounil,  anil  with  the  serrated 
edge  of  the  suture. 

The  conical  formation  of  the  skull  peculiar  to  the  Indian,  seems  also  I'ouelusive. 
'riie  character  of  tiie  metallic  implements  found  with  them,  is  not  such  as  to  warrant 
any  other  supposition. 

Both  Home  and  Phamicia  were  well  acquainte(l  with  the  elaliorate  workinir  of  iron 
and  brass;  those  were  apparently  mere  sheet-copper,  i  .idely  cut  into  simple  foi'ui  ; 
neither  the  belt  nor  plates  were  fit  for  defensive  armor.  And  lastly,  the  use  of  copper 
for  arrow-heads  among  the  Indians  at  the  arrival  of  the  Puritans,  is  well  authenti- 
(iite<l.  Mention  is  made  of  them  by  Mourt,  in  his  .lourual  of  IMyinouth  IMantation, 
in  ItJliO,  printed  in  the  eighth  volume  of  Massachusetts  Historical  Collections,  pages 
'Jl'.t-2(t;  in  Iliggoson's  New  England  I'lantation,  (Irst  volume  of  Massachusetts  Histo- 
rical Collections,  page  12.'>,  and  in  various  other  places.  They  are  als(j  found  in  many 
of  the  tumuli  of  the  West.  Those  of  the  New  England  Indians  may  have  been 
obtained  from  the  people  of  French  Acadie,  who  traded  with  them  long  before  the 
Plymouth  settlement. 

From  these  circumstances  it  ajjpears  that  the  skeletons  at  Fall  River  were  those  of 
Indians  who  may  possibly  have  lived  during  the  time  of  Piiilip's  wars,  or  a  few  \ears 
earlier,  but   that  they  are  onl}-  those  of  Indians. 


i    ■  I 


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11 H;^  ^: 


fi'l     ! 


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IV.   IMLVSICAL   GI^^OGRA  IMIY. 


(l:!l) 


I    'i,! 


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<  !*; 


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IV.    PHYSICAL   (ilKMiU  AIMIY. 


\f: 


i|*i^ 


A.    ( Jiii;;rii|iliiciil   iiiiniiinniila   r('s|ircliii;;   (lie  iliscuvcrv  cil'  llic  Missiisiiiiii  ij\ii-,  wllli  ;i  iii;i 

of  ill  sdiiriT. 
n.   (idid  i1i'|iiisit  III'  Califiirnia. 
C.  Miiit'riilii;,'i('iil  mill  j^'cof^'niiiliical  iiotici'^,  ilciioiiiif^  tlie  viilut'  of  ilic  iili(iri;.'iiiiil  liiri|iii_v. 

t.    Till  111!  tlic  KillisilH  I'iui',  willi  II  nkctc'li. 

l'.   Wisciiiisiii  mill  Iowa  lend  mcs. 

;i.   niack  oxiilc  111'  rojipoi'  >'(  Kiikc  Siipi'rinr. 

■t.  Ntttivu  nilvci'  III"  the  drift  stratum  of  Michijjaii. 

.").  IVtridoiim  nf  the  Cliickasinv  land.''. 

•  !.   Artesian  lioring.s  fur  salt  in  tlic  Onondajja  ]dati'an. 

7.  (jL'Oj^raphy  of  the  (loiieni'o  cimntry  of  Wostcrii  New  Vink. 
I).  Existinp  (^I'olojiical  action  of  the  (Ircat  Lakes,  with  a  I'late. 
E.   Antii|Me  osteiilo;;y  of  the  moiistor  period. 

V.  An  .iliiiri;;iiial  I'allailhiiii,  as  exliihited  in  the  Oneida  Stone,  with  a  I'lale. 
(i.   Minnesota. 


'l:!! 
1 1 


i'V' 


.  i) 


A.      CEOr.RAlMIICAL      MEMORANDA      H  K  S  I' K(!  T  I  X  (I      TIIK 

ruor.  liESS  OF  the  discovery  of  the  m  ississi  pim 

R  I  V  E  R.    W  I  T  H    A    M  A  I'    ( ►  F    I  T  S    ,-  o  IM!  ('  E . 

1.  It  apiJOiirs,  IVom  the  iiivluvoloiiical  I'olli'otions  of  Tiriimix  ('niiiiinnx.  tliiit  tho 
month  of  tlic  Mi.s.si,s.si[)i)i  was  (li.scovorcd  hy  tlu-  S[)ani,sli  from  Cuba,  iimU'i  M.  Narvuoz. 
the  contemporary  and  antaf^onist  of  Corte.'*,  in  tlie  niontli  of  November,  \\\'ll,  (iiirini; 
an  expedition  made  with  boat.s  to  trace  the  Floridiau  coasts  of  tho  Gulf  we.stwardiy.' 
Mexico  had  fallen  into  their  hands  but  six  years  before — an  event  by  whicii  a  period 


'  The  cnnnoetiim  of  these  papers  with  the  pitst  uiul  present  history  and  eniiditiiin  ol'  the  linliaii  Irilies, 
wlio  arc  tlie  ininiediate  suhjeet  of  these  iiU|uiries,  will  lie  reeofrnisoJ. 

'  This  fact  is  not,  however,  spceially  stated  in  the  louse  traiislalioiis  of  Termuix,  whieh  are  wilhiiut  maps 
uf  the  journey.     The  inference  is  plain. 


i    \ 
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1.14 


PHYSICAL   (i  F,0<l  li  Al'II  Y. 


iih 


I ,  ' 


■I  'I 


1  .: 


A  ,f 


i  ;;^ 


f!  ■' 


I  1' 


was  put  to  till'  A/.tec  I'liipire.  and  a  spirit  of  coiKiuest  and  discovery  awakened,  wliich 
soon  loft  no  part  oftlu'  I'l  ntinont  unexplored,  or  unvisited.  Expeditions,  hy  land  and 
water,  were  made  far  a:.;!  wide,  and  it  is  only  a  matter  of  surprise  that,  while  the 
Pannco  and  other  minor  streams  were  earefully  searched,  the  Mississippi,  which  pours 
out  its  vast  alluvion,  and  carries  more  water  into  the  Gulf  than  any  other  stream,  if 
not  a  volume  e(pial  to  all  the  rest  united,  should  not  havt'  been  identified  even  at  an 
earlier  period.  That  such  a  river  entered  the  (lulffrom  the  North  api)ears  to  have 
heeu  early  runiored ;  hut  whatever  was  known  to  the  Siiaiiiards,  they  lonj^  concealed 
the  knowled,i;v  from  other  nations;  and  it  is  oulv,  indeed,  since  the  date  of  the  series 
of  piihlicatious  ahove-named,  that  the  account  of  the  first  discovery  of  the  Mississippi, 
at    that  early  tlate,  has  hecome  t;eiierally  known  to  authors. 

'2.  De  Leon  had  discovered  Florida  in  lol"J;  hut  l)e  Soto  was  tlu'  first  of  his  conn- 
tiynieu  who.  in  the  spirit  of  the  a,L;'e.  ]irej)ared  to  nndertaki>,  at  large,  the  discovery 
of  the  interior  of  the  vast  Indian  territorii's  lying  north  of  the  Gulf,  which  now  compose 
the  rnited  States.  If  he  was  disapiwiiited  on  his  march  in  stiunl)ling  on  kingdoms 
al>ounding  in  gold  and  wealth,  such  as  Corte/  and  Pizarro  had  found  in  the  South,  he 
may  he  said,  in  falling  on  the  Mississi[)pi  river,  to  have  found  a  valley  more  intrin- 
sically  valuahle,  in  after  times,  than  any  or  all  the  discoveries  of  his  mon  linnous 
predecessors.  It  was  in  1511  that  he  reached  the  hanks  of  luis  stream.  It  is,  to 
some  extent,  uncertain  at  what  particular  point  lie  struck  it,  or  how  far  his  followers 
penetrated  north.  It  is  manifest  from  the  existing  names  of  streams  and  places  that 
he  [lassed  through  territories  occupied  hy  the  Cherokees  and  Musgogees.  Anti(|uarians 
and  eihnologists  may  Mell  examine  this  (piestion,  in  all  its  hearings,  as  it  is  not 
improbahle  that  some  features  of  our  westei'ii  anti(piities,  lying  north  of  the  mouth 
of  Mic  Ohio,  whirli  it  is  common  to  refer  to  earlier  times,  may  he  found  to  have  had 
their  origin  im  farther  Iia-k  than  the  era  of  the  expedition  of  De  Soto. 

'■].  When  De  Soto  lauded  in  Florida,  the  present  area  of  the  Uniteil  States,  and  all 
north  of  it.  n'luaiiu'd  a  vast  terra  incognita.  The  Cahots  had  seen  the  North  Atlantic 
coast  in  ll'.tT;  the  Cortereals  had  proliahly  followed  his  track.  Bejond  this  its 
geography  remained  a  blank.  Its  rivers,  and  mountains,  and  lakes,  were  not  even 
conjectured,  or,  like  the  nebula'  of  astronomy,  served  only  as  the  basis  for  hypothesis. 

Cartier,  who  ascended  the  St.  Lawrence  eight  }  ears  later,  namely,  in  1535,  appeared 
to  have  had  no  idea,  if  we  are  to  judge  by  his  journals,  either  that  there  was  such  a 
river  as  the  Mississippi  on  the  continent,  or  that  it  lay  west  of  the  vast,  unexplored 
territories  which  he  apprehended  the  Indians  to  call  "  Canada."  This  navigator,  on 
his  second  voyage,  ascended  to  the  island  and  town  of  Ihu  i]i:i..\(i.\,  which  he  reached 
on  the  ;!d  of  October,  looo,  and  to  the  apex  of  which  he  gave  the  name  of  Mojit 
li'j;/<i/.  Donnacoinia.  standing  with  him  on  the  island  mountain,  told  him,  speaking 
of  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  that  it  originated  so  far  oil",  "that  there  was  never  man 
heard   of,   who  had   found    the    head   tiiereol;"    that   it  passed  through  several  great 


'■■■■+- 


aiu 


1  tl 


lori'  wiiH 


I'lIYSlCAL   (iEOGllAl'IIY.  l^iij 

ii  frosh-wiiter  sua,"  —  wliicli  is,  indeed,  the  idea  graphically 


lake." 

conveyed  liy   llie    Indian   term  for  Lake  Snperior. 

T!i'.  Idea  of  tiie  ('.real  Kiver  of  tliu  AVest  was  doulitJt 
of  l)e  SoU),  and  tlie  earlier  attempts  of  the  S[)anish  ailveiilurers  from  C'nha   to  trace 


lerived  fnnn  the  discoveries 


tl 


le  no 


rtliern  shores  ol'  the  tlulf  towards  Mcxi 


France  did  not  avail  herself  of  the 


I" 


iniarv  tlis(!Overies  of  Ciirtier,  or  rather  failed  to  Inrn  tlii'ni 


•tical 


account. 


I'll 


i[)nnou 


tiiat  Canada  was    nnfruilful.   and    its    \a 


<t    d 


oniaiiis   were    not    i;()ld-I)earinii' 


regions,  and  that  they  contained  no  new  element  of  commerce  beyond  th'  fisheries 
of  Newfonndland,  and  the  fur  trade,  ajipears  to  have  chilled  the  iu'dor  of  enterprise 
t.  at  least,  till  the  era  of  Chamiilain,  A.  1).  IdUS,  that  any  thing  deservinij 


was  no 


It 

the  name  of  a  French  colony  was  Hiunded   in  Canadii 


i.   Meantime,  tl'iTc  had  come  from   the  West, 


IV 


Iv-desceniled   K\ 


Dorado,   the  Aluoniiidn  name  o 


Mi 


•*1SSI]) 


IS  irom  some  newly 
rhicli  was  conjectured  to  denote  tli 


same 


great  ri\er  which  the  Spaniards  had  seen  at   its  moutli  in 


1- 


and  which  De 


Soto  had  exjilored  in  l")-ll-li.'     T(j  determine  tlii-   I'act,  lieeame  a  jxiint  of  geograi)hical 


interest.      Ihit  the  French  colonial  g(j\-ernineiit  found   its  utmost  cneriiies  taxet 


1,  to 


maintain  its  position  against  the  Irorpiois  confederacy,  without  anthori/ing  an  expe- 
dition or  public  commission,  to  explore  the  great  and  unknown  river.  F'nll  seventy 
vears  more  elapsed,  bel()re  such  an  enterjirise  was  autliori/.cd 


M 


jMeanwlnk 


Fi 


commerce  and  missionary  zeal  had  explored  the  greiit  lakes,  and  estaljlished  i)t)sts  and 


missu 


JUS  at  Sanlt  Ste.  Mi 


irie, 


INIichilliinackinac,  and  other  early  occiii)ied  and  well- 
known  points. 

It  was  not  till  1G7S, — a  century  and  a  half  from  the  original  discovery  of  its  mouth, 
—  that  Ivobert  de  La  Salle  came  out  from  F'rance,  with  full  authority  from  the  crown, 
to  explore  the  country  and  establish  colonies.  This  enterprising,  hardy,  and  iiigli- 
minded  explorer  of  American  geography,  directed  all  his  energies  to  the  South  and 
South-west;  and  he  was  the  true  cause  of  all  the  incidental  explorations  of  this  stream 
of  that  era,  for  some  nine  hnndred  or  a  thousand  miles  above  the  month  of  the  Illinois, 
as  well  as  those  directed  to  proceed  to  its  issue,  into  the  Gulf^ 

Pierre  Manpiette,  a  Jesuit,  a  man  of  education  and  family,  opened  the  path  of 
discovery  in  that  year,  l)y  passing  from  Green  Bay,  through  the  interlocking  valleys 
of  the  Fo.x  an.l  Mindota,  or  Wisconsin  Rivers, — from  the  month  of  the  latter  of  which, 
he  de,scended  the  Mi.ssissippi  to  the  Illinois ;  on  his  return,  he  proceeded  to  Lake 
Michigan,  where  he  died,     lie  was,  therefore,  if  we  do  not  misapprehend,  the  first 


'  The  narrative  of  the  expedition  of  Narvacz  lia.s  never  been  translated  :  it  is  iiiaeeessible  to  the  enninion  reader. 
Its  early  date  makes  it  an  iniportjint  document,  wliieh  it  is  hoped  may  he  soon  given  to  the  publie. 

'  Hennepin  says  two  hundred  and  fifty  leagui's  above  the  point  of  his  eaptnri'  —  wliieh  is  stated  to  have  been 
one  hundred  and  fifty  leagiu-s  above  the  influx  of  the  Illinois  —  vaguely  gues.sed,  but  still  ap])roxiuialiug  to  the 
IrU'.'  dislauee. 


I 


% 


'  'V 


i'  i 


ri  i^  ^it 


! 


' 

u 

!i 

p 

Ii 

^^i 

1    1 

'} 

l< 

l;5t: 


r  II  Y  S  I  C  A  L   (i  E  ()  G  II  A  V II  Y. 


I     1 


i)    i 


;  M 


t:f      ■   li 


I' 


!*■ 


ri   I 


'  ^1   f 


1  .:'' 


r  j! 


explorer  of  the  Mississippi,  in  tiie  section  '>!'  tliis  streuin  lying  Ixitwecn  the  niouths  of 
the  Wisconsin  and  Illinois. 

Lewis  Hennepin  had  accompanied  La  iSalle  to  the  Niagara;  was  present  at  his 
opening  conncils  with  the  hanghty  Iroqnois,  also  at  the  bnilding  of  the  fh'st  vessel 
designed  to  navigate  the  lakes,  and  accompanied  him  in  it  to  the  position  of  Green 
1)^3',  and  afterwards  in  canoes,  by  way  of  "  the  Miami," — now  St.  Joseph's' — to  the 
Illinois.  A  Recollet,  l)ent  only  on  exercising  the  appropriate  functions  of  his  order 
among  the  Indian  tribes,  he  descended  the  Illinois  from  the  site  of  Fort  Crevec(enr,  with 
two  men,  (Picard  and  Aco)  ;  while  La  Salle,  pressed  by  the  innninence  of  his  adiiirs, 
returned  f>i/  laud,  mi  ■siiowsJnwft,  to  Fort  Frontenac.^  The  descent  of  the  Mississippi 
by  Hennepin,  from  the  Illinois  to  the  Gulf,  lias  been  called  in  (juostion,  with  api)arent 
good  reason,  from  discrepancies  in  his  fu'st  jjublished  and  suljsequent  accounts ;  from 
which  it  is  very  nuicli  doubted  how  far  hi'  actually  descended,  or  whether  he  ever 
descended  below  the  Illinois.  This  doubt  does  not  attach  to  liis  capture  by  hostile 
Indians,  several  days'  jom-ney  above  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois,  and  being  carried  by 
tiiem  above  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  to  the  Kiver  St.  Francis;  liotli  which  received 
their  present  'lames  from  him.  This  constituti's  the  most  northerly  point  of  his 
voyage,  and  denotes  the  true,  undisputed   field  of  his  exploration. 

T).  The  unfrocked  monk,  Geudeville.  who  travelled  extensively  in  Canada,  and 
published  his  "New  Voyages  to  North  America,"  under  the  name  of  the  Haron  La 
Ilontan.  is  the  next  claimant  to  notice,  in  the  section  of  the  upper  Mississippi,  above 
the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin. — It  is  doul)ted  liow  far  this  jolly  soldier  and  do/i  vimiit 
travelled  west.  lie  had  served  at  various  points  in  the  interior,  and  leaves  no  reason 
to  doubt  his  presence,  at  various  times,  at  St.  Joseph's,  (now  Fort  Gratiot)  Jlichilli- 
mackiuac,  Green  Bay,  and  other  points  in  the  ri'gion  of  the  upi)er  Lakes.  It  is  the 
opinion  of  i)ersoiis  best  acipiainted  with  the  geography  of  the  river  Wi.xconsin,  that  he 
went  no  farther  than  Green  I5ay.  Others  have  seen  in  the  description  of  the  Fox 
and  Wisconsin  Valleys,  evidences  of  his  writing  from  personal  observation,  although 
there  is  nothing  between  the  extreme  eastern  and  western  points  of  these  two  valleys, 
described  by  him,  which  he  could  not  have  fully  learned  at  (ireen  Bay  from  the 
Indians,  or  the  (oKrkrs  da  Jinit:.  However  this  may  bi'.  there  can  be  but  little 
([uestion  of  the  character  of  the  fiction  he  attempted  to  palm  olf  on  his  EuiDpean 
readers,  by  the  description  of  his  discovery  and  cxploralion  of  a  meat  stream  falling 
into  the  Mississijjpi,  some  nine  days'  journey  al)ove  tlie  Wisconsin,  to  which  he  gi\es 
the  name  of  "Long  Kiver." 

Ct.  Geograi)hers  have  in  vain  searc:ln'd  for  "  Long  Kiver."  If  eitln'i-  the  upper  Iowa, 
tiie  Canon   River,  (called  La  Ilonton  by  Mr.  Nicolet.)  or  the  St.  Peter's,  be  meant, 


'  Of  Lake  Micliigiii]. 

■On    \.Ac  Oiit;iiiii.      Let   Mil   Aiiioricaii   Iki.-isI   lliat   ln'  li;i.-  rxcculnl   llii-   |iiiii'  mI'  li^irJilnjod. 


ANTIQUITIES. 


137 


110 
10 
JX 

iih 

IS. 
10 

lo 

•iUl 

kOS 

.a. 
lit, 


1| 


t 


neither  of  tlio.so  streiiius  corros|)oiKl  at  all  to  liis  desoriplion.  The  St.  Potor's,  the 
largest  and  longest  ol"  the  luiinlior,  would  not  .siiflioe,  in  length,  tor  a  tenth  part  of  hi.s 
protracted  voyage,  extending  from  Noveinbor  od  to  January  liGth.  Of  the  "ivV.vwvw," 
'•KsfKdniprx,"  and  other  populous  tribes  of  sounding  names,  mentioned  by  "The  Baron," 
no  one,  before  or  sinee,  has  ever  hoard.  All  those  streams,  as  is  well  ioiown,  were 
iuliabitcd  during  the  latter  part  of  the  ITtii  oentury  as  at  tliis  day,  oxelusivcly  by 
tribes  of  the  Dacotah  or  Sioux  family.  Indeed,  the  entire  portion  of  the  Baron's 
letter,  dated  Mieiiillimackinae,  May  li.Sth,  KIS!),  (page  lUO  to  loj.  Vol.  I.,  London, 
170.'),)  in  whieli  he  doseribos  his  voyage  and  diseovt'ries  on  this  extraordinary  stream 
called  '•  Long  Itivor,"  as  well  as  his  subso([uent  ^  isit  tu,  and  iij>,  tin'  Missouri,  is  a 
literary  curiosity,  wliicii,  if  we  except  the  famous  imaginative  history  of  Formosa,  is 
unexoeliod  in  bibliography,  for  its  liohl  assiimiition  in  attempting  to  imi)ose  on  a 
cre<hilnus  age  a  tale  of  faueiod  adventures  and   fictitious  obsor\ations. 

Yet,  unlike  the  Formosian  histoiy,  it  details  no  iiiiminent  perils  —  no  curiou.s 
discoveries  —  no  striking  observations  —  no  thrilling  events  —  not  a  fo:itiiro,  iiulecd, 
which,  as  a  work  of  fancy,  may  be  seized  on,  to  redeem  or  excuse  the  details  of  its 
clumsy  and  unblusliing  improbabilities.'  He  nowhere  impresses  us  with  having  seen 
tiie  Mississippi  at  all  —  far  less  that  portion  of  it  above  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin, 
which  is  embosomed  in  high  clills  of  rock,  often  of  the  most  picturescpie  shapes,  and 
presenting,  on  every  hand,  views  of  the  most  striliiiig  grandeur  and  pleasing  beaut}'. 
lie  does  not  notice  a  single  one  of  its  most  remarkable  scones  —  not  a  word  of  the 
mountain  island  —  /cv  hionUujiif  ik's  tmin/is  d'ran  —  nothing  of  the  beautiful  expanse  of 
Lake  IVpin,  with  its  storied  clift",  the  peak  ot  La  Onuigc,  or  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony; 
w  liich  could  not  have  failed  to  attract  the  gay  visitor,  had  he  gone  so  near  to  it  as  the 
St.  Peter's. 

7.  These  notices  constitute  not  the  only,  but  the  chief  record  of  the  explorations  of 
the  upper  Mississippi,  during  the  period  of  the  French  supremacy  in  the  Canadas  and 
Louisiana.  Ciiarlevoix,  who  saw  the  country  some  thirty-two  years  after  the  death 
of  La  Salle,  on  a  general  visit  to  the  French  missions,  passed,  in  1 720,  from  the  Lakes 
to  the  Mississippi,  by  the  way  of  the  Illinois.  He  made  judicious  and  useful  olj.sorva- 
tions  on  the  scenes  and  snbject.s  coming  liofore  him,  and  doubted  the  issue  of  the  famous 
mining  operations  then  being  made  in  Missouri,  under  the  authority  of  the  grant  to 
Crozot. 

8.  The  fall  of  Canada,  in  17('i3,  opened  the  path  of  enterprise  for  the  English 
colonies  towards  the  West,  and  brought  several  adventurers  into  the  field,  who  were 


'  The  account  of  tlic  purported  voy.igo  from  Fort  Crevecneur,  on  the  Illinoin,  to  Michilliniackiiiac,  p.igc  133, 
1:17,  rccii^nisi's  Ihc  nnlinary  laml-niark  ,  niostlv  by  existing  uuiulv,  :iiul  contains  but  few  iin|)rubaliilitios;  \ct 
the  (ibscrMT  wbn  c"ulil  slate  that  tlicre  are  no  "banks  of  saml,"  at  de  /niir.i  qui  dnrt,  conkl  never  have  passed 
that  marked  cuast. 

IS 


Li; 


;i.i! 


138 


PHYSICAL   (i  KOOKA  PIIY. 


^  tin 


iictuatcd  by  higlior  motives  tlian  those  of  ineie  trade  with  the  native  tribes.  Carver 
was  the  only  one  of  the  nnmljer,  i<no\vn  to  iis  by  their  pnblications,  who  pushed  liis 
travels  into  the  npper  Mississippi.  This  man  has  been  underrated.  He  had  formed 
the  bold  design  of  crossing  the  continent  to  the  shores  of  the  Pacific,  which  he 
supposed  he  could  do  by  the  head-waters  of  the  Mississippi,  lie  reached  Michilli- 
mackinac-on-the-main  in  the  summer  of  ITGG,  and  thence  proceeded,  on  the  od  of 
September,  to  Green  Ba}-,  and,  by  the  old  French  route  of  the  Fox  and  AVisconsin 
valleys,  to  Prairie  du  Chien.  At  this  place  the  traders  with  whom  he  had  travelled 
took  up  their  wintering  posts.  He  then  purchased  a  canoe,  and  with  two  men,  a 
Canadian  and  a  Mohawk,  proceeded  to  a.scend  the  river — reached  the  falls  of  St. 
Anthony  on  the  17th  of  November,  and  ascended,  as  he  adds,  above  that  point  to 
the  river  St.  Francis,  —  being  the  precise  spot  that  Hennepin  had  reached  in  the  time 
of  La  Salle.  This  was  the  terminus  of  his  voyage.  He  did  not,  therefore,  extend 
the  area  t)f  discovery  towards  tlio  north,  in  that  direction,  although  his  subse((uent 
exploration  of  the  St.  Peters,  and  the  north  shores  of  liuke  Sii[)erior,  place  his 
name  among  the  number  of  those  who  have  enlarged  the  boinidaries  of  American 
geography. 

9.  Carver  had  either  misjudged  the  difliculties  of  .so  serious  an  enterprise  as  an 
overland  journey  across  the  continent,  or  the  means  he  had  for  its  accomplishment, — 
probably  both  objects:  for  wo  find  him,  in  July  of  the  next  year, wending  his  way 
back  to  the  sealx)ard,  l)y  the  way  of  Lake  Superior.  He  then  went  to  lyondon  to 
advocate  his  plan  of  discovery,  and  having  been  disappointed  in  his  interviews  ^\ith 
official  persons,  turned  to  the  book.sellers  with  the  manuscript  of  his  travels.  l)i.seredit 
has  been  thrown  upon  his  volume,  partly  from  tlie  introduction  of  some  injudicious 
matter  in  that  portion  of  it  which  consists  of  his  own  personal  nairative,  extending 
from  the  11th  to  the  114th  page,  (Phil.  od.  A.  D.  ITOt),)  but,  chiefl}-,  from  the  compiled 
account  of  the  manners  and  customs  of  the  Indians,  which  is  clearly  taken  from  the 
works  of  Charlevoix,  Adair,  La  Ilontan,  and  other  authors,  without  apprising  the 
reader  of  these  sources  of  information,  and  without  a  di.scriminating  judgment  in  the 
selection  and  re-production  of  the  matter.  If  I  have  been  correctly  informed.  Carver 
had  very  little  agency  in  bringing  forward  the  superadded  matter,  Mhich  the  book- 
sellers, owning  his  personal  narrative,  found  it  necessary  to  have  jirepared  in  order  to 
swell  the  size  of  his  volume,  and  arrest  the  public  eye.'  Car\er,  as  is  known,  did  not 
survive  his  repeated  disappointments,  but  died  in  London,  as  it  is  asserted,  in  great 
want. 

10.  Carver  was  the  only  colonial  traveller  who  ventured  into  the  area  of  the  upper 
Mississippi,  Adair  and  others  having  been  located,  or  liaving  passed  their  itinerating 
voyages  in  other  parts  of  the  immense  frontiers.     The  name  of  Orf.gox,  of  which  the 


'  Verbal  communication  of  the  late  Elkanah  Watson,  Esq.,  of  Albany,  N.  Y. 


r  r.i 


!^V 


f 
■St 


1 


PHYSICAL   CKOGKAI'IIY. 


l;ii' 


origin  is  uncertain,  (irnt  appcarH  in  tlio  vulunio  of  this  traveller,  and  we  trace  to  liini 
tlic  a|)parently  niittinterpreted  name  of  Knm  River  —  an  important  stream  originating 
in  a  great  !ai<e,  called  Mille  Luc  by  the  French,  lying  west  of  the  head  of  Lake 
Superior.  This  stream  comes  in,  on  the  left  or  east  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  above  the 
Falls  of  St.  Anthony. 

11.  Pike's  expedition  is  the  next  in  the  order  of  discovery.  The  acquisition  of 
Louisiana,  in  18().5,  had  rendered  it  an  object  of  just  interest  to  the  government  to 
ascertain  its  utmost  boundaries,  and  true  geographical  extent  and  character;  and  the 
necessary  instructions  for  exploring  the  Great  lliverof  the  West,  now  called  Columbia, 
extending  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  were  confided  to  General  Wilkinson,  and  executed  by 
Lewis  and  Clark.  Lieutenant  Pike,  who  v.as  selected  to  trace  up  the  Mississippi  to 
its  source,  left  St.  Louis  on  the  9th  of  August,  18Uo  —  full  two  months  too  late 
in  the  year,  to  reach  its  .source  beibre  the  sea.son  of  intensest  cold.  He  reached 
the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony  on  the  2(Uh  of  September,  wliere  lie  determined  the  river 
to  sink  its  level  lifty-eight  feet  in  two  hundred  and  sixty  poles,  with  a  perpendicular 
plunge  of  sixteen  and  a  half  feet.  Passing  the  St.  Francis,  the  utmost  point  reached 
by  his  predece.s.sors  in  discovery,  he  urged  his  barges  up  the  numerous  rapids,  with 
great  toil,  /o  and  ahn-c  the  falls  of  the  Painted  Rock  —  a  distance  of  two  hundred 
and  thirty-three  and  a  lialf  miles  above  St.  Anthony's  Falls,  and  six  hundred 
alxive  the  junction  of  the  Wisconsin,  as  estimated  from  day  to  day  b}-  himself.  (Pike's 
Expd.  App.  1,  p.  2().)  This  point  he  reached  on  the  lOth  of  October.  A  change 
in  the  weather  now  occurred  —  snow  began  to  fall  —  ice  had  commenced  running,  and 
the  temperature  of  the  water  became  so  reduced  that  his  men  could  not  endure  the 
continued  labor  of  dragging  the  boats  up  the  rapids;  he  therefore  determined  to 
build  a  small  stockade  at  this  point,  and  leaving  his  heavy  baggage  and  part  of  his 
men  in  cliarge  of  a  trusty  non-commissioned  officer,  to  proceed  in  the  ascent  on  foot. 

12.  By  the  10th  of  December  he  had  finished  his  block-hou,ses,  and  replenished 
them  with  provisions  by  hunting,  and  having  built  sleds  to  be  drawn  by  hand,  took  a 
part  of  his  men  and  moved  forward.  lie  reached  Sandy  Lake  on  the  Stli  January, 
1800,  and  Leech  Lake  on  the  1st  February  following.  The  ice  had  now  firmly  sealed 
up  tiie  streams,  lakes,  and  savannahs,  which  proved  advantageous  to  his  progress,  by 
enabling  him  to  take  short  cuts  across  the  country.  The  snow,  which  had  begun  to 
fall  about  the  middle  of  October,  appears  to  have  spread  equally  over  the  surface,  and 
is  not  complained  of  on  the  score  of  its  depth,  while  it  permitted  the  .sleds  to  be 
drawn.  He  found  the  factors  of  the  North-west  Company  in  possession  of  the  whole 
country.  They  had  ample  stockades  at  Sandy  Lake  and  Leech  Lake,  and  occupied 
the  minor  trading  posts  with  subordinate  buildings.  lie  states  that  they  .sent  out 
annually  into  difl'erent  parts  forty  outfits,  or  separate  trading  canoes,  and  employed 
one  hundred  and  nine  accountants,  clerks,  interpreters,  and  canoe-men,  exclusive  of 
their  families.     By  their  agency,  two  hundred  and  thirty-tliiee  packs  of   furs  and 


ill: 


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ril  YSIOA  li   «l  KOdllA  I'll  Y. 


II! 


poUrios,  incliidinn  tlu'  ivtiinis  of  tlio  "  X.  Y.  ('ompaiiv,"  mid  sdiiu'  otlicr  imisIh,  wciv 
fliitlicrcd  from  tlic  Ill(liim^<.  lie  cstimiilcs  tlic  diilios  on  tlic  iroods  iind  wiircs  hroii^jlit. 
into  till'  Uiiitod  States  in  tiiis  ((niirtiM-,  and  trailed  iilojrallv,  at  thirteen  tiioiisand 
dollars  per  aniniin.  Aetinjj  under  the  apprehension  of  a  seizure  of  the  peltries  in 
store,  (one  hundred  and  fifteen  packs.)  and  led  hy  leelinns  of  eidi,!i;htened  hospitality, 
he  received  every  attention  i'roni  the  af;ents  in  eharne  at  Sandy  liake  and  Leeeh  liaUe. 
On  the  l:itli  of  b'elmiary,  the  factors  at  the  latter  jiost  went  with  him  in  a  /niin  </<■ 
t/li.i.  drawn  bv  doiis,  to  Upper  Red  Cedar  Lake — a  distance  estimated  on  the  jxirtanc 
route,  at  thirty  miles,  uhere  he  remained  over  ni,i;ht.  and  the  next  day,  and  lie 
returiu'd  to  Leech  Lake  on  the  11th.  This  constituted  the  terminal  point  of  Ids 
expedition. 

13.  Pike's  expedition  served  to  give  uh  the  first  notions  of  that  remote  part,  of 
what  was  then  called  U[)])er  Louisiana — its  fi:eueral  topography  an<l  resources.  He 
writes  to  (ien.  Wilkinson  on  his  return,  that  he  liad  travelled  se\en  hundred  miles  on 
foot;  tluit  six  months  out  of  the  nine,  while  he  was  in  the  country  ahove  St.  Antlu)ny's 
Kails,  snow  coviM'cd  the  grotnid,  which  forbade  minuteness  of  ohservalion  on  its 
natural  histoi'v,  had  he  been  ever  so  competent  to  this  branch  ;  and  that  tlu?  colil 
was  often  so  severe  as  to  free/.e  the  ink  in  his  pen,  while  recording  his  noti's.  ]U^ 
took  obscrvaticnis  for  h\titude  at  the  month  of  Turtle  IJiver  on  Ujiper  IJed  Cedar 
Lake,  which  he  places  in  17-^  I'i'  10"  being  but  17'  17"  ncu'th  of  Ihi'  true  latitude,  as 
subse(|uently  determined  liy  Mr.  Xicolet.  in  ISKi.  He  spi^aks  of  this  lake  as  "the 
upper  source  of  the  Mississippi,"  and  observes  of  riCcch  Lake,  that ''this  is  rathci' 
considered  the  )/;('/;/  source,  although  the  Winuipeipie  branch  is  navigable  tlu'  greatest 
distance."  (Tike's  Kxp.,  Ai)p.  Part  1.,  page  i>(').  Philada.  ed.  ISIO.) 

14.  Geograjthers  consider  that  branch  of  a  river  its  true  source,  which  draws  its 
watt'rs  from  tiie  point  most  renuite  from  its  mouth.  Li  this  view,  neither  tlu^  Leech 
liake,  —  which  is.  however,  the  largest  nurss  of  water  tributary  on  that  plateau  or 
formation, — nor  I'pper  Red  Cedar  Lake,  which  is  a  mere  expansion  of  the  Mississi]ipi, 
can,  by  any  nutans,  be  deemed  the  source  of  this  ccK'bratitl  stream,  consistently  with 
oin-  present  information.  Rut  the  servants  of  tlie  North-west  Comi)any,  wlio  were 
assiduous  in  their  attentions  to  Lieutenant  Pike,  while  they  oU'ered  to  facilitate  his 
minor  trips  of  exploration  from  Sandy  liako  to  Leech  Tiake,  and  Fjiper  Red  Cedar 
Lake,  wen*  content  to  let  him  depart  with  as  precise  a  compliance  with  his  requests 
as  the  nature  of  these  permitted,  without  attempting  to  enlarge  voluntarily  the  cycle 
of  his  knowledge  of  tlie  general  topographical  and  statistical  features  of  the  country 
at  large.  Whether  policy  or  some  other  motive  dictated  this,  it  is  certain  that  these 
agents  of  a  foreign  power  did  not  lay  before  him — what  they,  as  intelligent  men, 
should  certainly  have  known  —  the  actual  poiut  or  points  from  which  this  river  draws 
its  primary  waters. 

15.  Tluy  gave  him  the  Turtle  Portage,  as  the  ultim.atc  source;  —  a  summit  little 
exceeding  forty  miles  north  of  the  north-eastern  shores  of  Upper  Red  Cedar  Lake. 


^;i 


ril  YSICAI-    (i  I'lOC.  UA  I'll  Y. 


1(1 


At  tli(!  saiiic  tiiiic,  tlit'V  coiiciincd  in  tlu'  ()|iiiii<)ii  of  Mr.  'I'lioiiipson,  iiii  iistruiioincr 
forincrlv  ciiiplovcd  liy  tlm  Nortli-wcst,  ('(iiiipaiiy,  lliiil  llic  iiiiliuniil  liDiiiuliiiy,  to  Im 
<lni\vii  west  t'niiii  tlic  liiiki;  of  (lie  Wnods,  would  iiitciscct  tlii^  Mississippi;  an  old 
idi'a,  roinidi'd  on  tiio  dclini-ations  of  MilclicU's  map,  wliicli  it  a|)|)car,M  was  eniploycd 
lit  till'  tinii"  of  tlic  di'linitivc  treaty  of  ITS.'!,  Imt  wliicli  Lieutenant  I'iUe  lelt,  no  dispo- 
sition. lio\ve\'er,  to  concnr  in,  altlmULdi  lie  was  not  apprised  of  the  inllu.x  ol'llie  Missis- 
nippi  proper  into  tlie  west  end  of  Tpper  Ifeil  Cedar  f.aUe,  from  a,  sninniit  wlneli  is  now 
known  to  be  nearly  an  entire  i\v<srri'  m>ii//i  oI"  tlnit  iioint,  and  liy  a  eliaiinel  lint  little 
.short  of  two  luindred  miles. 

It).  I'iki'  set  out  from  Ijceeh  l.ake  on  his  return,  on  the  iSthof  l'"ei)i  iiaiy,  ISdii; 
and  rejoined  his  jiarty  in  the  fortified  camp  at  I'ine  Creek,  helow  l'!ik  IJixcr.  on  the 
^\•est  l)anks  of  the  Mississippi,  on  the  olh  ol"  March.  Tiie  river  heuan  to  opi  ii  on  tiie 
Itli  of  April,  and  he  was  ahle  to  set  sail,  down  stream,  in  his  lai^esl  pcroLiue,  on  tiie 
7th  of  tiiat  month.  Kloatini;'  on  tlie  spi'iniA'  tides,  he  was  iuipelled  foi'ward  with 
o\traordinar\' velocity,  and  reached  I'rairie  dn  (,'liien  on  the  IStli  of  April,  anil  linally 
returned  to  St.  Tiouis,  on  llie  .">nt!i  of  April,  iSOli,  after  an  ahsence  of  ei^ht  months 
and  twenfy-two  days;  of  which  the  jireater  [)art  was  jtassed  ahove  St.  Anthony's 
Falls. 

17.  Th(!  spirit  of  (hscovery  now  paused  jiir  twelve;  years,  [n  tlie  early  part  of  1  S2ll, 
the  Kxecntive  of  Miciiigan  Territory,  at  Detroit,  (leneral  Lewis  Cass,  trinisiuilted  a 
memorial  to  the  froverrnnont,  suL'^jicstini;  the  continuation  of  the  discosciy  at  the  point 
])re\iously  dro]ipe<l.  An  expedition  was  or,L^ani.se(l  in  the  spring'  of  that  yeai',  under 
this  recommendation,  wliich  emlirace(l  a  snr\-ev  of  the  natural  history  and  resources  of 
the  country,  as  well  as  its  topoiirajdiy  and  Indian  population.  It  [lassed  lhrou'.:h  tin; 
scrit'H  of  the  npper  lakes,  tracinj;-  their  shores, —  devotini;  sjiecial  attention  to  the 
development  of  copper  ores  on  tlu;  shores  of  Lake  Superior.  Leavin;;'  tliat  lake  at 
it.s  extreme  western  liead,  it  ascended  the  St.  F/ouis  ri\-ei'  to  its  hiiihest  iia\iLial)le 
point,  and  made  an  overland  journey  acro.ss  the  siuumit  separatiuL!'  it  from  the 
Mississippi  Valley,  reaching  the  waters  of  the  latter  at  Sandy  Lake.  At  this  jioint 
tlio  trading  fort  of  the  North-we.st  Company,  mentioned  liy  Lient.  Pike,  w  as  found  ;  hut 
it  had  in  the  meantime  pas.scd  out  of  the  hands  of  that  company /o((/'  j/airn  jm  rloiixhj, 
having,  together  with  all  the  posts  of  the  region,  hoen  purchased  in  1810,  from  the 
proprietors,  at  Montreal,  by  Mr.  John  Jacob  Astor.  This  individual  organized  a  new 
copartnership  under  the  name  of  the  Ameri(;an  Fur  (,"ompan\-.  A  law  of  Congress 
of  the  same  year,  exchidcd  foreign  traders  from  the  busini'ss,  whieli  led  liim  to  m;ike 
exertions  to  obtain  American  citizens  to  take  out  his  licenses,  and  cover  the  trade; 
without  any  marked  success,  liowever,  in  this  respect,  for  many  years.  Men  who 
had  grown  grey  in  the  service  of  a  foi'eign  company,  who  had  been  born  and  bred 
under  another  allegiance,  but  who  were  exjiert  traders,  felt  but  small  interest  in 
remodelling  the  political    feelings  and  general  re'^tions  of  the    Indian   tribes,  and 


■>1|:' 


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142 


1' II Y  SIC  AT,  (;k()»;  ha  ni  y. 


t-r 


!i  1 


'  .■ 


(•Imnjr'mj;-  tlii'ir  realty  I'nmi  a  f.'()\('riiiiii'iit  wliicli  llicy  liml  t'vcr  liciinl  cxtolli'd,  mid 
wliicli  tlu'v  iidiiiirtMl  as  a  model  of  slreiii^lh  and  ina;;naiiiinily,  lo  inie  wliicli  tliey 
rejiai'dcd  as  ratlier  aiita.ii'oiiistieal  to  all  this.  Tliis  second  display  oi'  tlie  national  lla^, 
tlieret'ore.  in  that  renioti'  (|narter.  with  a  r<'ne\val  of  liie  elVorts  to  |)rodii('(>  a  permanent, 
peace  hetween  the  Sionx  and  ('lii|)pe\va  tribes,  and  ti  manilestalion  of  the  ability  ot" 
the  American  f^overnment  lioth  to  ilaiiii  its  rijriits,  and  i.nrf  its  power  over  the 
country,  had  ii  deeidt'tl  I'flect  upon  the  aliorinii.;','.  And  from  this  era  we  may  date? 
till!  estalilishment  of  American  sM|ireinacy  and  a  favoi'alde  state  of  feclioi;'  in  that 
(piai'ter.  Katawaheda.  Fre/./ie,  Ciuele  l''at,  and  other  Icaiiin^' chiefs,  who  Inid  attended 
Pike's  councils  twelve  years  hefoi'e,  were  still  alive.  'I'hese  were  chiefs  in  the  heii^ht 
of  their  inlhience. 

is.  (lovernor  ("ass.  who  led  this  expedition,  determined  to  make  the  de|iot  of  his 
heavy  snpplii's.  and  leave  his  military  o.scort,  with  part  of  his  French  canoe-nu'n,  at 
the  ])ost  of  Sandy  liake,  and  |)roceed  with  lijiiit  canoes,  and  a  select  party,  to  ascend 
the  rivei'.  Considering'  his  initial  point  to  he  Sandy  I,ake,  he  was  now  at  an  esti- 
mated distance  of  ahont  two  hundred  miles  above  the  site  of  Pike's  winteriui;  jirounds 
in  1805-1).  It  was  the  month  of  July  —  the  face  of  the  country  exhibited  its  sunnner 
aspect,  spotted,  as  it  is,  with  almost  innumerabli>  lakes,  savannahs,  and  rice  lands; 
and  it  was  hoped  the  waters  of  the  higher  sunnnits,  or  i)lateaux,  were  still  sullicit'nt 
to  piM'iuit  n;ivitration   to  its  t'artliest  source. 

10.  The  elite  party  selected  for  the  ascent  (Mnbarked  in  cano(>s  of  jrood  capacity  at 
Sandy  Lake,  on  the  17th  of  July.  Two  days'  diligent  ascent  brought  them  to  the  Falls 
of  Puckagama;  so  called  by  the  Chippi'was.  from  the  poi'tagc  which  it  is  necessary  to 
make  across  an  elbow  of  land  I'ornu'd  by  the  ])assage  of  the  river  through  a  formation 
of  quartzy  sand  rock.  In  this  passage  the  rivei-  is  much  comiiressed,  twists  greatly 
in  its  channel,  and  rushes  with  a  foaming  \elocity,  without  a  perpendicular  fall.  It 
forms,  however,  an  absolute  bar  to  the  navigation.  Al)ove  this  jioiut  spr(>ads  the 
Leech  fiake  level  or  summit.  This  summit  abounds  in  I'xtensive  savannahs,  rice 
fields,  and  open  lakes,  and  which  are  interlaced,  as  it  were,  with  passages  that  may 
be  navigated  by  canoes  most  of  the  season.  The  party  pa.ssed  the  Ficech  Lake  fork 
or  inlet  on  the  third  day  from  Sandy  Lake;  and  having  the  next  day  entered  Little 
Lake  Winnipec  —  an  expanse  of  the  channel  —  again  entert'd  the  river,  and  pursut'd  it 
to  I'ppi'r  Ked  Cedar  Lakt',  which  the  party  entered  on  the  'Jlst  of  August.  'IMiey 
encamped  on  the  west  side  of  the  mouth  of  Turtle  River.  This  constituted  the 
terminus  of  the  ^■oyage.  On  their  return  route  the  jiarty  ilescendi'd  the  Mississiji[)i, 
by  the  way  of  St.  Anthony's  Falls,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin,  and  by  the  Wi.s- 
consin  and  Fox  valleys  to  Green  Bay,  Chicago,  and  the  lakes,  the  shores  of  which 
were  topographically  traced. 

20.  By  this  second  expedition  of  the  government  to  determine  the  sources  of  the 
Mississijipi,  the  channel  was   first  traced  from  Pike's  Stockade,  at  the   falls  of  the 


is:?. 


17  ! 


W:\ 


I'll  VS  K;  A  L   (i  KlKi  HA  I'll  V, 


148 


I'iiint  .  iiiK'k,  to  V\)\)i'v  l!cil  Ci'dar  liiiUc,  or  Ciism  I^iikc,  so  iiniiicd  to  picvciil  itw  hi'iii;^ 
coiifoiiniioii  with  miollicr  Vwd  Codur  (iiikt;  Ir'Iow  Siiiuly  LiiUc.  TIio  HJiorcs  of  i-nkcH 
Huron,  iMicliifian,  iiiid  Superior,  were  topoj^'nipliicidiy  tniccd  |p\  ''iiptiiiii  Dou^das,  an 


•r  olliccr  troin  West   I'oint   Acadcmv,  to;j;ctlicr  with   tli 


valic^H 


tl 


ic  nvcfH 


St.  fiouis  and  Savainrdi,  wiiicli  fonn  the  coMncctiiif!;  link  of  coniinnnicalion  jjctwccn 
Lako  SniK'rior  and  Sandy  l-akc  of  the  upper  Mississippi.  It  revealed  the  p'oioMicjii 
and  mineral  .structure  of  tiie  lias.n  of  Lake  Superior;  Ihe  vast  diluvial  plains  restiiifj; 
on  primitive  and  volcanic  rock,  on  the  source  of  the  Mississippi,  and  the  hroad 
northern   terminal  edires  of  the  ^ireat  carhonirerons  and   maj^nesian   linn'slones  of  the 


Mi 


isissippi 


\ 


allev. 


21.  (leojiraphers  still  lelt,   that    tiie   actual   source  of  the  Mississipiii  was   not   det( 


as  llowiu}:'   ni.  on 


Ih 


Tniiied.  The  (!hip])ewa  hands  at  ("ass  Lake,  descrihed  the  ii\( 
south-west  end  of  that  lake,  in  a  \-oluine  not  inferior  in  width  to  its  outlet.  They 
reporli'(l  it  as  e.xpandini;;  into  numerous  lakes,  with  many  falls,  and  se\ere  rapids, 
over  which  the  river  descended  from  hijilier  levels.  'I'hey  allirmed  its  actual  orij^in 
to  he  a  sheet  of  water  called  liy  the  l<'ri'uch  A<"'  In  /ii'r/ii:  —  that  is,  KIk  Lake;  lyinjr  in 
or  amidst  chains  of  hills  whiidi  se[)arato  its  waters  from  tliose  tlowinj^  north,  into  tin; 
great  basin  of  fjake  Winnipec  of  Hudson   I?a}\ 

22.  In  iS2.">,  the  I'nited  States  determined  to  carry  out  this  e.\|)loration  of  its 
northern  domains.  Major  S.  H.  Louf.',  l'.  S.  A.,  entered  and  a.scended  the;  St.  I'eters; 
passiu}^  from  its  head-waters  to  the  Ked  Kiver  of  the  North,  which  he  pursued  to  its 
mouth  in  (Jreat  Iiak(>  Winnipec ;  traversed  the  southern  shores  of  that  lake  to  the 
outlet  of  the  Lake  of  the  Woods,  and  thence  hy  the  Rainy  Lak(!  route  and  Fort 
William,  on  the  norlhurn  shores  of  Lakt^  Superior,  procooded  to  the  Sault  Ste.  Marie. 
A  louf^  line  of  the  o.xtremo  northern  frontiers  of  the  Union  was  thus  laid  open  and 
de.scribed. 

23.  A  Mr.  Heltrami,  who  hail  att.achcd  him.self  to  Major  T,oiiff's  ])arty,  left  him  at 
the  Scottish  settlement  of  Lord  Selkirk,  about  Fort  Dou"las,  or  Kildunnan,  on  Ked 


liivor,  and  took  his  way  back  ui)  the  Red  Lake  Hiver  into  ]{ed  Lake,  and  thence  i 


up 


•y 


the  usual  traders'  route,  across  the  sunnnit  of  Tin-tle  Portage  to  Turtle  Kiver,  and 
down  this  stream  to  its  inlet  into  Cass  Tjake, —  at  the  very  point  where  the  expedition 
of  1S20  had  terminated  its  explorations.  Mr.  Beltrami,  whose  volume,  in  many 
re.'<pects,  is  worthless,  and  replete  with  descriptions  n<jt  to  be  relied  on,  Tuust,  however, 
be  regarded  a.s  the  earliest  author  wiio  has  described  the  Turtle  River  route.  He 
named  a  lake  at  the  head  of  this  river,  Julia ;  apparently,  that  he  mitdit  denominate 


this  the  Julian  source  of  tlw  Misslxs 


UH' 


24.  The  next  eight  years  complicated  our  Indian  afTairs  on  that  frontier.  In  1S31, 
the  government  directed  the  author  to  vi.sit  the  Chippewa  and  Sioux  ban<l,s,  occupying 
the  area  of  the  valley  of  the  Upper  Mississippi,  with  the  view  of  arresting  the  long- 
continued  feuds  of  these  two  tribes,  which  were  then  newly  broken  out,  and  restoring 


!     iH: 


i      '! 


I.   <1 


I't    ! 


Ill 


PHYSICAL  GEOr.ltA  IMIY. 


Ijoivco  on  the  rninticrH.  It  pniv  iili'd  ii  iiiilitiin  escort,  iiiidcr  liiciiti'iimit  I{.  Clurv.  I 
It'l't  till'  liiisiii  of  Ijiiko  Sii|K'rior  at  ('lu'uoiiiifMon.  or  La  I'ointc,  mid  nsci'iidt'il  tlic  ri\or 
cidli'd  J///.s///.( </i)  liy  till'  iiiitivi's.  and  Mminils  hv  the  Fivncli.  to  llic  Miiinniit  wliicli 
di\  idi's  it  iVoiii  tlic  waters  ilowiii^  into  tlie  Mississi|i|ii  Itivcr.  Tin'  iiscciit  was  diiru'ult, 
and  tlie  waters  low.  15\  a  series  of  |>orta;;es.  and  intersectiii;;'  lakes  I  carrieil  inv 
liajiiiaue  and  canoes  to  the  Xniitii/.-di/iin  liranch  of  the  St.  Croix,  and  lU'scended  the 
latter  to  Yellow  l!i\('r.  The  state  ol'  the  war  which  it  was  son,i;lit  to  allay  hetween  the 
('hi[)iiewas  and  Sioiix,  led  nie  to  reascend  the  St.  Croix  and  the  N'aniaUa,i:on.  and  IVoin 
tlu'  hanks  of  the  latter  to  cross  the  portaszo  to  Ottowa  Lake.  —  one  of  the  sources  of 
Chijipewa  l!i\i'r.  'I'heuce  I  dcsceii<led  the  outlet  of  this  lake  to  Lake  Chelae,  the 
source  of  the  lied  Cellar  or  KolU'avoini-  hrancli  of  the  Chipjiewa,  and  went  d<iwn  this 
liraiieh  to  the  main  Clii|i|)i'wa  and  to  the  Mississi|)[)i.  The  latter  was  then  descended 
to  the  month  of  tlu'  Wisconsin,  and  thence  I  returned  hy  the  Wisconsin  and  Fox 
\  alleys  to  (ireeii  May,  .Michillimackinac,  and  St.  .Mary's.  Jn  this  exiiedition  the 
valleys  of  the  .Maskind,  the  Naiuaki'igon,  the  Upper  St.  Croix,  the  Chippewa,  and 
the    FoUeavoiiie,   were  ex|)lored. 

2").  The  followin;,'  .vear,  the  Sauks  and  Fo.xc.s,  under  IJIack  Hawk,  commenced 
hostilities  ai^-ainst  the  United  States  by  iiun'dorinjr  their  Airent,  AFr.  St.  Vraiii,  and 
fallinir  nnawarcs  upon  tlu'  citi/ens.  This  outhreak,  wliii'li  was,  early  in  the  }'ear, 
unknown  to,  hut  suspected  by  the  governmei.t,  furnished  an  additional  motive  for 
continuiuir  the  ell'orts  conunenced  the  prior  year,  to  preserve  peace  amonu;  the  northern 
tribes.  Congress  had  also,  in  the  mean  tinu',  passed  an  act  for  vaccinal injr  tlii'  Indians  ; 
and  this  duty  was  i;rafted.  by  new  iiistrm'lions,  on  the  original  plan.  These  instruc- 
tions also  embraced  the  topic  of  ainendnients  of  the  laws  refiulatinj;;  trade  and 
intercourse  on  the  frontiers,  the  state  and  prospects  of  the  tribes,  their  numbers  and 
location,  ii'.id  the  stati.stics  of  the  countr}'  jicnerally.  The  l)arty  embraced  a  ijhysician 
and  naturalist  (tlio  late  Dr.  Douglas  Tbjugliton),  a  small  detai'liment  of  infantry, 
under  the  vonnnand  of  fiieutenant  James  Alien,  U.  S.  A.,  who  took  cognizance  of  tho 
topography,  and  it  was  provided  with  the  usual  aid  of  guides,  inter|)reters,  and  (.'anadian 
canoe-men,  necessary  in  such  labors.  fJoing  north  to  the  head-waters  of  tho  Missis- 
sippi, by  the  Lake  Superior  Hasiii  and  tho  St.  TiOnis  River,  it  reached  the  utmost  jjoint 
of  tho  prior  discoveries  of  Lieutenant  Pike  and  General  Cass,  —  that  is  to  say,  Ujiper 
I'eil  Cedar  (U- Cass  Lake, — on  the  Oth  of  July,  1832;  having  nuido  tho  asci'ut  from 
Sandy  I..ake  triiding  house  in  live  iLiys.  The  MisM.ssippi,  at  tlu;  outlet  of  this  lake, 
was  found  to  be  172  feet  wide,  by  measurement,  and  to  have  an  estimated  di'pth  of 
8  feet.     It  had  previously  been  observed  to  bo  318  feet  at  the  iiillux  of  Sandy  Lake. 

20.  An  a])proximation  only  to  the  comparative  volume  of  a  rivi'r,  can  be  made  l)y 
mere  admeasurements,  without  regarding,  with  great  minuteness,  tho  various  depths  of 
the  channel;  but  such  approximations  iucreasi'  our  knowledge  of  the  relati\i'  volume 
of  remote  stream.s,  but  little  known.      If  the  above  data  be  regarded  in  thi.s  light,  they 


PHYSICAL    (iEOUllA  1' 11  Y. 


14: 


woiikon  the  ()|)i;.iiiii  of  liii'iitcniiiit  i'ikc,  tliiit  tlut  l.cccli  LiiUi'  hriiiicli  (■(intiiljiitcil  tlii> 
^ireiiti'Ht  IkxIv  oI'  water;  altliouf^li  tlic  Ita.xciiii — ciiHimI  liy  liim  the  "  Wiimipiiiiic 
liraiicli" — ilruw  its  waters  tnnii  tin-  ri'iiiotcst  jHiinl.  It  is  sliowii  tliat  ia'i'cli  fiaki', 
iiiiil  the  t'litiro  volmno  of  water  added  to  it  l>y  t'leven  tribiitatie.s  lietween  its  iiumtli 
and  Sandy  Lake,  liave  not  dnplieated  the  volume  (tf  water  as  determined  i>y  width. 
27.  1  encamped  my  l)arty,  and  made  my  depot  on  a  hn'j.'e  island  which  Htan<ls  in 
the  central  area  of  the  lake.  (See  IMate  1 1.)  where  tiie  Indians  have  ;;ardens,  and  have 


cultivated  Indian  corn  from  tlie  earliest 


Known   pern 


d.      1  ciinld  not  learn   that    tl 


time  of  the  introduction  of  this  ^rain  w.(s  known  to  tlie  Indian  traditions  at  that 
])oint.  Having;'  found  here  the  last  fi.\ed  \illaj;e  of  ( 'liippewas  in  the  ascent  of  tlie 
Mississi[)pi,  or  hetween  it  and  Red  Fiake,  north  of  its  sources,  and  linished  my  ollicial 
husiness,  1  determined  to  truce  up  the  river  to  its  actual  source.  The  water  was 
ii)und  favorahle;  altliouj;h  the  rapids  were  repri'sented  as  very  numerous  and  formi- 
da'ile,  and  wliolly  impracticahie  for  canoes  of  the  lar^a'  size  I  travelled  in.  1  procured 
wnndler  ones,  such  as  tlie  Indians  hunt  in  ;  and  seating;  myself  in  vw,  and  each  of  the 
l()ur  j;entlenien  of  my  party  in  a  separate  one,  i)roceeded  tl 


le  ne.xt   mornni"'  to  make 


am 


I    Ind 


Kin  iruiiles. 


the  ascent,  with  Indian   nuips  of  har 

Journi'y  in  detail,  in  a  volume  puhlished  in  IS.'JI,  with  iua|)s. 

to  say  that   the  ell'ort   proved  successful.      A   sketch   nuiy, 


As  I  have  descrilK'd   tli 


IS 


ill  oiiiv  li<>  necessar\- 


owe\ei'. 


1)1 


iS.    I  left  my  encampment  on  tiie  island  ;it  four  o'( 


A.  M..on  til.'  loth  of  .luiv, 


III 


live  small  liuntinu'  canoes,  eacii   liavi 


an    Indian   and  a  Caiiadiaii  in  its  1i< 


d 


stern  ;   the  whole  lieiii'.:'  ii 


nder  the  "iiidaiice  ol'  the  chief  of  the  \  iihiLie.  < ):.tiiriiii(/il>.  or  tl 


Yellow  Head.      I  took  tiie  chief  into  m\-  caiKK'.  with  the  me; 


•t,  oilcloth,  kettl 


aiiit  a.\e. 


Lieut.  Allen  had  <d 


laiye  of  the   eaiioe-com[iass,  and  the  other  parai>liernal 
of  the   topografihical  department.      Dr.  Houghton  put  his  plant-jiress  hcside   iiim.  am 
my  interpreter,  Mr.  ilohnston,  and  the  Hev.  Mr.  Hoiitwell,  a  iiii.^sioiiary  in  ll 


I  a 


le  seiA  ice 


(f  the  A.  H.  C.  F.  M.,  each  occupied  separate  ci 


uioes. 


It 


rciiiiireil  sUil 


ind 
I   sp; 


ecd,  e\ell 


^Vl 


for  a  |)ractised  man,  to  sit  in  so  ticklish  a  vessel,  ami  in  so  confined 
moved  forward  rapidly,  whenever  the  water  would  pei'iiiit.  An  hour's  workiiiir  witii 
paddies,  lirouirht  us  near  to  tiie  end  of  the  lake,  where,  to  avoid  a  very  serpentine 
course  of  tiie  river,  we  made  a  portage  of  fifty  yanls,  from  tlie  shores  of  the  lakt'  into 
the  river  above.  We  passed,  in  a  short  distance,  two  small  lakes,  heing  expansions 
of  tlie  river.  Numerous  severe  rapids  were  encountered.  I'p  some  of  these,  the  men 
drag'^ed  our  canoes.  Partly  in  this  way.  and  partly  hy  tiie  force  of  paddles,  we 
pressed  on,  step  by  step,  and  at  last  reatdied  the  summit  of  tlie  /' //(/(///(/(/^/((n/r/.  or 
Cross-water  Lake,  at  the  computed  distance  of  forty-live  miles  above  Cass  Lake. 
This  was  the  first  essay. 


'  N;irniliv>'  nt'  ;ui  Kx]ir.litiun  tliroiiLrli  tlu'  I'l'jx'r  Mi^^i^^illlli  to  Itascii  Lake.     New  Vuik,  Ilai'iiors,  ISO-l. 


!     J-    j1 

•  Ml  ■ , 


:  ( 


:,  ■'! 


fiii 


i  !lU 


lit! 


I'll  VSICA  I,    (I  KOti  It  A  I'll  Y. 


"il" 


I 


{ .: 


■;' 


■  i     F." 


21).  Tiu>  (.'roKn-watiT  Lake,  (iillcd  Tin'i  r^i  l)\  tlic  FiiMii'li,  in,  in  ovfry  rcatiiri',  iv 
bciiiitiriil  flu'i'i  nl'  cIciH'  wiiliT,  ciniic  ten  nr  a  (lo/.i'ii  miles  ill  iciijitli.  It  licH  on  tin' 
i^aiiic  >iiiiniiit  as  'i'lirllc  Lake,  wliicii  has  liccii  ho  Iimi^  iiiiil  ho  iiii|irii|i('i'l\  rcpiiUMJ  as 
till'  HoMici-  111'  llir  MifslHsippi.  'I'lic  cji'S  aliciii  1)1'  {\\v  Cross-water,  or  I'ei'iiiiiljgiiina, 
lias  Ih'cii  (l(leiiiiiiie(lli_\  liaroiiietrii'iii  oiiser\atioii  at  riri}-t\vo  I'eel  al>o\e  ('ass  hake.' 
It  is  a  point  \N  iiicli  iii.iv  lie  noted  in  the  to|ioi.ira|ili\  oi'  tliis  stream,  as  its  most  estreiiie 
I'.xteiisioii  of  iioilli  latitude;  all  its  waters  alio\e  tliis  lake,  iiein;;  from  sources  sonlli 
or  soiitli-west  of  this  parallel.  Its  most  Hoiitherly  point  is  put,  in  Mr.  Nieolei's  tables, 
ill  hit.    17'    -JS'    1(1". 

.'ID.  Hall'  a  mile  iihovc  this  we  entered  a  lake,  to  wliieli  tlie  niimc  of  Wasliinjitcai 
Irviiiji  was  ^ivt'ii.  This  lake  ini;:lit  he  deemed  ii  re-e\paiision  of  the  Cross-water,  were 
it  not  sejiarateil  from  it  hy  a  narrow  sirail.  or  elianiiel,  lia\  iiii;  a  pereepliMe  eiirrent. 
Alpini(  jiiiir  miles  hi;;lier,  the  Mississippi  is  marked  h\  the  Juiicticni  of  its  piimary 
li)rks.  holh  of  which  originate  in  the  ele\jileil  lieii;hts  of  Ihe  lliiiiliiir  i/,s  Tims. 
The  rij;hl  hand,  or  largest  Inaiich,  orij;iiiales  in  Itasca  l,al<e.  I  took  tlie  other  hraiich. 
or  l'laiita;4('nct  source,  as  haviiii;'  fewer  rapids  and  iiiiiaa'  falls  to  snrmoiint.  It  \vas 
soon  found  to  expand  into  a  small  lake,  called  .Mar(|uetle  ;  and  a  little  hi;:lier,  into 
anotlicr  lake,  called  l.a  Salle.  .\  few  miles  ahove  the  hitter,  we  eiiteied  the  more 
consiilcrahle  exjianse  of  the  Kulthekaninir.  at  the  head  of  which  we  encampi'd.  at  a 
late  hour,  in  a  dri/./lin^ir  rain,  and  amidst  a  forest  of  spruce  and  larch,  which  had  (piite 
a  .sjiectral  look,  from  tlie  thick  dependini;  mosses  which  liiini;'  from  hraiiidi  to  Krancli. 

"il.  We  left  tiiis  dreary  camii  as  early  the  next  iiKM'iiin.i:  (the  I  Itlil  as  the  heavy 
fog  and  ninrky  air  would  permit,  and  [lursucd  our  course — a  very  seipentine  cliannel; 
the  stream  windinjj;  its  way  tlirou;ih  savannahs,  and  re-douhliiiii  in  its  I'omse.  with 
scarcely  a  perce|ilihle  current.  These  hoLiiry  j^i'oiinds  were  n.'irrow,  and  hounded  li\-  a 
I'orest  of  stunted  grey  pines  and  lainara<'ks,  festooned  with  moss,  (lumps  of  alder 
and  willows  fringed  the  hanks.  \'egetalion  had  an  Alpine  character.  We  frc(pii'ntly 
disturbed  water-fowl  in  the  passage,  and  olisevved  deer  on  the  siiore ;  one  of  the  latter 
was  siiot  by  (^)z.\U[Ni)iii.  The  stream  appeared  to  be  nearly  on  a  dead  level.  Sty.K 
could  not  have  been  less  attractive.  Towards  evening  we  passed  the  Xttin-K,  or 
Coiiper-headed-snakc  Eiver,  a  tributarv  coming  in  on  thi'  left  bank.  Soon  ul'ter  this, 
wo  encountered  ra[)ids,  and  some  minor  falls.  The  giiidi^  stopped  at  the  Hiot  of  a 
high  hill  of  drift  pebbles  and  sanil.  I'p  this  we  scramliled.  (.'anoes  and  baggage 
followed.  We  made  a  portage  across  a  iieiiiiisula,  and  struck  the  stream  again  above 
the  falls;  where  we  encamped,  wi'aried  witii  a  long  day's  littK'  incidents. 

o"J.  On  the  third  da\'s  journey  we  came,  at  an  early  hour,  to  .\ssowa  Lake,  which 
we  jiassed.  under  jiaddles,  in  twenty  iiiinutes.  On  reiKdiiiig  its  bead,  Ozawundili 
pushed   my   canoe   into  u  marshy  inlet   covereil  with   pond    lilies  and  other  uipiatic 


;i»   <;■  rii! 


Nicolet. 


ii' i 


I  I 


i; 


III 


m 


m 


I 


!''^    I 


(   .i- 


IM 


liii, 


t     f,  h 


I     h 


•;.f 


^iv< 


/«?*.' 


--Wp 


'M- 


i    s 


:1 

^1* 

,■'    V' 

'■: 

I-  ' 
5; 

r 

n  V' 


ii  ni 


I  ;i 


«'! 


i  -. 

1 

■ft'     '•; 

■'!': 

t     ^ 

i-E 

f 

1 

'1 

J 

1 

■i 

I'll  YSICA  I,   C  IKXi  It  A  I'll  Y, 


147 


plants.  ITo  urged  it  as  liir  as  possible  towards  the  ilry  firound,  and  sto|)pod.  We  li. 
reached  the  terminal  jjuiiit  of  this  branch.  We  were  in  a  perl'e"t  morass.  Here  t' 
portaue  to  Jtasca  Lake  be^an.  across  the  Uiiiid  itr  ihs  '/rrr 


No  tract  on  tlie  \vl 


route    pre.se 


ited 


so 


■severe   a   toil.      We   were  continually  mouutiug   acclivities,  o. 


descending  into  gull's.     Geologically,  this  elevation  consists  of  hills  of  the  diluvial  or 
erratic  block  group,  disposed  in  ancient  dune-shaped  ridges.      Pines,  of  several  s[)c 


cies, 


)OSl- 


are  disjiersed  over  it.     The  dei)ressions  or  (lei)ths  between  these  iiave  served  as  re 
tories  for  accunudated   vegetable  matter.     These  gulfs   are  sometimes  bogg\- :    more 

We 
a  hot 


often  they  contain  small  lakes  or  ponds.     The  pines  e.xhiliit  i)arasitic  grey  ni 
saw  the  passenger  pigeon,  and  one  or  two  species  of  the  hawk  fami!\'.     It 


.luly  da}'.     Our  hard}'  canoe-men  .set  down  their  burdens  many  ti 


til 


oute. 


lassed 


Wi 


in  estimating 


t  in   thirteen  rests,  or  oji 


'.'/'■'(/ 


itriniini. 


as  the  Chi 


I'l" 


term  it — whicli, 


•tual  distance,  uives   th 


devati 


ion  a  bi'eadtli  of  about 


We  found   the   strawlieri'v   ripi'.      We   saw   frecpient  tracks   of  tiie    red.   oi-  (Simmon 
11  deer.     ]5eneatli  the  tread,  we  had  evidences  of  oceanic  action,  in  the  abraded 


n-i:uu 


V 

Ijoulders  and  pel)ble  stones  of  both  the  primary  and  st'dimentary  s[)ecies  of  rocks.     It 


seemed  that  northern  oceans  iinist  once  have  rolled  over  this  re; 


■ion 


W 


e  were  eviilen 


pas 


■  ()\er  a  s(jil  which  had  been  n 


pr< 


luced  from  l)roken-down  strat 

tl 


I ;  a 


nd  altlxniii'h 


rom   the  sm 


all  lak 


an( 


a  species  of  marine  sand  capped  the  heights,  it  was  clear, 
numerous  springs,  that  an  aluminous  ])asis  was  present  at  no  great  deptli  below.  I 
felt  too  nuich  interest  in  beholding  the  source  of  so  celebrated  a  river,  to  permit  my 
lagging  behind  as  we  approaclied  the  <ibject.     My  share  of  the  baggage  consisted  of 


little  besides  a  spy-ghiss  and  portfolio;  and  during  the  last  st; 


ige  of  tiie  ]iortage 


r  kept 


up  with  the  chief,  and  [)assed  him  in  tiie  descent  of  tiie  last  ridge,  which  brougiit  me 
first  to  the  goal.  It  was  the  l.Tth  of  July  —  a  clear  and  calm  day.  and  the  lake 
spread,  as  far  as  the  eye  could  see,  like  a  mirror,  resting  in  a  basin  crowned  with 
pictures(pie  hills.  The  view  was  wholly  sylvan;  some  elms  and  other  (K'cidiious 
species  lined  the  shores,  ^..s  soon  as  the  baggage  and  canoes  eaiiii!  up,  we  embarked, 
passed  through  the  lake,  and  encamped  on  an  island  near  its  central  point,  where  the 
two  arms  of  which  the  lake  consists,  unite.  The  accoinpanying  \w\\'  (Plate  \'l)  is 
taken  from  the  shore  abreast  of  this  island. 

".".  Itasca  Liike,  to  which  the  river  has  thus  been  traced,  has  its  origin  wholly  in 
springs  and  small  streams  of  pure  water,  which  issue  from  the  sandy  elevations 
embracing  it.  From  a  mean  of  two  published  estimates  of  distances,  it  may  be  put 
at  three  thousand  and  twenty-live  miles  from  the  flulf  Its  altitude  above  the 
Atlantic  was  estimated  at  the  time  at  fourteen  hundred  and  ninety  feet;  assuming,  as 
a  basis  for  thi.s,  my  prior  estimate  of  Cass  Lake,  made  during  the  expedition  of  1820, 
at  thirteen  hundred  ami  thirty  feet,  and  the  elevation  of  Itasca  Lake  above  Cass  Lake 
at  one  liundred  and  sixty  feet. 

.'M.  Having  finished  tlie  necessary  ohservations  at  Itasca  Lake,  and  taken  specimens 


i 
I; 


\    ''  I 


'  I  .  ! 


! 


148 


PHYSICAL   GEOGRAPHY, 


I 


of  whatever  could  Ijc  foimd  in  its  natural  history,  and  cut  some  canos,  T  onihari<t'd  on 
my  return  down  the  Itasca  branch,  and  witiiout  serious  accident,  rcjoini'd  my  encami)- 
nient  in  a  few  days,  at  Cass  Lalve.  Lieutenant  J.  Allen,  the  oflicer  in  charnc  of 
the  topography,  who  furnished  the  elements  of  the  annexed  map,  (Plate  41.)  esti- 
mated the  distance  at  two  hundred  and  ninety  miles,  of  which  one  hundred  and 
twenty-five  miles  were  up  the  riantagenet,  and  one  hundred  and  sixty-five  down 
the  Itasca  branch. 

35.  The  natural  history  of  Itasca  Lake  was  left  in  the  hands  of  Dr.  Houghton; 
whose  subsequent  lamented  death  in  the  geological  survey  of  Lake  Superior,  has,  it  is 
feared,  deprived  the  public  of  many  interesting  and  valuable  observations.  lie  noticed, 
among  other  plants  on  the  island,  the  iii!cru/i/ijl!,s  oitlihuj,  loxsonkf,  jilnjmJis  lanvivldhi, 
and  nikne  aiitirrhlna.  The  elm,  pine,  spruce,  and  wild  cherry,  were  also  noticed. 
1  picked  up,  on  its  sandy  shores,  the  small  j)laii(irlii>i  romjHniiihifK.f.  There  was  no 
rock  in  place.  Among  the  pel)bles  of  mixed  jirimitive  and  sedimentary  boulders, 
there  were  some  of  consideral)le  size.  There  were  the  spinal  and  head  bones  of  some 
lish.  the  remains  of  former  feasting,  at  a  deserted  Indian  camp,  which  is  the  oidy 
evidence  known  of  the  lake's  yielding  lish.  There  were  also  shells  or  bucklers  of  a 
species  of  large  tortoise.  We  saw  a  fine  deer,  drinking  at  the  margin  of  the  lake. 
The  water  wa.s  pure,  deep,  and  cold ;  and  reflected,  at  the  depth  of  .several  feet,  a 
clean,  pebbly,  and  sandy  Ixjttom.  The  topographical  observations  of  Lieutenant  Allen 
estimate  its  extreme  length  at  seven  miles. 

30.  Four  years  afterwards, —  namely,  in  1830, — Mr.  J.  J.  Nicolet,  who  was  under 
instructions  from  the  United  States  Topographical  Bureau,  (Colonel  J.  J.  A]»ert.) 
visited  this  lake.  He  reached  it  on  the  29th  of  August,  and  we  are  indebted  to  him 
for  several  valuable  scientific  contributions.  lie  determined  its  latitude,  at  the  island, 
to  be  47°  13'  3u".  The  highest  observed  point  of  the  Ilaiitvitr  dcs  Tirnx,  he  puts  at 
130  feet  above  the  lake.  His  report,  communicated  to  Congress  after  his  deatli,  by 
Colonel  Abert,  is  a  document  of  high  value.  Barometrical  observations  made  by  him 
make  the  extreme  altitude  of  Itasca  Lake,  above  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  to  be  loTo  feet. 
The  same  observer  found  the  apex  of  the  Jlaufi  nr  dis'  Trrrcx  to  be  1080  feet  above  thc^ 
Gulf;  a  very  inconsiderable  altitude,  if  we  consider  it  as  the  continental  elevation 
between  the  West  Indies  and  the  Northern  Sea.s. 


/'/,(/,■    11 


I'Ih'  itmicil  lliif  nitlii  iilr.yllif 
•nil'  ,i/'  Mr  .W  li„it/ri-u/'t 


I'lifliuii  l,'Hi,//!h<<  1^ 


^.I.V.V.IIl.l    I. 

/■/•(.vr.ir    •   I.  V\ 


MISXIKSIIMM  RIVKK 


On,n.„   A,    \'  Ki.rittHK,  r  X  J,.,n 


././,,,„„„,     /„/,     -„-.7   i:,.;„l„;,„ 


\    > 


li     li 
i'     ' 

ill 


lii^^ 


lii.N 


f"*! 


;;, 


'  I  pi ! 


i,  i 


'f,: 


|I|T 

i 

'  'rj 

j 

'  ')^' 

.1  - 

i         I  i' 


^S 


I  f 


»l 


#i|  & 


'  s:  * 


f'f- 


I 

i 


i 


n.    (JOr.L)   DEPOSITS  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


1.  I) 
±  Mi 
n.  A I 


iscovcry. 


ikifiiciil  (loscn|itioii   (it  siic'i'iiiu'iis  sen 
it  (lulil  Mines. 


t   to  Wiir-Oflico. 


UK'ICllt    (iijlll    iMiIU'S. 

4.  Simth   Amci-ican   (IdIcI   Mines  —  liir^re  iiiasses   I'mMnl. 

.'i.  Extent   ul"  llie   Calil'iirniii   ileposils,   ;inil  ]ihin   nf  \viiii<iiij.'   tluni. 

0.  Metallit'ei'uns  diluvial  depnsits  of  the   Uniteil   States  fuinid   in  liigli  levels. 

7.  (lalenii  of  the  Mississijipi   ^'all^■\•,   ami  ciip]iei'  of  Lake   Sniierior. 

8.  Value  (if  the   C'alifiu'nia   Mines. 

i).  Saeriunenti)  and  San  .Jiia(|nin   \'alley. 

10.  Want  of  (ieolo^ieal  date. 

11.  Sierra  Nevada. 

12.  Charaeter  of  the  di'iiosit. 

18.    Olisrrvatiiins  of  ("olonel  Mason. 
11.   Extent  of  this   mineral  development. 

1').    I'rolialiility  of  the  original  veins  being  found  in  the  more  elevated  slate  and  ipiarf/, 
rocks. 

1.  Tin;  dis(X)vi'ry  off^uld  in  Ciilifonrui  iiiako.s  tlic  year  1S4S  an  ora  in  tlie  liistory  dl" 
that  coinitiT.  It  was  acfick'ntally  I'oiind,  in  tlio  Spring  season,  in  tlio  diluvial  soil,  \>y 
soiiio  persons  digjiino;  the  sluiee-wiiy  lor  a  mill.  S|)eciuiens  of  the  various  kinds  of 
tlie  metal  and  its  matrix,  were  iorwarded  to  the  Win-  I)e[iartment  hy  tlie  ehief 
military  ollicer  in  command,  in  tlie  month  of  Aui^ust.  These  specimens  were  not 
received  at  tlie  War-Oilice  till  early  in  Decemher.  I  examinetl  them  in  tiie  lihrary  of 
that  ollice,  on  the  Sth  of  that  month.  They  consisted  of  thirteen  sjiicimens  of 
various  minerals,  chiell}-  gold  in  some  of  its  metallic  forms. 

2.  Jndficd  hy  ext(>rnal  character,  the  six'cimens  admitted  of  heing  grouped  in  the 
following  manner : 

A.  Small  masses  of  native  gold,  in  the  separate  form  of  grains  and  scales,  or 
minute  plates,  from  which  all  extraneous  matter  had  heen  cleanly  washed. 

B.  Similar  ibruKs  of  equally  fine,  and  liighly  colored  masses,  witli  the  lou.<c  residuary 
iron  sand  of  the  washer. 

C.  Masses  of  .scale-ibrm  gold  of  an  ounce  or  more  in  weight,  hut  ofVering  no  other 
peculiarity  of  character. 

I).  An  ovate  mass  of  two  ounces  weight,  having  a  portion  of  its  original  matrix  of 
(piait/  still  adhering. 

All  the  scale-form,  and  lump  gold,  cxhihits,  more  or  less  distinctly,  the  marks  of 
ntti'ition.  and  of  having  heen  carricnl  in  its  alluvial   association   in   the  valley  of  tiie 


'I 


It: 


1       iil 


'< 


Ii^ 


V. 


:1 


loO 


I'll  YSICA  I-    (i  KOC  1!  A  I'll  V, 


t    I 


S;i 


J  ; 


Aiiu'ricuii  folk  of  tlif  Sucraiiu'iito,  soiiii'  (listaiict'  IVoiii  its  ()rij;iiiai  posiddii.  It  is  of 
till'  siili-spccii's  cil'  iiold — yi'iliiw  iiiitisi:  fidjij  oi'  the  svstt'iiis  —  tlio  (i(i/i/-i/i //»  r  (in/iiijiii 
(liilil.  of  Wi'i'iirr.  'I'lic  s|)('('ill('  ^I'iivit}' of  tiiis  xaiicty.  in  its  I'dliicd  state,  is  p'licrally 
from  17.1)11(1  to  I'J.IMKI.  15y  aimlysis,  it  is  soiiu'tinu's  foiiiul  to  contain  very  iniinito 
portions  of  silvor  anil  copper." 

Tlio  pri'otMlin;^  notices  ouihrace  all  the  specimens  of  native  jidld  in  the  thirteen 
separate  packages  received  at  the  War-Ollice,  e\clnsi\-e  of  the  caddy,  named  in 
Colonel  .Mason's  report.  The  following  comprise  the  other  miiieraloj;ical  species 
sent. 

!•].  Native  masses  of  a  metal  of  a  lijiht  steel  jirey  color,  approacliinij:  to  white,  of 
consideralile  weight.  'J'hese  are  scale-form;  resemhlini:'  in  tliis,  and  in  size,  the  scale 
or  plate  jiold.  They  present  the  ])ecnliar  color  of  platina.  which  it  is  diHicult.  how- 
ever, to  distini;nish  from  jjalladinm.  The  sjiecilic  jirasity  of  nati\e  platina  varies 
hetween  I'l.Cilll  and  IS. ',117.  hnt  reaches,  in  its  ori-inal  state.  •J:;.(l(l(l.' 

F.  Aniznlar  masses  of  a  white  mineral,  of  a  ilidl  metallic  Instre  and  coarse  jirannlar 
fractnre.  whiidi  has  the  external  characters  of  iron  pyi'ites. 

(i.  A  lump  of  red-colored  ore.  This  mass  is  a  lariie  and  heavy  specimen  of  the 
ore  of  mercui-y.  called  ciii/iit/Hir,  and  is  well  characterized  as  the  dark  red  variety  of 
the   systems.' 

]|.  Arenaceous  nuignetie  ironstone,  of  its  usual  form,  color,  lustre,  and  specific 
uravity.  Tiiis  ore  is  the  residium  after  washing  away  the  alluvial  nnitter  from 
the  grain  and  scale  gold,  and  has  heen  transmitted  to  denote  that  fact,  and  not  as 
attaching  any  importance  to  its  value.'' 

.'!.    In  ap[)reciating  the  gold  fornnition  of  ("alifornia,  we  may  derive  some  light  from 


'  Aii:il_\>is  at  till'  rnitecl  Stales  Mint,  has  (leliTniiiicd  the  vahic  of  the  golil  spocimcns  sent  hy  the  Secretary 
lit'  War,  to  lie,  liet'orc  nieltiiiir,  SIS.O.'i.^  per  ounce,  and  after  refining,  Sls.'ifl  —  deiiotiii},'  an  extraordinary  degree 
of  imrity  in   tlie  native  gold. 

-  I'latiiia  has  heen  found  at  only  two  places  in  South  Anieriea;  namely,  at  Clioeo,  in  New  (irenada,  and  at 
ISarliaena,  hetween  2"  and  (1°  north  latitude  ;  and  this  metal  has  never  yet  heen  traced  north  of  the  straits  of 
Panama.  It  is  associated  with  palladium  and  iridium.  It  occurs,  in  these  localities,  in  diluvial  soils,  almig  with 
grains  of  gold,  zineoii,  spinel  (piartz  and  magnetic  ironstone.  We  may  expect  all  these  a.s.soeiations  to  he  verified 
in  the  deposits  of  (^alif  irnia. 

^Tlie  iii"st  important  mini's  of  einnahar  now  known,  are  at  .Minaden,  in  ."^pain,  which  have  lieeii  worked 
upwards  .if  two  thniisand  years;  at  Idria,  in  I'riaul ;  in  the  Palatinate;  and  at  I'l'iix  Pouts,  in  Spanish  .\mcriea. 
The  speeilic  gravity  of  the  .\lmadian  ore  is  7.780.     The  word  cinnahur  was  anciently  applied  to  the  drug  called 

'This  mineral  is  distrihuted  widely  in  the  rocks  and  soils  of  the  I'liited  States.  It  constitutes  an  element 
in  all  the  rich  alluvions  nf  the  Mississippi  Valley,  and  is  very  abundant  on  the  shores  of  the  upper  lakes,  where 
it  is  driven  up  hy  the  waves ;  hut  being  heavier  than  the  silicious  sands,  it  sinks  at  the  water's  edge,  while  the 
former  are  winnowed  out  hy  the  winds,  and  form  hanks  at  higher  altitudes.  Tons  of  it  together,  lie  in  this  pure 
form,  on  the  banks  of  Lake  Superior. 


I    ■  I, 


ill    "->  ' 


ir.i 


UI'll   (l| 


I'll  VS  1  CM,    (i  I'KXi  1!A  I'll  V. 

tlid  liistorv  of  till'  iliscdNciy  ul'  tliis  iiiiiiciiil  in  olIuT  (|U;irti'rs  nl'  the  ulolir.      M 

tlio  native  j^old  of  Asiii.  Africa  iiini    Kiii'c>|m'.  of  ancient  pcrinils.  \v;i^   loiind  in  cartiiy 

deposits  in  tlie  beds  or  \;die\s  of  streams,  or  plains  wliicli    Innc   licen    piodnced    rnini 

liie    disintegration,    liradual    dcuiadation,    or    i'eiiio\al    ol'    pre-cNislinu'   ro"'-s.       'riie 

earU'   sonrces   ol"  j:iild    bullion,   of    wiiicli    liie    bed  of   tlie    I'ael 

example,  lia\e  bet 


ohis   IS   a 


irabli 


n  loniz' exliiinstcd.      And   as  tlie  surface  iioM  of  later  ap's  lias  been 
|)iel\i'd  up.  or  waslied  out.  its  orii;in   lias  been   ;;('nerally  traced  (o  fixed  veins  in  eoiili- 


!uons 


mountains,  wliere  tlie  ex|)ense  of  erusliiiifi'   tlie   bard   rociv   iiiis  been  liaind  t( 


itdl-niiili  ei|ual  to.  and  soineli 


mes  mor( 


tlian,  llie  value  of  llie    L;()ld.       Ill    oil 


ler  cases 


then'  lias  been  a  complete  exiiaustion,  as  at  the  Lead-liills  in  Scoliiiiid,  wlieie.  in  tlu' 
tiino  of  (hieen  Kli/alictli.  C  lOO.dOd  sterling  was  obtained  in  a  few  seasons  from  the 
allnv  ial  soil,  (.lameson.) 

1.  A  \er\-  large  proportion  of  the  nativi'  gold  of  South  America,  which  has  \ieldeil 
more  gold  than  any  olln'r  jiart  of  the  world,  is  exploreil  in  dihniid  or  disintegrateil 
.soil,  which  is  genei'ally  found  spread  out  at  the  foot  of  luoiinlains  or  oulliiirsling 
valli'vs  from  talde-lands.      Such,  too,  was  tlu'  position  of  the  Mexican  Liold.  althoii'^h, 


I' 
at  iiresent.  it  is  milled  chii'lK-  in  (juartz  veins,  in  connection  with  silver  ami  ol 


I" 


in  nioiintams  of  nncaslate  and  unei!^ 


It    is  altogether  probal 


>le.  ami   VMiulil   he  111 


ler  ore; 

Id  bl 


accordance  with  recorded  facts  in  other  |iarts  of  the  world,  that  such  should  also  be 
till!  relative  position  of  the  native  gold  to  the  original  gold-bearing  veins  in  ('Mliliniiia. 
The   fact  of  the   existence  of  virgin    gold    in    the   plains  of  that    provinct"   \\as    nut 


tin 


known  to  the  Siianish.      Iliimboldt,  prior  to  ]S.\i\   incntioiis  that  tl 


ieie  1,^  a  iilain  i 


lourteeii  leagues  (forty-two  JMiglish  miles)  in  I'xteiit  on  the  ('aliiiirnia  coast,  with  an 
alluvial  '  deposit,  in  which  luin|)s  of  gold  are  dispersed,  (vide  Xueva  Ks])aiiia.) 
The  same  author  states  that  a  lump  of  gold  was  found  in  Choco  weighing  twenty-live 
pounds,  and  that  another  was  obtained  near  lia  l*a/,.  in  I'eni,  in  I7.'!lt,  \vlii(  h  vveiglird 
forty-two  pounds.  He  gives  the  annual  produce  of  the  gold  mines  of  the  Spaiii,--li 
American  colonies  at  2"),()2t)  ])ounds  Troy.  The  gold  of  ]5ra/.il  is  chiefly  washi'd  I'rom 
the  sands  of  rivers  and  other  earthy  and  unconsolidated  deposits,  which  stretidi  at 
the  loot  of  a  high  chain  of  mountains  running  nearly  parallel  to  the  coast,  from  0° 
to  oO"  of  south  latitiiile.  From  this  region  nearly  ;)0,(HI()  Portuguese  marcs  of  gold 
are  annually  exported  to  Europe,  making  the  annual  produce  of  gold  of  the  gold 
mines  of  Spanish  and  Portuguese  America,  lo.o^'d  pounds  Troy;  e([ual  to  !I.S14,2t>l) 
American  dollars. 

5.  Whatever  he  the  extent,  value,  and  ]ievmaiiency  of  the  gold  distributed  in  the 
diluvium  or  later  river  deposits  of  California,  —  and  it  cannot  he  tloiibted  to  be 
relatively  valuable,  we  shonUl  adoj)t,  in  rt-lation  to  it,  a.  policy  vviiich,  while  it  respects 


'riii.s  term  wa.s  Viiguely  applied,  at  tlic  era,  to  two  JiBtiuct  cla.sses  of  plieuoinena. 


li  '!, 


h 


i.  ' 


I 


■i  Hji 


ii 


li 


;;'l 


fi 


^i 


If 


'  y 


ill 


i; 


r'ii 


■; 


I'll  vsi  (A  I,  t;  i:(i(i  I!  A  I'll  V, 


irMiilinc;    lliiil    llic\   lii'  ill  \('r\   I'liiisiih  riilili 


llic  t'\|"'iiriic(' ul' .scifiici',  :iiii|  lln'  i'i'>iill>  nl' mining  iiiiil  iiu'liiiliii'iiv  in  nllicr  coiiiilrics 
('(illllllrl|(U    ilM'ir   Id   iiiir    iii>l  illll  iciii-j   lis    lis   i'>illl|ilrlit'ii>i\  I'    mill    [ilMi'l  ii'lll    rrillill'i'M. 

r>.  Il  is  Hill'  III'  till'  liails  III'  till'  ini'l;illirrriills  ililiuinl  ili'|Misils  ul'  llir  I'liilril  Slilli'S 
lIlMl  llirV  s|i|illil  UNCI'  CVll'llsiM'  lUi'ils 
ilr\  aliiiiis  ;iliii\  I'  llir  |iirM'iit  w  iili'r-lr\  I'l  iil'  nil  jili'rlll  sras.  lalvc-,  ami  rixcrs;  llial  llii'V 
ar>',  as  a  ruiisriiiiriH'c.  iVi'r  IVciiii  llir  liriirial  jHiwrr  1)1'  ai'lioii  wliiili  lliisi'  wali'is,  in 
ilii'ir  |iirsriil  stall'.  I'an  i'M'iI  ii|iiih  llir  arras  as  siicli  ;  aipj  llial  llir  rN|i|iiraliiin  ami 
wiirkiiiL;  III'  llii'  liriis  is  allrnilcil  uilli  cuiiiiiaiatisil  v  liltli'  lalmr  or  r\|ii'nsr.  mi  Imi'^  as 
till'  riViirl  is  I'lnilinril  In  tlir  soil.  it  wnillil  il{i|ir:ir.  in  i'iinlrlil|<lal  lll'J  lllis  i|lli'sl  ion  III' 
ililinial  ai'liciii,  as  it'  it  liail  I'SiTlrii  ilsrll'  willi  -rratrr  riir<T  ami  \iuliiirr.  ami  willi  a 
niniT  ilcurailiiiL:  pinM'r,  ii|miii  our  IhliIi  lamls  ami  siiiiiniiis  tliaii  in  tlir  nM  wuild.  xi  as 
til  ilrmulisli  lilt'  siiliil  siirt'arr  111'  liii'lvs.  anil  Inrak  llirlii  il|i.  In  a  f^iralrr  ilr|illi.  anil  In 
sraltrr  tlit'ir  iiisni|it>'il   \i'ins  ol'  miniTal   iiialtiT  umi-  imni'  r\li'iisi\i'  ilislrii'ts. 

7.  Siii'li  arc  llir  iiii|ii'rssiiins  in  I'saininiiii  llii'  ri'iiiarUaliir  ililiivial  ami  iiiji'i'ti'il 
ili'|io^ils  111'  L:ali'na  ul'  .Missouri.  Iowa,  ami  iinrllirni  lllimiis  ;  lln'  '.!o|i|  ilrlnis  ami  |ii'M)li' 
ililiaiuiii    of  liic    .\  iipalai'liian    s|iiiu'    in    liu'    Soiitlirni    Slairs;    ami    liic    w  iilr-sprrail 


ir    liasiii    III    l.al\i 


I'   I, 


i|irlior.       Ill    cai'li    of  tiiisi 


|i|n'f-lioiilili'r  ililin  iinn   ol    t 

ii:inal   nirlai-ln'ariim'   rocks   have   lici'ii   lirokcn  ilown  li\  aiirii'iil  liil 


I'  i-asrs  I  III 


till 


ii\  lal    ai'iioii.  ami 


scalliTi'il  over  w  iilc  arras  o 


r  I'oiinlrv.      In  racli   casi'.  also,  ilic  Hisl  iIIsi'iimt 


\  .  or  r\  I'll- 


liial  wovkiiii:  of  ilii's.  r\lcui|ioram'oiis  iiiiiirs.  w  as  aci'()iii|iaim'i|  li\  a  |iulilii'  rxritciiiciil, 
liiimiic  Is  mil  lliiiii.-aiuls  ru>liiiit;  to  tlio  liclil  ;  ami  in  racli  case  tlir  r\|i!or  itioiis  Icrini- 
nati'il.  alter   the    niosi    cstrax  at;anl    anli('i|ialioiis  ul'  rasilv -l:iiI  wcaltli,   in    tiariirj    llir 


oriLiin  ami  ■•^n|i|ilv  o 


r   llir  ilril'l   ilrliosils  til  I'oiili'jin 


us  \  cms  III  I  lie  nmli-'tiirneil  n 


S.    No  ilctcniiiiialiiiiis  can  lie  sal'elv  iiiaile.  <)  /irlnii.  ii|iiin  llie  cNteiil  ami  |ieriiiam'nl 
\aliieorilic  liolil  ilc|iiisits  iimlei' consiileialion.    Oiiraeliial  know  leilje  ol' llie  L:eiii;ra|ili v 


ami  resiiuri'cs  of  tlu'  cnmitrx   is  limiieil.     Ol'  ib 


;\  ami  iiiiiieralo'jv .  I'm  llicr  tliaii 


eoiirliisions   can  lie   liiu 


<M'il  al.  rioiii    llie  loii.-e  litters  ul'  the  ila\.  aiiil  llie  exaiiiiiiati 


III'  the  s|iei'iniens  which  are  iiaiiieil  alni\e.  ami  the  assavs  of  the  iiiiiit.  wc  kno\'.' 
iiothiiii;'.  lis  I'oasi  lalilinles,  ami  the  liciLiht  ami  ilislaiice  of  its  iiiteiior  |iiisltions,  are, 
it  is  hclicNcil.  acciu'alelv  descrilicil  ami  lixeil,  ami  niiule  acee>silili'.  toLiether  \\itli  a 
valiialile  aiiiniiut  ul'  inl'ui'iiialion  coUectc'l  of  its  N-Ciielalile  |ili vsiulouy.  ami  iiiilitarv  ami 


niantiiiie    ai 


Kautaics.    li\    t 


le     se\er 


al    olliccrs    of   the    na\  \     and    aniiw   win.    ha\i' 


i\ 


|i.iiteil   ami   iiuhlisheil   the   results  of  their  uliscrv  aliuns 


'.1.    In    t 


le   Licoi;ra|i 


hieal 


ineinoir   aecuni|i 


uniiiii'  Culonel  l'"i'i'iniint's    niaii.  ciHiiinmii 


aled  to   the   .N'liatc.  in   cuniiiliaiice  wi 


til  ils   resoliilions  ul'  the    "itli  and   I'llh  of 


la~l.  the   ."^acranicnto  and  ."'saii  ,liiaci|iiin  lii\ers  arc   ik'serilied  as   the   natural  if'Vi  lop- 
nieiit   of  uiie  \alle\.  w  huse  waters,   risin.;'  at   oiiiiosiie  extreiiiilies.  meet    in  its  centre. 


ami   Ul 


lile    iheir   (dianilels    liefore    reacliili'J-    tide-water   al    the  hrad  of  the  I 


>i\  iri   ,'>aii 


Frauciscu.      Holh  ri\ers  are  rcjircsenled  as  diawiiiL:  ihi  ir  sources  and  chief  Iriluilarir 
I'roin   the   Sierra   Nevaila  chain  of   iiiuuiitaiiis,    ihrouiili   ;i   wide   bell  of   "  I'lul  hills.' 


1 


.-<iiiiii'  mil 


III 


I'll  YSI  CA  I,    (i  i:(Mi  HA  I'll  V. 

'IMii'si'   iirc   I'uvcrfii,  toil  rDiiNiilcriiMi'  cvlciil,  « illi    liir;.'r  ii;ikx,  |iiiii 

ilrciiliKiiis  iiiid  |i('i't'niiiitl    ii)i')'Ml-li'i'('s,  iinij  airnrd  in  tln'ir  viiIIi'_\h  iiikI  |ihiiiis  cxiciiMi  .. 

iiiiil  Miiiiiihir  Ii'iii'Ih  oI"  H'l'lih'  soil,  I'll  liir  the  |)iir|HiH('H  of  ujfiiciiltiirc. 

jo.  'I'licrc  is  III)  (|csiTi|ilic)ii  III'  (lie  iiiiiiri',  <li|i.  III'  ^'i'ulii;jiiiil  (•i)ii>t  il  III  iiiii  ur  cliiiriictrr, 
III'  till'  lulls  mill  I'irv  ;iliiilis  l'i'|iiltril  In  viclil  ^,'itl(|  ;  of  llir  suits  wilii'li  rest  ll|iiili  llirir 
lii|is,  sides,  (ir  vmIIi'Vs;  iir  ul'  llii-  ruck  liiriiiiiliniis  nl'  liiLdiiT  iillilinli's  ;  lliis  iiili'i'|iiil 
lllld  ili'Clirillr  (iliscivcr,  lllivilli^  colitiiird  iiis  illli'lilinn  iliirllv  Id  llir  lii|iiij.'IM|iliir;il 
('('lltlircs  ol'  llir  cullliliv,  lllld  llir  V'ill'iiiiis  |il|('l|ii|iirll;i  wliiili  ililrrilii  Mr  its  i:i|iiii'il  y  liir 
Hii|i|>i)rtiii^  iiniiiitil  mid  vi'li'cIiiIiIi'  lili'.  Il  is  sriMi,  iis  mm  iiii'i(|i'iii;il  liMinri'  uj'  his  iiiilcs, 
tliiit  llic  pliiiiis  dl"  lln-  SiiiM'iiiiiciilo  lllld  Siiii  .liiiii|iiiii  arc  ciivitciI  with  llii-  dclnis  iiiiil 
(liil't  siiil  of  liiuhiT  iilliliidrs,  wlmsc  di'|iiisiliiiii  may  ln'  n  '.'iii'ilcd  cssciiliMlly  as  lln- 
rcsiill  nl' diluvial,  and  iml  river  aclimi.  In  lln'  [ni'si'iil  slalc  ul'  mir  iiiliiiiiialiun,  wi- 
iiinsi    ri'irard  llie   iiati\r  ^ruld,  scales  and  liini|is,  as  one  ul'  ihe  ejeiiicnls  ul'  this  ie|iru- 


diiccd  muss.      Iluw  far   llie\-  ha\ 


Iransiiurled,  is    iinknuwn.      Whelhi'i-  Ihe  heds 


lire  deep  or    slialliiW,  c\|endeil   ur  liinilcd,   has    liul    iieen  uhscrsed.        Whether    the    j;u|i| 

\h  fuimd  in  the  vidicys  ur  dc|iiessiiiiis  e\cliisi\cly,  ur  al<u  uii  the  hills  ur  plains,  is 
i'f|iiiilly  iinknuwn.  in  unlcr  tu  runn  just  cunceptiuns  un  tin-  snliject,  it  wunld  he 
dc'sinihlc  also  tu  iisccrt.'iin  wliellier,  if  the  clesalcd  lands  alHnd  ijuld.  it  is  in  the  same 
relative  prupurtiun  tu  the  suil,  jjriivcl,  and  sand,  as  in  the  Vidleys;  whether  lliero  are 
any  appearances,  in  the  dry  runs  or  sides  of  hills,  of  the  loose  materials  heintr  in  tin; 
state  oi'  a  lU'hris,  wliicli  has  not  heeii  far  removed  ;  or  any  otiier  indication  of  thi; 
proximity  of  fixed  veins. 

11.  It  is  known  from  the  history  of  the  earliest  discovery  of  irolil,  tiiat  volcanii^  rocks, 
certainly  lavas  and  the  newer  forniatioiis,  never  yield  it;  and  it  cannot,  therefure,  he 
siijipused  to  coiiK'  from  the  vitreous  peaks  and  eiiiinences  of  the  Siena  Xesada.      This 


hold 


mountain  chain,  which,  under  several  names,  e.Nteiids  alnie''  the  I'acilic  coast,  from 


Mount  Klias  to  the  (iiilf  of  California,  has  prohahly  lifteil  up,  on  its  western  sides, 
the  fjraiiitcs.  clay-slates,  mica-slates,  clay-|)orphyries,  and  other  strata,  whose  detritus 
and  commiiiiited  frairmeiits  are  found  in  the  \'alley  of  the  Sacramento,  in  the  sliajw 
of   pehhles    and    sands.      Such,  at  least,   in    the    ahsenci'  of   all   ohservatiun,   may   ho 

Id    d»'piisits.      Culunel    l''remuiit.    in 


I' 


d     tu    he    the    tl 


nie    piisitiiin    of    tlies( 


appruacliiii:z'  that  part  uf  the  Sacramento  wliii'h  is  iiuw  the  theatre  of  jruld  washin^zs, 
ohserved  ••  a  yelluwish.  irravelly  soil "  aloiiu:  its  eastern  hanks,  ((ieoir.  Mem.,  p.  'J.').) 
lie  is  speakinu'  of  the  permanent  upland  soil,  which  he  states  to  lie  -"lOd  feet  ahove  the 


level  uf  the  sea.  and  hiiili  aliu\-e  the  iiilliieiice  (A'  the  lluiids  lA'  the  rainy  seasun.      Here, 

then,   is  evidence  oi'  the  dilinial   cliMiacter  of  the   i;ciu'i'al   soil,   anil   ni'  its  uriLiiii   in 

lii!.;her  piisitiuiis.      Muuiit  'rsaslitl.  which   is  stated   hy  him   tu  divide   the  luwer  from 

the   upper  \'alley  of  the  Saci-ameiito.  is  placed   hy  that   uhseiver  at   I  I. DUO  lirt  ahuve 

tl 

he  ohserves,  falls  not  less  than  lilUK)  feet  in   tvvcntv  miles,  in 


le  sea;    vvliicli  is  iii 


arly  the  heij:ht  of  Mont  lilMuc.     ((leu.  .Mem,,  p.  2"i.)    This  stream, 

at  the  hiuse  of 


pa.s.< 


i 


I'  ?'  ■( 


20 


'*  ;  * 


ir.4 


I'lIYSKJAL  OKOdllAI'lIY. 


t 


i'  ,! 


n 


•ji 


tills  nioiiiiliiin.  iVoiii  its  iiiipir  Ici  in  Iciwcr  N'lillcy,  This  ilciidlrs  ii  iimrki'il  iiltihhlo 
for  III!  its  I'liHti'i'ii  li'iliMliii'iiv'i  wliii'li  lloNV  iiiiiiu'iliiitcly  IVniii  llic  tiinl  III'  ||ii>  I'linliiiiiiiiis 
line  III'  till'  SiiiTii  N'cvMilii.  .Many  of  tlu'Mc  triliiitniicM  iii-('  iifiirly  dry,  i',\it'|il  in  the 
rainy  Hnisnn,  wlicn  tlu'V  luv  mwcHi'iI  to  turrcnts,  wliii'li  nmst  exert  ii  iidweiliil  aeliun 
upon  llie  liMwe  materials  of  flieir  IkmIs. 

lli.  Here  we  pereeive  aniitiier  eliiss  iii"  pnemimena.  wliieli  ni;iy  niateriiilly  all'ecl  the 
valne,  piifitiiiM,  anil  ])ernianenee  oi'  the  Caliluniiii  gold  depositH.  'I'lie  wlinle  wei^rhl 
of  the  pojinlar  testininny  derived  I'roiu  letters, —  a  speeies  of  testimony  wliieli.  in  this 
leatnre.  may  lie  ailmitted, —  is  in  l'a\iir  of  the  |iosition  of  the  metal  in  the  transported 
soil;  nothimt  hnt  hars.  shovels,  and  pic]\a\es  lieiiiir  neeessai'V  to  pnrsne  the  search. 
Tiiere  is  MO  alllrmalion  that  any  person  is  jinrsnin?;  a  roeU-\ein.  or  has  emplouilii 
lilast.  There  is  some  reason  to  helieve  liiat  the  scale  fiold  is  of  the  oldest  era.  and 
that  it  has  hecn  transported  tin.'  lon'iest  distance  from  its  oi'ii;inal  veins,  'i'lie.-e 
ininnter  pieces  approximate,  in  this  respect,  to  the  dir^^t  irold  of  the  .MVican  coast, 
which  has  been  found  aloUL'  the  low,  samly,  allnvial  shores  of  that  conutry.  foi'  the 
space  of  l.'iO  U'a;:nes.  at  very  j;reat  distances  helow  the  interior  hii:h  lauds,  and  without, 
so  far  as  is  known,  ever  havinir  heen  traced  to  its  ori.rimd  lieds.  Were  the  degraded 
iidudiilants  of  that  const  retpiired  to  lie  paid  liut  a  moderate  pel' diem  for  the  time  they 
devote  in  its  search,  and  lilliii!.'  it  in  the  ipiills  of  liinls  to  lie  oll'ered  to  tradei's  and 
mariners  on  the  coast,  it  is  not  iirohalile  that  the  coinnierce  oi'  circidatiui;'  medium  of 
the   world   would   he  enricheil   thereliy  another  arolia. 

1'!.  There  is  lint  one  further  source  of  testimony  respectimi'  the  value  and  position 
of  these  lieds,  which  does  not  dilK'r,  however,  in  llii'  uvneral  view  it  presi-nts,  from  the 
precedin'/.  Colonel  U,  l>.  .Mason,  in  his  repurt  of  the  ITlh  of  .\ul'usI  last. —  that  is  to 
sav,  aiiiiut  three  months  after  the  llrst  discovi-ry  of  j^old  on  the  Kio  de  los  Ameri- 
canos,—  visited  that  location,  and  descriln's  the  position  of  the  uold  deposit  as  consti- 
tutin;:'  ''the  bank  tdose  liy  the  stream."  The  sides  of  the  hills  were  covered  with 
tents  and  luisli  arliors.  This  deposit,  as  witnesseil  iu  the  washiuL's,  was  nnide  up  of 
•■coarse  stones,"  "earthy  matter,"  '•'iravel,"  ami  '"  j::old  mixed  with  a  heavy,  tine, 
lilack  sand."  'I'his  ^idld  "is  in  fine,  liriudit  scales;"  heiny,  if  the  precedinu:  views  are 
widl  taki'U,  of  the  oldest  era,  or  the  class  of  deposits  in  which  tlii'  pilil  is  farthest 
removed  from  its  parent  bed.  In  ascending'  the  .stream,  iu  its  south  link,  tvveidy-live 
miles  hii^her,  he  found  the  country  became  more  broken  and  inoun.ainous.  and 
covered  with  the  s[)ecies  of  i)iiu!  [I'Iniis  IdinUrtintKt),  the  value  of  which  first  led  to 
the  discovei'v.  He  was  now  at  the  distance  of  fifty  miles  fiom  the  confluence  of  this 
stream  with  the  Sacramento;  and  he  estimates  the  hills  at  "  about  IddU  feet  above 
the  Sacramento  IMaiu."  This  was  the  [lositiou  of  the  ori.L^inal  discovery,  which  was 
made  in  the  bottom  of  the  stream,  in  a  uewly-washed  "bed  of  nmd  and  ;i'rav(d," 
washed  out  of  a  mill-race.  At  a  still  hi;;lur  point,  on  the  north  banks  of  th(>  stream 
among  the  mountains,  in   the  bed  of  a  dry  run,  ho  visited  another  locality,  wliero 


I  / 


r , 


I'll  VSIC  A  I-   (i  IKXi  KA  I'll  Y, 


lf)f) 


coarncr  iiicccs  ol'  gulij  were  rmiiiil.  Ail  lln'  ^nld  was  liMiinI  in  (lie  liciU  i>i'  iiii  tlio 
imini'iliiiti'  liiiiiks  of  \viil('r-cmii'r<i"<,  in  ii  ;iiiivcll_v  noil.  Sucji  (lf|)((,sitM  liiid  iu'cii  tiiiiiid 
tu  jicld  pild,  w  iii'iii'vcr  (>\iiiiiiiii'i|  in  ■■||ii>  muiiici'iiiin  ^ndlics  or  I'livincs  tliiil  (icciir  in 


timt 
til 


inoiui 


III 


tain  iijiiiiii  "  It  wiiH  invariiiMy  ••  iiiixcd  witli  tlu'  wa.Hlicd  gnivid,  or  lod^id 
f  crcviccH  ul'  other  rdcltn."  Nnii«'  had  hccii  ti)nnd  in  its  inatriN:  in  lixcd  riicks. 
Till'  counlrv  i«  mncli  Inukcii  mid  intiTHcctcd  in  cmtv  (linclimi  ]>y  Hiiiall  Hlicanis  dv 
riivincs,  ill  all  whi'  h,  so  far  as  (•\|)lorcd,  gold  had  hern  tiaiiid.  'I'lic  ciiclc  ul'  the- 
discoveries  wiis  e\iiy  day  eiilarv'iiiK.  It  liad  then  extended  north  of  the  I'io  de  los 
Anieiieanos  to  He  iteur  IJisiT,  the  Ynlia.  and  the  los  I'lninas.  or  Kealher  Itiscr;  t'loin 
the  lieds  and  ravines  oj'  which  pild  was  inon^iiil  liy  the  Indians  ami  liy  otiieis.  It 
liud  iilso  extended  honth   lo  the  Cosmnnes.  a   trihnlary  of  the  San  .foaiinin. 


II. 


the  descnplion  of  an  nllu 


•r  wi 


lo  |)i'i'sonally  \  i; 


ili'il  t 


le  {ii'inci|ial  theatre 


ol"  iiiiiiinjj  operations,  who  convei-ed  with  the  personM  of  cliiol"  note  concerned  in  these 
ONteinporaneons  and  preearions  si'andies,  and  with  lli<'  operative  di^gi'iH  ol'oM'ry  sort, 


aiK 


I  who  has  Iransinilleij,  as  ll 


dt 


>!'  this  \isit,  the  several  specimens  of 


d  i:nd 


oilier  minerals   herein   iioticecl.      Alioiit   si'\ent\  niilis  IVom   sontli   to  north,  and  lil'tv 


>l'd 


miles  from  west   to  east  —  these  lia\  ill^  lieeli  the  direclii 
within  its  extreme  points.' 

I").   Then'  is   too   little   known.   liowcMr,  ol'   the   "volo'jical  charact 


lscu\er\'.  Were  emiiiari'il 


er,  origin,  ami 


■\tenl  of  this  deposit  to  determine   the  princiiial  points  upon  which  its  ultimate  sahK 
mil  iiermanencv  ma\'  turn.      Are  W(^  to  coi 


isider  the  hill-dilnvio 


tl 


)H  lis  llie  source  wlience 


the  deposits  of  j;(ild  in  the  ravines  and  valleys  have  lieeii  washed  hy  the  spontaneous 
action  ol"  the  rivers  and  lloods  of  centnries?  If  so.  it  is  certain  that  tlie.so  rich 
deposits  will  be  e.\hansted  in  a  comparatively  short  period  ;  and  the  niidistiirlted 
elevated  tracts  of  [)eM)le-dril't  must  he  relied  on  to  sustain  the  supply.  The  pi  >poition 
of  ;j;old  this  elder  stratum   may  yield  will,  doubtless,  be  less  than  the  valley 


and 


.'posit.'^ 


au( 


illy 
1  mav  but  iiioderately  reward  the  laborer  for  his  st'ardi,  if  it  reward  him 


at  all.      If,  on  the  contraiy,  the  >;-orgcs  and  valleys  which  have  had  their  onttlow  from 
the  disint(';;rated  schists  and  cpiartz,  anil  the  crystalline  and  urani 


liar  rock  lormatioiis 

which  probably  lie  at  the  foot  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  —  an  elevation  v\liich.  a;ireeably 
to  facts  above  noticed,  is  at  least  two  thousand  feet  above  the  lower  and  cential  waters 
of  the  Sacramento,  then  the  search  must  be  extended  iij)  and  across  the  valleys,  in 
order  that  it  may  terminato  in  fixed  mines.  In  any  view,  careful  and  scieniilic  exami- 
nations are  necessary  to  arrive  at  just  conclusions. 
Dece.mher,  1818. 


.1    t 


{:■ 


Hi 


n:  'I 


'  Subsi'qiiont  ilisciwcrics,  eiulinii'inj;  tlio  poriiKl  iip  tn  Octolicr,  IS.'jO,  (Iciioti!  tliis  (livclnpniciit  uf  imtivi^ 
giild  t<)  rcncli,  in  it.s  cxtronio  puints,  not  lo.ss  tlian  ono  thinLsaiul  inilos,  iianul)',  IVniii  llic  (eilil  MiMiiiluiii  in 
S.   Vi.   Crilifurniii  to  Orouton. 


I; 


•1  H 


M 


156 


TMIYSK'AL   0E0(5RAriIY. 


i^     I 


.  I 


■^ 


It  appears  that  the  gold  is  loimd  in  vallcv.s  of  ilciuitlatioii  crossing  the  stratification, 
and  that  the  deposits,  whicii  are  by  the  spring  freshets  rendered  aUuvial,  are  renewed 
with  the  freshets  of  every  season.  That  tliese  will  contain  less  and  less  gold  every 
season  after  a  period,  and  Ihially  }iel(l  too  small  a  percentage  to  reward  lahor,  is  Ncry 
probable,  and  nearly  certain.  At  that  period,  fixed  mining  in  the  gold-yielding  strata 
with  (piartz  veins  must  commence.  The  (juartz  veins  and  tlie  gold  veins  will,  from 
recent  information,  bo  found  one  and  the  same,  and  their  perfect  getilogical  identity 
may  be  relied  on,  although  no  gold  may  bo  perceptil)le  to  the  eye,  if  present  at 
all,  for  distances  in  the  range  of  the  veins. 

As  yet  we  are  without  a  geological  account  of  the  district,  which  is  the  reason  of 
this  paper  being  retained,  and  printed  with  these  nnrterials.  Meanwhile,  the  sulyect 
of  the  Indian  claim  to  remuneration  tor  the  territory,  is  one  which  should  be  met  on 
grounds  of  entiie  justice  and  benevolence. 

June,  1850. 


■  fi 


ri 


^'i' 


C.    MINKKALOGIOAL   AND  GEOGRAPHICAL   NOTICES,  DE- 
NO  TIN  (;    THE   VALTE   OF   AIJOKlGINAr.   TERRITORY. 

1.  Tin  on  tlio  Kansas  Uiver,  with  a  skcttli. 

2.  Wisconsin  anil  Iowa  lead  oivi. 

3.  Black  oxiilc  of  copper  of  I.akc  Superior. 

4.  Native  silver  of  the  (hilt      latum  of  Michigan. 

5.  retroleum  of  the  Chickasiiv,  lands. 

tj.  Artesian  horings  for  salt  in  ll'.o  Onondaga  plateau. 

7.  Geography  of  the  Genesee  country  of  Western  Now  York. 


I 


;i'' 


i, 


1.     Tin  in  the  Kansas  V a l l e v. 


The  importance  of  the  siibjoct  named  in  the  following-  lettor.s  will  fiirnisli  the  best 
reasons  for  inserting  them.  Iiulicatii'g  the  exi.stencc  of  so  important  a  metal  as  Tin,  on 
the  waters  of  the  Kansas,  tliey  supply  a  hint  for  exploring  the  region  in  (juestion. 


.'ji 


Country  of  the  Putawatoiuios, 

Old  Kansas  Agency,  January  10th,  1848. 

Sir :  —  Permit  me  herewith  to  enclose  you  a  specimen  of  American  Tin  foinid  in 
this  region  of  country ;  the  metal  from  which  the  Britannia  ware  of  connnercc  is 
manufactured. 

I  liavc  not,  at  this  remote  place,  for  the  want  of  the  necessary  re-agent.s,  been  able 
to  subject  it  to  a  rigid  analysis,  but  I  believe  I  have  .sufficiently  tested  it  to  be  able 
to  pronounce  upon  its  character,  and  if  so,  its  discovery  is  a  matter  of  some  interest  to 
our  common  conntr}-.  It  exists  in  great  abiuulance,  and  pas.ses  here  for  Zinc.  Let  it 
be  tested. 

If  I  recollect  my  early  reading  right,  the  old  tin  mines  of  Cornwall,  Englaml,  furnish 
the  greater  part  of  this  metal  used  in  commerce  throughout  the  world.  This  deposit 
of  tin,  I  presinne,  is  equal  to  that.  I  have  had  some  knowledge  of  the  existence  of 
these  mines  for  more  than  ten  years  past.  A  beautiful  specimen  of  gold  was  alwnit 
that  time  found  by  my  brotiier-in-law  Doctor  R.  M'Cay,  about  forty  miles  north-west 
of  this  place,  and  whatever  this  country  may  lack,  as  to  timber,  &c..  it  is  one  of  great 
interest  and  value  on  accinint  of  its  minei'al  resources. 

Should  leisiu'e  from  tiie  dtities  of  my  appointment  as  physician  admit  of  it,  I  propose 
in  the  spring  to  furnish  your  oflice  with  a  detailed  exiiibit  of  its  geological  aspects 
and  mineralogicrd  indications. 

( 1  ,">:  1 


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158 


PHYSICAL   GEOGRAPHY, 


Should  you  bo  ijleased  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  this,  please  inform  nie  whether 
the  person  discovering  mines  on  lands  unassigned  to  the  Indians  west  of  the  state  of 
Missouri,  is  entitled  to  have  a  lease  as  on  other  lands  belonging  to  the  United  States. 

P.  S. — Tiio  metal  enclosed  was  run  from  the  ore  in  a  connnon  melting  pan  for 
lead  J.  L. 

8ub  Agency  of  tlic  I'otawatomics. 
Kanzas  Kiver,  May  15,  1848. 

.Sir: — Your  favor,  desiring  that  a  portion  of  the  ore,  from  which  was  smelted 
the  metal  sent  in  my  former  letter,  should  be  sent  through  the  Superintendent  of 
Indian  affairs,  arrived  too  late  to  enable  me  to  comply  with  your  request.  I  liave  not 
at  this  time  any  of  the  ore  on  hand,  but  will  procure  and  send  it  as  soon  as  practicable. 
The  ore  in  question  has  Ix'en  brought  to  this  place  by  the  Kansas  Indian.s,  formerly 
residing  here,  and  is  represented  by  them  to  exist  in  great  quantities  where  obtained 
by  them.  From  all  I  can  learn  from  them,  they  obtain  it  on  the  Smoky  Hill  Fork  of 
this  river,  about  one  hundred  miles  west  of  this  jilace;  but  they  are  so  superstitious  in 
regard  to  such  things,  that  little  reliance  can  be  placed  on  what  they  state  —  they 
have,  however,  promised  to  conduct  mo  to  the  place ;  whenever  I  may  be  able  to  go. 
My  engagements  have  been  such  that  I  have  not  as  yet  found  time  to  do  so,  and  may 
not  liiis  season.  As  to  the  existence  in  this  region  of  an  extensive  and  very  valuable 
deposit  of  tin  (jre  o['  ;i  rich  quality,  1  have  no  doubt.  The  Kansas  blacksmith  at  tiiis 
place  smelted  from  the  ore,  in  his  Ibrge  fire,  a  quantity  suflicient  to  make  a  large  pipe 
tomahawk.  I  had  also  in  my  possession  ten  years  since,  a  block  of  tin  Aveighing  one 
and  a  half  pounds,  smelted  In  a  common  log  fire. 

So  soon  as  practicable,  I  will  send  30U  the  ore  in  (piestion,  with  some  other  ores  now 
on  hand,  found  inmiodiaiely  here. 

I  have  made  but  little  progress  in  nniking  up  data  from  which  to  construct  a 
geological  sketch  of  the  country.  I  cannot  connnand  tlu!  time.  Could  I  obtain  leave 
of  absence  from  my  post  for  one  or  two  months,  in  order  to  ascertain  the  precise 
locality  of  the  tin  mines,  I  would  make  such  a  tour  with  great  pleasure,  but  otherwise 
cannot  attempt  it. 

Pub.  M.  L.  School,  Indian  Territory, 
October  1,  1819. 

Sir:  —  Some  time  since  I  transmitted  to  your  office  a  specimen  of  American  tin 
found  in  the  Kanzas  Valley,  and  subsequently  through  tlie  Indian  Agent  made  a 
special  recjuest  of  your  predecessor  in  office,  for  a  permit  to  explore  and  work  for  a  set 
time  this  tin  mine,  to  which  he  made  no  reply. 

I  now  beg  leave  to  call  your  attention  to  the  sidjject.  For  many  years  I  have  been 
gathering  up  information  respecting  this  locality  of  tin  metal ;  and  have  at  length 


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KANSAS    RIVER 


Ihirii.i,  I:    .1  i.a.liuiin  I     \    !..„. 


l./.,i,ii„n .  /,,(/,  ;„•»  /;,,.„,/„„„, .\  > 


I'll  YSIOAL   GEOG  U  AI'IIY. 


159 


M 

;atisriu'ti)nl\'  iisccrtaiiK 


it- 


wi'Ui'  oi'  (iriccii   \('in> 


lU'iiC 


tliis  iiictiil.  siuclU'il  IVinu  its  ore.  was  siihiiiittcil  ti)  iiic  liir  cxaniiiiation 


M 


nl'i"  VcCV 


ilock  of 
utlv 


the    Kansas    liiiliaiis  Iwuc   hroiiulit   in   lliii  ore  ;   tlinaiizli  \vli(aii,  and   li\   iiaxinu   lor  it. 


IK 


\-   lia\i'  j)rivat('l_v   revi'ali'cl    tlio  secret.       Tlic   i-oiiiiii   sivctcli    (i'lalc    I.'!)    Ii 


ClTWItll 


siil)niitte(l,  will   '/i\v,  now  some  knowli'duc  ol'  its  location.      'I'lic  tli'|io.'it  ol'  nu't;il   in 
the  form  of  an  0x3  tie  ol"  tin  aj)pears  to  be  innnense,  perhaps  surpassing  the  old  ("ornwall 


mines 

OlM' 


if  Kndand. 


conuuon  com 


itrv,  as  \()n    are  awaro,  is  almost  wlioll 


y  dejK 


ndent    on    I'oreiL:!! 


coiinlries  for  its  supply  1)1' this  valiuilile  metal;  and  its  (lisco\ery  witliin  (mu'  reacii.  and 
on  our  own  soil,  nuist  Ije  regarded  as  a  matter  of  great  interest,  l)y  all  wiio  sei'k  the 
well-lieing  of  their  country.  1  feel  nnwilling,  after  having  labored  some,  and  e.\|iendcd 
something,  that  this  subject  should  be  lost  sight  of;  and  I  most  respectfidly  beg  the 
favor  of  you,  to  hi}-  the  re([uest,  which  1  now  repeat,  for  a  permit  to  work  and  I'xpiore 
these  ndnes,  before  the  President  and  proper  authorities  at  Washington,  and  couunu- 
nicate  to  me  the  ri'sult.  Should  it  l)e  deemed  (lor  want  of  authority)  inexpedient  to 
grant   the  iHMpiest.   I  will  then  seek  it  elsewliere. 

The  mine  is  too  remote  from  the  slate  to  lie  visited  by  single  in(li\iduals.  beiuf^ 
imuiiMliiiti'iy  within  the  I'ange  of  tlu'  Pawnee  and  Camanclie  war-parties.  As  \du  will 
notice,  the  locality  i.s  on  the  Tnitetl  States'  lauds  not  yet  assigned  tu  any  of  tiie 
liidiiin  trilies." 

Thus  far  our  infornnnit.  It  may  be  well  to  add,  that  neither  of  the  tlirei'  best 
known  siK'cies  of  tin  ore  can  be  reilnced  in  an  "ordinary  smelting-pan."  The  I'ed 
ox\(1e  of  zinc,  discovered  in  New  Jersey,  by  the  late  Doctor  I'ruce.  it  has  liein  found 
impracticable  to  separate  from  the  Franklinite,  with  whiidi  it  exists,  ami  we  may 
not  unnatural!}'  look  lor  sinnlar  dillicnlties  with  the  reported  western  locality  of  the 
oxyde  of  tin.  The  geological  sketch,  sent  by  Doctor  Lykins,  (Plate  4.").)  indicates 
a  country  of  sandstones,  shell-rocks,  &c.,  which  are  nnl'avorable  to  the  discovery  of 
tin-stone,  wood-tin,  &c.  If  this  metal  exist.s  as  an  oxyde,  that  I'act  will  probably 
itself  constitute  a  discoveiy.  We  cannot,  from  what  is  known  in  Knrope,  exactly 
l)rescril)e  associations  in  the  west  —  such  has  been   the  progress  of  metallic  dis- 

coveries i.Lie;  but  the  geology  of  the  country,  so  far  as  it  is  known,  is  adverse  to 
the  theory  and  anticipations  expressed. 

It  ma}-  also  be  well  to  state  that,  from  the  known  sn[ierstitions  of  the  Indians,  the 
Kau/.a  account  cannot  be  deemed  to  be  I'tVi:  from  all  suspicion  of  insincerity,  supersti- 
tion, or  gross  self-interest.  Yet  tiie  in([ulries  ol'our  corresiiondent  are  deemed  entitled 
io  notice,  and  if  followed  uji,  however  the  subject  be  now  distorted,  may  jirove  the 
means  of  niineralogical  discoveries  of  value. 


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100 


riiYsit'AL  (Ji: or. UAi'iiY. 


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I     \ 


'J.    Wisconsin   and    Iowa    Ij  k  a  p   Oke. 

A  C{)rri'S|)()n(loiit,  ciij^aged  in  tlio  prai'tical  working  of  tliose  ores,  remarks:  —  "By 
tlio  l)ox  of  sin'i'iini'iis  transiiiittod,  you  will  lio  alilo  to  judge  oi'  the  character  of  these 
vahiahle  ores.  Tlie  s(iuai'e  broken  mineral  is  taken  from  east  and  west  leads;  wliich 
is  of  the  softest  tenn)erature  and  most  easy  to  smelt ;  it  also  produces  the  most  lead, — 
yieUling  ahout  50  j)er  cent,  from  the  log,  and  a})out  lo  iVom  the  ash  I'urnaces. 

The  dark  smootii  pieces  are  taken  from  deep  clay  digging  in  the  vicinity  of  Meno- 
inonie  River.  Tins  mineral  is  less  productive  than  the  other,  yielding  oidy  from  40 
to  4o  per  cent.     It  is  supposed  to  contain  some  silver. 

The  tiiin  Hat  pieces  —  or  what  is  termed  sheet  mineral  —  are  taken  from  nortli  and 
south  leads.  It  is  usually  found  in  rocky  diggings,  where  the  sheet  stands  jierpen- 
dicidar,  and  is  struck  in  sinking  IVom  six  to  ten  feet.  The  sheet  varies  in  its  thickness, 
it  being  in  some  places  six  or  eight  inches,  and  at  other  places  not  more  than  one  inch 
thick. 

The  average  yield  of  the  count r}- is  from  4")  to  58  per  cent.;  of  which  the  log 
furnace  yields  4.'>,  and  the  ash  furnace  15  per  cent." 


i'^ 


?>.      15  LACK     O.KVDK     OF     C  ()  I' I"  K  K     0  K  K     OF     L  A  K  K     S  I'  1' K  K  I  O  I!  . 

This  valuable  ore  ajjpears  to  have  pre-existed  in  the  trap-rock  \eins,  which  are  now 
occupied  so  extensively  by  native  C(>])per.  Tlu  volcanic  throes  by  which  it  was 
exposed  to  the  ellects  of  carbiin.  while  the.'<e  veins  were  yet  in  a  state  of  incalescence, 
may  be  supposed  to  have  proiluced  the  very  extraordinary  profusion  of  native  copper 
wliich  marks  the  rocks  of  this  basin. 

In  some  cases  the  oxide  appears  to  ha\e  Ijeen  diirused  in  the  rock  in  small  masses, 
awaiting  but  the  fusion  of  the  whole  area  of  the  stratum,  in  which,  on  cooling,  it 
assumed  the  shape  of  small  metallic  globules.  The  Eagle  Harbor  and  l.sle  Eoyal 
Mines  are  in  this  condition,  ami  retpiire  the  whole  hiid\-  of  the  rock  to  be  crushed,  to 
recover  these  grains.  Very  little  of  the  ore  is  found  in  its  state  as  an  oxide;  and 
■when  so  found,  it  is  associated  with  carbonates  of  copper. 

Experiments  denote  its  read}'  reduction  and  great  richness.  Trials  gave  the 
following  results : 

A.  In  a  Hessian  crucible,  luted  in  the  usual  way,  1500  grains  of  the  ore.  p\dverized, 
were  treated  with  borax,  conunon  salt,  cream  of  tartar,  rosin,  and  charcoal.  The 
result  was  a  button  of  pure  coi)[ier.  of  ll:i4i  grains. 

15.  Of  l:)20  grains  of  the  same  (ire,  treated  as  above,  —  the  llux  and  carbonaceous 
matter  iieing  in  excess,  in  ordi'r  to  re\  ivi>  the  metal  and  bring  out  a  com[)lete  assay, — 
the   trial   \ielded  0  10  grains  of  copper. 

C.  2910  grain.s,  treated  as  before,  yielded  22b8,  and  a  fraction,  grains  of  metal. 


V:- 
I.?:  J 


P  II  Y  S  I  (,'  A  L   G  E  O  G  K  A  P II Y. 


161 


Thosr  tlnvo  iissns.  yicldiii-;  ivspwtivcly  S:;.  71.  and  7S  pop  cent.,  establish  the 
quality  and  value  of  tiie  ore  ns  exeeedin-  all  others  of  this  class  of  metal  known  in 
Kuropc  or  America.  Tlie  specimens  were  all  obtained  on  the  main  shore,  opposite 
the   Vin/r   /,'oi/ic,  at  Copper   Harbor,  in    lS2t'i. 

»..^-  f,nven  carbonate,  i'rom  tiie  same  locality,  yielded  but  Ir!  per  cent.;  which 
denotes  it  to  be  worthies.^  for  nietallurgic  operations. 

4.      Xativk   Sii.vi:h   is   tin:   Diuft   Stk.\ti-.m    of   Michigan. 

This  mineral  has  been  found  alon^  the  open  shores  of  tlie  lower  pcnin.inla 
called  Sanilac  and  'ru.scola.  in  the  section  east  anil  south  of  Pi.liif  du.r  /inn/iK:".  That 
coast,  e.xti'ndin,^  to  Whiti'  J\ock.  has  been  noted  for  its  heavy  drift  stratum  of  primary 
boulders;  the  discovery  occurs  in  this  stratum,  it  is  in  a  ma.ss  of  jineins  veined  with 
steatite.  Dissolved  in  nitro-sulphuric  acid  the  jirecipitate  yields,  before  the  blow-pipe, 
tlie  metal  in  increased  splendor,  ductility,  and  s|ieci(lc  L'ravitv. 

Since  the  discovery  of  this  metal  in  the  co|)|ier-bearinfr  veins  of  Lake  Superior, 
additional   interest  is  given  to  the  hint  furnished   by   this   indication. 


i). 


PkTHOI.  EITM     0\     THE     C  U  I  C  K  .\  .S  .\  W      L  .\  N  I)  .S  . 


A  sprin.u-  of  petroleum,  or  mineral  oil,  has  been  di.scovered  in  the  Chickasaw  country 
west.  It  occurs  at  the  falls  of  a  beautiful  stream  near  Fort  Washita.  The  petroleum 
exudes  from  the  rock  at  a  point  where  the  latter  oveihanus  the  stream.  It  falls  in 
drops  which  rapidly  follow  each  other,  producing-  an  almost  continuous  small  stream 
of  the  size  of  a  thin  reed.  It  is  of  a  brown  color.  It  possesses  the  taste,  smell,  and 
con.sisteuce  of  lirilisli  oil.  from  which  it.  however,  dilVers  in  its  color  and  eflects. 
Miu,^ied  with  tlu'  water,  it  is  drunk  by  persons  aHeeted  with  chronic  rheuimitism.  and 
also  applied  by  rul)l)iiiL'  the  parts  aO'eeted  externally.  Surprisin;;-  cures  are  .stated  to 
\\A\v  been  efrecti'd.  in  a  short  tim.'.  in  pursuin.n'  this  method,  h  has  been  found 
elfective  in  cases  of  nu'rcurial  adections.  I'atieiits  have  been  carried  there  doubled 
up  with  disease,  or  emaciated  to  nu're  skelei  tns.  who  have  come  awav,  in  a  few  weeks, 
perfectly  cured.      But   this   is   I'ov  medical  men   to  judue  of. 

It  may  be  remarked,  in  view  of  this  discovery,  that  this  substance,  for  which  we  are 
chielly  indebted,  as  an  article  of  conunerce.  l(,  the  .\siatie  continent,  has  been  noticed 
in  other  parts  of  our  territorial  limits.  The  so  called  "oil  spriuLi"  of  one  of  the  Seneca 
reservations,  in  Western  New  York,  has  lonfi'  been  known.  Its  consistence  varies 
according  to  the  action  npon  it  of  atmospheric  air  and  solar  heat. 

This  discovery  gives  u,s  reason  to  infer  the  exi.stence  of  asphaltutn,  maltha,  slaty 
coal,  or  .some  i  iher  form  of  bitumen,  in  the  contiguous  country,  and  may  lie  con.sidered 
as  adding  to  the  value  of  the  newly-acquired  domain  of  the  cximtriated  Chickasaws. 
21 


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162 


rilYSlCA  li   (i  i:<»<i  KA  I'llY. 


G.      AllTKSIAN     BoUINO     rOK     SaI,T    WaTKU     at    Ci.YDK,     in     Oi\TAR10 

C  O  U  N  T  V ,     N  K  W    Y  O  K  K  . 

Those  horiiigs  wciv  coniniencod  luulor  iiii  inqji't'ssioii  tliiit  tlio  salil'i'roii.s  .siind-stono, 
whii'li  iippciuvs  to  uiKlei'lio  the  New  York  salines,  would  yield  brine  of  a  workable 
strength,  at  a  given  de|)th.  Tlu'v  were  carried  .")S7  I'eet  into  tlie  roek  witliout  [mt- 
(hu'ing  (lie  di'sired  results.  In  this  ilistanee  (il  speeinu'iis  were  taken,  and  very 
carel'uily  euNeloped  in  |ia[)er,  hoxed  and  transmitted  hy  .lanu'S  U.  Kees,  Ksij.,  of 
Clyile,  to  whom  my  acknowledgements  are  due.  The  lollowing  diagram  and  ohser\a- 
fions  oinliraci"  the  generalizations  arising  from  this  eflbrt  to  penetrate  the  salt 
roek,  and  in  this  Ibrni  they  are  contributed  to  tiie  gi'ui'ral  stock  of  our  information 
res[)ccting  salines. 

It  is  still  the  belief  of  the  best-informed  persons,  that  our  saline  waters  are  pi'odneed 
from  rock  salt  in  the  bowels  of  the  earth,  and  that  the  waters  thus  impregnated  tiow 
in  certain  seams  !)etween  the  dill'erent  strata,  till  they  llud  some  upward  vent  wiiieh 
forces  them  to  their  original  height. 

MI'.MORANDCM    OK    TIIK    lioUlNC.    E'OK    SAI.l'   WAI'KIl    AT    I'l.^  1M:,    Co  M  M  i:  N  c  i;  li    IS 

oi'Tor, i; It,  is,;j. 


•2', 

V 

■i 

80 

'■1 

r)S 

■  ■  -^  -  \,    \ 

:a  a,  ■ 

42 

Ct'iiiinoii  farlli, 
intcrjinsfil  \\\\h 
Y"\\U'\    ^u>m\ 


I'liif  iiulnrritnl 

■l:i  V.  lit  tiliU'S 
.vvy  Iriril.  ill 
I  vn  <    I'lMiii    MiH' 

M     llVf     iVrl.     not 


iMiIi,  witli  vt\^- 
l;ili/i'<I  \fiii>  ruii- 
i.liiL'  thnxii'li  it. 


Uv'i  iii'iurjitt'-l 
cliiy  —  till-  ptiiM|i- 
iii^   tilt'   fulor   ul" 

1,1. HMf. 


No.     1  at  mr^  iVet;  No.  -J.-2  at  :27l'  feet.' No.  42 


4  • 

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ii;  ' 

•  24.-,    •• 

"    :)i;  • 

.■',20 

17   ■ 

*  2-)'i    '■ 

•>    ;;■  ' 

.•!:;o 

LS  ' 

*  2')<>    ** 

••    :1S  • 

•>-J** 

;,..  42 

:U 

;!  1:.  feet 

"    4:'. 

:M7    •• 

•■    44 

:',4S    ■• 

'■    4:) 

;;4!i   " 

"    40 

:]r,i)    " 

"    47 

.".r.i  ■' 

'■    4s 

;;:.4  " 

••    40 

;)^)7   " 

"    M 

.■;(;.■)  " 

•■    ;-)I 

:!(;4    " 

"  r,2 

:lt;7  " 

**     iu> 

MX    " 

'•    54 

:!70  " 
:!T1    " 

"    ',{1 
"    i>7 

:',70  •■ 
:;sl    " 

"    ."iS 

;!S2   " 

'•    ;■)'.• 

;!s;i  " 

10 


21 


41 


no 


Gl  "  387 


I'll  vs  I  (' A  1.  (I  i:o(;  i{  A  I'll  V, 


tecs  writes,   luiiioiiiu'iiii:'  tlic  disc 


lis  lioniii;  uas  iit  a  (iistanci! 


Siilist'(|iiontiy  to  tlicse  explorations,  Mr.  1 
rock  salt.  Iiy  Mr.  Jolm  Mi'iid,  .fun.,  at  a  (Iclinitc  depth.     II 
of  tliirl\-ll\(.  nulcs  west  of  Monte/iniia,  on   the   line  of  the  canal, 
]iOck|iit.      Me  [la.ssed  through  ii  miinljer  of  tliin  deposits  of  .salt  within  tin 
i'e(d.     Mr.   Mead,  whose  snh.sei(nent  death   interrnpted   the.se    e.xperinient.- 


0\(' 


lOJJ 


rv  of 


I  place  called 


thirty 


ohservec 


that 


i-enty-two  --allons  of  this  satinated  water  wiiich   he  oh 


bushel  of  dry  .salt.      It  recpiir 


es  twenty-live  {gallons,  j;vnerall 


)taMie(l,  wdulil  mak'o  .1 


(J  K  0  G  ){  A  I'  II  Y    OK    T  II  K    (1  K  .\  K  S  K  K    (J  ()  I!  N  T 


II  V    0 


5  V   An  It  Ii  V.  \Y   M  '  N  a  n ,   J"] 


F    W 

.SQ. 


K  S  T  1;  1!  \ 


Xi;w   V 


II  I!  K. 


This  district  of 
Its  tl 


I'o.nilry,  both  in  its  ".'cofirapiiical  features  and  nvoloMical  charact 


er, 


jiresents  three  groat  Sfi /i/irs  or  'J'l 


coinniencin;:-  at.  and  extend 


jiarallel  witli  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  to  Pennsyhania,. 
///•■s/  is  aliout  ten  mil 


in- 
;Lat. 


loniiitiidinailv 


.\. 


Tl 


le 


es  wide,  north  and  south;  the  famous  liidi^e  lioad  passin--  through 
the  middle  of  it.  The  soil  is  strictly  ullnrtal ;  being  a  mixture  of  sand.  clav.  and 
gravid,  freiiuently  covered  with  line  loam,  and  deep  vegetable  mould  ;   tinibeivd  with 


oeecii.  maple,  Dasswood.  and  a  largt!  growth  oi  hemlocl;  (Canada  ]iine).  The  surfiuv 
between  the  r.ai.e  and  the  Itidge  inclines  gently  to  tiie  N,  N.  K.  Froui  the  Kidgo 
Koad  soutii.  to  what  is  usually  called  the  Mountain  Kidge.  a  more  rajiid  ascent  and  a 
greater  undulation  is  observable.  In  this  Terrace,  the  reddish  fivestone  or  sandstone 
is  frequent,  sup|.orting  the  granular  and  fietid  limestouo.  Here  al.so  occur  all  the 
Kiill  sprlii;/.'^  hitherto  discovered;  sometimes  on  the  north,  at  other  times  on  the  .south 
side  of  the    liidgx'    l!oad.      The   injii   ore  is   north  of  the    Road. 

The  Mrniifl  Terrace  commences  at  the  Mountain  Hidge,  and  stretches  soutli  aliout 
fifteen  miles,  to  the  foot  of  the  limestone  slo[ie,  ,so  distinctly  marked  from  Dullido  to 
Caledonia, —  le.'^s  visible  across  the  Ontario,  except,  perhaps,  at  Farminglon  and 
Phelps,  — but  reappearing  again  very  distinctly,  in  Cayuga  and  Onondaga,  where  the 
salt  springs,  plaster  beds,  and  iron  ores,  are  nearly  united.  The  Tounewanta  Swamp 
occupies  the  highest  ])art  of  this  plain  ;  it  being  seventy-five  feet  aliove  the  level  of 
Lake  Erie,  and  about  three  hundred  and  ten  feet  aliove  Lake  Ontario.  The  only 
streams  of  aiij-  note  issuing  from  it,  are  Eighteen  ,Mile,  Johnson,  Oak  Orchard,  and 
part  of  Sandy  Creek.  These  have  worn  down  the  soil  and  attained  so  general  an 
inclination  of  their  channel,  as  to  exliibit  at  thi.s  time  no  great  perpendicular  fall  in 
their  whole  course.  The  evidence.s  of  recent  stdjinersion,  the  ragged  and  abraded 
appparance  of  the  limestone,  and  the  dry  channels  (indicative  of  a  sudden  recession 
and  violent  rush  of  water)  from  and  around  the  north-east  corner  or  .shore  of  the 
Tonnewanta,  strike  the  eye  with  surjtrise,  and  force  upon  the  mind  a  belief  that  what 


IS  now  a,  ■'finim/)  was  once 


poi 
a  I(iki\     Some  of  the  ,fhiu>/  tribes  (probably  fnn/f  oi'  t\n\ 


,  I,     ( 


L 


I 

I'ji 


\u 


i  I 


:i 


164 


I'll  YSICA  I,   (i  IKKiU  \  I'll  V, 


i     1 


i\- 


and  four  inclu's  Ion;:)  still  inlial)it   liu'  iioilli-fust  cnrnci'  of  iIum  i.'rcat  luisin.     Soil  anil 
tiinhcr,  as  in   tlic  iornicr.      Suiliicc.   rollinn.  ami   Ivin^   in   jiarallcl   ri(l;:vs. 

Till'  l/ii III  and  last  'riTiacc  cxti'iiiis  iVoni,  ami  in  ludcs.  tlio  linii'stonc  slopr,  sondi. 
to  I'onnsvhania.  'I'lu'  locUs  aiv  linicstonc  (|ii'olial)l\  Ow  sccontlary  anil  transition.) 
sandstdiit',  (|i('rlia|is  tlic  j^riniUtiim- or ///'/Vstonc.)  and  clavstonc.  lli'ic  llic  oldi'st  r(ii'i\S 
may  at  least  Im'  looUcil  for;  as  we  advance  towards  tlic  AlU'^lianian  s|)im'.  where  the 
true  in'imilivi'  no  douht  exists.  In  this  Teri'aco,  particularly  towai'ds  the  south  side, 
tiic  tindjer  ijcfore  mentioned  prevails,  with  a  cnusidcralilc  portion  ol'  pine,  and  sonio 
oak.  Tiic  .-uilace  is  still  more  nne\en  ami  alirujil  :  risiuj;'  into  hills  ol'  cousideraltle 
cle\ntion,  and  sinking;  into  deej)  vale.s  and  ;j;ull's.  The  waters  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 
Susrpichannah.  and  Mississip])i,  divide  in  Stenhen  and  Alle;:hany  Counties.  New  Yoi'k, 
and  in  Potter  County.  I'ennsyK  ania  ;  this  lirin;;'  the  |)iunacle  of  the  coinitry.  .Most 
of  the  streams  rising  in.  or  I'rossing  the  Southern  I'lul/nnii.  iunuediately  on  passing 
over  the  limestone  slope,  meet  with  ohstriietions  from  rising  ground,  and  are  di\ertcd 
from  a  direct  northerly.  t(j  ii  westeily  or  easterly  coui'se  :  witness,  Tonnewanta.  Mlack. 
Allen,  Honeoye,  Mud  (,'reek,  i.S:c.,  to  Mohawk  l^'iver.  The  only  exceptions  worthy  of 
notice,  are  (lencsce  and  Oswego  l'i\('rs.  The  former  rises  hetween  the  source  of 
Alleghany  and  Sus([nehannah  IJiviMs.  in  l'einisyi\ania,  and  forces  its  way,  through 
every  barrier,  to  Lake  Ontario.  Its  coiu'se  at  llrst  is  snppiwd  to  be  rapid;  forming 
perpendicular  falls  at  various  places;  at  McKay's  Mill  oiu'  or  two  gre:it  falls  occur. 
Banks  and  blull's  gradually  increasing  in  height  ;  the  current  sometimes  loitering 
through  the  meanders  of  fertile  open  llats;  now  advancing  with  a  brisk  current,  over 
gravelly  bottom,  and  tlu'ii  preci|)it;!tiug  it-^elf  with  noise  and  foam  over  ledges  and 
|ierpenilicular  rocks;  widening  its  chnnnel  as  it  descends,  and  wearing  awa\  the 
hardest  stones  by  the  incessant  attrition  of  th(>  snjhs/  iral,  r ;  ti.us  furnishing  a  striking 
proof  of  the  etlects  of  /h  i-m  n  nnn'r  .'  Tlie  high  baid\s.  compressed  channel,  and  livelv 
current,  continue  to  Mount  .Morris  and  .'^ipiaky  Hill;  wlii're  a  landsciipe  of  unrivalled 
luxuriance  and  beauty  bre;;':s  I'ull  upon  the  delighted  eye.  The  ^'allly■  of  Canascraga 
opens  to  the  rigbt.  winding  round  to  the  south-east  towards  I)ans\ille;  and  to  the 
le't,  the  Gene.see  Valli>y  extends  north-east,  towards  Avon  and  Hochc'ter;  ])assing 
Geneseo  on  the  rigbt.  and  Moscow  on  the  left.  The  deep  trou.di  worn  d  )wn  at  Mt)unt 
Morris  and  Squaky  Hill,  leaves  little  room  to  doubt  that  ficir,  orij^in ?.!'_>•.  wa.s  the  fall 
which  is  nc ;-  f(jund  five  or  six  miles  above,  at  Nunda;  a  retrogression  similar  to  that 
of  the  Niagara  Falls  from  Lewistowii  to  Manchester.  From  -Mount  Morris  and 
Williamsburg,  the  contluent  waters  of  (Jeuesee  River  and  Canascraga  Creek  move 
sloirlij  through  one  of  the  richest  alluvial  soils  any  where  to  be  seen  ;  the  face  of  the 
country  on  each  side  graibudly  subsiding  into  moderate  ridges,  gentle  slopes,  undu- 
lating uplaud.s.  and  extensive  natural  meadows.  After  receiving  the  waters  of 
Cancsus  and  Iloneoye  from  the  east,  and  tho.se  of  Allen  and  Black  Creek  from  the 
west,  with  other  small  tributaries,  the  majestic  Genesee  pursues  the  noiseless  tenor  of 


■'ifrit 


ri 


PIl  VS  ICA  I,    <i  K(Hi  It  A  I'll  V, 


\tir> 


its  win   lo  till-  rnpiils.  nhmil  mii'   inili'   hIpum'  IvcKlirstcr,  I'lill  III  tn  I  ">  UtI,  imiiI  iImii  in 


tile    (li>i|lUi('t'    oC 


•1     lll'tc'l'.    ))illll^ill'/     CIM'I"     tilll't' 


attllilis    tiic    IcM'l  (if    I    ikf    Oliliilii)    lit    Caililil;. 


Iiav 


MU.   Ill'  '.m;.  id.    iiikI    71    fr.t. 
im'   uiiin   I'll!'   ii-cir  II   (•li;iiiii.| 


tliroiijiii  cai'lli   iukI  rui'k.  till'  liiinivs  uj'  w  liicii  lU'i'   iiiiw  iilioiit    "Jnnit'ct    |i('r|M'iiili('Mliir ; 

till'  'ii'lUTIll  SlirlilCC  of  till'  CDlllltry  nll  cin'll  ^iilr  xtiil  fdllllllllilljl'  ul'  ll  rrj^llilir  i-lnpr  III 
tile  l:ll\i'.  ll  is  not  II  little  I'cllllirlxlllili'.  liial  lit  the  ril|ii(ls.  iihuM'  I'liclii'Slcr.  till'  I'lill' 
(>r  the  couiitis  is  siicli  IIS  iiilinils  nl'  iii\iiliiiir  tlii'  watrrs  of  (ii'iicsri'  Itivcr  lliioii'^li 
till'  Canal,  west,  lii'twi'cn  si\t\   iiiui  st'\i'iil\   miles  mi  a  le\el;   ami  east,  on  a  le\el  ami 


ini'liiiei 


lane,   to   Seneca 


iiiver. 


'I'lie  Oswe'io  J{i\er  ilrains  all   tlie  coiintrN   hiiij:  witliin  a  seniicir 


ele,  whose  centre  is 


.Moiili 


/Ulna,  ami    its   nuliiis   s\\ee|iii 


\'j.   I'lom    iloine   in  Oneiila   to   IMonmlielil    in 


Onti 


Alter  wa-liiiiu'    lliis  extensive    plain,  ami    uamleriir^    iIhouliIi    llie   Seneca 


N'allev,  it  lias   lorci'il   iiNcnt   noitliwanlls   li\   tlie 'riii<'e    l!i\('i'   Point 
the  falls,  ami  iiiiii iinirint!:  on   its  coi 
(iisniiition  of  the  country  coin|ii 


iilchiii'i  o\er 


use  o\er  a   rocky  liottoin    to    the  lake.       iiefore  till 

ilin;:'  the  Thoiisaml  isles,  it  is  jiruhaMe  that   i.aki 


Ontario  covei'eil  the  .'-^eiiecii  \'alley.  foiininu'  a  ilet'ii  hay  iqi  the  ( 'a}  iiliii.  i!ic.,  ami  lia\ 


its  outlet  down  the  .Molia\ 


ilmlson.      'I'his,  liowe\('r,  is  iiiei 


V    li\|)oinesi 


th 


lllj. 

Th< 


liiiliiv    Ivoiul   coinineiices   at    l.ewistoii,  a    step   from    the   mountain,  ami   I'iveriz'cs  eiisl- 
wardU — it    is    hut    slii^litlv    allected    with    ii    few    streaii 


IS,  such  as  i'",i;^hteen-.Mile. 
.lolinsi 'I,  Oak  Orchard.  Sands  Creek.  iS:e.  'I'he  (ienesee  l>i\er  and  iroiidei|nal  l>:i\- 
discom|iose  its  nniformily;  hut  iiuinediately  east  of  these,  its  re;;ular  form  a.id  direction 
are  resumed  and  cuiitinueil.  until   llualh  destroNcd   h\-  Sodiis  |>a\-.      ifouml   the  south 


Hid  east  side  of  tl 


le  ha\',  so 


me  \e>ti'j( 


)f  the   ridLic  are  disceriiihle   in   the  direction 


of  Osweiio  Falls,  and  proliahly  mi::lit  he  fiund  (pas^in:;'  liy  lilack  iiiscr  liit;h  falls,  in 
'I'urin.  Ije\' is  County)  towards  the  elevated  uroiinil  hiiween  the  St.  J,a\\rence  and 
.Mohawk  \'alleys.  Neptnue,  it  wmild  ,'<eeni,  had  a  hand  in  lin'iuini;'  this  ridi;e ;  hut 
here  iiL'ain  his  moile  of  uperation  is  ipiite  a  mvstery.      It  is  composed  of  sand,  L;ra\el, 


ami   clav.  wi 


th  II  li'jlit   surface-mould.     On    niusiiiL;'   the   upper  strata,  a  dee 


I    lied  oi 


clear  Mnish  /aki  i/niril  ami  sineoth  riiiiiitli<l  jkIiIMx  (iml  .•itmus  iqipeiiis,  Its  ele\atioii 
aho\(>  the  adjoiuinjr  plain  and  .slope  i.s  (juite  me'.i  rate,  and  \vv\  uniform  —  Miryinn' 
from  two  to  ten  leet — width  four  to  twelve  rods  —  of  a  regular  convex  shape.  While 
its    siu;;'ular    formation    furnishes    a    fruitful    siiliject    for    ,t,'eolo,Ldsts    to    ponder    and 


.spi'culate  u])on  —  the  inhahitants  deriNt>  inealculahle  advautaues  and  coiueniences 
from  its  wonderful  adi4)tedaess  for  travel.  &e. —  for  wilhonl  this  imhini/  liini/ii/,'i,  the 
adjoining  country,  altiiom;li  fertile  and  pleasant,  would  louii-  remain  without  much 
travel  or  compact  settlement.     Now  the  country  presents  a  gratilyimi'  view  of  social 


ilort   and  rural  wealtl 


1  on  eat 


ll  side  of  this  hest  of  roads.  Ivinii'  luidvvav  het 


vvi'eii 


the  Erie  Canal  and  Lake  Ontario.     Of  the  western  district  it  may  justly  he  said,  that 
it  is  the  Garden  of  Sew  VurA\ 


I 


f  1 

■| 

!        : ;« 

,    ,■ 

i 

■) 

'■ 

'J. 

\ 

"■■f 

,      ; 

i 

t^  i 

§     ■' 

.1. 

'.  s 

■ 

i.(, 

•'  -'',  I 

V 

I 

f      •■• 

■■j- 

I).      KXISTlN'd     C  KOLOC  K'  Vr,     ACTION     OK     'rilK     N  O  li  T  H 

AM  Kl!  ICA  N     I.AKKS. 


I.  I''hi\i:illli'  iumI  ili'irt-iu'tluii. 

'_'.  |)iMiiilc;.'riiliiiM. 

•  t.  A|'|iMr:'lit  'I'liliil  |>lu'li()IIK'llll. 

■I.  I'fi'lorati'd  stiiiM's,  IViPiu  wiivc-iic'tid 


r  till'  I.iiki 


.).     I  ciniii'ialiirc  nl   tli 

(!.  Ci'V'tallizaliiiii  in  tlio  Nmlli. 

7.  ('iiiilihciit;jl  alirnsiciii. 

8.  Iiii(';.'rity  uf  iimttcr. 
!•.  I.akr  riTrncliiii. 

That   >|iri'irs   nt'   iidion    wliicli    is   mi|i|mi>(.(1    in   Iium'   Iniui'^lil    the    Mirfiici'  ct'   tlic 

inns  w  liicll 


(Mi'ili  iiilK  its  li:il)ital)lc  coiiiruidii  is  ciiiniiriscil  in  the  era  of  pliv  sicul  rcsolnl 


iiri'  UiU'i  |i;ist 


li\   what  causes,  ami   iiccoiilin'^'  tn  what    laws,  these  elian'jcs  wcie  pio- 


(hieeil.  ami  theif  eU'ecls  ou  the  superiiusitinn  and  I'elatiiin  nl'strata.  eunstitnte  no  sni 


|iart 
CMnJi 


tlie    ennsiiieratidns    df    "i'iil(ii\-.       Seas,    rivers,    nmnnlains,   and    |>l 


nns.    are 


■tnrc(l  to  iiave    heen    lej't  li_\    thii>c  aneient    re\  iihllidns.  all  oj'  which  preceded    the 


i,-|iilical  epi 


h.       It   has  Keen  iiliserNcd  that  the    ])(ist-ililn\  ial    action  ol'  li 


\-ers  llouin 


nilo   llie  ^ra.  ami   carrvi 


in'^'   diiwn    the   usual   aecuinulalinns  nt'  inatt( 


f  resnllniy   iVuin 


(lisinleLirat;iin   and   i:ravita 


linn,  has  added   niiieh  In  tl 


le  area  o 


r  their  alln\  ions.      \' 


canic  liti'ces  are  continnaliv  exeitin,!;'  an  action  npon  ■  ontineuls  :nid  islands;   the  lieds 
of  certain    ri\efs    are    |iercei\('d    to    he    elevated;    lai';i'    jioi'tions   ol'  tilt'    .sjiores   of  the 


ocean  CI 


iitailed  ol'  iheir  limits;   and,  in   ihis   inaniier,  the  cnnCiLini-ation  of  the  earth 


is  snhject  to  lai'.ii'e  and  appreciahle  alterations.  All  this  is  the  result  of  a  .species  of 
a<tion  which  is  very  strikingly  exeiiiplilied  hy  the  .North  .\inericaii  I,akes. 

It  is  know  11  thai  the  (piantity  of  wati'i'  on  the  I'arth'M  snrfacH"  is  ninch  f,'rcater  in  a 
new  and  forest  rejiioii,  where  solar  e\iiporation  is  liiiidered.  than  in  old  and  loni; 
ciilli\aled  countries.  \o  one  will  jiretend  that  the  (piantity  of  water  linniiiht  down 
l)\  livers  is  not  diniinished  hy  thesi;  curtailments  of  the  dominions  of  the  forest. 
'I'here  was  a  time,  within  the  liahitahli>  period,  when  the  rivers  of  this  ronlineiit  ran 
hiiiher   than  at   jirest'iit. 

1.  'i'his  existini;-  action  is  of  two  kinds,  hotli  of  whii'li  an;  remarkahly  e.\hihited  in 
the  area  ol'  tlie  Lakes;  iiamelv.  the  action  of  gciu'ral  Ihniatile  drift  or  oiitllovv.  and  the 
action  of  disintegration  and  atinosplieric  ]]|ienonieiia.  The  Mississippi  possesses  tho 
drift  i>ower  in  a  lii;;li  (h\i;iee.  My  its  ])resent  ovc'rllowiii^^s  it  is  destined  to  he  ahvayH 
raising  its  hed  ami  hanks.     It  la}s  the  liocky  and  the  Alleghany  Mountains  under 


I'll  vsic  A  I,  <;  ikh;  ii  a  i-ii  v  i,ii 

fiiiiHtanl  liiliiit.'  Icir  ihis  iiiiiiin-i' ;   miil.  il'llir  iuvmciiI  lah' ciI' ili'|i.i-jiliin  ]„■  iniiiiiinihi'il 


til''  tliu   i-  iidl  I'iif  ili-tinil  wlini  il 


I" 
II'  \nM  IKl«i'<'iit  (li|iu~i(,s  lit   it^  liiiiiilli.  wliii'li  iiic   II 


i>\\ 


a,-<    Millie    III     llii>   \ir\    lir^l     iii'c 


I'KVi'i'i'd  willi  .^iii-.,s  mill  uiitrr,  will  In'   Kiiu'.m 

Aiiifi'icM.      Kill'  \frtA  iiiiiiiiiiil  III'  liiliur  ill  ruiiiiiiiL;  ii\  kcs   iiiiil  I'liiliiiiilviiii'iils   lliiiii  it  h 

n'i(iiii'('il   III  rcsiiii"    lliillaiiil   Iriiin   llir  (lirniaii  ( Vi'iiii,  woiilil 

<)l   I'ii'li   ri\('r-i|ii      iiilii  II   liiiili'  iiiiij   |in|iii!iiiis  icjicui, 

'-.   Ol    (III'  sccuiiil  s|ii'i'ics  iirni'liuii,  tliMi  iirisiiiji'  IVoin  ili-iiili-jntiiiiii  nml  iiliiiii«|il 


iiuw  ciiinci'l  tluit  liimt 


|ilir|'l(' 


plii'iKiiiiina.  tliiTc  IS  III)  m>taiu'('  mi  tin'  .-nine  >*v:\U'  its   is  uIimtmiJ  in  i|ir  (iivnt   LmI, 


I  liiivc  si'lccli'ij   tlic   liriiMil  cviiMiisi' 111'  i,akc  Sii|H'iinr  to  ('\iiii|iliiy  lliis  |in\Mr.      || 
drcilM  of  inili's  III'  iiiiiiilcniiiili'il    wiinl    ami 


liiii- 


wcr  II  IT   1 


nllCL't 


in  iiiii-  vasi    ii'si'i'Miir  III'  ('li'iiii'iiiiil   iii'l 


Wll  V('-|M) 


II. II  :   mil    iiiil\   its 


iiTt'  (lis|ila\i'il 


Th 


IMillllilltcd   ili'|itli    hiivt'   .siTVcd,  liiii.st    llllly.  In  ili'vi'lii|ii'    llii.s    |,u\\,t,  I 
liccil    |iri)|||iili'i|  liv  till'  vrrv  lllH'i|iial    ilriirrc  nf  li.ii'iliic.-s   111'  ll 


ai''ji'    aiTii    ami    ijivnt 


III    lliis  I'lll'i't  lias 


ic   rn('k\-  >trm'liii 


I'   III    lis 


siilcs  ami    ImiI  ;    iinij   it   is  witllill    llir    sin|ii'  nj 

iiclioii,  its  liuiiiiilarii's   lia\i'.  iimliT  th,.  actual   Hurl ii.ii inns  uj'  its   1. 
miitatiniis.      Mcin-   the  mil 


inniliTii    nlisiTMitinii    that,  nwill'j:    In    tl 


\('l.  siiJliTi'il   '.jiTal 


\   niii'  III'  Ihi'  .M'l'ii'S   III'  lakes  (uith    a    |iaitial    e\ee|itinn    in 


f'livnr  (if  !,iiki'  iliirmi)  which  has   priinitivc   linrders  ami  Al|iim'  .scciierx.  ih 
arc  tilt'   Mime  .striking,  ami   have   iiii|iai'lei|  tn  |initiniis  uf  the  cnnst 


■Ili'Ct. 


iiml    hniihie.-s  nl'  niitiiiie.    which   aic    liiijiafalk'lcil. 


11  SL'i'iiic  ,:^i'amieiir, 


'I' I 


lis  lake  iiia\'  I 


V  he  cmisii 


lel'eil 


IS  nccu|i\  lll'i  an   'lllerstice  lietweeli   tjie  lilnst    llnllhcilv 

portions  nf  the  jii'eiit  (lihi\  iiin  ami  .seilimentary  I'ni'ni.itinMs  of  the  Mississippi  \alle\ .  ami 
the  ('nslailine  ami  vitreous  n.cks  of  jhitisli  America.  Tiiis  ancient  line  ol'  junction 
nmy  he  lolinweil  ilown  its  outlet,  ihrmiyh  t!ie  Straits  ol'  Si.  Mary's,  into  Lake  lliiinn. 
ami  is  cnntiuiieil  almi--  parts  ui'  its  m.rth  ami  imrth-.'asterly  slmres  north  of  the 
fossiliU'roiis  .strata  of  the  .Maiialoiiline  chain.  Lake  Siijierior  i.s.  however,  the  nio>t 
iiii|)re.ssive  li.'lil  ol'  remark,  whether  we  rel'e"  to  the  ancient  periods  of  its  Milcaiiic  or 
oceanic  ener-ies.  or  the  remarkable  powers  of  elementary  action  still  iios.se.-seii  1(\   it. 

Th(>  western  and  northern  sections  of  this  lake  exhihit,  the  strmi-est  pn.nls  ol' 
iincieiit  action  and  upheaval.  A  colns.sal  dyke  ol'  trap  ajip.'ars  to  hau' cro.s.sed  the 
lake  about  two-thirds  of  its  lenjith  from  east  to  west.  Admittinji',  (what  appears  to  be 
very  probable.)  that  the  bed  of  the  lake  in.-^t  of  this  dyke  wa.s  orifiinally  jiroduced  by 
the  sinUinji-  down  of  the  strata,  forming  an  anti-clinal  a.\is,  and  the  cmi.seipient 
elevation  of  its  shores,  wo  may  attribute  to  the  disturbin-  force  of  winds  the 
central  breach  of  this  barrier,  which  has  been  .sub.seipieutly  widened  by  the  ordiuarv 
force  of  the  waters  driven  by  the  stron-  west  and  north-west  wind.s,  at  a  period 
when  its  water-line  stood  at  one  of  its  hi-hest  levels;  .so  tiiat,  at  this  time.  Isle 
i{oyal.  Heaver  Island,  Ship  Island,  and  the  elevated  precipitous  lauj^e  of  Keweena 
I'oint,  all  of  which  ( sist  of  im'Uibers  of  the  trap  rock,  are  the  only  existin-  monu- 
ments of  this  mu'ieiit  dyke.  The  heavy  beds  of  trap  boulders  east  of  this  point, 
reachijig  in  blocks  of  lar-o  magnitude  to  St.  Mary's  Falls,  and  the  northern  shores  ol' 


ill 


t 


Ml 


1(J8 


PHYSICAL   (iEOCRAril  Y. 


! 


I 


!;:!  I 


i& 


I    I 


I'    t 


Liiko  lluiMii.  strongly  ilciiotf  the  ]ir(ilKil)ility  ol' siu'li  uctioii.  Another  prool' of  tlie 
(■\ti'iisi\o  ik'striu'tiim  of  tlie  central  trap  cliaiii.  is  driiwii  iVoiii  its  iniiK'rahii;'\ .  'I'liis 
rock,  (tiie  trap.)  a~!  luoik'ru  discovery  ileuotes.  is,  ever\\vhere,  tlio  true  repository  of 
tiie  vi'iiis  of  eojjper  ore.  and  of  native  cop|)er,  for  which  the  shores  of  this  Uiko  have 
been  so  loHfi'  noted.  J?y  their  prostration,  their  mineral  contents  have  been  scattted 
far  and  wide.  alon,L;'  with  otiier  deliri<.  and  lienee  masses  of  tiie  metal,  and  its  (jres,  are 
ll)und  alonu'  ])orlions  of  tlic  coast,  where  tlie  strata  not  only  jiive  no  indication  of 
beini:-  nu'taliiferous,  bnt.  fieolo.ii'ically,  forbid  the  expectation.  Hence  also  the  abun- 
dance, alonji'  i)art.s  of  the  Snperior  coasts,  of  fragments  and  abraded  nnisscs  of  aj;ates, 
/eolites.  amethysts,  and  other  imbedded  trap  minerals,  which  were  originally  contained 
in  tiie  aniygdoloid. 

Action  npon  the  harder  rocks  and  llieir  contents,  is  still  very  perceptible,  parti- 
cnlarly  along  the  western  face  of  the  great  point  of  Keweena,  which  is  now  known 
also  to  be  one  of  the  Ijest  re[K)sitories  of  native  cojtper  and  copper  ores. 

At  numerous  points  of  this  coast,  the  waves  have  ucteil  on  crevices  or  breaks  in  the 
stratification,  until  dec[)  passages  have  been  worn  into  the  coast,  and  interior  bays 
formed,  into  some  of  which,  vessels  of  consiiieralile  burden  can  sail ;  and  they  form  a 
very  welcome  shelter,  in  stormy  weather,  to  the  many  row-boats,  which  visit  these 
leiuote  points  in  the  jirosecution  of  the  fur.  lishing.  and  cojiper  ti'ade. 

But  the  most  extensive  scene  of  the  existing  energies  of  this  lake,  is  witnessed 
upon  its  grauwat'kes  and  sandstones,  which  have  been  broken  np,  comminuted  into 
line  sand,  and  jiileil  up  in  elevated  ridges,  or  spread  out  over  wide  plains  along  its 
soutiiern  margin.  A  coast  of  winding  liays  and  headlands,  which  measures,  by  a 
reduced  computation,  lour  hundred  and  fifty  miles,  upon  //lix  ><i/ii//e  sa-liDii,  may  be 
conjectured  to  have  encountered  hea\y  inroads  from  waves  and  currents  forced  across 
the  hd\e  l)y  north  winds,  (jr  acting  diagonally  from  the  north-east,  or  north-west.  \\y 
far  tl'e  most  extensive  field  of  this  action  occurs  between  the  easterly  termination  of 
the  cr\stalliue  series  of  rocks,  at.  and  near  tiranite  Point,  and  their  reappearance  in 
the  elexated  mountain  ranges  of  (rnjs  ('<i/m:  at  the  head  of  St.  Mar\'s  straits.  The 
vast  sand  dunes,  on  this  section,  to  ^\  Inch  the  French  mitrio-fi  dit  hoi.^  applied  the 
name  of  L'-<  (rniiiihs  Suhhs.  constitute  a  most  niii([ue  and  picturesque  object.  Their 
])erl'cct  ariditv.  and  groat  height  above  the  lake,  which  has  been  computed  at  three 
huiuhed  feet,  and  tiie  geiieial  parallelism  of  the  tops  of  the  series  of  hills,  strongly 
fix  attention.  Tiiese  elevations  are  lound.  however,  to  rest  on  beds  of  clay,  loam, 
and  gravel,  of  a  compact  structure,  ami  to  be  only  buried  iti'iiciith  a  coating  or  ujjper 
stratum,  of  loose  yellow  s;ind.  wiiich  has  been,  manifestly,  washed  up  by  th(>  wa\es, 
and  driven  land-ward  by  the  winds.  Tempests  of  sand  are  thus  formed,  which  spread 
iidaiid.  burv  or  kill  tiie  tallest  trees,  and  carry  dcslruc^tion  and  desolation  in  their 
track.  Such  is  also  tlie  lake  action  of  Huron  and  Michigan,  the  two  next  descending 
of  the  seiios  of  the  lakes.      Dunes  are  at  first  formed,  which  spread  inland,  carrying 


1,1 


*  r  < 


Ik 


PHYSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


169 


sterility  over  many  thousands  of  acvi-s  of  land,  IbniuM'ly  fortilc,  and  well  wooded; 
anil  the  tendency  of  this  peculiar  atniosplieric  forniatiDn  is  constantly  to  extend  its 
limits,  and  arrest  tlie   progress  of  vcgrtatioii. 

Another  elVeet  t)l'  this  santl-drift  is,  by  ohstrnctions  of  the  water-courses,  to  form 
jionds  and  lairoons,  at  the  teniporai'v  or  tixed  points  of  their  termini,  on  the  arable 
land,  and  thus  to  destroy,  and  render  nnllt  for  the  use  of  man,  other  large  belts  of 
country;  besides  which,  these  arrested  waters  are  the  jjroiilic  sources  of  noxious  vapors, 
frenerating  extensive  tlisease  in  the  \icinity.  K\i(le;ice  of  the  comparatively  recent 
era  of  this  atmospheric  I'oiination  is  seen  in  the  prostrated  ami  Ijiiried  trees,  fresii- 
water  shells,  and  (ither  organic  substances,  in  a  perfectly  unaltered  state,  which  are, 
in  some  localities,  noticed  in  digging  at  great  depili-.  and  sumctiines  exposed  by  I'ecent 
eruptions  of  the  waves.  Such  are  the  e\idences  on  the  e;ist  shores  of  fiake  Micliig:in. 
between  St.  Joseph's  and  (iiaud   TraNcrse   Day. 

Another  tbrination,  due  to  lake  action,  and  not  to  diluvial  action,  which  cannot  be 
mistaken,  but  of  earlier  ago,  is  found  in  the  large  sandy  plnins  along  the  lake  shore, 
as  between  the  Takwynienon,  on  I^idve  Superior,  and  (irand  Sables.  These  plains  beai- 
a  growth  of  pines,  })o[)lars,  and  birch,  which  but  slightly  conceal  their  comparatively 
recent  origin.  On  examining  and  penetrating  these  tracts,  ridges  of  sand  occur,  lying- 
in  win-rows,  as  if  recently  Ibrmed  by  the  winds  and  \va\es.  The  depressions  between 
these  often  embody  water  in  the  shape  of  small  lakes,  ptnids,  and  marshes,  which 
constitute  the   favorite  retreat  of  the  small   fur-bearing  animals. 

The  power  of  attrition  possessed  by  Lake  Superior  and  the  other  Great  Lakes  is  so 
complete,  upon  the  sandstone  series,  as  to  allow  full  scope  to  the  piinciplo  of  gravita- 
tion in  the  re-arrangement  of  the  comminuted  and  Mphea\ed  materials.  Largi> 
portions  of  the  magnetic  oxyde  of  iron  exist  in  the  northern  sandstones.  As  these 
surcharged  strata  are  ground  down,  in  the  great  laboratory  of  the  Lakes,  this  oxyde 
is  liberated  from  its  silicious  connection,  and  reproduced  upon  the  shore  in  separate  and 
pure  beds  of  iron-sand,  which  are,  not  unfreqnently,  a  foot  in  thickness,  and  line  the 
beacdi  lor  miles.  Such  is  the  appearance  of  the  coasts  at  Xezhoda  and  Mesacoda 
ri\ers, 

A  rennirkaijle  appearance  has  been  produced  at  the  Presque  Ls|e  river,  which  attests 
the  power  of  attrition  possessed  by  the  waters  of  ihat  stream.  The  river,  within  half 
a  mile  of  its  month,  drops  into  a  vast  pot-hole  of  grauwacke  rock,  by  a  fall  of  al)out 
sixty  or  seventy  feet.  This  ca\ity  is  eighty  feet  over,  and  in  the  summer  season. 
when  the  water  is  low,  produces  an  astounding  specta(de  of  a  striking  cast.  I>y  g.iing 
a  little  higher,  the  river  is  seen  to  have  worn  its  bi'd  tor  a  depth  of  more  than  a 
hundred  feet,  perpendicidarly.  into  the  same  roclc. 

The  actual  process,  both  of  degradation  and  resist;  nee.  in  the  lighter  colored  nn<l 
non-metallic  sandstones,  is  nowhere  better  observed,  perhaps,  than  along  the  wailed 
and  abraded  coast  locally  known  under  the  name  of  the  Pictured  Eocks.     About 

00 


,,1  i 


i 


170 


PHYSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


twelve  miles  of  lliis  imuiil  const  is  most  ciim[)letely  fretted  and  riddled  into  eiirioua 
iiivhiteotiiriil  forms  and  eaves,  by  tlie  force  of  tlie  e(iiiinoctial  ,t;ales.  Colossal  caverns, 
into  which  larjic  boats  can  enter,  arc  formed  under  the  impending  rock,  and  it  reiinires 
but  little  aid  from  the  ima;^  nation,  in  passing  along  these  whores,  to  behold,  in  their 
headdands,  and  rounded  colunina,  and  toppling  pinaeles,  the  most  imposing  array  of 
ancient  ruins. 

The  annexed  view  (Plate  44)  is  taken,  lookixy  outwardly,  from  ime  of  the  principal 
caverns;  it  was  sketclietl  while  seated  in  a  twelve-oared  ])arge,  within  the  priiicii)at  or 
labyrinthian  cavern  west  of  the  point  called  I)i>ric  Rml-. 

It  miiy  be  mentioned,  before  closing  thin  paper,  that  there  are  several  i)henoniena 
in  the  Lakes,  in  addition  to  those  named,  which  deserve  future  philonopliical  notice. 


1    H 


f     .    ! 
1     '  ■( 


;!.  'I'lDAL  PiiKNOME.vA.  —  One  of  the  most  general  of  these  is  the  api)earance  of  a 
tidal  current  in  the  Straits  of  Michillimackimic,  and  the  se\eral  points  along  the  chain 
of  \:\kv  watt'rs.  where  bays  intersect  the  main  m;iss  ;  as  wi'll  as  in  the  ell'ect  produced 
in  the  general  le\els  of  tlie  surface.  The  cause  ol  this  has  been  but  imperfectly 
investigated,  but  it  appears  to  be  due  to  the  currents  of  wind  as  allected  by  general 
problems  of  temperature. 


;  i. 


''•IV  ■ 


J      i 


4.  PF.HKoiiATKn  Sto.xes.  —  The  striking  eflect,  resembling  a  reacting  current,  of  the 
mass  of  Lakes  Ihiron  and  Michigan,  was  early  noticed.  That  this  ell'ect  is  not 
conllned  to  the  surface  alone,  but  alfects  deeper  niiisses  of  the  water,  appears  to  be 
proved  l)y  curious  detached  nuisses  of  limestone  drawn  up  in  the  straits,  by  the 
fishermen's  nets,  from  great  depths. 

These  i)erforations  of  the  boidders  of  limestone  from  the  bottom  of  Lake  Huron 
are  very  curious,  and  instructive  of  the  mode  of  atjueous  attrition.  By  examining 
them,  it  will  be  pcrcei\ed  that  the  most  of  the  stone  is  completely  perforated  with 
cavities.  .Some  of  these  extend  through  the  nnrss;  others  part  way;  —  a  few  are 
llattened  or  irregular.  On  a  more  minute  inspection,  it  wdl  Ije  perceived  that  each 
orifice  consists  of  annular  rings ;  as  if  the  imi)ressions  were  left  by  a  Ijoring  instru- 
ment, or,  (what  may  furnish  the  true  solution.)  by  some  small  inorganic  substance, — 
as  a  minute  pelible,  which  the  water  has  kept  iii  riotion. 

As  these  curious  masses  are  drawn  up  fr.jm  deep  water,  at  7U  to  SO  fathoms,  in 
those  jets  of  current  which  are  fonned  by  the  inllux  and  alllux  of  the  waters  of  the 
straits,  it  seems  clear  that  these  singular  perforations  were  formed  l)y  the  o.scillatory 
motion  of  very  small  pebbles. 

The  limestone  itself  is  of  the  compact  semi-crystalline  character,  which  is  common 
in  Lake  Huron,  in  iiderior  situations.  Some  of  this  compact  limestone,  exannned  in 
situ,  is  found  to  exhibit  small  o])en  ])Uiu'tures.  as  if  left  by  the  point  of  a  penknife. 
But  these  punctures  may  be  supposed  to  be  the  impressions  of  pre-existing  crystalline 


!  I  ' 


I 


u 


S:!    ■ 


:  ( 


[f  ;■  i  ^ 


h     if     '    I  I 


;  I  I' 


:  ! 


6;  1 1 


.,1 


'I 


;f    I 


ji      ' 


1 

i 

t 

'i    \ 

i| 


Hi 


I  \ 


1     ) 

I  I 
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I  • 

i 


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i 

I 

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f 
i 

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1-  ■ 

ikl'^^ 

m^ 

M 

I'll  YSICA  I,    <;  K(Mi  I!  A  I'll  V. 


171 


mutter,  now  dorayed.      Tlioy  Hoem   t(i  owu   tlicir   I'oriiis  to  iiiiiuiti'  crystals   of   tho 
sulphate  of  stroiitiaii. 

5.  Ti;.Mi'KiiATUliK  01'  TiiK  Lakes.  —  It  is  foiiud,  I)}-  t'xjK'rimont,  that  the  rays  of  liglit 
passiiifi  through  trans])ai't'iit  liodies  of  lake-water,  whieh  is,  of  course,  fresh  water,  do 
not  in  any  degree  heat  them.  Is  not  this  phenomenon  one  cause  of  the  coldness  of 
the  lake-waters?  The  infusion  of  muriate  of  soda  in  ''(•a-watcr,  li_\-  gisiug  it  the 
properties  of  ahsorhiug  heat,  may  tend  to  warm  it;  and  hence,  in  the  troi)ics,  the  sea 
is  warmer. 


(').  CiiVSTAi.i.izATiox  IN  Tin;  Noinii.  —  Hitherto,  the  priuufivi'  rocks  discovered  near 
the  shores  of  liuke  Sui)erii)r  have  yielded  lew  imlicddeil  miucrals,  or  crystalline 
bodies.  Hut  there  is  reason  to  su|)pose  tiiat  further  rcsear  ''es  and  discoveries  will 
disclose  them.  It  is  l)elieved  that  the  primitive  or  cryst  ■  district  contains  granitic 
lieds,  highly  crystalline  in  their  structure.  A  mass  of  luift-granite  at  (Jnen  I>ay 
contains  a  vein  of  highly  crystalline  matter,  in  whicdi  the  plates  of  mica  are  large, 
shining,  and  distinct,  and  of  a  green  color.  It  eud)ract's  \rvy  licautiful  crystals  of 
black  tourmaline,  connnon  garnet,  and  a  green  massive  mineral,  which  is  apparently 
])ra.>;e.  A  block  of  black  mica,  oljserved  at  Druunnond  Island,  is  manifestly  lirou'iht 
from  the  primitive  district,  north  or  west  of  that  point.  It  is  crystallized  in  well- 
delined  he.vahedral  prisms.  A  Idock  of  mica  slate  near  Kim  Creek.  Lake  Huron. 
\  iid<ls  staurotide.  These,  if  we  adndt  a  current  of  water,  or  water  bearing  ice.  as 
the  disturbing  l()rce,  may  be  su[)[iosed  to  have  been  transporti'd  from  the  region 
referred  to;  and  indicate  a  range  of  crystalline  strata  in  the  north  and  west,  <|uite 
varied  and    interesting. 


Jlfi 


7.  CoxTiNKNTAi.  AiU.'ASioN.  —  Tf  we  are  to  regard  the  lakes  as  a  gi'aml  g(>ological 
triturating  ap))aratus,  converting  its  loose  iind  shore-rocks  into  a  puKci'ulent  state,  it 
may  be  anticipated  that  their  action  on  the  coullguration  of  the  shores  will  be  very 
c()nsiderai>le,  in  the  courst'  <if  long  periods.  What  is  lost  in  this  process  in  one  place, 
from  their  rock  area,  is  found  to  augment  the  ([uantity  of  alluvial  soil  in  another; 
which,  in  time,  renders  the  whole  area  suitable  for  agricidturt'.  Thus  the  plough 
"radualK',  but  sui'eK'.  Ibllows  the  tempest  and  the  hurricane;  while  the  absolutii 
indestructibility  of  matter  is  man's  guarantee  under  every  change. 


■aW     I  ■ 


S.  iNTiCfMirrv  OK  iMatteu. —  The  absolute  tpiautity  and  cubical  area  of  material 
matter  of  these  immense  areas  is  still  the  same.  The  elcmiMits  of  which  the_\-  are 
composiMl  are  seen  to  be  indestructible.  No  change  of  coinliinatioii  or  position  is 
seini  to  take  from,  or  add  to,  the  material  ivi^grenate.  If  physical  matter,  under  the 
force  of  tempests,  could  be  dcslroxcd.  as  well  as  change  its  forms,  there  would  result  an 


m\ 


m 
ii 

:::l 

(I 

'\  J  •'! 

1 

j 

4 

IS 

1  , 
■  ' 

i 

i 

1 

I 

t                ' 

' 

1 

1 

s 

J 

172 


PHYSICAL   GEOORArilY. 


aiiniliilation  of  a  part,  or  iiioli'cnli',  ol'  llie  (ni^iiiial  accri'lioii  of  cloniciits.  Wild  a.s 
tlu'ir  raiio  soiiicliim's  is.  casting  vi'mscIs  oh  liigli  on  tlicsc  Laiics,  tin'  ciitirf  ndIuiik'  ol' 
tliem  yet  ri'taiiis  its  integrity. 

0.  r,AKi:  liKKiiAciioN'. — Tiie  phenoinouin  of'lijilit,  as  seen  on  tiiese  Lakes,  olVeis  a  slili 
more  familiar  instanee  of  changes  in  tin'  position  of  inattcr,  without  adding  to,  or 
diminishing,  its  hulk.  And  in  this,  as  in  other  departments  of  physical  forms,  while 
the  instances  s'ary.  there  are  no  evidences  to  show  that  in  the  resplendent  refractions 
that  visit  these  Lakes  —  in  tiu'ir  curious  mirages,  and  luireal  disjiiays,  and  l)riliiant 
.sunset  scenes,  there  over  was  a  comhination  which  did  not  vindicate  the  wisdom, 
exactitude,  and  heauty  of  nature's  laws. 


\ 


I    i 


I 


.•t 


I    I 


*  1 


E.    A  N  T  K)  U  !•;  0  S  T  E 0  E 0 G  Y   O  V   T  1 1  !•;   M  ( )  X  S  T  V.  U   1M:  1!  f  O  T) . 

Si'Aiii  i;i.v  ;i  vi'iir  pusses  llmt  ilncs  not  add  to  tlic  iiiiinlicr  of  lociilitics.  of  the  loriiirr 
I'xisti'iicc  of  an  aninial  era  in  Aiiicriua,  atti'stiii:;-  urcat  cliaiiuvs.  'I'licsc  (li>i'o\('iics 
an'  not  alont;  I'onlincd  (o  tlie  .Mi>sissi|i|ii  N'allcv,  where  tliev  were  fnst  made.  The 
hoich'i's  of  the  sea-shore  in  South  Carolina;  the  tireat  marine  de|io>.iis  of  (ieori;ia  and 
Ahdiama  ;  and  the  clay  and  ailn\ial  lieils  (»!'  the  \  alleys  of  the  Hudson  l!i\cr,  have 
}i(dded  some  of  t lie  lar,i:est  siieeimens  of  these  antique  hones;  e\-en  the  U|ilanils  of 
W^'iuont  have  recently  ;;,i\('n  [)ri)ofs  of  this  kind.  Ihit  it  is  to  the  vallev  of  the 
Osa,!.'t',  in  Mis.sonri,  that  we  are  called,  more  particularly,  to  look.  Speakiii'^-  of  this 
region,  a  correspondent  remarks: 

'•Tile  fireat  West  is  alfordinu-  to  the  learned  and  curious  a  \asl  and  \aried  Held  for 
speciiliition  in  the  various  departments  of  science.  It  is  lilliui;'  the  museums  and 
cal)iuels  of  the  world  with  rare  minei'alouical  and  ^eolo^ical  s[)eciniens,  while  il  is 
aflordini;'  still  more  extraordinary  and  jjcrplexiuj;'  [trohlems  to  the  naturalist. 

'■The  recent  di.scovery  of  hones  hy  .Messrs.  ('a,<e  mid  l!e<]inan.  of  Warsaw,  in  the 
Osage  ValK'y.  transcenils  anythinj:'  of  the  kind  yet  olfered  to  tlu'  puhlic,  hoth  in  point 
of  numlxT  and  size.  The  hoiie.s  represent  a  genus  of  animals  long  since  out  of  exist- 
enco.  The  age  in  wii-eh  tliey  lived  is  so  remote,  that  even  tradition  does  not  reach 
baek  to  it.  They  were  probably  contemporary  with  that  nice  of  man  which  inhabited 
the  prairie.s  and  forests  belbre  the  existing  Indians;  wlio.se  history  is  onlv  told  h\  the 
remaiiLs  of  their  castles  and  fortifications,  which  were  coiistructeil  upon  scientific  prin- 
ciples, of  wliich  no  vestige  is  Ibund  among  the  aborigines. 

"  The  place  where  the.se  hones  were  found,  is  id)out  two  miles  from  town,  and  is 
familiarly  known  hy  the  western  peo|ilo  as  a  //'7.-.  There  are  nian\-  springs  of  a 
brackish  sulphur  water  breaking  through  tlie  ground,  which  lia\c  been  resorted  to  bv 
various  animals,  till  there  is  an  acre  or  more  of  it  excavated  to  the  di'ptli  of  eiiiht  or 
ten  feet.  The  b(mes  were  ibund  two  or  three  feet  below  this  surface,  imbedded  on  a 
black  gravel.  The  probability  is.  that  these  animals  resorted  to  this  place  for  tlu!  salt 
held  in  solution  liy  the  water,  and  heedlessly  plunging  themselves  into  the  mire,  were 
frequently  unable,  notwithstanding  their  gigantic  strength,  to  extricate  them.Hdves ; 
and  tluLs  their  remains  accumulated  to  such  an  amount. 

'■The  number  of  diflerent  head.s  fomid  amounts  to  seventy  or  eight v;  and  the  huve 
amount  of  detached  teetli  shows  that  a  greater  number  of  the.se  monstei's  have  lliuml 
a  common  grave  in  this  basin.  The  liones  wliich  are  tbiind  near  the  head  of  thi.s 
basin,  are  in  a  much  better  state  of  preservation  than  those  nearer  the  outlet.  The 
skeletons  of  various  species  of  aniiiuxls   are  found  deposited  in  this  basin;    as  the 


!  f 


1    '(' 


um 


I 


174 


I'll  YSI  r\  I.   (JKOd  |{  A  I'll  V 


k 


i  > 


u: 


IxifViili),  flU.  (leer.  ^c.     'I'liiTc  an'  two  H|)<'ci('s  only  t'oimil  wliioh  an-  wortliy  of  uilini- 

'  hilt    I'cw  siH'ciniciis ;  only  sonic  tcctli,  anil  part  of  tlio 


ration  ,  of  tiif  one  there  i 
maxillary  iMines  in  wliieh  tliey  wt  ro  set.  'I'iiese  teeth  are  Hs.snre<l  on  the  sides,  mmli 
lil\(!  the  ele|)hant'H  molar  teeth,  and  smooth  on  their  mastieatinj;  snrlace,  which 
measures  twelve  liy  li)iii'tcen  inches.  'I'he  other  species  of  hones,  which  are  jrreat  in 
iimiilier  ami  stiipemloiis  in  si/e.  have  (lilVerentiy  shaped  teeth,  and  out  of  their  superior 
ina.xillary  ;:row  tnsks,  some  of  wliicli  ari'  twenty-dve  inches  in  circnmference,  and  ten 
or  twelve  feet  loniT-     'I'l'i'  tusks  are  not  pr 


•eserv  e( 


1  enti 


Tl 


ley  iqn»ear 


to  I 


lave  hecn 


the  linest  (|iiaiity  of  ivory.  Many  of  the  maxillary  hones  Inive  tho  molars  entire, 
and  tiglitly  retainetl  in  their  .sockets.  These  molar  teeth  are  eisiht  or  nine  inches  by 
fonr  or  live,  on  their  iri'indinii'  surface,  with  deeji  (issnres  ninnim;'  across  them,  in 
wiiich  the  eminences  of  the  antajjtonisinji  molar  played.  This  I'ormation  of  the  molar 
of  this  animal  is  very  dilVerent  from  that  of  the  ^'cnns  lierhlvorons,  the  ;:rinders  of 
which  lia\t'  smooth  contiunoiis  snrfaces.  The  inferior  maxillary  is  armed  with  a  tusk 
fd'teen  or  tweiit\'  inches  in  length.  The  fcinor  is  six  or  seven  inches  in  its  a  iitre 
diameter,  and  presents  an  artie'nlatory  surface  with  the  acctahnluin  of  ten  or  clrsen 
inches.  Tlu'  connection  of  the  hone  of  the  fore-leu  with  the  shonldri--i)lade,  pri'sents 
a  similarly  larjic  articulation.  i''ew  of  the  \('rtelii'ie  have  resisted  the  corrosion  of 
time,  'iliey  are  entirely  denuded  of  their  pi'ocesses,  so  that  we  can  only  ohserxc  on 
a  few  of  tiiem  the  canal  for  the  spinal  marrow,  wiiich  must  lia\e  heeii  thnie  or  fonr 
inches  in  diameter. 

"A  striking'  peculiarity  of  these  hones  is,  that  they  have  no  ca\it_\'  for  marrow,  init 
le.     They  are  not  petrified,  hut  ari'  preserved  a-  osseous  matter,  which  is  a 


ail'  solid  lioii 
roiicliisive  ar.:uin 


that  tiiev  have   not  heeii  im 


hed( 


liiaiiv   ci'lltlirie: 


^v 


e  cannot 


fix  the  time  when  these  extraordinary  animals  ceased  to  he  iiihahitaiits  of  the  prairies, 
or  what    eau.scd  the  destruction  of  the  whole   w'lius.      How  could   thev  so  violate   the 


laws  of  nature   as   to  forfeit   the  existence  of   their  I'litire  class 


Tl 


lis   secret  wil 


proha 


hlv  alv 


1. 


iled 


111   obseuri 


ty.     The   natural   philosopher  can    find  enough 


of  curiosity  and  perjilexity  on  this  siiliject  to  eii,iia,L:i'  his  leisure  hours,  and  the  iinatii- 
nativi'  may  entertain  himsi'lf  hv  clothing-  these  inamniotli  iioiies  with  llesh.  and 
studying  what  a  fii.'ure  the  otln'r  aniiUids  of  creation  |a'esentcd  in  the  presence  of  this 
locomotive  mountain." 


Tl 


le 


studv"  here  referred  to  lu'iiuires  v^rcat  care,  and  a  scrupiiloiis  reference  ti 


couclnsions  of  naturalists  at  home  and  abroad,  to  prevent  that  "  peiplexity"  which  the 
writer  adverts  to.  Science  is  sim])le-minded,  slow,  and  cautious  in  her  steps.  It  is 
but  a  few  years  ns<^  that  tiie  proprietor  of  a  western  museum  visited  this  localitv,  and 


pa 


r.'uled    one    o 


f    tl 


lesc    liiuantic    skeletons    tliroui;h    the    land,    under    the    name  of 


'  Missourium." 
The  discoveries,  which  went  to  make  up  tlie  sum  of  this  hnj^e  frame  of  bones,  were 


made  on  the  Pdnnin  ih    71 


I'll  of  the  Osaw  river,  in  latitude  Id' 


It 


?'; 


-■i  \  ft'  / 


i:M.i^ 


PIIYSH'A  1.   (i  I;(m;  K.VI'll  v. 


i;:. 


Till'  laijicst  Idiiics  wcrr  IuiiikI  in  ii  kiiiil  nf  (|iiicksiiiiil  iiljdiit  .-ixtccii  U'ct  liciii'iilli  the 
hiu'I'mcc.  Ill  ii  N|i(il  wIktc  a  i'(i|ii(>u.-*  f-|iri?ii.'  nl'  wiitcr  cxislfd,  0\cr  tliis  was  spri'inl  ii 
flraliiiii  1)1'  liiMuii  siil  uilli  V('L;vtal)lc  rcinaiiis  i<['  variuiis  kinds,  soniu  (if  wliii'li  \vcn> 
(Ifcnu'il  to  lie  trojiital.  Next  on  tlic  mtIcm  of  xlmta,  v\nh\<^,  was  one  ol'hhic  day  llnvc 
I'l'ft  thick,  tlicii  about  ten  inclios  of  prhblcs,  u;.'i;ic-!itcil.  tlicn  ii  li^lii  |,h„'  clay  tlircL- 
foi't  thii'k,  then  aiiotlicr  stratum  of  ^,'nivi>l,  siiiiilar  in  thickness  to  tlic  (irst  nicntioncil. 
This  was  suci'ccdcil  bv  tlircc  ..r  ibur  Irrt  of  yellowish  elay ;  a  tliiid  la\ei  of  {travel, 
and  a  brownish  loamy  earth  or  chiy,  mingled  witli  jH-bbles,  and  beaiinji'  a  jnowth  of 
oak.  maph's.  and  elms.     The  whole  formation  a|i])eared  to  be  clearly  diluvial. 

I  visited  this  skeleton  after  it  had  been  set  up  at  Kji\ptian  Hall,  in  I'iccadilh-, 
l<oudou.  it  was  thirty  feet  lonj:,  and  (ifleen  feet  hi'ih.  'J'here  was  soniethinf,' dispro- 
portionate and  unnatural  about  it.  My  its  j;reat  length  (jf  body,  and  enormous  claws, 
it  ajipeared,  at  first  sight,  to  be  a  gigantic  sjiecimen  of  the  megalonyx.  with  tiie  head 
and  tu>ks  of  a  mastodon.  There  was  also  something  that  excited  incredulitv  in  the 
arrangement  of  the  tusks.  It  was  certainly  a  most  gigantic  specimen  of  the  American 
fauiue.  and  excited  great  interest  as  such.  Mut.  aside  from  its  great  size,  there  was 
nothing  new  in  tlio  species.  Mr.  Owen,  the  British  fossilist,  decided  it,  from  tiie  teeth, 
to  be  a  nuistodon. 


I 


rill 


I        ;1 


'd 


'  .    <l 


-Ttt 


I 


5 

' 

ll 

f 

1 

r 
1 

■■  1 


F.     AN     A  liOl!  K;  I  N  Al,     I' A  I- L  A  1»  I  I    M.    AS    K  X  IN  Ml  T  K  1)    IN 

TIM':     ON  i:  I  DA     S'l'ONK. 

( 'll  Aif  Al  ri;iiisTi('  triiil.-.  in  tlic  liif^toiT  of  rm'('.>*.  ol'tcn  ilivrldp  tlirinsrIvrN  in  ('(inncctiim 
willi  till'  fxriiri'iil  or  local  fcalnri's  of  u  country,  or  cNcn  uitli  some  minor  olijcct  in  its 
iiatiii'iil  lii.xtory.  'riicrc  is  a  rcniarkalilc  instance  of  ijiis  ili'\clo|ini('nt  of  alioriyiiial 
niiiiil   in   llic   history  of  tlic  Onciilas. 

Tins  trilic  derives  its  name  Iroin  a  celelnated  stone,  (a  view  of  wliieli  is  aiinexeil, 

Plate  I'.l.)  uliicli  lies  partly  iiiilieilileii  in  the  soil,  on  one  of  the   hi;;hesl   eniineiices   in 

till'  teriitory  formerly  ()ccn|)ieil  hy  that  triU',  in  Western   New  Yoi!\.     This  ancient 

anil   lonu-rememhereil  oliject   in    the  surface  jreoloL'y  of  tiie  country.  helon;;s   to    the 

erialic-hlock  ),;rou|i,  ami   has    ne\er   heeii    toncheil    liy   the    hand  of   the  sculptor  oi- 

em;ia\er.       It    is  inilisscilulily  ;;ssociatiil  with   their  eaily   history  and   origin,   and    is 

sjioken  of.  in   their  Iraditions,  ;,-  if  it  were    the    i'athidiinn   of  their  liiierties,  and    the 

symholical   record  of  (heir  very  nationality.      I'lilike   the   statue  of  I'allas,  which    fell 

from  heaven,  ami  n|iini  which   tin-  iirescr\ation  of  'I'roy  was  helie\eil   to  depend,  the 

Oneida  Stone  was  never  supported  l)y  so  imiiL'inative  a  theory,  hut,  like  the  Trojan 

statue,  it  was   ideiitilied  with   their  safety,  their  oriL'in,  and   their  name.      It  was   thi^ 

silent  witness  of  thi'ir  first  association  as  a  trihe.     Around   it   their  sachems  sat   in 

solemn  council.      Around  it,  their  warriors  marched  in  martial  lile.  hefore  setting'  out 

on   the  war-path,  and  it  was  here  that   they  recited   their  warlike  deeds,  and   uttered 

their  shouts  of  defiance.      From   this  eminence  they  watched,  as  an  ea,t;le   fiom   her 

oyrie,  the  first  approaches  of  an  enemy  ;  and  to  this  spot   they  rushed  in  alarm,  and 

lit   up  their  iK^acon-lires   to  arouse    their  warriors,   whenever  they  received   news  of 

hostile  footsteps  in   their  land.     They  were  cidled  Oneidas,  I'rom  (huo/n,  the  name  of 

this   stone.  —  the  original  word,  as   still  preser\i'd   liy   the  tribe,  which  sii^nifies  the 

I'eofile  of  tlu'  Stono,  or.  by  a  metaphor,  the  PeopU'  v\ho  spi'ang  from   the   .•>tone.     A 

stone  was  the  .syndjol  of  their  collective  nationality.  althouj;h  the  trihe  was  cnm|)oscd, 

like  the  other  Irotpiois  cantons,  of  individuals  of  the  clans  of  the  Turtle,  the   Mear, 

nnd   the  Wolf,  and  other  totemic   beariufrs.     They  were   early  renowned,  among   the 

tribes,  for  their  wisdom  in  council,  bravi'ry  in  war,  and  skill  in  huntin.;';  and  it  is  \et 

romenibored  that,  when   the  Adirondack  and  other  enemies  found  their  trail  and  Ibot- 

niurks  in   the  forest,  they  lied   in   fear,  e Aclaimiug.  "  it    is   the   track  of  the  Oneida  !" 

To  note  tliis  discovery,  it  was  customary  with  the  enemy  to  out  down  ii  sapling  to 

within  two  or  three  feet  of  the  ground,  and  peel  its  bark  cleanly  ofT,  so  as  to  |)reseiit 

a  w  bite  surface  to  attract  notice.     'J'hoy  then  laid  a  stone  on  the  top.     This  was  the 

w(dl-known  .«ymbol  of  the  Oneida,  and  was  u.sod  a.s  a  warning  to  the  absent  menibera 

of  the  scouting  party  who  might  fall  on  the  same  trail. 

(l-f.) 


.ill. 


I:  I 


r    I 


}■■  m 


il 


;  i^  I 

II 

"Wm\ 

'    1 

■  3i  m 

!     1  ' 

1 

f 

■'  m   ' 

;  »!' 

'  jij 

;:  p 

■i 

1 

(    1 

'kJ^ 

1  ^    ' 


i'l'   1 


n  >  M 


m 


:f   ■  .   '  t'  ' 


f^ 


.s„ 


i  '1 


c^ 


o 


o 


r> 


a 


1 1 


r'      i] 


'     I 


■n 


t 


Ut 


n 


I 


■   ; 


'    )| 


wm 


t  ! 


m 


ii    I 


'I 


PIl  YSKJA  I.    (i  KOG  RAIMIY. 


177 


Til.'  rrc(|ii('iit  iilliisioii  to  tlif  ()ii('iil;i,  Stdiic  in  olil  w  ritcrs  n|)(Mi  tliu  liuliiui  ciLstoins, 
Hid  its  alisoliiic  I'alladic  value  in  tlicii'  liiston,  iiidiiccil  nic  to  visit  it.  with  Onriila 
(inidi's.  in  till'  siininicr  of  IS-lu,  and  it  is  tlio  fact  of  tids  visit  that  le:uls  mi'  to  oIIIt 
tins  liricf  notice  of  it. 

I  fonnd  the  stone  to  li-  a  lioulder  of  syenite,  indtedded  llrmly  in  the  drift 
stratnni,  npon  tlie  a|)ex  oi  o.i  of  the  most  elevated  Yoiioik/us  or  Idlls  in  tliat  part 
of  the  conntry.  Its  comiiosuion  is  fe!ds[)ai',  ((uart/,  and  hornhlende,  with  some  traces 
ol'  an   apparently  epedotic  mineral,   in  whieli  respects  it  ri'send)les  (mineraioiiicaih  ) 


the  ver\-  harreii  character  of  the  norther 


iUUl 


I  its  surface   bears  evident   m; 


U'KS  ot 


n  syenites, 
that 


Its  si 
)f 


lape  IS  irre.ii'iiiariy  o 


rliiculi 


I)oiililers  wliicii  are  found  at 


pecies  ot  abrasion  coiiinion  to  priinar\' 


consul 


faille  distances  from  their  jiareiit  lied 


It 


IS  a 


peculiarity  that   its  surface  appears,  minutely  considered,  to  lie  /•i)ii<//«  r  than   is  oj 


ten 


found   in   remoteh-  drifted  li 


of  this  class  of  n 


•ks,  wliieh  ma\',  perhap; 
•I 


lie    til 


lo  siicli   nres  liave.  liowe\er, 


result  of  ancient  lires  hindled  against  its  sides.     That 

I'ceii  kindled  for  a  very  long  period,  is  certain   from   the  traditions  of  the  trilie,  who 

have   had  the  seat  of  their  council-lire  at  Konaloa,  or  Oneida  Castle,  ever  since  the 

discovery  oi 

I'losel 


New    Y< 


ork   1)\-   JIudson ;    am 


I  how  much  earlier,   wo   I 


know   not.'     On 


clo.sely  inspecting  this  stone,  minute  species  of  mos.ses  are  liiuiid   to  occupy  asperitie.- 


m  its  surface, 


The  original  .selection  of  the  Oneida  Stone  for  the  oliject  t<i  which  it  was  consecrated 
liy  this  frilie.  was  prohahly  the  result  of  accident.  Or  if  w  r  look  to  remote  causes, 
it  was  the  elfect  of  tha^  geological  distiirliance  of  the  surface  which  left  the  drift 
stratum  on  the  very  apex  of  the  hill.  This  hill  is  the  highest  pros|)ect-poiiit  in  the 
country.      It  was  the  natural  spot  for  a  lieacoii-lire.     The  view  from  it  is  maiiiiidccnt. 


I- 


mm  its  toi)  the  most  distant  olijects  can  be  .seen,  and  a  (Ire  raised  <in  this  eminenc 


would  act  as  a  warniim-  to  their  hunters  and  wa 


mors  o\-er  an  immense  area  ea; 


■  t  and 

west,  north  and  south.  It  is  the  highest  hill  of  a  reinarkahle  .system  of  hills,  which 
may  be  called  the  Oneota  (Ironp,  ranging  through  the  counties  of  Oneida.  .Madison,  and 
Sullivan,  which  throws  its  v.aters  by  the  Oriskanv,  the  Oneiila.  and 
into    'he   Atlantic    thi(Mii:h    the   wid 


uid   various  outlet? 


ei\    (incrgiim-  \alli 


\s  of   the   St.    1- 


iwreiice,   tilt 


Hudson,  and  the  Sii,<(pielianiia.  It  would  be  inti'resting  to  know  its  elevation 
above  the  ocean,  in  order  to  show  its  relation  to  the  leading  mountain  groups  of  New 
York,  and  gi\e  accuracy  to  our  interior  topography; — an  object,  it  may  be  said,  whiidi 


can  never  be  attained  without  carrying  a  line  of  a(;curate  heights  and  dist, 
the  entire   interior  of  the  State. 


uices  over 


It 


is  one  of  the  peculiar  features  ol 


this  hill  of  the  Onciila  or  Oneota  Sloiie.  that  it^ 


apex  shelli'rs  from  the  north-east  winds  —  the  worst  winds  of  our  continent — a  fertih' 


SfiP: 


M 


f 


'■h 


'  ■= 


■I 
-ti 


lU    ((Mllllllm   ill.'  c.il-lilMl     ImM1«  nf    ;i    l.iMrli    W.lllml    tn 


Lrrnwini'  in  ;iii  .iiiciriii  cniii  |ii.M  ii,.;ir  tln'  .'>! 


t'  >hmi\  till! 


|il:iir  iMU-1  \iA\r  K.i  n  ,il iMUil. .iin|  nlniiil  .\.  |l.  I."i."ill  —  (iriyuiiic  y;i|-s  lii'lurr  liiul.si.ii'.s  ili.-cuvi'iT. — .Xulcs  on  llii- 
Iniiiiwis,  jKi^i  ."!•_',  Li-fiis.  IJoc,  .y.   F. 


:   1  ' 


178 


PHYSICAL   (i  i:(»(i  UAI'IIY. 


'/-    f' 


) 


I    I 


IM 


■ '-", 


li'iMisvcrsc  viilli'v,  wliii'li  WHS  orif^iiiiiily  covfriMl  with  grovos  of  Ixittcrmil  aii<l  oilier 
mil  woo<l,  liasiiig  ii  t^in-iiig  of  jjiuv  watiT,  wliicli  fratliors  into  a  pool,  anil  wutU  its 
way  down  tlu-  valk-y  in  a  clear  i)nM)k.  In  this  warm  valli'v,  tho  Oncidas  ori.ninally 
si'ttli'd.  Hi-ru  tlu'v  raised  their  corn  I'roni  time  innnemorial  —  the  woods  abounded 
with  the  deer  and  hear,  and  smaller  sjK'cies  of  j^amo.  The  surronniling  hrooUs  and 
lakes  j;ave  them  (ish,  and  they  appear  to  liave  availed  themselves  of  the  first  intro- 
duction of  the  apple  into  the  continent,  to  carry  its  seed  to  these  ronujte  and  elevated 
valleys,  in  which  their  orchards,  on  tiio  settlement  of  the  country,  wore  found  to  cover 
miles  of  territory. 

At  the  site  of  the  spring  in  tl:o  valley,  thoro  was  also  found  a  remarkable  stone  — 
a  Mock  rather  than  a  boulder,  consisting  of  a  compact  gri'vish  white  carljonatc  of  lime, 
which,  from  the  little  evidences  of  abrasion  it  bears,  could  not  havi-  been  transported 
iiy  geological  causes,  I'ar  from  its  parent  bed.  This  white  stone  at  the  spring  has 
sometimes  been  called  the  Oneida  Stone;  but  1  was  assured,  in  repeated  instances,  by 
Oneidas,  and  by  residents  conversant  with  the  Oni'ida  traditions,  that  the  syenite 
boulder  on  the  apex  of  the  hill  is  the  true  stout-,  which  the  trii)e  regards  as  their 
ancient   tribal  monument. 

I  observed  other  boulders  of  various  character  on  otlu'r  ]iarts  of  the  hill.  <'hiell\-  on 
its  eastern  decdivities,  all  of  wliich  were  of  moderate  si/.i'.  and  bore  more  or  less 
evidence  of  the  drift-abrasion.  Noiiiing.  indeecl.  in  the  natural  historv  of  the  country, 
pre.-ents  a  more  interesting  subject  of  study  than  tlu'  Oneida  drift  stratum,  which 
co\crs.  as  a  part  of  its  range,  this  elevated  ai'ca  oi'  hills.  We  see  here,  along  with 
till-  various  forms  of  tlie  sandstones,  limestones,  and  grits,  peculiar  to  the  state,  and 
the  cornutiferous  lime-rock  and  silicious  slates  of  more  distant  parts,  scatteri'il  along 
with  pebbles  of  opaipie  and  iron-coloi'ed  (juar*',  granites,  and  porphyries.  The  origin 
and  direction  of  this  drift  is  a  subji'ct  of  considerable  geological  monuMit.  .Many  of 
these  boulders  belong  to  the  saline  group  of  the  sandstone  system;  a  group  of  I'ocks 
which  devidopes  itsidf  west  of  the  siunces  of  the  liivcr  .Mohawk  and  the  Stanwix 
Sunnnit  ;  reaching,  at  .some  points,  to  thi'  shores  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  the  inferior 
strata  of  the  Clen"see  and  Niagara  IJivers.  In  searching  for  the  direction  of  this  drift, 
it  may  1m'  widl  to  look  in  the  same  'general  course,  although  we  have  :iot,  I  Udieve, 
any  known  beds  of  granites  and  syriiites  in  |)lace,  in  a  north-easterly  direction,  till 
we  reach  the  region  of  the  ancient  Cateracijua.  the  Kingston  of  modern  days;  and 
til"  Thousand  Islands  of  the  St.  Lawri'uce  Hivcr.  Turning  north-westwardly,  wo 
liiid  no  syeniti'  in  olace  till  we  reach  the  bai'ren.  des(date  track  which  inti'rposes 
between  the  noi'th  shores  of  Fiake  Huron  and  the  south-eastern  margin  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior. 15iit  the  .syenites  of  that  region,  as  developed  in  the  rangi' between  (iros  Capo 
and  (largontwau.  are  more  highly  crystalline.  The  same  superior  degree  of  crystul- 
li/.i.tion  is  observed  in  the  remarkalile  knobs  of  syenite  which  rise,  in  place,  through 
the  prill-:.,  soil  of  the  I'pper  .Mississippi,  at  the  I'eace  I{ock.  above  St.  .Vnthony's  Falls; 


i  I 


li 


I 


PlI  YSICA  I-    C  i:o(i  I!  A  I'll  Y. 


17!» 


'.     'I 


n  spot  reached  \}y  tho  United  Stiites  Inti'rior  Kxpluriiif;  Kxpcditioii  of  1S"J(»,  on  the 
liSth  of  July.' 

Amon;.^  the  l)oul(h'rs  of  the  Oneida  drift  eoverin^  tliis  eniinenee,  1  ohscrved  ;i  small, 
column-shaped,  hlack  rook,  utandinj;  in  the  soil,  whieh  had  so  completely  the  iispect  of 


the  hlack  E 


tyiitian  ni 


[irhle  from  the  Nile,  that,  for  a  moment,  I  fancied  a  trace  of  a 


similar  silico-argillaceous  stratum  had  Id'en  found  in  America.  The  ilhi.-^ion  was 
sustained  hy  a  similar  infusion  of  yellowish  colorin;;'  matter.  A  IVesh  feature,  however, 
instantly  undeceived  me,  and  disclosed  a  comparatively  soft,  arjrillaceous,  sedimentary 
hlock,  veined  with  a  yellowish  o.vyde,  which,  lyiufr  at  a  com|)arati\ely  liij:h  altitude, 
and  o.vpoMod  to  fiorce  winds  from  the  nt)rth-eii.st,  hail  assumed  an  exterior  color  and 
Hemi-ix)lisli  (piite  reinarkahle. 

J5ut  without  attempting  to  trace  these  iMjulders  to  their  primary  sources  in  the 
geolojrical  system,  there  can  be  litth^  question,  from  general  ohservation,  tliat  the 
direction  of  the  Oneida  dril't  is  towards  the  south-west.  In  this  respect  it  differs  lint 
little  from,  if  it<locs  not  cpiite  correspond  with,  the  generid  direction  of  the  Massachusetts 
and  New  England  drift,  as  oliserved  hy  Dr.  Hitchcocl:.'  J^uch  is  the  uniform  course 
of  tiie  drift  observed  here,  in  positions  where  the  force  of  the  movement  has  not  been 
disturbed  by  leading  valleys  crossing  its  course;  such  as  are  presented  by  the  Mohawk 
below  the  Astorenga,  or  Little  Falls,  or  by  the  Hudson  Valley  lielow  the  Highlands. 
In  the  former  ca.se.  the  heavy  blocks  of  debris  havi;  been  carried  nearly  diu'  east ;  and 
in   the   latter,  directly  south. 

These  suggi'stions  will  denote  the  position  of  the  Oneida  Stone  as  a  memln'r  of  the 
erratic  bl(H'k  group;  but  I  do  not  desire  to  merge  its  historical  and  antiipiarian  interest 
insideration  of  its  natin-al  historv.     It   is  to  the  tribal  orijiin,  history,  and 


in 


th 


character  of  the  Oneidas  tlieni.s<'lves,  that  thi 


s  nionumen 


t  is  suited  to  iK'ar  its  most 
important  testimony.  .Ancient  changes  in  the  earth's  surface  have  manifestly  placed 
it  here  ;  but  as  a  nu'inento  of  such  'Citations,  it  is  not  more  interesting  than  thou- 
sands and  millions  of  tons  of  the  [irimary  and  sedimentary  drift  which  ha\('  been 
])re.ssed  onward  and  spread,  broad-cast,  by  a  mighty  force,  ovi-r  this  part  of  the  State. 
Hut  of  all  the.^ic  thousands  and  millions  of  tons  of  drifteil  and  scattered  rock  which 
mark  the  surface  of  the  rrthern  Atlantic  States.  —  nay,  of  the  whole  continent, — 
tills  block   alone,  so  far  as  we  know,  has  been  .sidected  by  one  of  the  alioiiginal  tribes 


as 


the    symbol    of  their    compact.      Piles  of   loose,  small    stone; 


siicli    as 


that 


OclKjuaga,  have  Ix'eii  gathered  in  rememlirance  of  a  battle  or  an  heroic  act.  .Mounds 
of  earth,  wlio.so  origin  and  purport  have  been  strangely  mystified,  have  bet'ii  piled  up 
as  objects  to  designate  jjlaces  of  sepulture,  of  sacrifice,  and  of  worship.  Cars  id  shells 
and  wampum  Indts  have  been  exchanged  to  perpetuate  the  sanctity  of  treaties  and  cove- 


ill  11: 


i'i 

"1 


'i 
I 


\  n 


^1 


'  Niirrativi'  ■loiiriial  of  an  Kxpoilitinii  t(i  the  Sources  of  tin"  Missis.'^ippi,  IS'JO.      Alliaiiv,  1f<-1  ;  1   vol.  Svo. 
'  Villi'  \n*  (!('iiIoj;iial   lii'ixirt. 


.1 


il[r 


m 

nil 


il  «( 


IH 


liit 


y  h 


".: 


■      I      /' 


180 


PHYSICAL   (iKOii  IIAI'II  Y. 


r  stni.ijuii'  for  liberty,  it  will  tor  iijii^s  carry  tlioir  iiK'Uiurv 


oil 


iiiints  iiiuon^'  il  jit'oplo  without  ii'ttrrs.  Hut  tliis  uloiie  stands  on  this  continent  as  tho 
niiniilc  nionunicnt  of  a  nation's  oriuin.  powi'r,  and  name.  Tiiis  alone  tells  the  stoiy 
of  a  i)eoj)le's  rise;  and  if  we  are  carefid  of  the  lame  of  a  lirave  and  worthy  people, 
who  fought  for  us  in  on 
to  posterity. 

No  jierson  can  stand  on  this  height,  and  snrxi'y  the  wide  prospect  of  cultivation  and 
tho  elements  of  hi,i;li  agricultural  anil  nioi'al  civilization,  which  it  now  presents, 
without  sensations  of  the  most  elevated  and  pleasuraltle  kind.  On  evei'y  side  tlu-re 
stretches  ou'  long  vistas  of  farms,  \illages.  and  sjjires,  the  li\cly  evidences  of  a 
high  state  of  manufacturing  and  industrial  alUuence.  The  plough  has  carried  its 
triumphs  to  thi'  loftiest  summit ;  and  the  very  apex  on  which  the  locality  of  the 
monument,  which  is  the  suliject  of  this  paper,  rests,  was  covered,  at  the  tinu'  of  my 
visit,  with  lu.xuriant  holds  of  waving  grain.  Least  of  ail.  can  the  ohserver  view  this 
rich  scone  of   industrial    opulence,  without  calling   to  mind    that  once  ])roiul   and 


iu<U 


)mitalile  race  of  hunters  and  warriors,  whose  name  the  conn 


fry  be 


iirs. 


That 


name 


has    liccome,  indeed,  their  best   monument — ((uailruply  Iiorni',   as   it    is.   by  a   broad 
county  —  a  s[)acious  and   bcautil'ul  lake  —  a  rich  stream  and  valley,  and  a    hriving 


villaLTe  which  marks  tlio  sib,'  of  the  ancient  castle.      15ut  all  that  n 


narked  the  aboi'i 


inal 


T 


leii'  mdependence, 


state  of   the  Oneida   prosperity  and   jiower  has    j)assed    away 

their   piide,   their   wailare,   the  objects  of   their  highest    aud)ition   and   Ibiulest   hope. 

were  mistaken,  and  were  de-^tined   to  fall   U'lbre  the   footsteps  ol'  ci\ili/ation.      Kncu 


thev  themselves    have 


suUn 


lilted   to  tin'  truths    of   a    hii;lier    and  Ix'tter  anddli 


Many  of  their  numbers  have  takt'U  shelter  in  the  distant  \alleys  of  Wisconsin. 
A  portion  of  the  tribe  has  joini'd  the  Iroijuois  settlements  in  Canaila:  in  both  which 
positions,  however,  they  are  no  longer  hunters  and  warriors,  but  farmers,  nu'chanics, 
and  Christians.  The  renniant  wlio  linger  in  their  beloved  valley,  have  almost  entirely 
conforme'l  to  the  high  state  of  industry  and  moi'als  around  tliem.  'J'lioironlv  amljition 
now  is  the  school,  the  church,  the  farm,  and  tiie  Morkshop.  Not  a  single  trace  of 
paganism  is  left.  Not  a  single  member  of  their  compact  and  industrial  eonnnunitv  is 
known,  who  is  not  a  temperiite  man.  Kducation  and  industr\'  have  performed  their 
usual  olllces ;  and  the  State  of  New  York,  by  a  nol)le  magnanimity,  and  welcome 
of  race,  worthy  of  her  early  and  uniform  histoiy  and  character,  has,  it  is  believed, 
within  late  ^ear.s  extended  over  them  tho  broad  shield  of  her  i)rotective  h  ,s,  her 
school  .system,  anil  her  peculiar  and  enlarged  type  of  .soci;il  liberality. 


MINNKSUTA. 


1.  Its  (leoijrnpliiral  Kia. 

'2.  Al)(ii'if^iii:il  Xdiiu'iichitiirc. 

;!.  ('liinatc  ami   Mt'lciirnlo^y. 

4.  Trupical   t'lirri'iits  in   tlu.'  AtnuisiilR'ro. 

5.  Mcilifal   ColisiilcratiMii-;. 

ti.  Elcvalinii   i>f  tlic'   t'niiiitry. 

7.  (Iriiliigy  III'  the   Sources  of  tlic   Mississippi. 

8.  Cabotiaii  Moiiiitaiiis. 
'J.  Coiitiiiciilal   ('liaiii. 

10.  llaiitcur  lies  Tciirs. 

11.  Stratiun  of  tiuj   Iniis  of  Liilvcs. 

12.  Chai'actci'  ami   \'aliu'  of  tlu;  Lakes. 

10.  Aiiil  ami  Splia^^iUMiiis  Tract. 

11.  iMir  Trade. 

l."i.  Native  (^iiailnipeds. 

H).  Ifeimleer. 

17.  Hyena. 

IS.  Wolf. 


M 


i 


1.  WiiKV  France  codod  Lnuisiiiiiii  t;>  tlic  rnitcil  Sttitcs.  slio  roiiimittod  the  lii'catcst 
j:e()ora|)lii('al  hlimder  in  lior  liislnvy,  exct-Mtiiiu'  tlic  cession  of  all  Xcw  KrMiict'  iiy  l.oiiis 
W.,  conseciiicnt  on  llic  Tall  of  (*iicl)cc  in  I7")!l.  Tlicso  two  cvi'iit.-*  wcfc  essential  to 
the  United  States  evi'iitually  becominL;'  a  "icat  and  leadino-  ])i>\ver;  and  tlicii-  com- 
sunnnation  was,  as  it  is  now  seen,  the  veiT  tiirninu'  point  of  it.  Witli  a  liirciiiii  and 
non-coiiiiate  race,  as  Frenelunen  are.  on  onr  entire  northern  liorders.  from  sea  to  sea, 
and  the  month  of  the  .Mississippi  locked  np.  that  jrrt'at  valley  was  as  coniplet<dy 
hound  as  T/ai'icoon  in  the  folds  of  th(>  serpi'nt.  I-'ortunately,  the  statesmen  of  that 
l)rond  and  hi\iiri(jns  court  were  not  \vise  heyoud  their  ecneration  ;  and  Houaparte, 
wlu'U  he  completed  the  work  hy  acoeptinjj,-  three  millions  as  an  e(iuivalent  lor 
lionisiana,  thoUi:ht  a  hird  in  the  hand  worth  two  in  the  hush.  '•  liuxh''  indeed  ! 
which  has  already  fiiven  orioin  to  a  cluster  of  States,  and  hy  the  dispute  with  'I'exas. 
(a  Spanish  blunder.  ])y  the  way.)  has  bronuht  alunii-.  in  its  ma<xnificcnt  train.  Cali- 
liirnia  and  New  Mexico.  .Vlready  the  Mississippi  l!i\(>r.  if  we  include  its  tddest 
daughter,  the  Ohio,  has  thirteen  States  upon  its  waters,  not  counting  Territt)ries  ;  and 
it   hirnishes  an  outlet  to  the  connuercc  of  several  more. 

(IHIJ 


I 


'J. 


I 


'       ll 


!)<! 


!     I  ' 
'    'I 


: 


;  -' 


't 


P 


II  ; 


f.  i. 


182  PII  YSiCA  \,   (I  KOdllAl'II  Y. 

"  Yt't,  lliimgli   iin  rliviiu'  lliy  liMiiki  111  f;iiiii'  |iiii|iiiig, 
Wi'ydiiil  llir  wanidr'H  rliaiiiit,   llif  liiiiilm:iir(t  stiiig, 
Miiri'   li;i|ipy   in   lliv   fiili'  tliuii   (liiiifjcn'   liilc, 
Nil  j'lirliliiiil  iiiilliiiii.'*  kiii'i'l  u|Kiii  tliy  ^ilt('. 

Hljiillil    till'    N'ili',    lic^dllil    lllc    Ni;.'r    llll'Mt, 

No  Mci'ding   I'liikr,  111)  il)iiijr   IaiIvuiiI  pnut ; 

Or  If  olio  lato  t'liiciloiiiinil  tlic  tl;inl'  to  lilrnl, 

SiicitMs  i)'iT])uitl  ami  tainillcil   halt'  llii'  dowl. 

Nut  ill   hut   siiiils,  iir  savagi'  iIi'SitI."  liwt ; 

A   liialllil'iil   \igiir  liliiiiiiis  ailing  tliv  cua.st, 

And,  ever  lilt'st  aljnvo  tin'  uririit   train, 

Nil  iiiuKJiiiig  wit'  liiri'  olankrt  tin:  t'lndal  cliaiii ; 

K'cn  till'  ]iiiipr   Indian,  wlm,  in  nature's  pridi', 

SiTcnrly  wans  thy  Imig  dt'sconding  tide, 

Turns,   ill   his  tlnuights,   tiiy  luurso  'twixt   soji  and  sia, 

And  siiiiiits  III  think   that   all   his  trilirs  arr   frcr." 

MiiiiK'sotii  is  till'  last  l('i;isliiti\t'  crratioii  iipuii  its  waters,  iiiid  liids  I'aii'.  at  no  distant 
]KTi(id,  to  make  oiil'  oi"  its  iiohli'st  states.  The  ari'a  of  territory  eom|ii'isi'd  liy  it  is 
einiiiiiiti'd  l)_v  Mr.  Darliy  at  a  fnu'tioii  under  liOO.OOO  square  miles;  and  it  would  lit! 
ani|ile  in  iirea  lor  the  formation  of  thri'e  lar^e  slates,  laeiiiu;  ri'speetivi'ly  the  Alissis- 
sijipi  and  Missouri  Hivers.  ineluding  the  residuary  portion  of  Wiseonsin,  of  some 
lid. (1(10  s(|uare  miles,  which,  in  eonse(|uenee  of  tlu'  ordinance  of  17S7,  can  ne\er  he 
incorjiorateil  into  a  state  hy  itst'lf;  and  com|irehendinir  idso  the  Inr^e  area  lyiiifr  alMivo 
the  inoutli  of  the  I)e  Corlieau  i{ivi'r.  which  is,  in  a  measiiri'.  s]iha,L'neous  or  arid.  Kor 
this  we  niiiy  deiluct,  perhaps,  oO.Odi)  sipiare  miles.  This  would  swell  the  arable 
area  to  the  compass  of  three  states  of  (10, (Kid,  or  foin-  states  of  I •'), 000  square  inile.s 
each. 

TaUinjr  the  distance  on  th(!  Mississippi,  west,  from  the  intlu.x  of  the  n|)per  Iowa 
River  to  that  of  the  Crow  Winjr,  it  cannot  he  less  than  "lOO  fxeojiraphical  miles.  Tiio 
(piidity  of  the  .soil  between  the.se  jioints,  reaching  west  indefinitely,  which  is  at  present 
Sioux  and  Chippewa  territory,  is  of  the  richest  kind  of  uplands  and  river-bottom, 
containing  a  mixture  of  woodland  and  prairie,  and  i.s  well  adapted  to  till  the  ceri'iil 
grains.  The  y.oa  nniize  is  raised  in  great  perlection  in  the  valley  of  Keil  Kiver,  tind  of 
Cire.'it  Tiake  Wiiniipec,  which  is  north-west  of  the  Mississippi.  In  the  settlements  of  r^ord 
Selkirk  the  grain  crops  are  unfailing,  and  are  onl}-  allected  by  Hoods  or  other  casual'ies. 

In  speaking  of  the  agricultural  advantages  of  the  territory,  and  of  its  soil  and 
climate,  allusion  is  chielly  had  to  the  area  south  of  Crow  Wing  Iviver,  and  also  to  the 
region  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river,  between  Sandy  Lake  or  Cointaguma,  Mille  Lac, 
and  the  l{um  and  St.  Croix  Uivcrs.  A  territory,  indeed,  which  gives  origin  to  the 
Mississippi,  and  fm'nislies  a  thousand  miles  of  her  banks,  on  the  right  and  left,  can 
neither  tx,-  small  nor  obscure.     Such   is  Minnesota. 


ri 


I'll  VSICA  1.   (.  IKMi  llAI'll  Y. 


ISU 


■_'.  Tlif  I'ir.st  ffiilijrct  tliiit  iIi'IiiuikIs  altiiilioii  in  llic  new  Icnilorv .  is  ihc  iniiiic.  It 
li;i^  lii'i'ii  ri't'i|ii('iillv  aski'il  wlictlicr  litis  miI'I  ttinl  lianiioiiioiis  iiaiiu'  he  Indian;  and  il' 
t<().  in  what  lan.miajrt'  oridi'inV  Wo  liavc  tlic  antlnnily  of  Kunu-  piMclical  in(jnii('rs 
in  lliis  matter,  tor  saying  that  it  i.s  a  ('(>ni|i<innil  Dacota  or  Sioux  word,  disi'iiliinj:  the 
peculiar  clouded  color  ol'  tiie  water  ol"  the  St.  I'eter's  Ilivcr.  Wiiellier  (his  pheno- 
nieiion  he  due  to  sedimentary  lilue  clays  brought  down  I'rom  its  trihntaries;  to  leaves 
settled  in  its  hed  ;  to  thick  masses  of  toliaj,'o  overhanfjing  its  hanks,  under  the  influence 
of  atinosphi-ric  ri'lVaction,  or  \\h\  intiux  ol"  the  Mississippi  waters  in  its  Hood,  is 
uncertain.     I5ut  the  Daeotas,  who  live  on  its  l)anks.  were  early  to  notice  it  as  a  char- 


acteristic  feature,   and   have  emI)odied   tin-  description   in   the   term  Mi\ 


'>ln  :  Ml, 


simply  signilying,  in  the  Sioux  lanj;uaji-e.  water.  The  term  for  river,  iriili-tn-jiiili, 
which  the  natives  use  as  a  nonn-preli\.  is  propei'ly  dropped  in  ado|)tiii,i;  the  wovd  iiit  i 
tho  English  language. 

l?y  the  f'iiipiM'was,  wlio  live  north  and  oust  of  the  Daeotas.  this  ri\i'r  is  called 
Oskilmiil  S"/)i,  or  tiie  Young  fioaf  Hiver.  in  allnsioii  to  the  early  foliage  of  its  forests, 
or  premature  time  of  their  [JUtting  out  leaves;  while  the  nioro  Iwroiil  regions,  occupii'd 
hy  them,  are  still  standing  in  tlioir  wintry  loallossnoss. 

3.  C'omparod,  indeed,  to  tho  shores  of  liake  Sui)erior,  tho  valley  of  th''  St.  Peter's  is 
an  Italy,  hut,  to  tho  Saxon  and  .Ndrmaii  emigrant,  who  .seek  the  country  for  its 
ca[)acities  of  industrial  t'm|)loyineiit,  it  has  a  higher  value.  1'ho  whole  of  southern 
and  central  Minnesota  is  eminently  suited  to  the  zea  maize,  and  the  i-ntiro  family  of 
the  cereals.  There  is  no  jjart  of  the  great  West  better  adapti'd  to  wheat,  corn,  and  the 
leading  staples  of  Northern  agriculture.  Tho  St.  Peter's  has  long  been  noted,  among 
travi'llers,  for  its  precocious  and  blooming  gardens  ;  antl  tho  sylvan  hasin  of  Lake 
Pepin,  and  tho  valleys  of  tho  St.  Croix,  tho  Is.sati,  or  Rum  river,  with  liiC  St.  Francis, 
Corncille,  Osauki.s,  and  higher  tributaries,  are  found  to  l)o  o(|ually  rich  in  their  lloral 
character  and  power  of  vegetation.  Prolitablo  agriculture  is  destined  to  oxtt-'ud,  town- 
ship by  township,  to  tho  I)e  Curbeau ;  and  it  nnist  bo  borne  in  mind  that  Imlian  corn, 


,hicl 


ot  1)0  cultivated  at  Siii/t  >S/r.  M<ir!( 


1  caiMiot  1)0  cumvatoti  at  ,'^uiir  ,^fi\  AUinr,  in  latitude  40^  .'5(1',  is  rai.sed  by  tho 
Indians  annually,  and  ripens  early  in  August,  at  the  very  sources  of  the  Mississippi, 
and  at  Hed  Lake,  north  of  them.  Tho  latter  point  is  but  a  few  .seconds  south  of  north 
latitude  JD^ 

Meteorological  ol)sorvations,  made  at  Forts  Snolling  and  Atkinson  for  many  years, 
indicate  a  favorable  climate  at  tho  latter  post :  the  maximum  heat,  for  the  Tnonths  of 
May,  June,  July,  and  August,  1848,  was  82'',  88°,  84°,  81°,  re.spectivoly ;  the  mean 
tempi'i'aturo,  durin 


tl 


10  same  nioi 


ths,  I 


>eni" 


ni 


their  order,  (;3°,  05°,  71°,  Cli°,  and 


the  mininnnn  IKI",  47°,  51°,  "il".  Thunder  showers  aro  frecpient  in  those  latitudes, 
and  even  on  the  higher  tributaries  of  tiie  .Mississi|)pi.  Tho  anujinit  of  free  electricity 
is  thought  to  i)roduce  local  currents  which  mitigate  tho  sultriest  days.     Thirty-seven 


iiiclies  ol 


rain   'ell  at    Fort   Atkinson  in    1848. 


;  11 


111; 


i 


'\ 


\ 


\  i| 


i 


I' 
W 


i 


i 

t' 


ll 


ft 


:  3 


M(^ 


184 


I'll  VS  1  <•  A  I,    (i  lltMi  I!  A  I'll  \. 


\\\  (ili>i'l\Mlin|is  liliuli'  lit  Silllcjv  L.lkc  ill  .llll\  JSl-'ll.  (vide  NmI'.  .Inlir.  \',\  ,  p.  I'llS.) 
the  lii;l\iliiillii  IkmI  III  llml  liikc  !■»  >li(H\ii  In  \<v  '.Ml  ,  iiinl  llir  ini'iiii  |i'iii|it'l;ilui('  ImIwccii 
the  ITlli  ami  l^llli  I'l'  tin'  iikhiiIi.  7-i  .  wliiiii  is  ii  lililr  /(/'///';■  tli;in  liii'  entire  iiicpiillilj 
liveniiie  lieill.  ill  ISlS.  lit  I'lUt  Alkilfdll,  luilJ.  iltllins|ilielie;illv.  .soillll.  I'riiliiilil_\  llic 
entire  iiiniitli  woiilii  sink  tlie  iKirtlieiii  iiNcriiire  a  eiiii|ili'  nl'  ileirees,  .slmwin^f  a  reinurk- 
ulile  ei|iialiilil  V   iil'  sinniiier  ti'iii|ieriiliiie  (i\er  a   \ei\    wide   riiiip'. 

I.  \ii||iev  il|i|ieais  Id  lia\e  lieell  tlie  lilst  ulisi'i'ver  to  IKitiee  the  |irevillenee  ol'  il 
valle\-eiinent  iViiiii  the  liii|iieiil  lalitiides  ii|i  llie  .Missi.-.~i|i|ii.  —  a  reinaik  in  whieh  he 
is  siistaiiieil,  III  Inter  dates.  l)\  Dr.  Urake.  nl' ( 'inciiMiati.  iiml  Dr.  Ilildictli,  nl'  .Marietta 
It  is  evident.  Iriiiii  the  scniil  v  niaterials  nl' uhsriN  ation  \m'  |Mi-.sess.  that  tliis  i^nll'-eiiiTent 
dues  Mdt  spend  its  liiice  niitil  it  has  \\('ll-iiii;h  reiielnMl  the  sduI  inin  tenniniis  nl'  the 
Itaseii  sninniit.  It  is  ceitain  liial  the  extreine  upper  .Mississippi  eseajies  those  icy 
wiiid.s  iVoni  lliiilson's  nml  lianin's  Unvs.  whieh  are  ol'ten  lell,  diiiiiiu'  the  spiiiej  inontii.s, 
ill  iiortlierii  .Mieiiiijan  and  norllieni  Wiseonsin.  Tlie  siiiiie  latitudes  whieli  eruss  the 
lake  conntrx  uixc  a  milder  eliinate  in  the  \alle\  of  the  upper  .Mississip|)i,  ()neol'llie 
eaiises  of  this  ])henoiiienon  has  prolmlilv  lieei.  iiotieed  hIionc.  Otiieis  will  donlitless  he 
t'onnd  liv  a  seientilie  seriitinvoj'  ils  nieteorolo- v.  The  ohservat ions  heinu'  made  liv 
the  Liivernmellt  on  this  topic  may  he  cNpeeled  to  eidiilhtell  us, 

"i.  l,on,L'i'\  ily  must  ehiirneteii/e  a  eoiintiy  \\ithont  lexers  or  eoiiL:-estioiis.  SniMcoiis 
who  ha\('  lieeii  stationed  at  the  military  po-ts  of  .Miiine-ciia  and  the  upper  .Mississippi, 
jx\\v  a  liixoraiile  view  ol'  its  diseases  and  their  diaLllloses.  nndei'  the  ell'.cts  ot'  tllO 
(diinale.  Malignant  fevers  appear  -eMom  or  ni^vcr  to  oi-i;;inaie  in  loni;itndes  north  of 
aiiont  II  .  It  is  also  known  that  the  iholera,  vvliiih  in  a  siiiLile  in^taiiee.  in  IS'!!.', 
Mas  eiiiiied  liy  steamlioat  as  liii:li  as  1(1  .  at  .Nlieliillimarkinae.  did  imi  spiciui  at  that 
sanitai'v  point.  Imt  was  eonl'ined  south  of  the  jicneral  Inlilnde  of  II  ,  This  point  is. 
ai't'oi'diiiLr  to  the  latt'  Doelor  Foiicy.  \rrv  nearly  the  noitliiin  iMiive  of  the  isothermal 
line.  Iloth  (iret'ii  iJay  on  tlu'  east,  and  I'lairie  dn  Chien  on  the  west,  escaped  its 
nuiiLies.  So  fill',  however,  as  fevers  and  inaliLinant  diseases  have  licen  locally  coin- 
parcil.  there  is  a  decided  tendency  in  llii'ir  development,  to  ]iass  north  of  the  lake 
latitudes,   in   the   .Mississippi  \'allev . 

t'l.  Both  hanks  of  the  .Mississippi,  within  the  honndaries  of  .Minnesota,  are  ([iiito 
elevated.  This  elev.ition  is  rocky  and  often  pieci|iitoiis.  at  the  river's  iirink.  as  hii;li  as 
St.  Anthony's  l''alls.  Ahove  that  jioint.  which  is.  acciuilinir  to  .Nicolet.  in  latitude  If 
oS'  III",  a  succession  of  elevated  jilnins.  with  foi-c-ts  (,|'  ih,'  ilril'l  stratum,  eonie  in. 
and  characteri/.e  hoth  lianks.  as  far  np  as  ,<andy  Lake.  and.  with  intermissions,  ipiite 
to  the  falls  of  l'nckiii;niiia.  'I"he  conse(pience  of  this  elevation  is,  that  its  waters, 
whiidi  reveal  themselves  ahnndanllv  in  |iiire  s|irinLis.  lakes,  and  streams.  Ilovv  into 
the  Mississippi  with  rapid  cnrrenis  and  cascades.  |ircscntini;-  nunurous  seats  lla" 
liydranlic  works.  The  pine  forests  of  .Minnesota  may  he  rcaililv  converted  into  Inmher 
to  sii|iply   the  central   and    lower   portions  of  the   .Mississippi.     The   falls  of  the   St. 


!i 


I'll  vs  I  (!  A  I,  (J  i:(m;  I!  A  \'\\  V, 


w 


('riiix.iil'  llic  ( 'Iii|i|ii'w;i.  mill  iitliiT  ti'il>iil;ii'\  >l  iriiiiis,  liiivc  mIii'MiIn  Iiccii  im'i'ii|iJi'iI,  in 
|)ill(.  willl  MlW-lilill.-*.  Al  lln'  Klllls  III' Si.  Aii|Iiu|i\  ,  wIm'I'i'  llir  Mif.sif-i|i|ii,  ii;;r(T;ilil\  Id 
llii'  iiniiMiniiiiiil  111'  ('ii|il;iiii  S,  Kii^lmiin.  I'  S.  A.  iliii|is  Iwriilv  li'd  |iri|iriiilii'iiliirl\ , 
uilli  f-li'Diij;  iii|iiil.i  iiIkivi!  iiiul  Im'Idw.  ils  |iu\vt'i'  iiiiiy  Im'  lliiiiwii.  Iiy  ii  Mciii's  in  iiiill- 
ciiniils.  ii|iiiii  iilinusl  liny  arnniinl.  nl'  iii:ii'liini'i'\'.  'I'liis  pninl,  wliirli  is  iliMiimi  niiir 
linnilrril   niili's  {ilmsr  Si.  Lmii.''.  iiml  almiil  HJIIII  niili'.s  I'l'iiiii   ihc  (iiiH'.  i.s  ilic  trur  liciui 


III'  >l(':iiiiliiial  ii:i\  i'j!iliiin  iif  iii'in  \'  Innnii'ji',  nml    nursl    li< 


'rnliii'    Mil    illl|iii|'t:illl     nilllllllili 


liii'in;^  I'ily  iiii'l  |iiiiiil  nf  lnin.H|ii|inirnt.  In  a  I'liliiic  .slatr  uf  ihr  riiiinli'\ ,  >ii'aiiilHi:il.s 
lit'  iniiiliralc  Iiimmiil'c  Mia\  lir  laiill  almM'  llic  iMll.-i,  In  inn  iliirin^  tlir  I'li'slirN,  as  liiu'li 
ji.s   ('ciiiilaii,niiia,   nr   Saniiv    l.akr,   ami     I'nrkiliiiinia.      'I'lii'V  niii\    aixi   a.^nnfl    ijir    |)i' 


Cuilicaii   to  llic  iiiiiiitli  111'  Leal'  iiivrr. 


'I'll 


lii|iii'jra|ili\  ami  'jriinal  i,'i'ii'-'ia|iliy  ol"  .Miniir-uia  caiinnl    lir  wril  iiiiili'r.-liinil 


willniiil  uisin;;  I'lill    iifuniimnci'  Id  llir  rliaiaclrr,  niiiisi'.  aii>l  uiijin  nl'  llir  .Mi.--i~>i|i|ii. 

(  irnloLliially  cnllviilrrrii.  liir  M  i^sis.^i|i|ii  lii\  rl'  liliLiilia  Ir.s  in  I  111'  clfa  I  ic  li|iHk-;jlnll|i  Ill- 
ill  ill  ,s|iatlllll  111'  till'  nnrlli.  in  Inii^jilmli'  I  >>  wcsl  nl'  WaNJiinjinn.  ami  iinitli  lalilmir 
•17  l.'l'  'I-i".  a'jicralily  In  .Mr.  Nicnlrl.  'I'lii.s  ^^|^almll  ili'\fln|H  il.scH'  in  a  |iiiiiiiiiM'iil 
raii'ji'  nl'  saiiil-liills,  m 


iri'  iiniiiaiilN' 


liakcil  nrrail  illllirs.  uliicji   lliiow    mil  rdjiinus  s|irini,'s 
of   llic    pnri'.st     UaliT    nn    all     siilrs.       'I'lu'Sr     illl'anl     smili  rs    nl'    till'    "rallirl'    nl'   liM'ls" 


lir.sl    lialliiT   liiriiisi'Kcs   Inui'lInT    in    a    lianilMimr    lakr,  I'allrd  lla-ca.  nl'  smnc    li\i'    ti 
i<('\i'n   mill's  in   Irll'Jin.  wlinsi'  slinrcH  am  surrnlimiril   willl    ilcriijiinils  ll'ci'S.       Till'  .sccMi 


is    nni'   nl'    iiicliiri'siini'    licai 


ilv.      I''i- lliis    lakr,    till'    .M 


ISslSSIII 


|ii    scis    out     nil     ils 


womlcrriil  cniirsc  nl'  imnr  liiaii  .'!(ii)ii  inilis  In  lim  (iiill',  liy  an  nnlli't  Hi.xU'Cii  ii'cl 
widi".  willl  a  (Irjilli  nl'  liiiiilccii  inclirs — inakiiiu  a  Imily  nl'  |iurr  crystal  water,  ^'lidiii;? 
rapidly  n\iT  a  sandy  and  p('lilil_\-  lied,  in  which  tiic  traveller,  as  he  .shnnis  ainnj:  in  his 
caiinc,  can  .-cc  llic  hrnkcii  vvhilc  and  pearly  \al\es  >>['  llie  uiiin  and  nllier  Iresh-walcr 
.sli   Ms  nf  (he   lake  scatler.'d    in    ils   lied. 

^.   'I'liiis   nnicli  tn|ini;raphicall\ .      'I'his   ^ri'at   iinrlherii  drill    si  ral  mii.  which   cniisti- 
(iiles  llie  heijjhl  nf  land,  resls  nil  a  lirnad   raiiLTe  nl'  till!  cr\sialliiie  nr   primary  rocks 

which  crnss  ihe  cnlilinenl     lielweell    lalillldes    alinlll     II'      In    nO,   lillkillu-    In'jetlier    ihe 

niniiiilaiii  ^rrniips  nl 


ihe  i.aliradnr  and   lindsnn's  lia\' coasts  wilh  llie  iinck\   \I(iiinl: 


Tn  these  hrnad  raiines  and  mnnntaiii-nuthreaks,  as  they  are  develnpeil  west  nl'  .lames' 
15ay  and  north  of  Lake  Siiju'rior,  IJnnchette.  the  ,i;en;j;'i'aplier  of  ( 'anada,  has  ap|ilied 
the  name  nl'  ('<i/infi<iii  Mauiiliiins.  in  allii.sinii  to  the  true  discnseier  nl"  Xnrlli  America. 
!t.  Aureealily  In  this  llienry.  ihe  St.  l-niiis  river,  which  Talis  intn  the  head  nl'  Lake 
Siiperinr.  prcseiitinn'  a  series  nf  maiiiiilicenl  views  and  calaracls,  passes  I  raiisvi'iscly 
tlirnu;.:h  the  Calinliaii  chain  ;  while  the  liainy  Lakes  and  the  Lake  nl'  the  W'nnds  lie 
north  of  it.      This   raicjc  nl'  Iranswrse   rncks,  which,  wilii  all   its  diluvial   and  drift 


cove 


rim;',  does   nnl    li,- 


iver    ItiOO   Uct    ahnvi 


e   the  nceaii.  ma\   lie   sail 


I    li\    its  ■•  inckv 


mots"  In  cnnliime  west    frnin    the    Itasca   hiiihlamls,  and    In  divide    the  vvaters  nf  the 
l'|iper  .Missniiri  I'lmii  ihnse  nf  the  Saskatchiu  iiie,  and  .\.-sinaliniii  \'alle\s  nf  Ited  Kiver 


II 


i 


i       1' 


ff 


r 


» i 


ii 


;    ? 


i   ! 


INII 


I'll  VS  I  (A  I,    >'•  i;<»(i  It  A  I'll  V 


linil    I.mIxI'   \Villlli|it'('.       Till'  ll:ltlll;ll   li >r  cIcVlltiohH    ilt'liiito    IIiIh.       It    is,  ill    line-,  |li>> 

liaiii\frsi'   ir./>.s, /M ///',(/,  Ih'Iwiiii  (lif  llmUiPiM  Itii\  uinl   llif  Si.  I.iiwri'iict'  sMilfi.-*  itii<l 
tlio.ii'   ,t{'  till'   (ililf  III'   .Mexico. 

Id.  It  t!*  iiii|iii-'.sili|('  It)  vi>il  tills  rciiuitc  Hiiinniit.  to  wliicli  tlic  Ki'iiicli  ii|i|>i\  tlii> 
term  l/iin/i  in- itf<  '/I /■/'»,  mul  cMmiiiic  its  (ifi'iiiiic  iIiiih'h,  j;rii\i'l-lii'il>i.  unit  HMii(l-|iliiiiis, 
>\illi(iiil  .-ii|i|ici,«iiiL;  till'  |irc-('iit  ciiiiditiDii  III"  its  ."iiiracf  to  In-  tin'  rc-iill  cil'  (H'ciiiiin 
iMiniiit-,  liDwcM'i'  |iriiilu('i'il.  w  liicli.  lit  iiMis  aiiciiiil  iicrind  ol'  tlif  ulnhc's  liistury, 
|iiiiiii(|  llu'ir  wiitt'is  DVif  llicsc  liciulits.  siircliai>:r(l  witli  tin'  ruins  ul'  IhiiImii  ^tl■atll 
ami  ilisiii|)|cil  lin'iiiMtiiiiis  wiiicli  oiu't'  spri'iul  over  llif  ai'fa  iinitli  nf  tiu'iii.'     We  nhscrvt'. 

Illlliii"!     llir    Ili'MS  \    licils    III'  I'ullllililllltril    ^allll^t^||l'S    tlllil    ."iuti'S,  lUnl    ul'    |irilllMI'\    I'imIxS 

iViiiii  It  iiiulcr  jiiisii  idiis,  w  iili'-!-]iiiacl  in  iiliiirrs  ul'  ti:i|i  aiiij  ^'n  iiistnin's,  jjiMuWiirUcs 
aii'l  iiiii\  ■jilulciiils.  whiili  tril  111'  tlif  |iriistialiiiii  i>\'  Mili'aiiii'  I'mi  iiiMtimi-.  with  nil  tlirir 
priuliai'  iiiilii  iliiril  iiiiiirrals  mill  \riii-.-tiiiifs,  ( M'  IIh'm'  iaitrr.  tin-  IiihiIit  \arirlirs  ul" 
till'  i|iiiiit/.  !'aiiiil\ .  w  illi  /iiiiril  ajali  s  ainl,  li>s  ai'niiilantl\ .  ('Iiali'rilnnir-*  ainl  lanirliaiis, 
iiri'  jniiiiil  lintli  ill  (ill'  ill'N  ill'il'l  at  till'  lii.:li'>l  i'ii'\  ali'ilis.  ami  almiil  I 
aii'l  -tiraiii-^,      'riir>r  llia.-sr.-i  lia\ 


II'  .■^Ihhi's  III   lakrs 


I'  hii'ii  rai  rinl.  li\    llin  i 


lliir   ailiMii.  ildW  II    till'     M 


I>S1S- 


Mplii  \  aili'\   to '.irat  ilislain'cs.  .siilK'i'iiij;  imuf  ami   iimrr   i'lniii    lin'   lini'r  ul'  altritiim. 

'I'lirN    ail'  iijlrll  [licki'il    lip.   MTV  Well    cliarMCtrri/ril.  nil    till'    >lliilrs    iif    j.akr    l'r|iill.        I 

iiiiM'  iraiTil  tliriii  as  low  as  Si.  Lmiis  ami  llrri'ulaiH'iiiii. 

II.    Ii   i-  a  |iiiiiliar   rraliiii'   ul'  llir    lla-ra    Miiniiiil.  anil    ils  vaiiniis   s|i'|i|ii's.  llial    it 


lia-  a  >iih— ol 


I.  nr  ili'|Mi>i|   III 


an  aliiiniiHMis   nr    iiii|ii'r\  khis   iliaratli'i-.  ii'stni'^'   hrlnw 


III 


\ariiiii>  >aml-iilaiiis,  lnains.  ami  lun-i'  rarliiiiia''riiiis  ai 
III  ill'  till'  trill'  I'aiiM'  III'  till'  rrlriiliiin.  at  tlinsc  I 


il  lai'iisliiiii'  lulls,      'I' 


lis  aniH'ar^ 


lI'l'.'lllS,    II 


a  \  ast  iiiiily  ul'  walrr.  in  tin- 

a| r  lakrs,  w  liirli  arr   ul'  r\rry  iiiiajiiialili'  >i/i'.  Iimiii    liali'  a    iiiiir    In   tliirly  inilrs 

li'ii'-^lli.      it  will  mil  III'  lull  II. mil,  iii'iliaiis.  III  s;,\    that    Ini  I  Inni-aiiil  ul'  llir<i'  lakrs 


i\i>l  williin  iiiir  liuiili  IS,  iiiirili  uf  lalilmli'   I  I         'I'l 


ir^i'   lakrs    ill    tjir   ilril't    sliatlllll,  su 


iiiiiaikalilr  I'ur  ihuir  iiiiinlii'r.  (•iiiisi>t  uf  trai'.~|iarrnt  ami.  \i'r\  ul'irn.  \i  r\   pmi'  walrr 
llii'  li'iinii'iatiirc  111'  wliicli  is   L;i'iiriall\   S      u  III     krluw    that  ul'  llir  at  iiiiisiilii'rc.    (\'iil 


.Nar.  .luiir.   W    u|"   |^•Jl•. 


|i.   \us.)       ||ii'\  arr  sii|i|insi'i|.  111   si'M'i 


il   ilisirii'ts,  t( 


I   lia\i'  il 


siiliti'iiani'iiii^  ruinniiiiiiraliiiii  willi   each  uIIh'I'.  wlii'rli\    tliuir   iniriu   ami  li\rlim'ss    i.s 


ini'srl'Mll    WlUliillt    \isil 


iitli'Is.      Tlic   walrr   that    siist 


iins  .-mil   a  snsIciii  ul'  lakrs 


ami  rivi'is  is,  niaiiilistU  .  the  ii'siilt  ul'  tlir  I'limli'iiscil  vanui's  ul'  the  ui'ran,  wal'lril  Iriini 


H'Si'    liliiail    rllinirlii'i'; 


1    iiia\   a  il  III'  ruii>ii|i'r(il    as 


\vanm'r  l.ilitiiiK's  tu  I 

III.  'I'hi'  laki's  III'  till'  siili-iiioiiiitaip.  rr'jiiiii  ul'  Miniic-ut 
r.illiiii^-  iimlir  twu  i-lasM's.  ihuM'  with  I'lian  >amly  .■•huns,  ■iml  ;i  run  .iiliTaMi'  i|i'|itli.  Mini 
tliiisi'  wliusc  imir^iiiis  i'iiii-i-t  III'  a  s|ilia;:nriins  charai'trr.  ami  aljinii;|  in  thu  :.i.'iiiiii 
/>'i/ii.^/ns.   iir   wild    I'ici'.   and    arc   cuniiiarali\  cl_\    shalluw.      Tin'    runner    \icM    \arii)!is 


(;...i,.-ir:ii  ii,|»ii  ,.r  ij,..  I-: 


,|.i-liiiMii    Ml'    |'--Jii,   W  ,r   I  lllic.  .   W  :i>lii 


KW     I  I     h 


Mill.-  ..r  ^ll-..u,,,  I- 


I'll  vsi  I   \  I,  «;  i;m,  I!  A  I'll  V 


IH- 


»i|M>('i<'H  III'  I'imIi  ;    till'  lilllrr  >i'|\r  iml   nlll_\    ll»  II  >'|iil'c-|inl|«('  ill'  jjr.iill   I'm'  IIk-  liiltiscH,  wllil 

^iiliii-r  it    ill  Aii'iii't   itinl   SciiIciiiIh  r.  Iml   IIh'V   iiuilr  iii\  limN  nl'  wnli  i  i   >\l   iiitu  iIh' 

rruiiili.  iiljil   lliljs  |i|'i)\i' II  iliilllilc  I'oiiiiri'i'  III  liji'  lilltiM'^.       It   i>i  n>ll-lilllll\   illlil'lliril   tllilt 

li«li  iiir  t;il\rM  ill  lakr,-*  wliiili   liMM'  nil  \i>il)li'  mitli't.      Suiiii'  iil'  llii'   liir;.'rr  ii|ii'ii   liiki's 

I  Mliri'li'ii  with  till-  Mi^Mis-^ilipi  viclil  llic  wlliti'  I'imIi,  wllirll  in  so  (•rji'liriltfil  III  till' 
iiji/i,  /■  /,//,-,  V,  \\  liilr  ill  nil  I'lisi'  liil-i  Ijsli  111'  lliiM  HjH'rii'S  i'\rr  lirrll  rollinl   ill  till'   Mi-»ii^>i|i|ii 

ii-iir. 

i-'i.  'I'lir  riinlitiy  iirollllil  tin'  miiii'im's  iiI'  tlir  MinHi.>iHi|)|ii,  cvtcnililij.'  In  tlio  I, like  iif 
till'  WiMiil.1,  iiiiil  till'  iiiil  (iI'iiihI  I'lirtii'/i'  (if  [<iiUr  Sii[ii'i'iiir,  is  not  iiilii|itril  tn  |iriilitiilili> 
ii'jiii'iiltiiri'.  Siiiiir  |iiirtiiiii"<  III'  il.  ill  tlu'  iiipjIc  wot  nl"  Laki'  Sii|prriipr.  rxtcniliiiL'  tn 
till'  l.aki'  111'  llu'  Wiiiiil.*.  mill  llic  MUiiri-  nj'  tin-  St.  I.oiiis  Ifisi  r.  iiii'  niiknl  mrks.  nl'  tin- 
rrv^taliiiH'  iiinl  vuliiinii'  kimls.  iniil  aii'  I'litiiriy  viiliirlcsf*  fur  tlic  |iiir|iu^rs  nl'  iiL'iiciiltiiio. 

Otllrr    |liirliii||S    111"    it.    I'rili'llillLr    IUTiiSM     tin-    lU'llial     lirail-WHti'lS    nl'    tlir     .Mi--,-i-»i|i|ii.     tu 

llif  lii^li  ^roiiiiil  111'  llir  (  Mlri'-I  ail  l.akr,  aiul  ItaMM  siiiiiniil.  Iia\r  a  laiui' |irii|iiii  llmi  nl' 
mill  siiiiil-liills  mill  |ilaiii-<,  ami  an  aliimsl  illiinitalili-  iiiiniln'i'  nl'  lakrs  mul  Mn-Lmi^.' 
Till'  |iio|initiiin  nriiilili-  laml  in  this  mrii  is  niiili'ml  Irss  saliialilr  than  il  nlhriw  isi' 
wniijil  111'.  I'lniii    ils   isiiiatinii  liv  wa^li-  watiTs   ami  lianrii-.  ami  tiir  iiii|iraitii'aliilil  \   nl' 


I'liiinri 


linn'    till'    vnii'l    trai'lslis    rna'U.        Wr^l    nl'   ihi'    limlinr   il' ^    T'lii^    till'    laml- 


li'ililr.  idiisistinu'  III'  wiiniN  anil  |ir.iirir~  w  hii'li   arr  la-iis    I  ia\  ■  i     i|. 

II.   This  ri".;iiiii   has  linn   I'lni^iilrriii  iisarrntr.il   |iniiil  linihr  I'm  'I'laili  .  It  has 

lirrii    iintid.   I'min    till'    lii'st    siltlriiiiiil  i  ij'  ( 'aiiai  la.  as   aliiiiimiiiij    in    llii-   .-mail  I'liirril 

animal-,  wlm-i'   skins   ai'r  \aliiali|i'  in  rniiiiinTn'.      its   •-niirrrs  nl'  >ii|i|i|\   tn  till'  iiali\r 


trilii's  havi'  Iiitii  imiinitanl.      it  ha-,  al  ihn  saim'  tiiiir.  hail  aiinthrr  siii.:uiar  aihan 


ta'.;i' 


In   thrill    ri'iiiii    till'  alinmiamr   nl'  tlii'  \ivm\\  lal 


'II   liiiilinimii.  II 


V    rii'i'.  li\    liir    (  'iii|i|iruil 


liiiiiaiis.   mill  /'•-//'   liy   tiir   Simix.      Ils   lakrs   almnnil    with    watrrliiul   ami   li>li.      It.- 
liin'st.s  mill  \alli'\s  \irlil  a  siiiririi'iii'\   nt'  t\u-  ii' '  r  ^ur,  /h  riiinni  tn  riiaMr  tlir  nati\i's  li 


iiiaki'  iiia|ili'  sm^ar  :  ami.  il    tin'   trrntnr\  n|    jlinlMins    Hay  wtit  I'lijiil   tn  tlir  I  mtcil 
Stall's,  it  wiinlil  I'nnn  a  siiitaliir  aira  I'nr  an  linliaii  inlmiy. 

l"i.  Mi'siili's  till'  liravrr.  litter,  mink,  innskiat.  lislii'i-  anil  iiimlin.  wlmsc  I'lirs  air 
vnlnahli',  it  yii'iils  many  nf  tin'  larurr  i|iiailin|iriis.  'i'hrri'  air  sniin'  pnrlinns  of  it, 
whrri'  that  ri'iii  ii  kalili'  animal  still  exists,  wliirli  thr  Imlians  i  all  //c/.,  ami  tlin 
Ami'rirmis  iiin,,^>,  tlir  lari;rst  nj'  llir  ilnT  sprrii's.  This  animal,  wliirli  has  ni-avly  tin' 
slrrii'.;th  111'  till'  linis.'.  ami  ii'si'iiililrs  it  in  hrii^ht.  is  \ri-y  wary,  anil  i|nifk  nl'  lirariir.'. 
The  li'ast  imisi'  ilistiirlis  it.  ami  llin  liniiaiis  hunt  it  with  m'rat  farr.  its  lirsii  is  iniirli 
fsti'i'iiii'il  li\  llirin.  Thr  rlk.  ml  ilriT,  aiiil  I'niniiinii  Mark  lirar.  aiv  ruminnn.  lis 
wi'strni  skirts,  nil  thr  I'ril  riviT  |iiains.  yirlil  thr  L;Ti//,ly  hi'ar — tiir  //"//  (;/'  ///'  r"/iiiii, 
il"  stri'iivrth  hi'  tlu'  |iiiiiit  at  is>ni'.  Tn  kill  this  aiiiiiial  is  an  oiiji'it  nl"  |iriiiir  hnastinii 
with  tiic   liatisi's  ami   hnnti'i's. 

'      (!rnl,,ifi,-,,|       |!r|M,|l,      IS-JO. 


tf      i 


1 


188 


rilYS";AL   (JK()(i  llAIMIY. 


hi.  l{i:iM)i:i:ij.  —  IVirlinns  of  (lu-  country  yii  Id  tin-  cunilMM),  wliicli  is  an  Anu'rican 
t<|)('cii's  of  till"  ri-indi'iT— till'  Cirrus  Ann  riitnuis.  'I'liis  licaiilil'ul  and  Hrt>t  animal, 
w  liii'li  has  a  split  lioni',  is  provided  with  a  IihiI  that  cnahU's  it  to  spread  it  over  a  <-oiisi- 
dcraliie  smliice  at  e\('r\  step,  so  as  to  walk  on  the  suri'ace  of  the  deepest  snows.  it 
snlisists  (lurinL;  the  winter  season  on  nlos^es.  Its  tk'sh  is  a  niosl  delicious  and  delicate 
venison,  and  its  skin  is  dri'.ssed  liv'  the  Indian  females  for  their  llnesl  i;ai-ments. 

17.  llvKN.V. —  It  is  not  trne,  as  has  heen  sujipost'd,  that  the  f^intton  or  hvena 
of  Europe  I'.visis  on  the  sources  of  the  Jlississip[ii.  The  only  Hpeeie«  of  this  family 
foiuid  l)_\  the  liuniers,  is  the  wolvi-.'ine;  a  viciiais  ac.itnal,  which  will  i\\<j;  up  inilns  of 
provisions,  and  commit   various  de])rcdations. 

Is.  'I'he  Woi.F  of  this  resiion  is  the  i-ani.s  hifnis;  well  haired,  and  of  nood  si/e.  'I'o 
the  naturidist  the  ri;;ion  is  deeply  interostinj;: ;  hut  an  eniuiieration  of  its  various  \n\y 
duclions  would  rc(juire  iiiore  time  and  space  than  are  at  our  comuuind. 


)    I 


P  \i\n 


i 

,     f_ 

ji 

V.    Tinr)AI.  OliCAM/ATlON,    HISTORY 

AND  (i()\  i:i{\mi:nt. 


(iv.l) 


:t 


: 


!         i" 


i  ; 


:     1 


n 


iir 


1  i 


1  ! 


'    » 


I'      I 


i\  I 


\  .    T  K  I  HA  I,    0  IMi  A  \  I /AT  ION.    II  I  STO  H  V 
A  N  I)   (I  0  V  K  K  N  M  i:  N  T. 


C  KN  Ki;  A  I-    SY  NO  I' SI 


I.   I' 


rrllliilli:ll'V     Im'IiiiiiI 


illi  I-    ..|-    Mi:l 


•  I.     Ilii|l;ili~ 


■  r  nr.'._'-ll 


k'-     N.-llin,,. 
llir    li.M-kv    M. 


Ullltllll-.    ;il|i|    lllr    I'Mrilii'    (  'm;|.1- 


1.     (■ 


;lii-    Mini    olli.  r    liii|i:iii  Tiil"^  III'  'I'l 


ihr    I'l.llrv    In   1 


N. .).  WmiIi.  I-: 


!•   liUl  -lliil    1  r-|iri-|  III 


llirlll  ;     liV    1>.    (I.    i'.liriirl. 


'■-'I- 


ri.     Ill<li:ill     Tlilil-     III'    .Nr»      M(\i(ii;     hV     (iii\.(' 


llllll-  ijl'lll. 


i;.     Dmni:,.    ,,r   llir    M 


l"l"llllll 


liv  Tl 


M.  n. 


»lii;ill- 


i\    II    .^llllll-; 


III    till'     llnll 


N.    Till. 


I-  nil  I  ill'  >;iiil,'    !•  !■    I  nil 


1.   :ihi|   :ll    tllr   I'liiil    III'    llir    Knrkv    Mmilil. 


'.I.     Ill-I   ii  V    III'   lllf    <  'icik-    111'    Mll-ki'L'i  r-. 
ll'.     M:|--:l     llll-i  I1--     Imlilill-. 

II.  I' iriin  :■    liiill:iii    l'ii|iiil;il  imi    nl'   Kiiiliirky. 

IJ.  Ili~iiii_v   III'  :1m'    Miiiniiiiiuli  .;   ami    I '|i1|i|ii'\\:i-j. 

1!.  Mi-i    iliii-    aini    .\--iL'iiMaiL'^. 

II.  <l|i;^iii    iiiiil    |li>|niv    of  the    ' 'iiicka--.iw-;. 

'I'iii.i;i:  lire  ;iliiiiit  -I'Miily  tiiiiii-;.  iir:irly  nil  i>\'  wIkhii  mT"  su<ci'pl  ililc  n\'  \»'\wj:  '^rwr 
rall/'i'il  iiiHi  I'nc  ctlindliinical  -rnii]!,-;,  v.lii:  liavi-  riin>iitiilcil  tln'  (.liin  t  ,i\'  oiir  jiulicx 
:iinl  la\v,<.  iliiriiin  llir  ll.i'ci'-liiiii  ill*:  III'  .1  (Tiilmy  ihai  Uir  |;(i|iiililic  ha-  ii\.||vi-.ii| 
Ml',  ciciL'iil  \  u'  cr  I  Ik 'Ml.  Nil  I  n!ir  w  liidi  w  a-:  in  fxi.-^lcnci'  in  I  TVi'i  lia.-  Irniiiic  i\i  inct. 
'.''I:c  w  ai>  liiai  iia\i'  iicrii  niaiiitaiiiril  uii  ihr  rrniiiirrs  lia\  c  lirni  |iiiir|\  '.-,  ar-  ol'  il.  Inner 
'!  *'i  _\  lia\  (I  iii'\  ni'  licrii  w  ars  111'  .■iL'jrc-.-^i.iii.  lln'  dliircl  dl'  w  Imli  lia-  Imnii.  in  mi '.  -.nii,,., 
•  Ill'  ari|ui,-i|iciii  ill  (ririldi  \  .      Nor  lia\i'  I  Im  tiilins  in  llinM  i'iaili-f>  -iillrnul  ili')iii|irlalioii. 

I'.il 


i: 


I 


1 


** 


tl: 


I  li  I  i;  A  I,   'i|;i;  A  N  I  /  \  i'  1  ON,    i:  r(^ 


'J        I 


.!'     1 


'I' 


>l    iiiiiiiIh'I  .-  Ill   li^illlr  li.i~  Ik'i  n   li.:lil.  iniiiiMii'd   with    || 


11'  .-I'lU  ,  lua\  \  ,  iiiiw  all 


inairli    ul     ii\r.|     iiiil    |"  riuaiitiil    can^i^.   cuiil  ia\  cimii:    llif    iiia\iiiis    ul'    iii(lii,--ti_\    anil 
|iii|)iilal  loll  wlii.li  liin-  iiiaiki'il  llicir  Imiu  iiilciAals  nf  iiracc. 

Nalidiial  V  iiiilv  ;    the  |iiii'^iiil    ol    llu'  liil.-c  aii>l  i  \  iiaii>liliL;  uhji'ds  ul'  (lie  chase  ,    t!ic 
iirjlcci  III' a-i  iriill  iii'i' ;    the  lu'ii  ,■  tlial  lia>  ivcpl   v.iiiiii;  Micii  iViiiii  li'ariiiiii:'  trailcs.  wliilc 


iiiic-  uiiv  iiii|.,..\(i|  ti)  liMcli  ihrm;  aii'i  tl/r  j<'iiiTal  llsr  ul' lii-tillcil  diii 


Iks.  Iia\c 


>ii       i\iv   aiiil  aiHiM-   all.  liir   jiripioii'^a- 


II.  II 


at   ;ill   lilih^  JiMiJ  .1  liio^t   iiiaii-|iici(ius  liiariii.;.       I 

liiiii  1'!    llic  iifiiixi  111'  llic  liia\iliis   ami    r    -i.i|ii>  .i|    liKJiaii 

in  I  !i''  cli--icjaril  dT  llnil'iriil  hnu^i'w  iUtv    Ii\   tin-  Indian  ji'inalo  ;    ami    tlir   li-ral    nn 


■hi  \  .  as    t  h"\    ai'i'  cv  iiiccd 


li'u'ji    llic    tiilic-i    lia\.     ^ci  iiiMrii-l\   r>\i  Hid    111.    Ii\    ill 


uiii  ml  ii 


I 

Till  ~.-    Iia\c    liccii    tl 


il    wa^lr    III'    lliiir    lasli 


ir    ■jic.il     ;i|iaii^    t 


ij    llic'ir  di|ii.-si(iii  and    dii-jcn-inii    in 


(■\  1  IV  |iii  hid   111'  iH.r   liru'l'  liisturv  . 
'Till'   Indian   ci  iininnnil  ics  mi   i  n 


r  111     Ill's   Inn c   nni     .limi'i 


d    I'm     t 


ii-nionnw.      'I'Inv 


lia\ '    lani:iii--lM  d  and  do  liiud  iiinsi.  n.  ■!  diii'iim  ^rasoii-  ul'  war.  w  nm   n  vdi/.i'd    ,ia(  inns 
sink  ill  iiiiin\'is.  Iml  diiiiiiL'  liiii'j  luiiids  (if  |H'aci'.      It    is.  in    tiilli.  tin'   pcai't'-iicriiHl.s 


il    tlir   Indian  Irilic-.  v  ln'ii  t 


n  ir  iiiin-,ni 


In-trial  and  idii'  rliaraitrr.  and  llu'ir 


irmu'iii'-s 


III   \  111-    w 


liii'li    aiv    llii'  liaiii'  111'  r\iT\   siirii'tv    lia\i'  Inul    niKiili'l  rn|iti'd    scii|i<'.  t!ial    ill 


liiililir:; '.  1 11' "111  I -I  niii--t  inai  '<  a-  |ii'rnliari  v  tlir  di'iir('ssiii'_'  rras  nl'  tiifir  liisli)i'_\ 


Till'  linai    idiii-lim  111     ■!    llu    II 


ifjiin  iiiii 


-limi    addi'd  11 


all  Inl.i'-.  Mil 


-trill 


dl\    a:id  riliii'  ijiiijii'  ill  \ .  I'lil   w 
I-.  li'--  lliaii   :.'i.iinil.       Tl 


r  |in!ilir  care  alimit   "ivty 
-till  iiii|ierli'ill_\   iiiliiinicd.  stalls!, - 
liii-i    ai^'ji'i'v  til'  |iii[iidaliiiii  at  iire-cnt  is.  rrniii  llic  latest 


iinl  I'l  III-  ;    I  'I    w  Imlii  iM'  a.'c 


il'  ■iiini 


ic    ai'iiiii  -il  iiiii    ui    Tc\a 


Ncu   Mcx 


ici).    ami    111    1  ali- 


r  <• 


til.  Ilia.  !ia\c  ui'i-all  \'  ciilai'j. 'i  llii'  iimiilicr  111'  Irilic-  w  illiin  mir  limits,  and  llic  duties 
iii:|iii-i'd    li\    the    Indian    '  niiTiuin'-e   law- 

!.,   I   ■.li'll'lini   lin  -I     lll>|i|ill  ■-   111  \\f   vvlinle    llllllllii'l'  i  il     llilies   williill   tile   limits  nf    the 

I  iiiiip.  nndii'  thi-i'  Il  I  iiliii'i.'.l  accc--iiin~.  ( 'iin'jri'--i  has  Mie.iily  ciilarijed  the  s|i|ici'e  nl" 
iin  I-' ;j  iliiiii.  Till'  inl'nniialiiin  iiuw  -iilmntli'd  mi  the  iirL'aiii/atimi  nl'  the  triln's, 
1'  imi'li-cs  a  silcctinii  111'  llic  liialmi.il-  received  I'rmil  each  nt'  the  leildin'_i  L;l'ni||is 
■■i'all''l'e  I   iiMl'  ihe    I'nimi.        it    will    he    I'lillnued   liv   ntlicr  inaller,  nil     the    several   heads, 

as  si'iii  as  it  can  he  di^jested  and  iire|ia!vd  liir  |inhlicatii)ii. 


i|       I 


1.     I>IM;1.  I.M  IN  AKY    liKMAHKS. 


A.  'rnli'inic  (li-;.Miiiziiliiiii  of  ilic  Claii.s  uml  Tribeu. 

li.  I'.itriaicliiil    Kiiiiiilv    t'irclcs. 

< '.  ( 'iillMcils. 

I».  T.'uiirf  ..r  ill,.   (.'Iiicfs  OHu'o. 


K.    l'o|iiiliii'    Klcinciit. 

I'".    SoXcTl'i;:!!!  V    lit'    (  '.illlH-il-i 


llllnll     (i;|| 


I    <  >;il  liri'i''!    \M 


ill. '111.    ;i  N'uti 


(i.    ()| 

II.    •i(.iH.|ir   ( ii-uii|i<   dl'  'rrilii.<, 

I.    popular  and   iiii|io>i.i|    NaiiicM   f.'ciu'raily    Misnouiors, 

.1.    Ti-ilpi'<   wli.i   havu   roM-iiiiiili.cl   the   Siilijccts   of  our    I'oli.'y   fov   Yi-ar< 

K.    A.  ha  11 1  a  :.'(.>   of   \' 

Jj.    Nrcc'^-ilv    of  iillllii.lilU'    I'acis    lo    .||.al    Willi. 


ii'ttiiii;   llinii    In    (ii-oii|i>   whic.li   coiL^liliiti.   :i   I'liin 


ily   of  iinilii.nlu'    Kacls   lo   .ii.al 
iM.    I):iiii.'..|-  of  iii|..|iiiii;,'  an   Arii-^tic  Tlii'oi-v  of  Imlian  <'hari 


N.    I'l-o-ooM.,! 


lo   (.oiK-cnli-ali'   tlu'    \'ii.w   of  his    lli>lorv   iiiiil   (, 


iiiiiliiioii   ill   Tal>l(.au\ 


().    'I'lilial    lli-|..|-y    an. I    l)lvi>iiiiis   of  ihr    .\llantii'    Ti 
1'.   'I'hcativ  ..f   Fi-,.ncli    Disc.ivorv.   .Mill    .\l-o 


,.|ii 


(J.  lro.|iiois,    inti'ii^ivi'  into  ilic   .\!j^oiii|iiin   (jii-clc. 

It.  U.K'.iia   (m.>ii|i. 

S.  Miisc'.iiii'cs   ami   ^I'lirral    .Vpiialacliians. 

T.  Slio>lioni-i.s  oi-   Fiflli   (iioiip. 

I".  I 


ni.'i'oiiiicii    iiiiH. 


1  Ti 


A.  'I'mm  r. 


Ill  cimis.  or  w 


iiJiii'i'  .il'  tl r.Miii/.alioii  nf  trili's  \vlii<.|i  niii^.i>t-i  nf  llicir  lirino-  ussucialiMl 


h.-it    1ms    I 


ll'l'll      111111-4' 


l|i|ini|iriiiti'|y    (Irliiiliiinalcii    llio    /n/innr   lii  .    www  he 


ii'lcl'li'il    III    Ilic     lilll    I'liiiMijciMliuM    (if    llirir    liinilllcrs     II 


l|i|     CllstlPlll^ 


'i' 


IIS    I'mtiiro   is 


ili'si;.'ni'il  latiici'  In  iiiodiirc  iViiti'i'iiily  iiml  tlic  hum  i--  hI'  at  niicc  rcco.jiij^in.j  it,  tliaii 
liir  any  |iraclifal  uiioi  atiuii  iipuu  llicir  siiiij'lc  tlnnry  of  ..;i)\criiiiiciit. 

I!  T!ic  (\|M'or  their  oo\rriiiiiciil  is  clcii!;.  jiat  I  ianliil.  Nolhiii.:  can  iir  siiii|ilcr 
oi-  contain  less  of  tliip~f  iiriii''i|ilcs  \\liic!i  wrUcrs  rci:ari|  as  a  coin|iacl  or  iiLrrci'iiicnt. 
iiii|ilic(l  or  oihcruiM'.  lU  .-i.ee-l  for  auc  i  .i;i-lii'!|.  s  ii.<  ...crin.  'I'lic  iicail  of  the  lot|..:c 
nilc.s  li\  thi<  iiowcr.  ami  lii.'  ciVecl  is  |ir.ci.e|y  i  .iiiiih,.|i.>iiratc  with  liic  riiliiess  ami 
pcrrcclion  ihe  cause.  Ooinion  L'ixcs  it  ;,1|  i;^  jiivs ,  ainl  opinion  liivak.s  its  poivcr 
as  often    as   il    is  Justly    callcil    in   i|ue>tion 

!'.    Toinicils   arc  callcil  \\lienc\er  the  inatlcr  in  ii.iiiil  is   nioie  weiohty   iIuhi  pertains 

lo  the  aO'iirs  111'  a  -iiio|e  loiloe  or  honseliolil  Iraternily.      Tliese  hoilics  arc  inaile  up  of 

the  ojil    nicn.      The  nienilicrs   are  callcil   0-(/.'-,/;t(s.  h\    the   Aloompiins.  and  h\   a  word 

oi'   similar  incaniiiu   anion,:r   all    ilic    trihes.       I'cr.suns   who  are   so   a.s.sociiiti'(i   are   no 

li.')  .  10.".) 


I 


(    J 


.  '<  I 


^iii 


li 


III! 


'I" 


13  K til 


\m 


I ' 


'  1 


!" 


! )  J. 

\ 


:  i 


I 


'f    ^^ 


lot 


Ti;  1 1:.\  I,  (M;(i  a  n  i/,  at  ion, 


loiiiicr  ^t\lrll  iiii-iis,  or  latlirr.-.  wliicli  i>  llii'  liTiii  I'lir  ilic  lirtiil  nf  llic  liiil/i'  ciicli'. 
'riic  new  t<  nil  111'  O-iiiia  is  tlii'i'i  liiif  u  cIn  il  (■(i;:iiiiiiH';i  ;  il  is  llic  i  i|iii\  al.'iit  tciiii  I'nr 
iiui^istraic. 

I).  Ouiiiias  w  lid  iiavc  (listiii'jiii.-luMl  ihriiisclvcs  I'.a-  w  iMliiin,  himkI  (■(iiiiim'I.  or  cIikiiicucc. 
la\  llir  riiimdatiti!!  lur  f\|icc',iiii;'  that  lAYu-f  to  lie  (.iiiliiiiiril  in  llirir  I'aiiiiliis ;  ainl 
>\|ici!'  llii'  r\|i('cl,iliiin  i-  not  |iai  liciilaiiv  ilisaiiiiniiilcd.  or  wlicri'  il  is  <'()iiiii|('|rl_\ 
riilliilril.  ihr  (illirc  is  ilccincil  iu'icililarv.  liiil  llic  iiiricc.  al  v\\-v\  luillaliiiii  liv  ili'alli, 
rcc('i\i's  a  lieu  \il,iiit_\-  iVoiii  (i|iini(iii  If  no  caiiacil  v  lor  Liood  roiinsrl  is  nianiU'strd  ; 
or  if  llific  111'  no  I'xaniidf?  of  liravcrv.  cndnrancc,  or  I'nciyv  of  cliafacti'i-.  in  loii-sl 
.sci'ncs.  the  oilier  of  a  cliit'l'  licconiis  nicrciv  nominal,  and  the  inlliicncc  I'Xcrt'isi'd  is 
litlK'  I'l'  nolliinu'.  11'.  on  tlic  contrarv.  tlirrc  arise  anionLi  tl:e  e!a>-.  ol'  \varrioi>  and 
vounir  men  darim;'  and  resolute  men.  wiiethiT  Liil'led  with  speakin,::'  powers  or  nol. 
dliinion  at  onee  |iu^iies  tiiem  on  to  tiie  eliiel'lain,-  >eats.  and  iliev  are,  in  ell'eet.  in-tailed 
and   reeoi^nised   as  eliiel's. 

K.  lu  tlie  Al,;^on(|nin  trilies  the  ehiel's  are  tlie  mere  exponents  dj"  piiliht"  opinion. 
They  are  prompted  liy  it  on  all  (juestions  ii  (piiiinp'  tiie  e.;eriise  of  any  n  s/„i,i.^l/ii/ili/. 
or  which,  without  nine!  •  -^imii.-',!  dit \'.  are  merely  /'"■.  When  so  prompted,  tliey  feel 
stl'oni!'.  'i'hey  expres-.  ihem  ■  |\es  with  Iioldliess.  and  iVeipieliily  'Jn  ill  ad\aiiee  of.  or 
eoiieeiitrate  the  puMie  \'^  .  la  a  manner  hi  elieit  approhation.  They  are  set  lin'waiii 
li_\     till'    wa   ri  ,ii.d    viui:_    i.ien    as    the    moiitii-pieee   of  their     I'ihes.    to  utter  \ii\vs 

whieh   depiei  (i  i   ,n      •   a  man  whose  rights  are  eonstantly   trenrhed  on   h\   the 

white-;  who  ;  ~  'l-'l  M:iiiy  thiinis  from  the  lieLiilinim;.  W  iio  endures  eoiiliiiiud 
trespasses  on  .  •  l-i.d-,  m.I  \\Iio  is  the  proud  drlender  ot'  the  domi'.ill  o!'  the  forest,  as 
the  restiii'j-pla.  ol  i'  i  '•  '  '■-  o,  iiis  latiiers.  In  all  -ueii  topies  i!,(  (diiel'  ha-  a  I'l  ^ 
raniii'.   and    will   he  siii' ■   to  r:\riy   his   listenn's  almiL:   with   him. 

r>ut  hi  the  topic  lie  an  inte  nal  (pie-timi — a  liscal.  or  land  !|ii.'stion  —  a  ipiestion 
(iT  di\  i-inii  ol'  any  sort,  and  his  p.ower  is  at  an  end,  1  Ir  iunniMliately  di~claiiii-  llu 
idea  ol'  setllin;.:  it.  without  prisate  councils  with  the  warriors  and  mass  ol'  the  naiion. 
iiiid  it  is  only  when  lie  has  thus  heen  instructed,  that  hi  returns  |o  the  council,  to 
uphold   or   deli'ud    oueslions. 

1''.  In  .--uih  a  LioMi'liiiiciit  of  cliii  Is  and  coun-ils.  iv.idi-  the  .--ov  ci  i  :Mit  \ .  'i"hc\ 
make  peace  ;ii;d  war :  lhe_\  conclude  treatic-  and  a':iceiiiinls.  We  liv;ii  wilhlhem. 
al  llii-i  open  comicd,-.  a-  I'lilly  comp  tiiil  to  ■•■  ,i.  i-e  the  pown-  a--iiiiici|.  .\iid  wc 
uphold  the  clc'is  and  coiinciN.  i>  the  r'  I.IImI  con-tiliilcd  aulhoril\.  So  lar  as 
popular  ejiiiiioii.  aiiH'ii.  ihetiilK-  w  ill  !'•  :  r  it.  t  he  power  and  aiithoiilv  ol'lh  cliicr^ 
should    r.  .  .  ,\e   the   n;  ilkeil   I  ouulenaiie       'l'   lie     ■:.i\  li  nuient. 

<!     ."^iicli  i<  the  ii\il  oi-'jaiii/alioii        the  hunter  trihi'-.      There  i-  no  formal  mode  of 

\     l'e->in'.    o|iinioU.  as   li\    ■.,    \ote.   e   de--    it    ma\    he    liiilled    nr,  /,i  ,,iiilii,,, .        I'ileii  ions   hv 

ballot.  'III!  ri,.i.  or  takiiui  pii\  ile  -ull'ra'jes  in  any  Icu.:.  is  ,,  (  haracteri-iic  of  liiirli 
ei\  ilizaliou.      'i'lie  naiivc-  ue\(  i   in'.^i  li>ed  it        l''or  such     I'  the  .-cnii  ii\ili     d    iiihe.s  as 


S:%- 


1 1  I  S  r  ( )  U  V,    AND   ( i  ( )  \  K  K  N  M  K  N  1'.  1  lt.1 

IiiiM'  lit  llir  |>i(S(Mil  iImv  iiilci|pti'il  written  coii-litiitiiiiis.  ami  a  Mstciii  nl"  flrctiDiis,  tlicsi 
(■(Pii-tiliilioii.s   arc   icrmcd   tn. 

II.  'I'lic  NDrtli  Aimriiaii  Imliaiis  exist  in  c-xtciisivc  K'luliiif;  i.'niii|)M,  liuviii;,' iiHinitii,- 
(if  iaHL:iiai;:t'  aiul  lilood,  'l"liciii;jli  tlii'ic  In'  scai'ci'lv  one  id'  the  li'il)i's  ol"  niiv  iioti" 
wliicli    lines    lH)t    pdsx'ss    snliie    ])ieiliiaiit  v    liv    wllieli    it,    is    reaililv    liciii;r 'sed.    anion;: 


theniseUes.  anil  nersiin- 


intiniale  with  their  enstinns ;    \et.  wlien  tiie\  are   attenti 


eonsiiiereil.  tlie  ;^enerie  points  of  aiireeiiient.  |)li_\sieal  ami  mental,  are  mii'Ii  as  to 
rreate   little   dillieully   in    their  classilication. 

I.  The  trihes  within  the  piesent  area  of  the  I'liiteil  States,  and  w  hose  anee-tois 
were  ehielly  within  the  IJritisli  eolonies.  ha\e  lieeonie  familiar  \i\  their  popular  names 
of  .Mohawk.  Delaware.  < 'herokee,  and  other  terms.  (Lienerally  \eiy  dill'ereni  iVoni 
those  hywhieli  they  eall  themselves.)  which  hrintr  np  associations  eonneclcd  wiili 
masses  of  hiintcr-men.  of  tixed  peculiarities  ami  traits.  ■;nd  lixinu  in  paiiicidar 
iicoLii'aphii'ai   districts. 

.1.  The  se\enty  separate  trilies  which  have  rendered  themselves  familiar  to  n<.  in  the 
;irca  east  of  the  itcicky  Mountains,  liv  tlniracts  <iiice  we  have  known  them,  i  inlirace 
sinie  of  the  most  intense  eliincnts  of  popular  histoi'v.      Xcnotiations.  ruptures,  hallles 


nil   amiiuscades  —  massacres   and   murders,  tend   to   impart   a   t 


irdlne:'  excitement  ti 


the  narrative  of  evciKs;  thoiiLih.  as  a  whole,  there  is  not  ciioicjli  of  -nslaimd 
inlirest.  perhaps,  the  Iroipiois  excepted,  in  any  siniile  trilie.  to  rcaidei'  the  iheiiie  of 
uiui'li    value.    lii'Vdiid    the   rciilal   ol'  an    historical   sketch. 

K.    it  is  hy  rejiardiiiL''  these  iVaunient  iry  Irilies  as  a  race  of  men  who  have  contended 
I'or  I'ertain  olijects.  and   manili'sted   lixed   jiecnliarities  of  character,  and  foim  :i  unilv. 

thai     the     lien  of   historv    is  iiereafler   deslipeij     to    lilld    a    liltin'i'     theme    for    om 


of    il- 


hii^hesl  ami  nolilest  exercises.  'I'here  is  mi  want  of  sympalheiic  interest  in  the  theme 
itself,  since  it  is  pcr|ietually  connected  with  the  transactions  of  tin'  diverse  races  of 
IJirope  who  have  coloni/ed  the  continent  ;  nor  i-  this  interc'-t  at  idl  diminished  when 
we  rellect  ihat  the  ohieets  of  it  are  likely,  in  many  iiistanc"-'.  to  disre:^aril  the  voice 
of  phii.inlhropy.  letters,   and  (  hri-l  ianily.   or   that    iiianv    of  the    li-ilies    have    alreadv 


eli-heil,     w 


Idle     oti 


le|v      ;i|i]MMr      I 


le-tined     to     follow     tlirif    track.       .\ 


o     species     ol 


liiimaiiiiy.  or  of  pious  /eal.  Iia-in;;  ii^ell'  on  the  nioial  e\|ieiience  ol'  the  wiirld.  has 
lii'cii  alile  to  arre--t  the  liliiid  tliir^l  of  v\.ii';  the  p  iraly/.in'j  llovv  ol'  iiilem|)erance  ;  or 
the  fatal  apalli\  of  characier.  hv  which  so  man_\  have  met  their  fate  :  Imt.  while  this 
is  seen  and  acknowledged,  there  i--  iiuihinj.  in  an  exalli-d  view  of  moral  ell'ort.  to  lead 
iiolile  niimls  to  slacken  their  elloii^  while  tinre  i>  left  a  ]!ed  man  on  the  continent, 
w  hose  de^iiny  niav  lie  exalted.  '/'/,,(/  le:i-lalion  peiloinis  Imt  half  its  ollice  which  is 
iiol    governed    liv    the    maxim,  that    il    hold-  a  compleie  reiu'Mly  in  its    hands   fa-  eveiv 


Ifja!  waul  or  civ  il  and  social 


ilisorijer:   ami  wlial  else  is  ile-tiov  ini 


the   I 


mlian 


1-    '!' 


the  condition  in  which  the  liilies  ex 


i>l  apparent,  at  the  present  time 


lie    I  h"  whole  area  of  their   liirmer   doinlnioii    is    Kriirj    cnl    up   and    oiuaiii/ed    into 


i  ' 


f 


'■.mt^i^^  ^ 


s 


II 


I    I 


; 


Mr 


ill 


i  ;l 


i  I 


1    ! 


(« 


fel    i   i 


■    I 


(   ; 


!f 


li)(l 


TI{  1  It  A  I.    (>It(i  A  N  1/ ATION, 


commiinitirs.  it  !?<  t'ss.'iiliiil  iIkiI  \m'  sIkhiIiI  iii;ikf  uiir  ii|p|i(Ml  (o  ii  limlv  ol'  riir|<  iiiliii'ly 
.'iillicniii'  ill  its  iliiiMcti  r.  It  is  willi  lli>  \  icw  that  llic  Ccii^iis  ninl  Sliili-tirs  arc 
cniiiiiiciici'il.  ol' wliirli  lilt'  lir-t  part  is  lifr('\vitli  piililislicd,  aiiil  it  is  with  the  saiiic  \ic\v 
that  tht'sf  hisinrical  illiistialiniis  arc  -ivcii.  It'  the  man  is  to  he  jiidirrd,  like  all  ntliiT 
I'ai'cs  III'  iiii'ii.  Ii\  his  I'apai'itii's  liir  nscriiliii'ss  ami  iiii|irii\ I'liii'iit,  ('iiiii|iai'ril  with  his 
iiiiMiis  III'  inihi<ti'ial  anil  niniiil  ai'timi.  and  the  I'u'iiitirs.  ur  liindiaun's.  that  allriid 
thrir  use.  thi'ii  it  is  ul'  liir  liijihrst  iin|iurtain'i'  that  wr  shniild  arcminilati'  Tar's, 

M.  That  artistic  nnu'r|iiinii  .d'  tln'  Indian  rhaiacti'i-,  in  \\  hitdi  the  wmld  ha-*  ^o  Imii.'' 
indiiL'i'd.  is  i-ali'iiiati'd  In  h'ad  tin'  iiiiiid  a\v;iy  riuiii  ihi'  wriiihlii'i'  iiiuial  |iriiliirin  hi  I'nrc 
ns.  Can  lir  in"  ri'CiiM'rcd  I'nun  his  stair  nf  harliar'r  pridr  and  indnlriH'r '.'  (an  liis 
liati'i'd  III'  laliui'  lit'  surninnntrd  hy  a  |ili'a-iii'j  \isla  til"  iit'w  liti]ifs  and  fMilt'ini'nls '.'  Is 
tht'i't'  any  ihiii'j:  tn  ;;ratiry  his  ainhitinii.  Iml  that  wliifli  L'latilit'd  his  Ii  rflathfrs'  andii- 
tiiin.  wars,  iind  di'i'ils  III'  hinitin.r'.'  Can  his  sniilinialt'd  ami  iiiilHinmli'd  imtinns  nl' a 
l>i'it\    III'  t'linrt'iitratri!    and    hiiiiiaiii/i'l '.' 

N.  It  is  |irii|iii»i'tl.  in  tlirsf  iiaiirr-*.  In  I'lnni-li  lalilfaiix.  nr  histnrit'  iiialriials  nf  tin' 
man.  fur  Intiiri'  iisr.  Thrx  ha\t'  lirt'ii  'jlianrd  I'lnm  tin'  rfff>si's  ul'  tlir  \\  ildi'i  ins^ ; 
thf\  ait'  fhit'lly  I'liiili'ilniti'd  li\  |itv-iins  whn  liavr  jiassril  ihinn'jli  Ilir  si'mti'  urdral  ul" 
rriiiiliiT  liti'  —  men  who  havr  Iniilsrd  di'ath  in  tlif  I'art'  in  \ai'iiins  liiinis.  That 
niati'iials  thns  ulitaini'd  may  h'ad  In  thf  liirmatinii  iil'tlrrmitt'  and  Irnthlul  I'linrln^iuii-. 
till'  ti'ilpis.  wlinsi'  fii^inm-^  111'  jifriilia''  trails  arr  lirmiLdil  iiiln  \  irw.  arc  aiTan-'d  in 
I'lhiitilti^iral  '.:iiiii|is.      It  has  lirrn  iirmiisi'd  that  tin'  I  ndians  f\i»|  in  siirli  -riin|i~, 

O,  Till'  lii'^t  \i'-~-rls  widrh  Sir  W'altiT  Itali'i'jii  :-rnt  mil.  in  l•^^•'l.  lamk  d  aiiinii-  a 
i^rnt'rit'  s|iii-l\  III"  |i''ii|ili'.  whu  ai't'.  ly  wiiirr-,  driiiimiiiati'd  .\  l',:iiiii|niii<.  Il  \\a>  niar 
till'  siinllii'in  li'iiiiinn-  ul'  thrir  ainii'iil  |iiiiiil  nl'  In  I'ilnriai  ili-|ii'r-iiin.  Thr\  wrii' 
di\iilri|  inlii  niiiiifiMn-;  trihfs,  all  hrariii'j  dilVii'riil  iiaiiii'-.  Tin'  iii\'rr~;l\  nl'  rari's.  mi 
nttrrK  ii|i|iiisii|  In  i'\ci\  lliinj  in  rivil  lil'i'.  kd  In  thf  r\lii|iatinn  111'  ihi~i'  lir-l  ad- 
\  fntiirnils  t'nliinists.  Tin'  arliiaj  linnidri's  nl'  \  ir;iiiiia  al'liTvv  aid-  laiidfd  aiimn.;  ihi' 
saini'  |>i'ii|ili'.  Lnrd  I'lait  iiimiT's  nijiniv  nf  Marx  land  iandi'd  anmiij  kindird  liilir,^, 
hut    lii'ai'iiiir   diU'iTi'iil    nanifs       William   I'mn  Inratrd   his   |iatriil    in    thr   miiNl    nl'  an 

ailriillt   Mild  nlirr     linWrrl'nl     |ii'n|ilr.  dialrrts    nl'    uIiiim'    lani;iia;:i'   a|ipl'ai'i'il   In  lia\r  hi'i'll 

scaltiTi'd    almi::    ihr   I'liliii'    Allanlii'   i-l    at    an  narly  day.    lull  wliirli    all    I  hr    trilirs 

still  .-iillifii'lillx  It'll i'.:iii«i'd  li_\  ihi'ii-  Mii'alinlarits  as  a  radical  lam.;na'.;i',  il.idsnii.  in 
liill'.',  I'nind  hrantdii's  nl'  thr  .M'jnnipiin^.  il'  mil  nl'  iIm'  |)rla\\ari'  Ixpn  id'  it.  at  Man- 
hattan; and  till'  l'!ii'jli>li  finijiMiil-.  in  l^'i'l^K  Iniiml  a  prnpli'  nl'  kimiifd  lair.:na)if 
spri'adina  thrniiLiliniil  .N'rw  I'lniiland.  and  irarhiii'j.  \\ilh  rhaii::i's.  siirh  as  that  nl'  ihi' 
S  iliriiplnis.   In   lilt'  Cllir  nf   .^1.    I  ,au  I'flli'i'. 

IV  Thf  (''I'lnidi,  ill  I i'iii>.  rniiml  a  pfnplf  -pfakiii'j  thf  sanif  '.ifiifrif  lamjiia'^f.  mi 
ihf  nmih  hanks  nl'  il.f  St.  LauTfiirf.  Iiilwffii  Thrn'  IIImts  and  ihf  -iif  nl'  (.tiifhri'. 
Thfy  Iniiml  till'  sanif  rai'f.  al  ipiirkis  siii'i'issix  f  pfiimls.  at  Lakf  .Ni  pi-siii^:.  nn  tht 
lii'ad  n{'  thf  Ottawa  l!i\ii'.  and  dwillinir  arnnnd  tlu'  IJiisins  nf  I,aki's  Snpt'rini',  lliirnn. 


♦•  I  -i' 


II  isToii  V,  AND  cov  i:kn  m  i;  n  t 


107 


1 


Miclii;.Mii.  mill  ;i  pint  uf  Kric.      '\'\u\    In I  iIh'Iii  iIdwii  IIic  III 


iimi--  Mini    till'  \\'iiliii-li. 


ll   llV   till'  :illcirll(    sites   n|'    \' iliccillics    ami   (';lll<iki;l.  i|lliti'    In    tlir    llliMllll   iil'    llir  (III 


lliiir  tlif  ai't'ii  of  till'   |iirM'iil    riiimi  WHS   ilms  cuMrcil    li\    niic   i;rniin.      Till'    I' 
iiiifsioiiarv    wiitc|-,s    callfil    it    Aluuiii|iiiii,'    and    the    tciiii    caiiii'    iiit 
use,  \\\ 


o    carlN,    iiniMilar 


llhiiit    (Icsiiiiiiiiii-  aiiv    iiijiistiic    til  tlic    l,('iia|n'cs,  nr    1  Klaw  arcs,  wlm   a|i|H'ai'   ti 


lia\c  claims   tu   M|-cal    aiitii|iiil y  in    t  liis  w  ii|c->|iivai|    laiiiily.      My  the  cuiiipuiiinl 
••  Alvdiikin-IicnaiH'c,"   intioilnccil    recently   Ky    tlie    late    Allien    (iaiiat 


liM  111 


III.    We    aihaiii'i 


nnti,.  1^- in    their  history  ;    it  is  still  precisely  the  name   people,  in   every  ivs|ie.'t  wliat- 
e\er;    and    the   phrase   is    I'arllier    snliject    to  olijeel 


loll    as    emiiraciii''   a   conlrov cited 


•'i '.\-      A  N'iririniaii  inii;ht.  with    the  same   projiriety.  in'rodiice   the   term  .{/;/<,„/.■, 

I'uirluiliniir.       \Vc    should    still    i;aiii    iiothiii-    lint    words. 


•  ^     Into    this    i;real    circle    of   the   W'n 


iinijiiiiis.  a   L:i'on|i  o 


niLiliaL'^e,  ea 


'I 
lied    the  /•'/(■-    .\'ii/i(,„.-,  and    then    the  Six  .\' 


f   trilies    slieakilli;    a    di 


ilinii".  and  li\   the    l''rench    tl 


/nii/iiais.  had  iiitrnded  themselves  lieloie   the    laiidin-    of  the    Dutch  under  llnds, 
till'  Kiiirlish  at   ri\inoiiili.      'I'hiy  appear.  IVoin  Cold.-n.  to  I 


ia\  e  lirell  orejiiiallv    inlellnr 


to  the  .\l',!onipi;ns  in  fmot  art-,  and  wars;    Imt.  po»M.>«inM  ihr  feriile  area  of   W 
.New  York,  and  li^iiii:.  to  a  laiije  e\ti 


e^lern 


the  date   of  tli 


e    colonii 


•-.   to    h  ive    I 


111.  ciilti\  aliii>  of  liie   /.ea    inai/.e.  tlnv 

I'll 


appear,  at 
iceii    ill   ih iiir>i'   of  increa-e.      This  was   i;rcall\ 


facilitated   and   determined    liy   dropping-   llieir    internal    H'lnU.  and  foiniii 
confederacy.      lieiiii:  sii|,|,|i,.,l  with  lire-aiNi-  l)\   the  I»iilch.  ilie\    lii>t  pr.\ 


II:     a     LlellelMl 


llleil   au:llli>l 


the  Kiics.  and  afterwards  carried  tliei 


r  coinniois   to   ."saiidii-kN   and    the    .Nl  iaiiii  ol' 


Lakes,  to  the  Illinois,  to  .Michillimackinac.  and  to  I'niiil    lio.piois,  at    the  foot  of  L 
Superior,   and    linally    to   .Montival    itself.      'I'liis   leleliratrd    L'r.'iip    I 


las    clii^e    alliliilli'^ 


w  ilh    the  \V\aiidols   of  the  \Ve>t 


with    the   'i'ii>caroras.  and.   ap|iarent  ly.  s.iinr  oilier 


trilieswho   lliniieii^    inliahited    .Noiih    ('arolin.i;   and    tiny  will    pmhaliU    lie   ton 
lia\e  allinitics  in    .New    .Mexico  and    I'tah. 


ml    to 


!!.     West   .,f  the   .Mi.> 


i-sippi.  the  Sion\.  or 


I  >.u'ola  I  lilies.  fiiriii>h  the  t 


\  lie  ot   laiiLiiiaue 


l(>r  a  mil  her  uronp  of  trili-s  ;    w  hicli  cniliraces  the  low  as.  I  he  ( Iniahas.  (  H'les.  .Mi>sii 
OsM'jes.  Kansas.  (.Miappas.  and  a  'jieat  circle  of  prairie  liilies. 

S.  .\  jonrth  'jroiip  is  fiiniished  ly  tln>  .Mii^ko-ees.  or  ( 'recks.  ( 'lioclaw  s.  ( 'hirka 
and  man_\  iiiiiinr  liilie-.  of  niddern  or  semi-ancient  date,  who  lornierK  dwell  ii 
Carolina-,  (iei.r'jia.  .\laliaina.    Mi-^v-lppi   and    l,iiui,-.laiia.      This   -i, 


ilie 


'1111.  as    ll    i~    mail 


lip  o|     tl  ilics    sllh-|i  nillll'j 


the  A 


ppalacliian    chain.    nn_\    hear    that    appi'llatim 


I.        I  lie-e 


lonr  Lii'oiips   c(i\cr   aL:riciiltiiral    .\merica. 


I.  Tl 


le  pro;;|ess  of  di-ii\er\.   which    is    l,.i\v   li.am;'  prosecuted,   has  d 


lis(dosed   a   lilth 


,"i"ii|'   "'    ''"'  <  omaiielies  Shodioiie-.  Snakes,   jionacks.  and   other  (rihes  of  the    IJocky 
Mountains,  the  hi-lier  lod  l!i\cr.  and    the  Hill   connlrs  of  Tc\,is.      To  this  the  term 


>liosl 


loiiee   mas    lie  appln 


llnnit     IV^rlllvll,  !|uvv     |li,.     |{l;|,-kl".'.'(       n     iM.f.ll./     f.     ill 


I''     L'I'"M|1 


•  s 


V 


1     (    !   'I 


« 


11 


i 


!,! 


r   ■i 


i 


II 


\ 


'I- 


;  r 


.   I 


*'r 


rl^ 


;  r  ■•  i » t 


|!N 


T  I!  I  I!  \  I,    (»IM;  A  N  I  /,  ATI  ON, 


I  |)i^  •civi'iir.  ill  Oil  jiiii.  mill  ill  I '.iliriiiiiiii,  Ihili,  mill  Nrw  .Mfxiio  me  in  tun  iii- 
ri|ii>'iit  I  >l.ilr  lu  w  nrmil  mi\  ;;r(iii|iiiiL'  ol'  lln'  trilifs  ruiiiiilnl  mi  (lie  l\  [ic  nl'  l;ii,'.'iiii;_'i'. 
Till'  -ilinr  lii:i\  I'l'  -iiiil.  Ill  Millli'  cNlcllt.  nC  tile  Ciilililiililiilcd  Icl'l'iliiry  iij'  Nclii  ,i»k:i, 
mill   ii-^  III  pniiidh-  n['  'l\\A-*\    wlicn-   iiniiiiiic.M  an.-   ii(»\v   lifiii;;  |iiiMliril,  tliniiijli    lln' 

Mli'illlllll    i<i     I;III'JII:Il:i'. 

Tlirli'     i-    III!     :l|i|i:ililil     ricllli  lit     nt'    :l     l|i«,    mnl     ■■•i.tf/i     i:liill|i     iil-l    uj'    tin'     Il'"l\\ 
Mi)lllll:lil|i    ill     ill!'    ( '/I'liiii,  iiy     ( 'III  i/i  1,11'      /ii'/iilii-.  l\'Mi'i\\\i\\    111    >|M  rili|r|l-i    nl'    hi  lli;ll;ii;i' 

;iiii|    iiiiiiifiMls    riiiiii>lic(l    li\    hii  niciimil    AlnTl.    1.  S.  .\. 


•_'.       S  1 1  1 1  ^  M  1 1  \  l:  K  .     1 1  I       S  N    \  K  I       N    \  I  I  1 1  N  . 

Till'  VMiliiiis  Irilii'^  ;iiii|  li:iiiiU  III'  liiiliaii^  nl'  llu'  iJnrkv  Miiiiiilaiiis.  smilli  i>\'  hililliili' 
•I'l  .  will!  air  kiiiiwii  iiiiilrr  lliis  i^ciina!  iiaiin'.  nri'ii|i\  llin  rirxali'il  area  111'  fill'  I'lali 
lia-ill.  'riir\  rllilirair  all  the  tcnilnl'N  III'  till-  (iirat  SiHllll  l'a>s  lirlw  iril  li;('  .Mi»is- 
■•i|.|ii  \'allrv  aiiil  tlir  walrrs  nl'  till'  Cnliiin  la.  liv  wliirli  llir  laii'l  Ml'  iaia\aii  I'niiiiiiiiiii- 
lalinii  Willi  llrr-nn  ami  ('alil'nriiia  i-^  imw.  ami  is  (lr,<tiiiri|  liiTcal'lcr  tn  lir.  iiiaiiilaiiiril. 
'i'iari'~  nl'  tlirlll.  ill  'hi-  lalilllili'.  air  lir>l  rnlliul  ill  a-rrllilillL;-  llli-  Swi'clwalrr  ri\cr  nl' 
llir  iini'lli  I'liiknl'tlii  I'lalln.  nr  Nrlira-Ua.  Tlirv  sjncail  n\  cr  till-  -Diirccs  nl' I  lie  ( IriM'ii 
l!i\i'r.  iiiir  nl'  llir  lii',^hr>t  imrilitrn  liramlu'-'  nl'  tlm  (..Imailn  nl'  ( 'alil'nniia.  nn  llir 
>iiiiiiiiil  Miiit'i  nf  ilic  ;:r('al  \Viiiil  ri\ir  chain  nl'  iiininilaiii-i.  mnl  tlii'in'c  west  w  an  I,  li\ 
ilin  ill  ar  rivrr  \alli'\,  tn  ami  ilnun  ihr  SiiaLr  ri\rr.  nr  l,c\vis  link  it['  tlir  Cnliiiiiliia. 
I  mli'i'  till'  iiaiiH'  nl'  ^  aiii|ialii'k-ai  a.  nr  Knnt-Kalri -.  ami  I'miaik^.  tli('\  nt'rii|iv.  willi 
llir  I  talis,  ihr  \a.-l  (•li'\atril  liasiii  nl'  the  (Irral  Salt  i.akr,  csli'iiiliiii;  ^mitli  :'  ij  wc-l 
In  lllf  liii|i|i|>  nl  New  .Mr\ii'ii  ami  (alil'nriiia.  Illlnriliatinli  |fcrlill\  rcrri\  iil  ilnllnlrs 
that  till'  lail'jliai;i'  is  |inkrn  liv  hamls  in  tlir  L'nlil-liiiiir  rr'jii  iii  nl'  till'  SarralnrMti). 
'i'lirv  rNlrlnl  ilnwn  I  lir  Sii-a  |i-l  i  II  1 1|'  Sliakr  fi  \  rl'  vallrN  .  Inauil  imrlli  nj'  lalitllilr  II  , 
hill  this  is  lint  ihr  limit  to  wllirll  tlir  liatiniis  -p.  akiliL;  llir  Slln  ijniirr  iailLlUJI'jr.  ill  its 
M\rral    ilialrrts.   Iia\  r    -],l'rai|.        Kllil|c.ln'_:'rally.  till'    ).rn|ilr    s]irak  llli;'  it  ai'r    niir    nl'tlir 

|iiim;ii\  stnrks  nl'  (lir    llmky  Mninilaiu   (  hain.     'i'.iy    nr  Incatnl   iiiiiiuiliatrly  west 
111'  llir  \viilr-s|irrailiiii.'-  trilirs  will)  >|irak  tlir  jlai'la  laiiiiiajr.  aiul  sniitli  nl'  tlir  sair.'iii- 

"  .'-y  .\tsina-.\lL:n.  nr  111 I  ami   lUarkli'rl    la'r       'I'lir  Ya'ii|iatirk-arii   arr   rr|ifrsriilri| 

I.  ilr?rai|ril.  ami  u  ivtrliiil.  willmiil  art-  pirkiiii;  a  liiisrrahlr  siihsi>-|iiicr  I'rniii 
I  nllirr  .-|iniiiaiirniis  iiiiaiis  nj'  .-iilivi^lniir.  in  a  liairni  it  n.  nhlrii  ratiiii^ 
..nt  plantiiiL;  a  sml,  aiiil  '\  amlniirj  I'nr  Inml  ami  sImIIit  anul  scriirs  nl'lrii  iis 
r;i'.i:ril  a>  tlir  Alps,  nr  ihr  -li  rp^  nj'  Ihr  I'laliaii  Cli.iln;  \rl  a  clnsrr  r\aiiiinatinii 
ilrimlrs  that  llirir  liiniilily.  ilruiailatinii.  ana  w  irtrliri|iir>s  arr,  nirasiiralily.  llir  irsiilt, 
nl'  lilitnwanl  rirrilin-l  inrrs.  llir  implii\  rinrlll  111'  wliirll  Wiilllil  I'aisr  tiirni  to  tlir  >aiiir 
rank  as  llirir  iimrr  l'a\niril  kinilrnl  ami  iiriiilihnrs  Ihr  ( 'nmmirlir:-.  Wlirllirr  tlirsr 
riirnni-ia'iiis  iwr  tn  hr  I'avnialiK  rliair.;ril.  as  tlir  ti'ilirs  nl'  tlirsr  altitiuk's  ai'r  limiiLilil 


I 


II  IS  To  It  V.    A  N  I)    <;(>V  Klt.N  M  11  N  T. 


imt 


inlii  I'hi^i'i'  riiiiiiiiiiiiii'iirniii  Willi  mil'  M'llliMii'iitH,  !■<  u  niiillii'  ol'  uiii'i'itMiiit  >  .  iiiiil  li:i>4 
Im'i'Ii  iliiiililcij  li\  cili>ir\rrs.  'I'liiit  iIk'  t'liiiiiil<>  is  mil  il.-rll'  liiiliiililiii;:  In  nil  iiljiiiii' 
illilll-llial  |iu|(lllilliiill  i"  [iIOMmI  Ipv  IIm'  >IIccc.xs  ni'  llir  Muriiicilis.  I'dllimis  n|'  llir  .\l|'»i 
IIIkI  ii'Jh'I'  lli'illlailil  III'  lllnlMll.lill    llir.'is  iif    l''.lirn|li',   li"-"   I'll  \  i  il'iililc   In  lllllllllll   lili  .  Ul'r   lln' 

|-i'«i(liiii'i' 111'  ii  li\ci|  |ici|iiilaliiiii.  'I'jii'  I'l'i'i'al  grains,  in  tin'  <i|iiiiiiiii  ul'  liaNcllcrs  ami 
(■',|i|iiiii -.  wliiiM'  ti'>liiiiip|i\  is  iiciw  MMilii'il,  can  Kr  rii-iil  in  ilir  ^iirat  ai'i'a  n['  ihr  Sail 
liasiii.  >lii'i'|i,  pials,  anil  calllc.  wmilil  lliii\i'  n|iiin  iIh'  liili  luincli  t.'i'a>-  ul'  llir  «lii|piii^- 
>l('r|is,   wlicrr  llic    (lisillti'^ialril   Milcailic    ili'll'illis  lias  |inMll|i'('(l  a   -i'\\.       'l'\\r  i'\|iail-i\i' 

|i(i\MT  III"  I'lii^l  is  |iii  p(|iiiil|\   Inwciin^ 


lliosi'  allitiiilrs.      Till'  I'liiii'i'  siiiniiiit   aliiiiini 


ill  jiMi'i'  wali'i'  ami  a  licalllilul  atiMiis|i|ii'i'i',  ami  a  lii'jii  sniniin'r  lriii|>rralni'('  al  nnim- 
ila\.  Itaiiis  arr  iml  wanliiii;,  I  Imn'jli  llirv  an',  iicrliap'^.  Ion  niirn'i|iii'nl.  ami  lliri'i' 
M'i'iiis  Id  lie  iici  iiisii|ii'i'alili'  (iIisImi'Ic.  Ml  I'm'  a-i  is  kiidwn.  111  llic  liiitiialiiPii  ul' srll  Iniirnls 
lit  (Iclaclnil  ami  laNiiialilc  |iniiils  lirlwct  n  tlir  ariil  ami  rorkv  ai'ra<.  w  lien'  the  ails  ami 
('uniliprl-i  if  lili'  luiilii  III'  >m'i  rssl'iillN   ami  iicriiianciillv  rt'liiil  mi.      'i'lic  ilr\  nrs-.  nf  llii> 


■li    lia-   liiTii   iintii'iil  as  uiiravuraMi'  to  a'.:i  iriilliiic,  williniit  ini'jal 


ini'jaljuii. 


atimi>|ilirri'. 

i  -    lint    liiiiml.  Iinurxrr.  Id  |nr\riit    t  III'  !:  id\U  1 1  di'  'ji'a^s   ill  ans|iii'imis  Idraliniis.      'i'n  ii 

I'l-jidii    iliii>    r,i\  dialiii'.  ill  a  liicaMiri',  In  |ia»tm  ami  iil'ii/iiiL;.  llii'  cxi-lciiri'.  in  aliuil- 

ilanci'.  dj'  link  salt  inil-l    |iiii\i'aii  incstiiiia'  inta'ji'. 


.\~  ll 


\r   Mid~hd| 


ii'i'  ami  I  lali  n.illdii. 


wild  ai.    iliiis  si't  ilduii  111  diir  iiatli  wi'-lwanl.  is 


ili'^liiirij    Id  I'diiii'   iiiid   an    aiiiid^l    iiiiim  iliali'    inlrrniiirsi'  wiili    llir  I'liitnl  Stairs.  aii<l 

till'    .:id\  I'llinii'lll     --1  I'ks   Id   lii'll'diiii     its  (|iit\    Idwaiils  liirlii   ill   till'   lii'sl  |iiis>ilili'    lliaillliT. 

cll'iirls  liaM'  III')  II  inailr  In  nlilain  llic  iati'<t  ami  iimst  antlii'iilii'  inrnriiialidii    i'r>|ii'('liii'.:' 
tliriii.   ami    till'   clii'iaili  T  nl'  till'   wiili'   ami   cIi'Nati'd    rcLildiis   (Im'v    inlialiil 

I,t'u  is  ami  ( 'larlx.  Id  w  limn  we  arc  imlrlitiil  fur  mi r  lir-i  iml  icc  ni'  this  iial  imi.  I'miml 
tliciii.  iimlcr  the  iiaiiii'  dl'  Sliii-lidiiccs.  in  the  \alli'\  aiiil  at  the  miiiii'c  nf  ihc  .Jiirci-Miii 
Fork  df  the  Mi-sdiiii  |!i\rr.  which  licaiN.  a'.;rcciilil\  In  tip  ir  nhsci  \alidiis.  in  lalitmic 
■I'l  ."iir,  'I'licir  dill  ciicaiii|iiiii'iil~  ami  liatllc-i;rmimi~.  where  thc\  had  Keen  as>aili'ii 
ami   ilcl'calcil  li\    their  eiieinio.  llic    I'aw  JNcr^.  di-   .Mliiiielai'ie«.  ha 


ll    heeii    passeii  as   iar 


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ploasiiro  at  tlio  slight  of  a  wliite  man.  Tlifir  name  for  a  wliite  man  was,  however, 
T(i/)//(i-liijiii  ;  express^iuiiM  denotinji;  a  peculiar  laiif:'iiajfo. 

'•Their  cold  and  rugged  country,"  observe  tlie  explorers,  '•inures  them  to  t'atigne; 
their  long  abstinence  makes  them  sui>|)()rt  the  dangers  of  mountain  warfare;  and  worn 
down,  as  we  saw  them,  Ijy  the  want  of  sustenance,  they  had  a  lierce  and  adventurous 
lodk  iif  courage.  They  suller  the  extremes  of  want  ;  for  two-thirds  of  the  year  they 
arc  forced  to  live  in  the  mountains,  passing  whole  weeks  without  meat,  antl  witii 
miliiing  to  eat  hut  a  few  fish  and  roots.  Nor  can  anything  be  imagined  more  wretched 
than  their  condition  when  the  salmon  is  retiring,  when  roots  are  becoming  scarce, 
and  they  have  not  yet  ac(]uired  strength  to  hazaril  an  encounter  with  their  enemies. 
So  insensible  are  they,  however,  to  these  calamities,  that  the  Shoshonecs  are  not  only 
cheerl'ul,  but  even  gay;  and  their  character,  which  is  more  interesting  than  that  of 
any  Indians  we  have  seen,  has  in  it  much  of  the  dignity  of  misfortune.  In  tlii'ir 
intercourse  with  strangers,  they  are  frank  and  communicative;  in  their  dealings 
perfectly  fair,  and  without  dishonesty.  With  their  liveliness  of  tenqier,  they  are 
fond  of  gaudy  dresses,  amusements,  and  games  of  hazard,  and,  like  most  Indian.s, 
delight   in  Injasting  of  their  martial  exploits." 

Such  is  the  account  given  of  the  most  northerly  tribe  of  this  people,  who  have  not 
been  visited  since.  Of  the  tribes  living  south  of  them  on  the  same  high  altitude  of 
mountains,  far  le.ss  favorable  accounts  have  been  gi\en.  Mr.  Hale,  the  ethnographer 
of  the  United  States  Exploring  Expedition,  takes  bnt  little  notice  of  this  leading 
nation  of  the  mountains,  their  relatit)ns,  languages,  or  ])0[)ulati(in  ;  which  is  probably 
ow  ing  to  their  remote  and  inaccessiijle  position.  Fremont,  who  .approached  the  moun- 
tains in  north  latitude  about  -i'l^,  came  among  those  liands  of  the  Shoshonee  stock 
who  possess  no  horses,  live  chielly  on  roots,  and  present  the  most  deiu'cssed  t\i)e  of 
tlu'ir  condition.  Accuracy,  in  ri'lation  to  o\iv  kn(nvle(lge  of  the  t()pogra|iliy  of  those 
regions,  and.  incidentally,  of  the  tribes  iidiaiiiting  it.  IiCLiins  with  the  exploratory  Jour- 
neys of  this  oihcer.  lie  ascendeil  the  mountains  from  the  north  fork  of  the  Ni'braska 
or  Platte,  through  the  Sweet-water  \'alley,  which  carried  him,  In  a  gentle  and  almo.st 
impcrceptil)le  ascent,  to  the  South  Pass.  Here,  at  an  altitude  of  7000  feet  above  the 
sea,  in  h)ngitude  109^,  and  latitude  a  little  north  of  12°,  he  found  himself  amongst 
the  Shoshonecs,  of  whom  he  had  oltserved  traces  in  the  Sweet-water  \'alley.  He 
had  now  advanced  '.100  miles  from  Westport  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kansas.  In  his  sepa- 
rate topographical  sheet-nia|)s,  published  in  181(1,  he  inscrilies  the  words  '•  WAii-diioiNO 
(IF  rni;  Snakks  and  Sku  x  Indians,"  Ijctv.een  the  Ited  Unites  of  the  north  fork  of  the 
Platte,  and  the  junction  of  the  Big  Sandy  Eork  of  the  (Ireeii  or  Colorado  of  California. 
We  are  thus  apprized  of  the  fact  that  the  Shoshonecs  or  Snakes  have  bands  of  the 
great  Dacota  family  for  their  enennes  at  the  eastern  foot  of  the  mountains.  The 
distance  between  the  extremes  of  the  two  ])oints  thus  marked,  is  102  miles;  in  pa.ssing 


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HISTORY,   AND  GOVERNMENT. 


201 


over  which,  but  few  Indians  were  met,  but  the  traveller  in  tliesc  regions  is  oVjliged  to 
keej)  on  his  guard,  as  the  district  is  liable  to  the  ]ioriodical  inroads  of  both  parties. 

As  the  Sweet-water  valley  is  probably  destined  to  be  the  principal  land  route  from 
the  Mississippi  Valley  to  Oregon,  its  geographical  character  and  capacities  for  sustaining 
animals  and  men,  may  be  appropriately  mentioned.  Fremont  describes  it  as  "a  sandy 
plain  120  miles  long," — and  again,  as  "  a  valley  five  miles  wide,  with  a  handsome 
mountain  stream  of  pure  water,  its  innnediate  borders  having  a  good  soil,  with 
abundance  of  soft  green  gra.ss."  The  valley  is  well  defined.  Its  northern  sides  consist 
of  "ridges  and  masses  of  naked  granite,  without  vegetation."  Its  southern  borders 
arc  crowned  Avith  the  heights  of  the  Sweet-water  mountains.  He  was  fourteen  days, 
including  necessary  stops,  in  ascending  from  a  little  below  its  mouth  to  the  summit  of 
the  South  Pass,  where  he  immediately  fell  upon  the  remote  waters  of  the  Colorado. 
The  distance  from  water  to  water,  was  less  than  five  miles.  The  ascent  was  catij, 
and  the  pass  without  peculiar  difficulty. 

Assuming  tlie  Snake  or  Shoshonee  territories  to  begin  at  the  mouth  of  the  Sweet- 
water, which  is  probably  as  far  east  as  they  ever  venture  in  war,  the  people  speaking 
dialects  of  this  language,  spread  over  tlio  entire  summit  of  the  mountains  to  and  down 
the  Snake  River  or  Lewis'  fork  of  the  Columbia,  to  latitude  about  44°  30'" — say,  the 
dividing  highlands  between  the  IJurut  and  Powder  River  of  Lewis'  fork,  where  they 
are,  for  the  last  time,  noticed.  This  point  is  about  050  miles  below  Fort  Hall.  The 
entire  distance  from  the  mouth  of  the  Sweet-water,  taking  the  admeasurements  from 
Fremont's  sheet-maps,  through  the  Bear  River  Valley,  may  be  computed  to  be  750 
miles.  About  280  miles  of  tliis  distance  lies  across  the  extreme  summit  of  the 
mountains,  from  the  Table  Rock  to  Fort  Hall,  and  with  the  eastern  moiety  of  140 
miles,  to  the  foot  of  the  dividing  ridge  between  the  waters  of  the  Colorado  and  Bear 
River,  consists  of  sandy  plains  covered  with  artemisia  and  a  few  alpine  shrubs.  The 
Avestern  moiety  of  140  miles  beyond  that  ridge,  consists  of  the  minor  bristling  spurs 
of  volcanic  formation,  through  one  of  the  ancient  fissures  in  which  the  Bear  River 
winds  its  way  till  it  pours  its  tribute  southerly  into  the  Great  Salt  Lake.  This  lake 
lies  in  a  high  geological  basin,  which  has  no  outlet  by  rivers  to  the  sea,  but  it  parts 
with  its  surplus  water  like  the  inland  streams  of  Asia  and  Africa,  exclusively  by 
evaporation. 

North  and  south  of  this  great  line  of  demarcation  of  the  Southern  Pass — through 
which,  population  seems  destined  in  our  future  history  to  pass — the  Shoshonee  nation, 
under  its  various  names,  c.\tend  as  far  north  as  the  sources  of  the  Missouri,  and  the 
mouth  of  Jefferson  Fork,  in  latitude  45°  24'.  South  and  west  of  the  Pass  they  embrace 
the  plains  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake  basin,  now  incorporated  into  Utah,  and  extend  into 
California,  Arkansas,  and  a  part  of  Texas.  Those  of  them  who  have  descended 
eastwardly  into  the  Texan  plains,  at  unknown  periods  of  their  history,  are  known 
as  Comanches — a  relation  which  is  designated  by  the  ethnological  tie  of  language. 
26 


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TRIBAL   ORGANIZATION, 


Dismissing  tlio  latter  tribe,  who,  probably,  owing  to  the  possession  of  the  horse, 
anil  living  on  animal  food  abundantly  supi)lied  by  the  bufliilo,  have  acquired  a  distinct 
tribal  standing  for  themselves,  and  regarding  the  Shoshonees  as  mountaineers,  who 
derive  their  best  protection  from  their  inaccessible  position,  it  may  be  doubted  whether 
a  more  impoverished,  degraded,  and  abject  Indian  nation  exists  in  North  America. 
This  character  does  not  apply  as  fully  to  the  Snake  Indians,  who  occupy  the  upper 
part  of  the  valley  of  the  Shoshonee  or  Lewis'  fork  of  the  Columbia.  These  latter 
tribes  are  periodically  subsisted  on  salmon,  coming  up  from  the  Pacific,  which  arc 
abundantly  taken  at  the  Falls ;  but  at  other  seasons  they  have  little  to  distinguish  them 
from  the  mountain  bands.  The  country  they  inhabit  is,  for  the  most  part,  volcanic, 
with  dry  and  arid  sand  plains,  forming  intervening  tracts  between  the  pinnacles  of 
rock,  which  are  unfavorable  to  the  increase  of  large  game,  and  yield  but  little  game 
of  any  kind.  As  the  Snakes  have  no  agricultural  industry,  they  are  doomed  to 
suffering  and  dej)opulation,  with  the  mass  of  liie  Indians  of  Oregon.  Even  in  the 
most  favorable  and  healthy  seasons,  they  have  so  little  physical  stamina,  that  the 
prevalence  of  fevens,  comnon  east  of  the  mountain,  has  been  known  to  prostrate  them 
with  the  power  of  an  epi  lemic,  or  a  pestilence. 

Recent  information  of  the  Shoshonees,  viewed  in  all  their  extent  and  divisions, 
depicts  them  as  doomed  to  certain  depopulation  and  extinction,  unless  this  doom  be 
arrested  by  a  resort  to  fixed  means  of  industry.  Too  often,  nay,  uniformly,  the 
advance  of  civilized  nations  into  the  territories  of  barbarous  tribes,  has  the  efl'ect  to 
cause  depopulation,  from  the  great  stimulus  to  trapping,  which  adds  to  their  means  of 
enjoyment.  But  not  so  with  them.  Their  country  is  bare  of  the  fur-bearing  animals. 
The  little  resources  they  possess  in  fish  and  game,  are,  as  it  is  seen,  quickly  wasted. 
Their  habits  and  manners  are  soon  corrupted,  and  the  native  vigor  of  the  tribes  is 
prostrated,  just  at  the  time  that  their  spontaneous  means  fail,  and  they  are  required 
to  begin  a  life  of  agricultural  industry,  to  save  themselves  from  extinction.  Perhaps 
mountains  and  rocky  shelters,  and  a  sparse  population,  spread  over  an  immense  area, 
which  is  doomed  to  peq^tual  sterility,  may  operate  to  lengthen  out  the  period  of 
these  feeble  and  depressed,  but  docile  and  friendly  mountaineers. 

In  any  future  purchases  from  this  tribe,  with  a  view  to  facilitate  intercourse 
between  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  California  and  Oregon,  or  to  protect  the  Mormons 
and  other  incipient  settlements  on  the  mountains,  the  value  of  the  Bear  River  cannot 
fail  to  attract  attention.  This  valley  lies  for  80  miles  cast  to  west,  directly  in  the 
route  to  Fort  Hall,  and  appears  to  furnish  many  of  the  requisites  for  a  mountain 
population.  This  river  is  the  largest  known  tributary  to  the  Great  Salt  Lake.  It  is 
connected  with  the  geographical  .system  of  rivers  and  creeks  of  tliat  basin,  where 
agriculture  has  already  commenced.  It  is  represented  by  Fremont  as  forming  "  a 
natural  resting  .and  recruiting  f  ration  for  travellers,  now  and  in  all  time  to  come. 
The  bottoms  are  extensive,  water  excellent,  timber  sufficient,  and  soil  good  and  well 


HISTORY,   AND  GOVERNMENT. 


•203 


adapted  to  the  grains  and  grasses  suited  to  such  an  elevated  region.  A  military  post 
and  a  civilized  settlement  would  be  of  great  value  here,  and  cattle  and  horses 
would  do  well  where  grass  and  salt  so  much  abound.  The  Lakk  will  furnish 
exhaustless  supplies  of  salt.  All  the  mountain-sides  arc  covered  with  a  valuable  and 
nutritious  grass,  called  bunch  grass,  from  the  form  in  Avhich  it  grows,  which  has 
a  second  growth  in  the  fall.  The  beasts  of  the  Indians'  were  fat  upon  it;  our  own 
found  it  a  good  subsistence,  and  its  ciuantity  will  sustain  any  amount  of  cattle,  and 
make  this  truly  a  bucolic  region." 

Mr.  Nathaniel  J.  Wyeth,  whose  replies  to  some  of  our  queries  respecting  this  people 
wc  subjoin,  spent  a  number  of  years  in  the  adventurous  Indian  trade  west  of  the 
Eocky  Mountains.  Between  1832  and  18.3G,  he  was  an  agent,  or  factor,  of  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Company,  and  built  Fort  Hall  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Lewis,  called 
Snake,  or  Siiaptin  River  by  the  natives.  This  gentleman,  who  is  now  a  resident  of 
one  of  the  New  England  States,  exhibits,  in  the  responses  with  which  ho  has  favored 
us,  a  habit  of  clo.se  ol)servation,  which  has  enabled  him,  with  the  aid  of  his  journals, 
to  reproduce  the  various  bands  of  the  nation  of  whoso  characteristic  traits  and  hal)its, 
and  the  natural  features  and  productions  of  the  country  they  inhabit,  we  seek  to  be 
better  informed.  Wc  need  do  but  little  more  than  ask  a  candid  perusal  for  his 
statements. 

The  object  in  hand,  i.as  been  to  obtain  accurate  and  reli.able  accounts  of  tlio  country 
over  which  the  Shoshonce  language  prevails,  in  all  its  latitudes  and  longitudes ;  the 
number  of  bands  into  which  the  nation  is  divided;  their  actual  means  of  subsistence; 
their  wars  and  alliances  with  neighboring  tribes;  their  disjiosition  and  feelings  towards 
the  United  States ;  and  the  true  policy  to  be  pursued  respecting  them. 

'  This  is  tl  J  first  and  only  intimation  wo  Lave,  that  the  Indians  have  "hcaaUs." 


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3.  INDIAN  TRIBES  OF  THE  SOUTH  PASS  OF  THE  ROCKY 
MOUNTAINS;  THE  SALT  LAKE  BASIN;  THE  VALLEY 
OF  THE  GREAT  SAAPTIN,  OR  LEWIS'  RIVER,  AND  THE 
PACIFIC  COASTS  OF  OREGON. 


liV    NATHAN  I  EI,    J.    WVKTII,    ESy. 


SYNOPSIS. 


Letter  I.  —  Object  of  Inquiry.  —  Period  of  Residence. 

Letteh  II.  —  Question  of  Affinity  of  the  Slioslionccs  by  Language.  —  Means  of  Subsistence. — 
True  Name  —  Bonacks. —  Scarcity  of  Game. —  Game  and  Trapping. — No  social  Organization 
among  the  Tribes.  —  Utter  Ignorance.  —  Introduction  of  tlic  Horse  an  Era. --No  Cultivation 
whatever.  —  No  Laws.  —  No  Ideas  of  Rights  of  Property.  —  Foot  Tribes  cannot  cope  with 
Tribes  possessing  Horses. — The  Horse,  therefore,  the  Cause  of  Division,  and  Tribal  Organi- 
zation. 

Letter  III.  —  Influence  of  the  Introduction  of  the  Horse  on  the  American  Tribes. 

Letter  IV.  —  Geograpliy  of  'he  Siiaptin  River. —  Hydrographic  I'ower. —  Salmon. —  Hot 
Springs  abundant. —  Fossil  Wood. —  Blue  Limestone. — Reddish  Sandstone. — Bitumen. — Coal. 
—  Glauber,  Epsom,  and  Common  Salts.  —  Obsidian.  —  Very  dry  Atmosphere;  consequent 
danger  of  handling  Fire  Arms.  —  Extraordinary  range  of  the  Thermometer.  —  Grazing. — 
Scarcity  of  Fuel.  —  Wood  alone  on  the  Mountains. 

Letter  V. — Implements  of  the  Slioshonees.  —  Root-1'ot.  —  Bows  of  Horn  artistically  made. — 
Obsidian  Arrow-IIeads  ;  their  shape — Obsidian  Knife.  —  Graining  Tools.  —  Bone  Awls. — 
FisK  Spears.  —  Fish  Nets.  —  Boats  or  Rafts.  —  Pipes  of  Fuller's  Earth  and  Soapstoiu\  — 
Mats  resembling  the  Chinese.  —  Implement  for  obtaining  Fire  by  Percussion. 

Letter  VI. — Traiismitting  Remarks  on  the  Snake  River  Valley,  &c. 

Letter  VII. —  Language  of  the  Shoshonees. —  Destitution;  eat  pounded  Bones. —  Mildness,  and 
unaccountable  want  of  Moral  Sense  or  Accountability. —  Murder  of  Abbot  and  De  Forest. — 
Submissive  under  Discipline. — Origin  at  different  Eras  and  from  different  Parts. — Resemblance 
to  Japanese. 

Letter  VIII. —  Reason  for  not  beginning  Geographically. — Breadth  of  the  Inquiry. — A  few  more 
Shoshonee  Words. 

Letter  IX. — Valley  of  the  Colorado:  its  waste  Character  immediately  South  of  the  Salt  Lake 
Basin  —  lying  in  a  Fissure  of  Basaltic  Rock  —  then  barren  Sands. —  South  of  Snake  River, 
Lignite,  Gypsum,  Marine  Shells.— Coal  in  North  Latitude  40°  30'  to  40°  40'.— Geographical 
Data  favorable  to  Settlements  in  the  Mountain  Basin. —  Grand  River  Valley  favorable  to 
grazing,  &c. 

Letter  X.  —  Transmitting  Accounts  of  the  Bear  River  Valley,  Utah,  and  the  Valley  between 
the  Blue  and  Cascade  Mountains,  Oregon. 

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TllIUAL    ()U(i  ANIZATION,    ETC. 


•2or, 


Lkttku  XI. — Valiip  of  tlio  lU'iir  Uivoi- Valley  on  tlio  Plateau  of  the  Rueky  Moiiiitaiii?<,  as  tile 
connecting  link  between  the  IMatte  and  Lewis  llivcrs. — Country  hetweentho  Blue  and  Cascade 
Mountains,  Oregon. — Ciame,  Forest  Trees. —  Country  volcanic. — Conglomerate  I!oeks,  I'umice 
Stones. — Columnar  BasiiU  in  chasms. — Two  ancient  Bones  converted  to  silex,  underlying  several 
hundred  feet  of  Basaltic  Rock. — Other  imjiortant  geological  facts. — Climate. — Barren  tracts  on 
the  Columbia. —  Immense  number  of  Horses  raised  and  owned  by  tjie  Indians,  in  this 
prominently  pastoral  Valley. — Agricultural  advantages  less,  but  still  a|)preciulile. —  lleallh. 
—  Infection  between  iHiiO  and  1880,  carried  off  the  Natives. 

Letter  XII. — Transmitting  Remarks  on  the  Route  to  Oregon  and  the  improvement  of  the  Indians. 

Lettuh  XIII. —  Future  rro.spcct8  of  the  Indians  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. —  Principles  on 
which  their  Pacification,  internal  and  external,  must  depend. — Country  resembles  the  Interim- 
of  Asia,  and  its  Tribes  have  no  actual  ownership  of  tho  Soil,  but  rove  over  it  to  hunt,  steal, 
and  murder. —  Shoshonccs  its  rightful  occupants  to  the  Blue  Mountains:  then  Cayuses  ami 
Walla-Wallas. — All  mere  Noniades. — Plan  for  a  line  of  Posts  and  pastoral  Settlements  from 
the  Platte  to  the  Columbia  T{iver  at  the  Dalles. — These  Settlements  to  consist  of  Herdsmen, 
Red  or  White. 

Letteu  XIV. —  Indian  Names. —  Reasons  for  them. —  The  want  of  Vneabuhuies,  kc. 

Letteii  XV. —  Statistics  of  the  Snakes,  Bonacks,  and  Shoshonees. —  Causes  of  the  Increase  and 
Decrease,  or  stationary  Population,  of  Indian  Nations. — Periods  of  War  and  Hunting  counter- 
poising each  other. — Destruction  of  (iame,  a  consequence  of  the  egress  of  civilized  Nations. — 
The  want  of  success  in  attempts  to  reclaim  Savage  Tribes  adverted  to. — The  plan  of  making 
them  Herdsmen  enforced  in  relation  to  these  Tribes.  —  Their  Decrease  had  commenced,  inde- 
pendently of  the  effects  of  Alcoholic  Liquors. — None  actually  used  in  their  Trade,  prior  to  1837. 


Letter  I. 


Cambridge,  Milss. 
March  27,  1848. 


Sir: 


Your  letter  of  21st  February  ult.  was  received  while  I  was  wholly  occupied 
l)y  the  operations  of  business.  I  beg  you  will  accept  this  as  an  apology  for  so  late 
an  answer. 

I  ob.serve  that  tho  information  to  bo  elicited  was  to  have  been  used  by  the  1st 
Feljruary  or  during  the  present  session  of  Congress  —  can  it  still  be  u.seful?  if  so,  I 
will  furnish  a  few  remarks  in  answer,  promising  that  I  commenced  the  Indian  trade 
in  1832,  and  left  it  in  ISoC,  that  my  travels  were  from  40°  to  40°  north,  and  from  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific,  having  my  chief  establishments  at  Fort  Hall  and 
Wapato  Island,  and  that  it  will  take  some  little  time  to  collect  the  facts  from  the 


original  memorandimis. 


Henry  U.  Schoolcraft,  Esq., 
OlFicc  Indian  Affairs. 


Very  respectfully. 

Your  Obedient  Servant, 

Nathaniel  J.  "VVvETir. 


'  I 


'  ■    I 


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i  11 


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i 

I  1 

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1 

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i 

1    1 

i; 

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f      ^i 


II' 


!«!' 


200. 


TRIRAI,   ORGANIZATION, 


Letteu  it. 


Sir: 


April  ;i(l,  1H48. 


1  Imvo  received  your  ethnological  questions,  accompanied  by  your  letter  of 
the  21st  of  February  last.  Circumstances  have  prevented  my  attention  to  tlie  sul)ji'ct 
until  this  time. 

In  imparting  what  little  I  know,  I  shall  follow  the  order  in  which  the  questions  are 
proposed;  omitting  those  on  which  my  information  is  deficient.  No.  1.%  "Causes  of 
tlic  Multiplication  of  Tribes." 

In  my  intercourse  with  the  bands  of  Snidcc  Indians  at  Fort  Hall,  which  I  built  in 
1834,  and  while  endeavoring  to  conununicatc  with  them  for  the  purposes  of  trade,  my 
attention  was  struck  by  the  diversity  of  dialect;  not  great  enough  to  lead  to  the 
supposition  of  n  very  ancient  separation,  and  yet  too  great  to  e.\ist  between  tribes 
inhabiting  the  same  region.  The  very  limited  inquiries  that  I  was  able  to  make,  led 
to  the  belief  that  the  tribes  or  bands  of  Snakes  recognised  a  less  diflerence  between 
each  other,  than  between  themselves  and  the  Klackfeet  and  Crows,  with  whom  they 
arc  always  at  war. 

During  these  years,  the  few  whites  then  in  that  regicm  called  the  more  miserable 
l)ands  Diggers,  or  Shoshonees.  They  difTi-r  from  the  other  Snakes  somewhat  in 
language ;  their  condition  is  much  poorer,  having  no  horses,  and  living  chielly  on  roots 
and  fish  from  the  brooks,  with  what  small  game  that  region  aflbrds.  I  am  not  q\iite 
certain,  but  think  their  distinctive  name  among  the  natives  is  Soiiosiionee  ;  another 
division  of  the  Snakes  arc  called  by  themselves  and  others,  Bonacks,  or  Paunariues. 
They  do  not  seem,  radically,  to  differ  from  the  Ibrmer;  they  are  more  intelligent,  and 
better  .supplied  with  all  the  means  of  Indian  indejiendence ;  horses  lodges,  guns, 
knives,  &c.  &c.,  and  form  bands  annuall}-  to  hunt  in  the-  buffilo  country. 

The  region  Avliich  both  these  descriptions  of  Snakes  inhabit,  extends  south  from  the 
Siiaptin  or  Snake  River,  a.s  far  as  the  .southern  end  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  and  from 
the  Rocky  to  the  Blue  Mountains,  and  is  nearly  a  desert ;  although  there  are  a  few 
spots  of  good  soil,  it  produces  the  least  possible  quantity  of  game.  There  are  no 
buffaloes ;  elk  and  deer  arc  very  scarce  and  unknown,  except  in  the  mountains.  Ante- 
lope and  big-horn  are  rare,  as  also  the  bear ;  there  arc  two  kinds  of  rabbits,  but  they 
are  also  scarce.  In  1832,  when  I  first  visited  this  country,  perhaps  the  beaver  and 
otter  exceeded  all  the  other  game,  and  they  were  by  no  means  abundant;  at  that 
time  the  Indians  had  no  traps,  and  therefore  could  obtain  little  food  from  the  beaver. 
All  the  skins  of  animals  killed  were  used  as  clothing,  even  the  Ix-aver  and  otter,  and 
fiu'nishcd  so  little,  that  perhaps  not  morc  than  one-half  of  their  bodies  were  covered, 
even  during  the  winter,  and  but  few  even  of  those  who  visited  annually  the  buffalo 
region  had  skins  enough  to  erect  lodges. 


It 

m 


)  , 

1   ■ 

I 

:»; 

fk 

M 

IIISTUIIY,   AND   (JOVEIINMENT. 


207 


Tho  paucity  of  niuno  in  thin  region  is,  I  hiivo  littlf  iloiiht,  tlio  oaiise  of  tlic  almost 
entire  absence  of  soeial  orj^ani/.ation  anions  it.s  iniiahitants;  no  trace  of  it  is  ordinarily 
seen  among  them,  except  dnrinj:,'  salmon-time,  when  a  large  number  of  the  Snakes  resort 
to  the  rivers,  chielly  to  the  Fishing  Falls,  and  at  sui-h  placeH  there  seems  some  little 
organization;  some  person  called  a  ciiief  usnally  opens  a  trade  or  talk,  and  occasion- 
ally givi's  directions  as  to  times  and  modes  of  fishing;  and  the  same  is  tiie  case  with 
the  bands  who  go  into  the  bnllalo  region.  Other  than  this,  1  have  perceived  no  ves- 
tiges of  government  among  tliem;  I  have  never  known  other  i)unishment  inflicted 
than  personal  satisfaction  by  murder  or  theft. 

At  the  time  I  allude  to,  our  nu;ans  of  conununicating  with  them  were  very  im])erfcct, 
and  mistakes  of  their  meaning  might  o(!cur.  Their  (Irst  answer  to  the  tpiestion  of 
"  What  is  the  difl'ercnce  between  the  Honaeks  and  Shoshonees?"  if  addressed  to  one 
separate  from  the  other,  was,  that  they  were  good  and  the  other  bad,  meaning  that 
they  would  trade  beaver  with  the  Whites,  while  tlie  other  would  steal  from  and 
nnirder  them.  When  they  were  addressed  together  they  did  not,  generally,  iniplieato 
each  other,  but  in  all  eases  it  was  diihcult  for  then'.  t(j  conceive  that  we  were  searching 
for  the  distinctive  diflerence  between  themselves;  and,  after  making  this  understood, 
1  could  never  obtain  any  further  information  than  that  the  Bonacks  had  horses,  and 
went  to  hunt  buflalo,  while  the  .Shoshonees  had  no  horses,  and  lived  on  roots  and 
lish. 

In  examining  the  cause  of  separation  into  tril)es  of  a  people  so  little  removed  from 
the  lowest  state  of  existence,  we  should  examine  the  original  necessities  which  must 
have  produced  all  social  organization.  The  collection  of  a  family,  which  may  be  con- 
sidered coeval  with  individiud  existence,  is  of  no  importance  in  this  instance.  The 
combination  for  the  defence  of  person  and  property  is  the  point  to  be  examined  in  this 
case,  and  beyond  this  stage  the  Snakes  have  not  reached. 

Previous  to  the  introduction  of  tho  Horse  among  them,  they  could  liave  had  no 
interest  of  property  requiring  organization  to  protect  it,  except  that  of  the  Salmon 
iislieries,  which  must  have  been  nearly  coeval  with  their  first  settlement  in  the  country, 
and  which,  naturally,  would  call  for  some  kind  of  law  to  render  it  available.  That 
this  was  their  only  motive  to  institute  government,  I  infer  from  the  nature  of  their 
country,  whicli  is  too  poor  to  produce  any  considerable  ;■  i  ntity  of  game,  and  that  no 
cultivation  had  ever  Ixicn  attempted.  It  is  not  probaljlc  ^'c-y  would  have  combined 
to  protect  property  they  did  not  possess,  or  to  secure  themselves  against  enemies  who 
could  not  penetrate  into  their  country  for  want  of  subsistence,  and  also  because  them- 
selves could  not  remain  together  in  any  considerable  numbers  from  the  same  cause. 

These  reasons  show  a  want  of  motive  and  power  of  combination,  except  in  tho 
single  interest  of  the  Salmon  fishery,  and  convince  nie  that  prior  to  the  introduction 
of  the  horse  no  other  tribal  arrangement  existed  than  such  as  is  now  seen  in  tho 
management  of  the  Salmon  fishery. 


'  I 


'1^ 


''    ' 


li 


'  rl 


^    ,     V 


I*  t 
i '{  Ml; ; 


■    nil 


208 


TIlinAL    (>U(i  ANI/ATION, 


N': 


I' 


Siiico  till'  iiitroiliu'tioii  of  liorst's,  I  lie  Siiakos  liiivo  proljulily  hem  in  tli(>  prof^iVH-s  of 
HOparatiii^  into  two  trilK-H,  tliosc.  who  liiul  nuwt  iiiti'llim'iu'o  would  ohtaiii  them  fust, 
by  the  iiiodo  of  all  Iiullan  ac(juiMltioii,  Htoaliii^,  gambliiifx,  and  tradinj;. 

It  is  a  wi'll-cstahlLilR'd  fact  that  inon  on  foot  cannot  live,  even  in  the  k'st  pamo 
countries,  in  the  nanio  camp  with  those  who  have  horscn.  The  latter  reach  the  game, 
secure  what  they  want,  and  drive  it  beyond  the  reach  of  the  former.  Thus  the  Snaken, 
while  they  had  no  horncn,  would  Ibrm  but  one  people,  because  thoy  woultl  bo  collected 
once  a  }ear,  in  Salmon  time;  but  the  organization  would  be  very  imperfect,  because 
the  renuiinder  of  the  year  would  be  spent  by  them  in  families  widely  spread  apart, 
to  eke  out  the  year's  subsistence  on  the  roots  and  limited  game  of  their  country. 

After  a  i)ortion  of  them,  who  arc  now  called  JJonacks,  had  obtained  horses,  they 
would  naturally  form  bands  and  resort  to  the  UufTalo  region  to  gain  their  subsistence, 
retiring  to  the  most  fertile  places  in  their  own,  to  avoid  the  snows  of  the  mountains 
and  feed  their  horses.  Having  food  from  the  proceeds  of  the  Bufl'alo  hunt,  to  enable 
them  to  live  together,  they  would  amuuvlly  do  so,  lor  the  protection  of  their  horses, 
lodges,  &c.,  &c.  These  interests  have  caused  an  organization  among  the  IJonacks, 
which  continues  the  year  through,  because  the  interests  which  produce  it  continue ; 
and  it  is  more  advanced  than  that  of  the  other  Snakes. 


i         I'  I'll 


Lkttkk  III. 


Sih: 


April  0th,  1848. 


The  few  ob.servations  on  the  "  multiplication  of  tribes,"  accompanying  this, 
are  not  satisfactory  to  myself,  and  if  not  .^o  to  you,  please  throw  them  aside. 

I  regret  not  being  able  to  supply  more  facts  to  sup[)ort  a  view,  very  strongly 
impressed  on  .ay  mind,  that  the  condition  of  the  Indians  of  this  continent  has  been 
much  influenced  by  the  introduction  of  ":e  Horse. 

I  .shall  notice  the  other  questions,  and,  with  your  leave,  communicate  such  views 
and  fiicts  as  I  may  possess  in  regard  to  any  of  them. 


Lettkr  IV. 


U 


Siu ; 


April  18tli,   1848. 


These  remarks  relate  to  the  geography,  &c.,  of  the  Snake  country,  which  is 
drained  by  the  Siiaptin  or  Snake  River. 

This  country,  with  small  exceptions,  is  volcanic.  The  action  of  fire  is  extensively 
perceptible.     Columns  of  basalt  generally  form  the  barriers  of  the  streams. 

The  streams  almost  invarialjly  diminish  toward  their  outlets,  and  many  of  them 
discharge  no  water,  except  at  high  flood,  and  some  of  them  sink  in  the  rocks  and 
sands  at  all  seasons,  between  Henry's  fork  and  the  River  Malad,  a  distance  of  about 
150  miles.     On  the  north  side  of  Snake  River,  all  the  streams  are  lost  in  this  manner. 


HISTOIIY,    AN' I)   (iOVKIlNMKNT 


20« 


iiltlioiiirli  (lie  Mtiviiins  iMsiiiii''  fi'iuii  tlio  coiitiLMKiiiH  iiiDuntiiiiis  iin>  iim  alxiiiduiit  iitid 


lai'J'c'  ll^<  on   till'  I'llstiTll  r<iilt'  "f  tlio 


SIIIIU! 


nmi't'.     Tim  .Hticiims  nf  thin  rcyioii  iirc  unlit 


tor  iiiivi;;;ili(in  (d'lin}'  kind,  with  tli''  I'Xifption  of  tlu>  Main  Snake  unJ  Siilinou  UivnH, 
Ijotli  of  wliicli  alfonl  t'o  worst  kind  of  ciuiou  navi;,Mtion,  rnpids  Ixjiiig  fiv(|iu'nt,  and 
l)orta}j;(>H  iicci'Msary  at  (lillLTcnt  jilacfs,  accordinj^  to  tliu  Mta^u  of  the  water. 


All  tl 


1(>  ,st 


tri'aniH  of  any  conMidcrahlc  niajinitu 


(Ic  a 


ll'onl 


aiimiilani'c  ol 


mill- 


)owi'r. 


At 


a  [ilacc  aljoiit  70  miles  from  tlic  mouth  of  Hriincaii  a  jet  of  hot  water  issuing  from  th< 
hasaltie  rock,  ahoiit  40  feet  ahovo  the  In'd  of  the  stream,   is 


sudicient  to  carry  tho 


hirj^^est  mills,  and  many  j'ets  of  hot  orcolil  water,  at  dilferent  heij^hts  aliove  thi'  strei 
are  thrown  into  Snako  Kivur  iK'twoen  Malad  and  Henry's  Fork. 

Salmon  ascend  the  main  river  to  the  Fishing  Valley,  and  hy  Salmon  Ri\ei 
the  l{ocky  .Mountains,  and  hy  the  other  lateral  branches  to  their  sources. 


near 


Iv  t. 


'I'll 


le  rivers  of  this  countr\',  which  come  from  the  South  an( 


West. 


rise  III 


Aiiril 


May,  and  those  of  the  North  and  East,  in  .luni!  and  July.  F'rom  August  to  April  the 
waters  are  low  in  the  main  river.  I  have  forded  Snake  Iiiver  at  the  iiioiitli  of  Itig 
Wood  in  August,  Ib.'ii,  and  in  Deccmher,  IS;)-"),  without  wetting  packs.  The  streams 
are  divided  on  tho  Eiwt  and  North  from  the  Rocky  Mountains,  on  the  North-wi'st  from 
the  dividing  mountains  hetwi'en  them  and  the  Flathead  Hiver,  on  tlii^  West  from  the 
Hlue  Mountains,  on  the  South  from  a  range  which  divides  them  from  the  water.s  of 
the  \' alley  of  the  Salt  Ijake.  Hot  s[)rings  are  common  all  over  this  region,  hut  there 
are  no  lakes  or  ponds. 

I  have  ohserved  fossil-wood  on  tlieOyhee,  which  discharges  into  .'~>iiake  I!i\er  nearly 
oppositt!  the  JJig  Wood.  On  the  heads  ol"  (Jodiiig  Fork,  which  lo.-<es  itself  in  the  i)lain 
of  the  Three  IJutes;   in  I'ierre's   Hole,  at    the  base  of  the  Three  Titons,  about  thirty 


m 


iles  lip  tht!  Ih'ule  ;  and 


on  the  heads  of  Salmon  liiver,  I  have  observed  blue  lime- 
stone and   ri'ddish  sandstone,  but  ha\e  not  oliservi'd   the  reiiiiiins  of  shells  in  eitiier. 


On    I5r 


11  1  Ibund  asphaltum  in  a  .-olid   form,  and  on  oik^  occasion  made  camp  li 


with  it.      1  lia\e  U 
On  a  branch  ol'  the  C 


d 


d  bit  I 


umiiious  coal  on  tin'  west  side  of  tin-  Kocliv  Mount: 


oloraclo,  an 


location 


are 


nd  on  till-  east  side  on  a  branch  of  Wind  I 

1! 


iiver,  wliicii 


immediateh'  South   and  North  of  the  heads  of  the  ."^luiiie  KInci 


I  h 


little  doubt  of  its  existence  at  the  heads  of  the  .streams  issuing  into  this  valley  from 
the   mountains. 

f'llauber,    Kpsoin,    and   common   salt   are    found,   occasiijiially,    where    waters    ha\e 


evaixirated,  an^ 


rock  salt  is  found  in  the  mountains  which  di\  iele  the  \alle\-  from  that 


of  the  Salt  liake.  Crystals  of  salt  were  .slanvn  me  by  one  of  my  men,  wliicli  he  .<;iitl 
he  [licked  u[>  on  liig  Wo(jd  Kiver,  where  it  issues  I'rom  the  Hasaltie  Itodv,  but.  fidiii 
the  appearance  of  that  plac(>,  1  judge  it  was  not  near  tli 


ace  of  its  lianiatioii. 


At 


l''ort  JIall,  salt  was   trailed  from   the  lialians  sutlici(.'iit  for  seasoniii' 


tl 


le   meats  eati'ii 


there,  and  by  the  trappers  and   traders  sent  from   the  post.     Obsidian,  of  which  the 
Indians  make  knives  and  arrow-head.s,  is  commou. 
27 


i 
'  li 


i  i 


I  ill 


muBemm^'^mmmmm 


.  _ 


2;  w. 


.,. '  t 


( 


lilO 


Till  HA  I.   (HK;  A  N  1/ AT  ION, 


Whilo  tnivclliiin  Irum  I'lciii-'n  lit)U'  t<i  I'dwiUt  Ulvvv  \>y  tin'  triiil  on  tin-  mmili  nidu 
of  Siiiikc  l{ivcr,  I'loiii  tlic  -\{U  day  of  .Inly  ti»  the  Itii  iliiy  of  (KtoliiT,  ISIt'J,  ruin  U-ll 
l)iU  twico,  mill  i)i'oliiil)ly  not  iiioii'  tliiiii  on('-i<i<^lilli  of  lui  incli  ciich  tiiiif.  Tlio  ilryitcNM 
of  till!  atmoHphfiv,  at  tliiM  tiiiii',  wiw  ho  great  that  011  I{iift  UiviT,  011  the  loth  of 
August,  I  coulil  not  disfhargi'  ono  barrel  of  my  double  iiercunMioii  gun  without  cunning 
the  (itlu>r  to  (>\|i1<hIi>  from  tlu'  nli^^ilitly  increiiHcd  iietit.  One  num  wiih  wounded  in  tliiH 
way,  and  guns  seNeral  times  exploded,  and  I  was  obliged  to  diseontinue  the  pnu'tice 
of  placing  caps  on  tiie  guns,  in  the  day-time,  until  immediately  wanted  for  line. 

On  the  heads  of  Portnenf,  on  the  10th  of  August,  IS.'L',  I  noted  the  thorniometer, 
at  sunrise,  at  IS"  above  zero,  and  the  noon  following,  at  '.)'!".  In  tlu'  immediate 
valley  of  Snake  Uiver  the  variation  is  less,  but  still  mueli  greater  than  in  any  part  of 
tl'i>  United  Stati's,  I  (hid  noted  in  my  journal,  1 1th  of  September,  1S.')2,  being  tlu'ii 
at  the  mouth  of  Ihuiieau,  that  tiie  averiige  diU'ereiiee  between  suiirist"  and  noon  was 
as  mueh  as  10°.  In  iSoo,  while  travelling  from  Mig  Wood  to  Fort  Mall,  by  the  trail 
on  the  north  side  of  Snake  Hivcr,  from  the  ISth  of  November  to  the  fjtli  of  Di'cember, 
it  rained  two  days  and  snowed  one,  at  Iwth  times  heavily,  and  during  this  time  the 
average  of  the  thermometer,  at  sunrise,  wna  8i°  above  zero.  Its  greatest  variation 
was  from  7°  Udow  to  .'58°  alnivc  zero. 

This  countiy  has  rugged  mountains  for  the  boundary  of  its  valley,  the  higher  points 
of  whit'h  retain  their  snow  most  of  the  year.  There  are  high  and  extensive  barren 
plains  or  tul)le-luiids,  eoveivd  with  artemisia,  priekly-pear,  and  some  other  jilants 
common  to  excessively  dry  and  barren  regions,  with  a  little  grass.  These  table-land.s 
are  nearly  destitute  of  water.  They  are  bouiuled  by  the  mountains  on  all  sides,  btnng 
intersected  by  these  streums,  which  appear  to  occupy  fissures  formed  liy  the  shrinkage 
when  an  immense  sea  of  lava  cooled  down  to  basalt.  These  table-lands  might  sustain 
sheep  and  goats  to  a  limited  extent.  They  are  unfeasible  for  any  kind  of  cultivation 
near  their  mountain  border,  from  the  extreme  coldness  of  the  nights ;  and  elsewhere, 
from  the  sume  cause,  superadded  to  extreme  dryness  and  poverty  of  soil.  The  bounds 
between  the  table-land  and  the  river  or  bottom  land,  are  generally  very  precipitous, 
and  mostly  of  columnar  basalt.  Tlie  bottoms  are  generally  confined,  sometimes  of 
good  soil,  but  almost  always  too  dry  to  produce  strong  vegetation,  except  near  springs 
and  other  moist  places,  which  are  rare,  or  of  small  extent;  fre(pieiitly  salts  cover 
the  soil  and  render  it  barren,  but  with  irrigation,  for  which  there  are  great  facilities, 
agriculture  mi'Ait  be  conducted  so  as  to  supply  military  posts  and  emigrants,  together 
with  what  would  be  required  for  a  sparse  {xipulation. 

The  valley  of  Fort  Hall  is  the  best  iwrtion  of  the  country  for  attempting  agricul- 
tural operations  for  the  supply  of  its  eastern  part. 

The  valleys  of  the  streams  from  Brulii  to  Grand  Roiide  are  fertile,  and  adequate  to 
supply,  with  slight  irrigation,  a  large  quantity  of  agricultural  products,  and  in  some 


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UISTORY,    AND    GOVERNMENT. 


211 


places  no  irrigation  would  bo  rc(jnired;  and  the  neighboring  plains  luul  mountains 
iiflbrtl  fine  grazing  for  horses,  cattle,  slieop,  and  goats. 

The  mountains  of  this  valley  alone  produce  wood;  elsewhere  it  is  rare  to  find 
timber  large  enough  to  make  a  gun-stock ;  but  there  is  a  little  cotton-wood  on  the 
borders  and  islands  of  Snake  River,  at  and  above  Fort  Hall,  and  .some  on  Big  Wood 
River.  The  Blue  Mountains  have  abundance  of  good  building  timber  in  the  vicinity 
of  good  land.     One  great  want  of  this  region  will  he  fuel. 

The  Indians,  so  far  as  can  bo  ascertained,  have  never  planted  a  seed ;  nor  is  it 
known  that  they  ever  had  any  kind  of  metal  before  they  Avere  visited  by  the  whites, 
(jr  that  nietals  exist  in  the  country. 


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Letter  V. 


Siu : 


April  2;M,  1S4S. 


The  utensils  originally  used  by  the  Indians  of  the  valley  of  the  Siiaptin  or 
Snake  River,  were  wholly  of  stone,  clay,  bono,  or  wood.  So  far  as  I  observed,  they 
possessed  no  metals.  Their  implements  were  the  pot,  bow  and  arrow,  knives,  graining 
tools,  awls,  root-diggers,  fish-spears,  nets,  a  kind  of  boat  or  raft,  the  pipe,  mats  for 
shelter,  and  implements  to  produce  fire. 

The  pot  most  commonly  used  was  formed  of  some  kind  of  long  tough  roots,  wound 
in  plies  around  a  centre,  shortening  the  circumference  of  the  outer  plies  so  as  to  form 
a  vessel  in  the  shape  of  an  inverted  bee-hive.  (See  Plate  7G.)  These  ])lies  are  held 
together  by  a  small  tough  root  passed  through  a  space  made  b}'  forcing  an  awl 
between  the  two  last  plies,  and  winding  the  root  under  the  last,  and  over  the  one  to 
be  added  in  the  progress  of  formation,  being  careful  to  force  enough  of  these  thread- 
like roots  between  the  two  last  plies  to  make  the  vessel  water-tight.  This  pot  is  used 
for  a  drinking-vossel,  as  well  as  a  boiling  implement.  With  it,  the  latter  operation  is 
performed  by  heating  stones  and  immersing  them  in  the  water  contained  in  it,  until 
the  required  heat  is  attained,  and  the  contents,  chiefly  fish,  cooked,  producing  a  moss 
i:iixed  with  soot,  ashes,  and  dirt.  The  Squaws,  when  moving  camp,  generall}'  put 
these  pots  on  their  heads,  probably  more  for  the  convenience  of  carrying,  than  with 
the  idea  of  a  hat,  which  was  an  article  otherwise  unknown  to  them.  I  have  also  seen 
among  these  Indians  a  stone  pot,  holding  about  two  quarts,  miule  of  pure  lava,  and 
shaped  much  like  the  black-lead  pot  used  in  melting  metals,  (See  Plate  7G,)  and  think 
it  would  stand  fire  to  be  u.sed  as  a  boiling-pot,  but  have  never  seen  it  so  used,  or  in 
any  other  way.  It  might  have  been  used  to  pound  seeds,  hawthorns,  choke-cherries, 
and  service-berries,  which  these  Indians,  after  pounding,  make  into  cakes  and  dr\'  for 
food.  These  last  pots  are  very  rare,  and  it  must  have  been  a  great  labcjr  to  make 
one.  The  first  kind  of  pots  were  connnon  to  the  Indians  at  the  mouth  of  the  Colum- 
bia, as  well  as  the  mats, 


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212 


TRIBAL   ()  R  (!  A  N  I Z  A  T  ION, 


The  bows  wliich  T  havo  sofii  wcro  iiuhIo  of  tlio  lioniH  of  tlio  inomituiii  f^luvp  and 
oik,  imil  ol'  wooil.  iiiid  arc  tlii'  licst  Hpociiiu'ii  of  tlio  skill  of  tlioso  liuliiiiis.  When  of 
horn,  tlK'3'  are  ahmit  Iwo  foot  ton  inohos  lonir,  and  wlu'ii  iinstrainod  have  a  curve 
backwards.  Tiiov  are  of  two  j)arts,  spliced  in  the  centre  by  stiir^i'oon  ;:iiio,  and  door- 
sinews,  wound  around  a  s[)lico.  The  horn  is  brouirlit  into  slnipe  by  heatinj:  and 
wottiii,;:',  and  worked  smooth  l)y  scrapiniir  with  sharp  stones,  and  hoiiiijt  drawn  between 
two  rough  stones.  A  cross  section  of  the  bow  would  show  the  back  side  less  convex 
than  the  front.  (See  Plato  7(1.)  At  the  centre,  whore  the  how  is  spliced,  before 
windiiiL!:  the  splice,  two  deer-sinews,  nearly  entire,  are  stron;:ly  uliied  and  secured  by 
their  butt-ends ;  the  small  ends  of  them  beinjj  outward  at  tiu;  ends  of  the  bow.  Whore 
they  are  stronjrly  wound  and  secured,  those  sinews  cover  tiie  whole  width  of  the  back 
of  the  bow.  As  a  matter  of  ornament,  the  skin  of  a  snake,  commonly  that  of  the 
raUlesnako.  is  jilued  externally  on  the  back  of  the  bow.  The  strin.i;-  is  of  twisted 
sinew,  ami  is  used  loose,  and  those  using  this  bow  re(piire  a  guard  to  })rotoct  the  hand 
which  holds  it.  Altogether,  it  is  one  of  the  most  olliciont  and  beautiful  bows  I  have 
seen. 

The  head  of  the  arrow  is  formetl  by  breaking  })ioces  of  obsidian  in  small  parts, 
and  selecting  those  nearest  tiie  desired  form.  In  this  selection,  those  of  the  right 
thickness  are  taken.  In  finishing  them,  every  edge  of  such  a  piece  is  laid  upon  a 
bard  stone,  and  the  other  struck  with  another  hard  stone,  varying  the  direction  and 
Ibrce  (if  tlie  blow,  to  produce  the  desired  rt'sult.  It  is  an  operation  which  requires 
skill,  and  many  are  bi\)keii  when  nearly  liiiishod,  and  thrown  away.  When  funned, 
it  is  about  tliree-fourths  of  an  inch  long  and  half  an  inch  wide,  and  (piite  thin,  anil  li)r 
hunting  puijuisos  lljrmod  as  is  shown  in  Plate  7G.  It  is  attacheil  b_\  inserting  its  lu'ar 
or  shaft  end  in  a  split  in  the  front  arrow-end  of  the  sliaft.  and  wound  with  sinews  in 
such  a  uianner  as  when  the  slial't  is  drawn  from  an  animal,  the  head  is  ■\vitiidrawn 
also,  and  the  increased  width  just  at  the  near  end  uf  it,  is  intoiuU'd  to  secure  this 
result.  The  arrow-heads  used  lor  warlike  purposes,  are  ibrined  without  this  increased 
width,  fi()  that  when  the  shaft  is  drawn  out  the  head  will  be  loft,  to  increase  the 
mischief.  It  is  said  they  poi.son  these  arrows,  but  I  do  not  know  the  fact.  Tlioy 
sometimes  appear  to  have  been  dipped  in  some  dark-colored  iluid,  which  has  dried  on 
thoin. 

The  shaft  is  about  two  and  a  half  feet  long,  and  generally  made  of  a  shrub  which 
the  hunters  call  grease-bush.  This  is  a  small  bush  like  the  currant,  and  is  noarl\-  as 
hard  as  box-wood.  It  is  very  ap})licable  to  the  steaming  process,  and  is  made  straight 
b}-  wetting  and  immersing  in  liot  sand  and  ashes,  and  brought  into  shape  by  the  hand 
and  eye.  To  reduce  the  short  crooks  and  knobs,  it  is  drawn  botwoeii  two  rough  grit, 
stones,  each  of  which  has  a  slight  groove  in  it,  and  coarse  sand  is  also  used  to  increase 
the  friction.  An  arrow-shaft,  finished,  ap[)o;a's  as  thougli  it  had  boon  nicely  turned. 
The  arrow  is  used  without  a  notch,  and  is  featbored  for  about  five  inches  near  its  roar 


m  I'' 


IlISTUllY,    AND   GOVERNMENT. 


213 


ciiil,  IciiviiiL;'  s|):icc  licliiiul,  just  t'lioiii^'li  for  tli(M)|)eratiii'  to  <iriis[)  it  in  (IrawiiiL;  tlic  Ixnv. 
TliL'sc  Ibiitiu'i's  arc  striiipod  IVoiii  tlio  .sides  ol'  a  suitablu  (luili,  and  placed  (in  tlie  shaft 
in  a  forni  a  little  winding',  but  ([uito  similar  to  the  position  tliey  oocu[)ied  on  the  quill. 
It  i)roduee.s  tlii'  ell'eet  of  keepinjj;  the  tail  of  the  shaft  exactly  in  rear  ol'  the  head,  and 
also  a  lotary  motion  on  its  axis,  ■\vliere'>\'  the  exactitude  of  its  course  is  maintained. 

The  knives  1  ha\e  seen  are  rude  instruments  pnjduced  hy  hreakimr  pieces  of 
oljsidian,  which  luts  a  tendency  to  form  sharp  edges,  like  glass,  and  is  common  in  the 
country;  and  selecting  those  pieces -which  approach  the  desired  form,  and  having  a 
sharp  edge,  this  implement  is  often  used  without  any  other  preparation,  hut  sometimes 
a  wcjodeii  or  horn  handle  is  attached,  in  the  same  manner  as  the  shafts  of  the  arrows. 

The  graining  tools  for  preparing  skins,  wei'e  ordinarily  made  of  hone,  using  such  as 
had  a  hard  enamel  outside,  and  were  softer  within.  Sometimes  obsidian  was  used  for 
this  purjjose  secured   to  the  stall'. 

Awls  were  nuide  of  bone  ruljbed  to  a  sharp  point,  and  also  large  thoi'iis. 

]{oot-(liggers  are  crooked  sticks,  the  end  used  in  the  earth  being  curved  and 
sharpened  by  putting  it  in  the  lire  and  rubl>ing  against  a  rough  stone,  which  both 
points  and  hardens  them;  they  are  also  jnade  of  elk  and  deer  horn,  attached  to  a 
stick.  They  are  u.sed  to  obtain  some  small  roots  which  the  country  produces,  such  as 
kama,  souk,  }ampas,  onions,  toliacco-root,  iS:c. 

'I'he  lish-spear  is  a  beautiful  adaptation  of  an  idea  to  a  jHirpose.  The  head  of  it 
is  formed  thus,  (See  Plate  7G)  ;  and  is  of  lunie,  to  which  a  small  strong  line  is 
attached  near  the  middle,  connecting  it  with  the  shaft,  about  two  feet  from  the  })oint. 
Somewhat  toward  the  forward  end  of  this  head,  there  is  a  small  hole,  which  enters  it 
ranging  acutely  toward  the  point  of  the  head;  it  is  ([uite  shallow.  In  this  hole  the 
front  end  of  the  shid't  is  placed.  This  head  is  about  two  and  a  half  inches  long,  the 
shaft  about  ten  feet,  and  of  light  willow.  AVhen  a  salmon  or  sturgeon  is  struck,  the 
head  is  at  once  detached  hy  the  withdrawal  of  the  shaft,  and  being  constrained  by  the 
string,  which  still  connects  it  with  the  operator,  turns  its  position  to  one  crosswise  of 
its  dirccticm  while  entering.  If  the  fish  is  strong,  the  stall"  is  relimjuislied.  and 
operates  as  a  buoy  to  obtain  the  fish  when  he  has  tired  down  by  struggling.  These 
Indians  are  very  expert  in  the  use  of  this  instrument,  and  take  many  llsh  at  all  the 
falls  and  vi\[nd  waters,  and  construct,  on  small  streams,  barriers  of  stones  or  brush, 
to  force  the  fish  into  ci  rtain  places,  where  they  watch  for  them,  often  at  night  with  a 
light. 

Fish-nets  are  made  with  the  outer  bark  of  some  weed  which  grows  in  the  country, 
but  I  took  no  particular  note  of  what  it  was,  or  how  separated  from  the  stalk.  It 
makes  a  lino  stronger  than  any  of  those  I  had  among  my  outfit,  although  they  were 
selected  from  the  nest  materials  of  an  angling  warehouse  by  myseU'.  who  profess  to  be 
a  judge  of  such  articles.  The  twine  is  formed  by  laying  the  fibre  doubled  across  the 
knee,  the  bight  towards  the  left,  and  held  between  the  tlunnb  and  finger  of  that  hand. 


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214 


TRIHAl,   ORGANIZATION, 


w  itii  tlic  two  piirts  wliicli  arc  to  I'orm  the  twiiU'  towiinl  (lie  riulit  and  a  little  separated  ; 
rollii),!!  those  two  parts  between  the  knee  ami  rijrht  hand,  ontwardly  from  tlic  o[)erator, 
and  twistinjj;  the  bight  between  the  thninb  and  linger  of  tlie  left  hand,  forms  the 
thread.  More  fibre  is  added  as  that  (u'st  commenced  on  diiiunishes  in  size,  so  as  to 
make  a  continuous  and  oiiual  lino.  In  this  way,  oxcollont  twine  i.s  made  nnicli  more 
ra])idl_v  than  could  bo  expected.  The  nets  are  of  two  kinds:  the  scoop,  which  is  pre- 
cisely the  same  as  is  used  in  the  United  States;  and  the  .seine,  which  is  also  in  prin- 
ciple exactly  the  same;  and  the  knot  used  in  netting  also  appears  to  me  exactly  tlii! 
same :  but  in  this  I  may  be  mistaken,  as  I  have  never  seen  the  operation  performed. 
The  Iead<'d  line  is  formed  by  attaching  oblong  rounded  stones,  Avith  a  sunken  groove 
near  the  middle  in  which  to  wind  the  attaching  ligature.     Eoods  are  used  for  floats. 

Boats  ok  Raits. — The  navigation  of  this  region  appears  to  have  been  confined  to 
crossing  the  streams  when  the  water  was  too  cold  for  comfortable  swinnuing.  The 
only  apparatus  used  was  little  more  than  a  good  raft,  made  of  roods  which  abound  on 
many  of  the  streams.  They  ure  ajjont  eight  feet  long,  and  formed  by  placing  small 
bundles  of  reeds,  with  the  Ijutt-onds  introduced  and  lashed  together,  with  their  smalt 
ends  outwards.  Several  of  these  bundles  are  lashed  together  beside  each  other,  and 
in  sucli  a  manner  as  to  fm-m  a  cavity  on  top.  There  is  no  attempt  to  make  it  tight ; 
the  only  dependence  is  on  the  great  buoyancy  of  the  materials  used.  It  is  navigated 
with  a  stick,  and  almost  entirely  by  pushing.  This  rude  form  of  navigation,  appa- 
rently, is  the  only  one  over  nsi'd  in  the  country,  in  which,  in  fact,  there  is  hardly 
timber  enough  for  a  more  improved  form. 

Pipes  arc  used  with  a  stem,  usually  about  two  feet  long.  The  bowd  is  sometimes 
made  of  fuller'.s  earth,  and  also  of  .soapstone. 

Mats  are  made  from  large  rushes,  in  a  manner  which  appears  to  me  to  be  the  .same 
])y  w  Inch  the  Chinese  make  similar  fabrics.  They  are  used  to  sleep  on,  and  to  con- 
struct lodges.  They  are  about  four  feet  wide,  and  when  carried  are  rolled  up  like  a 
scroll. 

These  Indians  produce  fire  by  using  a  shaft  similar  to  that  of  an  arrow,  .about  three- 
eighlhs  of  aninch  in  diameter,  and  two  feet  long;  one  end  of  which  is  bluntly  pointed, 
and  placed  in  a  shallow  hole  in  a  hard,  dry  piece  of  Mood.  One  of  the  operators 
takes  it  Ijotwoon  his  opened  hands,  near  the  top,  and  rolls  it  between  them  back  and 
forth,  forcing  downwards,  and  when  his  hands  iijiproach  the  lower  end,  another  seizes 
it  in  the  same  manner;  and  thus  the  atti'ition  is  maintained  inilil  fire  is  jn'oduced. 
It  is  pei'formed  with  great  cinickness  and  dexterity;  but  it  is  hard  work,  and  few 
whites  could  perform  the  feat. 


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II I  S  T  O  II  Y,    AND   U  (>  V  E  II N  M  E  N  T. 


21; 


Lettkh   VI. 


Sir; 


May  1st,  1848. 


Yestcrdiiy  I  received  your  letter  of  the  2otli  of  April. 

Herewith  is  1113-  fourth  iuul  last  comnuuiicatiou  relating  to  that  portion  of  the  conti- 
nent drained  by  Snake  Kiver;  unless  30U  deem  it  proper  in  nie  to  suggest  measures 
for  the  improvement  of  the  Indians  in  connection  with  establishing  a  suitable  route  to 
the  more  important  regions  beyond,  wdiich  arc  to  be  controlled  by  this  government. 

I  may  fhid  in  my  records  some  small  matters  relating  to  the  valley  of  the  Salt  Lake, 
that  of  the  Colorado,  Spokan,  or  Flathead  Kivers,  or  the  region  enclosed  between  the 
IJlue  and  California  Mountains,  anil  between  the  latter  and  the  sea.  Will  you  please 
advise  me  as  regards  the  above. 

I  have  attached  much  importance  to  the  Snake  country,  as  being  the  road  to 
Oregon  and  California. 


l\> 


Letter   VII. 


Sir: 


May   1st,   ISIS. 


I  know  very  little  of  the  language  of  the  Shoshonees,  and  the  following  very 
limited  list  may  not  l)e  correct ;  for  instance,  it  seems  impossible  that  the  meat  and 
fish  knife  could  have  the  same  name,  as,  in  a  rude  form,  they  were  both  in  use  amon"' 
them ;  and  the  name  of  the  mule  looks  as  if  it  were  derived  from  Mexico ;  and  the 
word  for  pantaloons  and  bull'alo  robe  is  the  same.  Probably  they  could  have  had  no 
original  name  for  an  article  they  did  not  possess. 

It  is  diflicult  for  persons  not  better  educated  than  Indian  traders  usuallv  are,  to 
represent  by  English  letters  the  true  .sound  of  Indian  words;  beside  whicii,  the 
Indians  difler  much  in  the  pronunciation  of  the  same  word.  Another  dilliculty  i.s, 
that  when  niterrogated,  Indians  almost  always  answer '-yes"  to  a  leading  ([uestion, 
wdiich  deceives  tliose  who  are  unused  to  them  and  the  proper  method  of  examination. 

In  18.32,  when  I  first  went  among  the  Shoshonees,  we  wished  to  know  the  name  of 
the  beaver,  but  could  not  succeed  for  several  days.  At  last  one  of  my  trappers  said 
he  had  learned  it  from  an  Indian,  and  that  it  was  '■  bonaque."  Sidjseqnently  we 
learned  that  this  was  a  tribal  name  for  a  division  of  the  Snakes.  A  writer  calls  one 
of  the  streams  entering  the  Willamette  the  "Claxter,"  but  I  could  never  find  a  stream 
by  that  name,  and  came  to  the  conclusion  that  the  person  who  obtained  it  asked  a 
question  whicli  was  not  understood,  and  the  Indian  very  naturally  said  "  Claxter,"  or 
"  What  ? "  or  "  What  do  you  mean  ? "  which  is  the  meaning  of  the  word  in  the  country 
referred  to. 


ill 


n. 


f 


I    I  l:!!l 


u 


>"! 


f* 


t  p',? 


I ' 


*' 


,p 


■1 
Hi 


216  TIIIBAL   ORGANIZATION, 

Boavor llaniitze. 

Musknit riiuit/.u. 

Saliiiou Arki. 

Muk' Moiinih. 

Ilorsi; Toliui'i'li. 

Wliito  Men Tarhaho. 

Jicar Wi'aial)/.c. 

Fish-liook Nat/.Doii. 

Clawp-knilV' HarlR'tczo. 

Awl,  iir  Fisli-kiiifo Wdii'. 

l)oavcr-tra|) irarnitzeoon. 

Tin  JJai-in,  or  Put Wi'tour. 

Pipe Panu. 

IJridle Auko-wa-nuss. 

Gun Peait. 

Saddle Narrino. 

Wliip Neutcquar. 

Powder Nargotoncho. 

Beads Piiet/.o-nio.' 

Long  Shells Tawaoar. 

liatiliet llolianic. 

fli-ass Shawneep. 

T()])aero Tuo-parni. 

Piver,  ..r  Water Paali. 

Sun Tarpe. 

Moon Uphuie. 

Shirt Wauup.- 

Waisteoat Too-wa-nnp. 

Bnfl'alo  Kobe Cootclie. 

Trowsers Cootclie. 

(ireat-coat Tushi-wanup. 

Moecafiins Maunep. 

Those  Indians  nearly  starve  to  death  annually,  and  in  winter  and  spring  arc 
eniaeiated  to  the  last  degree;  the  trappers  used  to  thiidv  they  all  eventually  died  I'roni 
.star\ation,  as  they  beeanie  old  and  feehle.  in  sahnou-tiine  they  get  fat.  In  my 
wanderings  I  ha\-e  ne\er  setai  any  of  them  remaining,  and  do  not  know  how  they 

'  Tlii>c  nil'  i;illril    lli:iL'iiiiiu  on   lli<'   \nrtli-wc.st  Ouast,  ami  arc  tliore  a  iiii;iliuiii  of  trade. 
'  rrnl.iil.lv  ilio   wonl  fur  ,-lull,iii{r. 


I  [ 


HISTORY,   AND    (J  ()  V  E  UN  M  E  NT. 


217 


(lisjiosc  of  their  dciid ;  iiiiuiy  holit'vcd  tlioy  woro  ciiiiiiil)iil,s,  but  I  luive  no  cvidoiu'f  of 
111  is  I'livA. 

Ill  till!  imrtion  oftlii.s  country  which  i,s  not  (Iistitutc  of  giMiR'.  tiicy  pound  the;  lioiics 
of  tlio  aiiiiiiiils  they  kill  lino,  and  after  they  are  boiled,  eat  a  large  jxirtioii  of  them. 

These  Indians,  according  to  niy  e.vperiunce,  d t  jiossess  the  leeliiigs  of  revenge 

or  gratiliido  in  as  great  a  degree  as  the  Knglisli  race,  and  liav."  almost  none,  as  c(nn- 
l)are(l  u;ili  the  conceived  notions  of  the  original  inhabitants  of  this  continent.  This 
dLs'ivpaiicy  struck  me  forcibly  when  I  llrst  visited  them,  with  no  other  knowledge  of 
their  character  than  I  had  derived  from  books.  For  anything  I  could  see.  thev  ticiitcd 
those  best  whom  they  most  feared.  A  band  of  them  who  had  wintered  at  Fort  Hall 
and  received  much  food  and  many  presents,  jiarticularly  from  two  hunters  named 
Abbot  and  Deforest,  who  afterwards  accompanied  them  on  tiie  spring  iiunt,  murdered 
them  for  their  e(piipmeiit  of  horses,  guns,  traps,  kc,  ailhoimh  no  (piarrel  was  alleged 

to  exist.     At  another  time,   Ibr  stealing  some   horses  mid   triips.  I  gavt nf  ibnn 

two  do/en  lashes  at  the  llag-stair,  and  al.so  took  horses  eiiou-b  to  pay  for  liie  piopeils 
stolen  ;  and  he  became  afterwards  a  serviceable  hunter,  and  bioiigiit  manv  skins  to  the 
Fort. 

Near  Fort  Hall,  in  IS.II,  there  were  plenty  of  liud'alo.  but  soiai  after  the  Fort  was 
established  they  disai)i)eared  from  its  neighborhood.     The  beaver  disajipcared  next. 

The  origin  of  the  Indians  has  employed  so  much  ingenuity  and  learning,  that  it  is 
almost  useless  on  my  part  to  make  any  suggestions.  The  din'ereiice  of  language  and 
physical  appearance  leaves  little  doubt  that  they  have  come  at  several  widely  .sepa- 
rated periods  of  time,  and  perhaps  also  from  very  diflercnt  regions.  Some  of  the 
Indians  of  the  Valley  of  the  .Snake  River  have  the  a((iiiline  countenance  .so  common 
among  the  Crows,  but  a  greater  portion  of  them  have  the  features  of  the  Chinnouks 
and  other  Indians  about  the  month  of  the  Columbia. 

In  the  winter  of  IS.jo  I  saw  two  Japanese  who  had  been  wrecked  in  a  .riiuk  near 
the  entrance  to  the  Straits  of  de  Fuca ;  and  if  tlicy  had  been  dressed  in  the  same 
manner,  and  placed  with  the  Chinnook  slaves  who,se  heads  are  not  llattened,  L  c(juld 
not  have  discovered  the  diHerence. 


Li:tteu    VIII. 


Sir; 


May  liOth,  1S48. 


I  have  received  your  favor  of  the  12th  inst.     I  shall  not  be  able  to  give 
much  information  on  any  of  the  subjects  you  propose. 

I  did  not  commence  with  the  valley  of  the  Colorado,  which  is  the  first  in  the  tra- 
montane .series,  because  I  understood  the  inquiry  to  relate  almost  entirely  to  Indians, 
and  this  valley  being  decidedly  a  den  of  thieves,  where  every  one  keeps  every  other 
28 


il  li 


|1 


m 


!  I* 


>  It. ' 


111 


•'  I  if 


,  I 


si; . .  1 


■!  11 


i   i; 


I  ; 


-'!«  TIimAL  OIKi  ANIMATION, 

lit  ai'iiiM-lc'ii;^tIi,  I  Imd  no  knowU'(l},'o  of  its  inluibitaiitH,  if  IIiomc  who  iiifcHt  it  ciui  l)0 
fo  culled. 

1  MOW  iiikIci'nIiiihI  (liat  the  iii(|iiiry  rxtuiids  to  tlic  whole  .siihject.  Wliiit  Jms,  what 
(/'«v,  and  wliat  «•///  allect  the  Indian  raeo  or  our  own  ?  To  deduct!  a  \)u\'\r.y  .suitahle  to 
both,  woidd  it  not  ite  well  to  [)lace  my  coinnmnications  in  the  same  order  as  the  regions 
to  which  they  relate  are  on  the  route  to  the  Pacidc? 

I  can  only  add  a  lew  words  used  by  the  ShoslionccH. 


i        H 


Kay,  or  Tkay No. 

Kaywut None. 

Kayshaunt IJad,  or  not  ;j;()od. 

^,,         ,  f  (lood,  or,  nerhai)s,  many  :  it 

Miauiit \  '         '  ■' 

{      coiiinionly  expresses  good. 


Letter   IX. 


!      1 


in 


'i'i 


^f,;. 


'i^'] 


>ray  'JOili,   I84S. 


^IK  ; 


I  have  |)assed  several  times  throuj^h  the  country  draiueil  by  the  mountain 
liranclies  of  the  Colorado  ol'  the  West.  Ol"  that  portion  which  is  south  of  IJrown's 
Hole,  in  about  41"  north  latitude,  I  know  nothing  from  personal  observation.  The 
river  below  is  said  to  be  impassiiile,  being  (llled  with  rapids,  and  occupying  a  mere 
crevice  in  the  basaltic  rocks,  and  the  country  a  waste  ol"  sand  and  rocks. 

The  valley  northward  of  Brown's  Hole  is  occupied  by  the  two  main  forks  of  tiic 
Colorado,  fireen  River,  in  six  branches,  heads  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  north 
of  the  South  Pass,  and  near  the  Sweet-water  of  tlie  Platto  ;  and  (li'and  iJiver,  which  is 
the  larger  branch,  heads  in  the  mountains  i<outh  of  the  South  Pass,  and  with  the 
Arkan.sis.  These  branchoH  rise  in  the  jjrimitivp  and  transition  regions  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  but  at  the  immediate  base  of  these  mountains  the  coimtry  l)ccomes 
volcanic,  and  remains  .so  as  far  south  as  I  have  visited  it.  These  waters  are  in  flood 
in  June  and  duly.  There  are  runs  of  salt  water,  but  whether  there  is  any  body  of 
common  salt  was  not  known  in  the  year  IS.IC),  but  I  have  oI)tained  it  liy  boiling  down 
a  solution  of  the  salts  which  whiten  the  earth  in  many  i)laces.  I  met  with  lignite 
in  small  veins,  gypsum,  and  ancient  marine  shells,  about  10  miles  west  of  South  Snake 
River,  in  latitude  Ml"  ;]()'  north,  longitude  108°  west.  On  Elk  ami  -'\Ietols  Forks  of 
(Irand  River,  in  latitude  40°  40'  niu'th,  longitude  107°  west,  f  saw  good  bituminous 
coal  in  block.s  in  the  streams,  and  crop[)ing  out  from  tlie  sandstone  on  their  banks. 
These  positions  were  derived  from  dead  reckoning  from  Fort  Hall,  the  position  of 
which  had  been  previously  ascertained. 

While  travelling  from  Sweet-water  to  Lewis'  River,  from  the  2.'Jd  June  to  Gth  July, 
1S.')2,  there  was  frost  every  night  and  snow  several  times. 


/ 


^l\ 


L. 


HISTORY,    AND   (i  ()  V  E  II  N  M  K  NT. 


219 


HornoM  Clin  he  wintered  iil  tlie  Forks  of  Siiiidy,  and  on  all  tlu^  hranelies  of  (Iriind 
HiviT,  near  the  loot  of  tiio  nionntains,  and  at  Hrown's  Hole,  wliicli  last  is  a  (Uvoiite 
spot. 

Tliis  valley  may  !«!  ■'<aid  to  [irodiiee  no  timber,  c.voept  in  the  vorf,'o  of  the  nionntains. 
On  the  liead.-<  of  (Ireen  Kivor,  (jnakin;^  a.>'p,  a  kind  of  pine,  and  a  kiml  of  Mpriice,  in 
lound  :  on  the  heads  of  (Irand  Itiver,  in  addition  to  these,  [jitch  Jiine,  hox.  aldei'.  ami 
Hcrnl)  oak.  (Irass  is  harely  tolerable  on  the  heads  of  (Ireen  llixcr,  lint  is  \cry  line  on 
those  of  (irand    K'iver. 

When  I  first  visited  this  rejiion  in  ISllli,  it  was  a  fine  j^ame  eonntry.  liesides 
Ihill'alo  in  the  i^reatest  almndanee,  there  were  Klk,  Hear,  Deer,  Sheep,  Antelope,  and 
Heaver  in  •^wni  ninnliers.  'I'his  aliundanee  of  pmie  1  attrihnti'd  to  its  ha\  in,u'  iduays 
been  a  war-jrronml  llir  the  snrronndin^  Irilies.  Neither  the  Inilians,  nor  the  whites, 
dared  visit  it  openly,  exei'iit  in  lar;,a'  camps,  and  the  .small  marandin^-  paities  of  Indians 
were  in  the  habit  of  .sknlkinj,'  in  the  hij:h  monntains,  watchinj;'  the  eonntry,  to  strike 
on  any  they  nii^ht  lind  nnprep;ired,  and  their  nio\ements  caused  little  disturliance  to 
the  jiame.  From  these  eanses  the  eonntry  cuidd  ne\cr  have  been  closely  hiuited.  I 
am  nncertiiin  if  any  Indians  inhabit  any  (lortion  of  this  valley,  as  beinji'  particularly 
their  own,  aboM-  lirown's  Hole.  If  so,  it  is  the  (ireen  Hiver  Snaki's,  whost'  \ilhi;ie  of 
I'VJ  lod;;i's,  1  met  on  the  midn  fork  of  (irand  Hiver,  on  the  iSth  .lidy,  lS;',li.  These 
Snak<'s  appear  tu  me  to  be  of  the  same  stock  as  those  of  Lewis  ilivcr.  'I'hey  reseniliie 
them  in  physicid  ii[ipearance,  but  livinij;  in  a  Ijctter  country,  the_\-  are  lar^^cr  and  better 
looking  men,  and  appear  more  inteliijicnt.  Of  their  langnajio  I  know  nothing.  I  hail 
no  intimate  intercourse  with  them.  They  were  thou  niischievons,  and  would  rub  and 
munk'r  if  tlu'V  had  a  safe  opportunity.  If  they  have  any  permanent  home  in  thi.s 
A'alluy,  it  must  be  on  the  extreme  south-eastern  edge,  where  I  have  not  been. 

I  have  also  met  in  this  valley  the  Araphahoe  village,  and  bands,  or  war-parties,  of 
the  Yonta's,  (Jrows,  and  Hlackfeet,  all  of  whom  were  bad  neighbors. 

The  northern  or  Cireen  Iiiver  di\  ision  of  this  \alley,  is  unfit  to  i)roduce  anything, 
that  I  know  of,  for  human  sustenance,  except  such  as  may  bo  derived  from  grazing. 
Horses,  kine,  sheep,  and  goats,  may  Ik-  sustained  during  the  year,  using  the  vicinity 
of  the  mountains  in  tlu^  warm  months,  and  retiring  south  at  the  aj)proach  of  cold 
weather. 

The  many  fertile  and  warm  valleys  of  (Irand  Kiver  would  sustain,  at  all  seasons, 
the  same  animals,  and  also  produce  wheat  and  many  other  articles  suitable  for  food, 
and  could  be  brought  to  sustain  a  considerable  population. 


1  I 


f 


I  'I 


liETTKU    X. 


Sir  : 


May  20tli,  1S4S. 


I  now  send  you  a  short  notice  of  the  valley  of  the  Bear  River.     The  recent 
inli)rmation    from   ('npfnin    Fremont,   obtained    under   more    favoralile    circumstances, 


!  'i  n 


r 


^'  II 


220 


TIiniAI,   OU(i  ANI/ATION, 


ri'iidtTH  wimt  I  mi^rlit  convi'V  (il)H()K'ti',  mid  I  alliuli'  In  it  mily  iin  an  im|)()rt(Uit  poftitioii 
ill  tlu>  idiitc  to  Oifjroii. 

Ol'tlic  Milli'V  liclwccii  the  nine  iiiid  ('n.^i'iidc  Momitiiiiis,  I  .spi'iik  imirc  I'lilly,  Im'CUIiho 
1  think  the  iiM|uii'liiiii'i-  (if  this  Mcclioii  liii.s  not  liccii  |it'o|i)'i'ly  Minted. 

Ill  iiiv  iir\t.  I  will  iiidiciiti'  till'  iiiciins  wliicli  I  think  iftioidd  lie  iiHcd  in  t'staliliMhin^ 

the  I'onti-   iii'twccn   the  ciimI   iinil   the   wrst.  mid   how   it    may   ht nncctcd   with   the 

im|H'ovt'in('iit  of  the  Indian  raccn  who  IVocniont  or  ilwdl  in  the  coinitrics  throiigli 
which   it.  may   pasx. 

I  have  no  pnliliMhcd  map  of  tlicsc  rcfjioiiH.  cxcrpt  oiio  hy  Colomd  J.  J.  AlK'it.  in 
iS.'iS.  If  thero  is  any,  more  recent,  [iiiblisiied  liy  llie  fiuveriimciit,  I  niioiild  he  pleaded 
to  receive  one.  There  liave  Ix'eii  ho  many  iiumert  j^iveii  fo  the  Htreiims  of  these  remote 
eoiiiitries,  and  so  often  tlie  same  name  to  diU'erent  streams,  that  ii  map  is  iiec-essary  to 
identilV  them. 


lil'.TTDU    XI. 


!  I. 


it'l 


Silt: 


Mny  2fllli,  Hl>i. 


The  more  recent  exploration  of  the  valley  of  IJoar  Hiver,  the  main  trilaitary 
of  the  Salt    Iiake.  hy  Captain    Kivmont,  with   siipeiior  means,  renders  any  exti  iided 

iiotii f  it.  on  my  part.  sii|ierlliioiis.      It  is  one  of  the  most  important   points  in   the 

route  from  the  .\tlantic,  hy  the  I'latti-,  to  the  Pacific,  hy  Lewis'  iiiver.  The  valley, 
a  iillie  al)o\e  or  ludow  the  Soda  Sprinjrs.  is  emineiilly  litted  for  a  military  post.  It  is 
the  most  eastern  residence  of  the  "  Dijiifers."  who  are  the  most  likely,  ol'  the  Indians 
in  tlio.se  regions,  to  form  a  nucleus  in  the  scM'ial  orpmi/ation  of  their  race;  and  the 
valley  itself  is  widl  litted  for  gra/inii;  and  cultivation,  and  would  produce  abundance 
of  horses,  kiiie,  sheep,  and  floats,  and  also  ahniulanco  of  salt  to  cure  meats. 

This  valley  is  peculiar  in  one  respect.  Its  outlet  in  the  Salt  Lake  is  remote  from 
the  most  hostile  anil  formidalile  trihes,  while  its  southern  and  northern  sides  are 
defined  hy  inoinitaiiis  impassahle  a  eonsiderahle  portion  of  the  >ear,  Irom  snows,  and 
at  all  si-asoiis  alfordiiii^  small  facilities  for  tin;  passa,u:e  of  cattle  or  horsi's.  At  the 
north-eastern  extreme  of  its  great  hend,  there  ar<'  passes,  hut  they  are  easily  watched. 
A  .settlemont  here  would  he  made  .secure  from  the  inroads  of  all  hostile  Indians,  and 
would  have  great  facilities  for  producing  the  .supiilies  most  ro([uired  in  the  neighboring 
regions. ' 

Buflalo  were  in  great  nnml)crs  in  this  valley  in  IH'JO,  hut  must  have  disappeared, 
as  well  as  the  heaver,  by  this  time.  The  mountain  sheep  were  then  plenty  in  the 
hills,  and  I  presume  are  so  now,  as  they  breed  where  they  cannot  be  easily  disturlied. 
They  were  formerly  taken  in  considerable  numbers,  where  the  deep  .snows  of  the 
mountains  compelled  them  to  visit  the  subordinate  cliil's. 

'  Tiiirt  opiiiidii  iiius  1)0111  loiiiarkubly  vorltiiid  liy  tliu  micccas  of  tlio  Mormon  .sottluinent,  near  that  point. 


■s.  J . 


IliyTOllY.   AN  I)   (iii\  HIINMKNT. 


2121 


Haiii  i.-<  rr('<|ii<'iit  in  tlii>'  miII<'\.  Inil  irriKittii'ii.  I'or  wliirli  lliciv  \n  iiliiiiuliint  ini'iiii", 
Would  In'  r('(|iiii'('il  I'm-  mi  rsli'inliMJ  a^ii'iciilliii'c.  {''iiriiii'iiv ,  I  |iiim<  xtm  iIic  I  liili^', 
(JrowH,  ami  Klackll'i't  in  lliin  viillcy,  l)iit  tin-  SlKwlinnt'ts  an'  its  true  owiipiuitH.  Tiioy 
live  ill  llii'  t.  ;<•*  anil  iiKnintains,  ami  rdiiT  to  llicjr  iiiiicc('M.-<ili|('  liaiiiits  on  tin'  a|i|)<'ai'- 
unci'  oj'tlu'ii'  «'iK'iiii' ■■'.  llorsi'M,  kiiu',  .slii'i'|),  ami  goats  donld  Ik-  grazfil  the  year  round, 
witlioni  dtlii'i'  i-aiv  than  that  uf  tiii'  hi'niHiuaii,  and  tlu.'  [jnitirtioii  of  ii  Hiiiall  tiiilitarv 
loroo. 

I  coidiiK  my  ivinaiiv  on  tlio  vnlh'y  lying  liotwoon  the  niiio  and  (/tt^<('ado  .^Iomltaill^^, 
to  that  pail  «.i  it  which  lio.s  ln'twcin  the  Coliiniliia  ami  the  heads  of  the  small  stn-aiiis 
that  filler  it  fnmi  lin'  south.  The  Snake,  or  UiumT  Imliaiis  JMhaliit  lliis  re^iioii  near 
the  lioads  of  tln'se  small  waters;  in  winter  liviiiu  on  tlie  deer  ami  other  animals 
driven,  liy  the  snows  of  the  mounliiiiis.  w  ithiii  their  reaeh  ;  in  more  genial  seM>ons, 
on  roots  and  lish.  Itesides  these,  the  N-zperees,  Walla-Wallahs,  and  t'ayonses  \isit 
this  region.  The  latter  1  have  met  in  large  eaiiips,  in  tiie  winter,  hnnting  deer,  kf. 
These  Indians,  having  plenty  of  hor.-ies,  make  an  extensive  surround,'  within  which 
the  animals  are  retained  liy  expert  horsemen.  Others  are  .sent  within  the  s|iace  to 
keep  till'  game  on  the  run  ;  and  after  tiie\  are  well  tired  down,  llie  Indians  commence 
the  slaughter,  for  it  is  nothing  else.  In  this  manner  I  ha\e  seen  mans  hundreds  of 
nniinals  killi'd  at  a  single  snrronnd.  The  game  is  elk,  heiir.  Mack  and  white-tailed, 
and  l)ig-horned  ileer,  and  a  i'vw  antelopes,  lieiucr  and  otter  were  fonnd  in  Is:',').  Imt 
may  now  he  extinct. 

The  country  is  mostly  a  high.  open,  rolling  prairie.  Some  of  tin-  streams  have  oak. 
alder,  and  eotton-wood ;  in  the  iiiouiitaiiis  there  is  red  and  white  cedar,  and  three 
kinds  of  pine;  some  of  the  latti'r  (piitc  large,  and  I'or  eaiioi's  I  wa.s  ohligeil  to  select 
the  smaller  si/.e  of  them. 

The  formation  is  volcanic;  and  where  conglomorato  sandstone  is  fonnd,  it  is  partly 
formed  hy  the  wreck  of  volcanic  rocks.  I'nmice-stoiio  is  fre(pieiit.  Columnar  basalt 
hounds  the  streams,  which  appear  to  occupy  chasms.  The  np[K,'r  waters  of  the  Des 
Schutes,  (ir  Fall  IJiver,  runs,  lor  miles,  over  a  smooth  hottom  of  white,  soft  stoiu',  or 
indurated  clay,  which  I  havt-  called  •■  fullers'  I'artii."  Near  this  riNcr  are  hot  and 
warm  sjirings  in  niany  [ilaces,  and  on  a  large  scale  at  a  jilace  which  I  snii[)osi'  to  he 
the  same  as  Captain  Fremont's  eam[)  uf  Noveiiiher  li'.lth,  ISJ:!.  Then',  1  ohsorved  the 
tlicnuoineter  at  IDI"  in  one  .s[)ring,  and  l.'J I"  in  another;  and  at  this  camp  I  fonnd, 
projecting  from  the  periiendicniar  face  of  the  cungloinerate  rock,  underlying  inan\' 
hundred  feet  of  solid  basalt,  two  bones  about  the  size  of  the  thigh-bone  of  the  horse. 
They  were  white  and  mineralized  by  tlinty  matter,  which  produced  firo  when  stricki'ii 
by  the  steel.  These  were  the  only  rt'inains  of  ancient  animal  life  I  ever  saw  on  the 
waters  of  the  Columbia,  e\ce[)t  a  few  shells  on  the  heads  of  Salmon  River. 


'  I'Vir  using  this  word  as  a  nniiii,  |iir;i!  usngo  in  tiii'  Imlimi  iimiilrv  iimsf,  wv  funcv,  tic  plcail. 


, 

f  1 

»  i 

t     1 

'     f 

I' 

1  •  i 

TIIIBAL    (>R(i  ANTZATION, 


Tliis  \  alloy  iiliomids  in  fossil  woinl.  In  a  slido  IVoiii  tlic  iiioiintuin  iioar  tlio  ('iiscjidos, 
1  loiiiid  II  \n'^  of  wood,  Olio  end  of  wliioli  had  iiccii  luiiiorali/od  so  fully  liy  soiiio  lliiity 
matter  tliat  I  [iroducoJ  fire  from  it  with  a  stool.  Tlio  othor  end  was  hiiriit  in  tho  fnc 
so  iikkU'. 

Tlio  cliinato  of  this  valley  is  warm  in  wintor.  On  tho  Itli  of  February.  IS.'!").  IVojis 
were  oroakinu'.  Hiaokljirds  romaiii  lliroiiiih  tho  year ;  and  flowers  may  ho  found,  in 
.:onie  part  of  it,  durinir  o\ery  month.  Snows  and  rains  alternate  from  Se|)tenihor  to 
^^aroh,  in  tho  iilains,  hut  the  fiu'inor  are  light,  anil  do  not  n'main  more  than  one  or 
two  days;  hut  in  tiio  imiiiodiate  voriic  of  tlie  Casoade  iMountains  tho_\-  are  heavy.  J 
was  onoo  snhjeotod  to  a  snow-storm  on  thi'  heads  of  tho  l)es  Sehiils.  during  whi(di  wo 
judged  six  foot  in  depth  to  have  iidlon,  and  osoapod  only  l)y  building  canoes  and 
deseeiiding  the  ri\Of,  tho  main  stream  of  wliioli  does  not  froo/.o  at  any  time. 

The  thorinoiiiotor  in  tho  lower  valU\\s  of  this  region  cannot  range  mueh,  if  any, 
below  freezing,  during  juiy  jiortion  of  the  year;  lait  1  was  not  careful  cnongii  to  note 
its  indication. 

This  valley,  throughout  its  whole  extent,  produoi's,  generally,  "buiudi  grass,"  which 
stands  with  the  autumn  rains,  and  remains  green  during  tho  wint(.'r,  drying  like  made 
hav  in  tho  dry  season.      It  is  in  tho  hiiihost  dc^uroo  nutritive. 


lore  IS  a  wa 


T 


In  th 


sto  of  rock 


(1  sand  near  the  Columhia.  and  on  its  imnu'dialo  banks, 
irod  tho  horses  roipiirod  in   tho  iiumenso  region   north 
of  California,  and  west  of  the  Kockv  .Mountains,  and  nian\-  of  tho.-;e  used  on  tho  heads 


ill 


lis  vallev  arc  duel 


th 


th 


rivers  tins  mi. 


do  of  the  monnti 


uus,  w 


hidi 


ulllciont  i)roof  of  its  ura/inu'  faeilitiot 


The;-e  animals  arc  raised  without  shelter,  and  on  tho  natural  products  of  the  country. 
'I'lu'  number  must  have  been  \ery  groat  to  su[i])ly  the  ontin"  wants  of  ;ho  Jlndsou 
Jiay  Coni}iaiiy,  including  food;  that  of  tho  American  Company  in  and  about  tlio 
mountains  of  tho  Indopeiident  Trajipers ;   that   of  the  Indians  going   to   hunt  l)ull'alo, 


many 
Vout; 


hoiiiii'   lost   b 


ibiiso  and  hardship,  and  more  stolon   b\-  the  Blackfoot,  ( 


rows, 


Snal 


ind   other  tribes.     It  was  not  uncoinmon  that  a  siniile  Indian  owned 


a  hundred  or  more  of  them. 

This  valley  is  capable  of  producing  largo  quantities  of  hides,  tallow,  beef,  and  wool. 
It  has  all  the  advantages  of  (Jaliliirnia  for  grazing,  without  its  defects  :  droughts  do  not 
occur  to  injure  it  lor  this  jmrposo.  The  slopes  of  the  monntains  or  the  hottom  of  tho 
\all(ys  are  a  green  pa.sture  at  all  .seasons.  Tho  winters  are  cold  enough  to  .salt  moats, 
which    is    not  tho  ease   in   California.      This   valley   is   pre-eminent   for  its   pastoral 


Klvanta'os. 


it,- 


a"Ticii 


Itural  facilities  are  not  so  groat:  still,  some  of  the  hottom.s  of  the  rivers 


are  good  soil,  and  the  lower  slopes  of  tho  mountains  ii-onerallv  so ;  in  both,  irriyat 


1011 


lid   1 


10  I'asiiv  a 


[ipliod,  and   tii(>  agricultural  wants  of  a  jiastoral  ]ieoplo  abundantly 


'I'l 


ilied. 

\n  i'ountr\'   allonls  belt 


or  streams   for  manufacturing  purpose; 


'I'iie  waters   are 


t/  ! 


1    ISTOUY,    AND    GOVERNMExNT. 


0-7; 


very  equal,  heln^'  sii])|)lieil.  in  tlu'  cold  sciisoii,  hy  tlie  rains  aiid  nieltinir  snows  ol'  the 
lower  parts,  and   in   tlie  warm  season   liy   that  of  the   mountains. 

The  routes  of  this  country  are  not  deficient,  and  a  point  l)elow  the  (Jrcat  Dalles 
may  ho  easily  reachi'd,  where  there  is  a  lini^  and  deep  ri\i'r  to  the  Cascades,  whert!  is 
a  portage  of  about  two  ndles,  which  nniiht  bo  im|)roved,  and  from  that  to  the  sea  is 
good  navigation. 

This  region  may  lie  called  perfectly  healthy.  In  it  the  epidemic  fever,  which  broke 
out  on  the  lower  ('olund)ia,  in  1820,  and  continued  its  ravages  until  IS-Ul,  and  nearly 
exterminated  the  native  races  there,  has  not  been  known,  except-  in  cises  of  persons 
who  had  been  previously  in  the  infected  region.  These  sometimes  suflered  from  it. 
but  none  others. 


i< 


'i 


I  :  I 


A 


Ti  K  T  T  i;  It   XII. 


81 H : 


.luiK!  '-M,   is  IS. 


I  now  send  you  a  lew^  remarks  on  the  route  to  Oregon,  and  the  improvements 
of  the  Indians. 

1  have  condned  mys(df  to  their  physical  condition,  which  I  consider  pridiniinary  to 
moral  or  natural  development  in  most  cases,  and  more  jiarticnlarly  among  a  people 
wli(i  are  starving  for  food,  and  IVee/iug  for  want  of  clothes  and  shelter,  at  least  iialf 
the  year. 


Lkttkk    XIII, 


Siu : 


.June  li.l,  is  IS. 


A  line  of  coninmnication  across  the  continent,  and  the  improvement  of  the 
condition  of  the  Indians  through  whose  countries  it  may  pass,  invohes  the  considera- 
tion of  several   important  facts. 

1st.  The  policy  of  this  government,  which  has  had  the  efVect  to  concentrate  the 
Indians  toward  the  Itocky  Mountains,  and  in  the  neighborhood  of  this  route. 

2(1.  That  the  incri'ased  nundic'rof  the  Indians  is  fast  destroying  the  game  on  which 
tiiey  mainly  subsist. 

od.  That  the  sti'cam  of  white  population  passing  through  these  countries,  and 
more  particularly  the  intnxhictiou  of  tlie  liobe  Trade,  is  rapidly  hastening  the 
decrease  of  the  game. 

■1th.  That,  notwithstanding  tiie  Indians  east  of  the  mountains  have  a  country  well 
fitted  for  agriculture,  yet  they  have  never  depended  nmcli  on  it.  for  their  subsistence, 
imd  appt'ar  unfitted  fiir  its  steady  laliors.  This  renders  it  wholly  improbalile  tliat 
those  west  of  the  mountains,  with  a  soil  and  cliuiati>  generally  unfitted  fbi'  agrit'ulture. 
and  who  have  ne\-er  planted  a  si'cd.  will  evci'  devote  themselves  to  its  pursuit. 


M 


ihl 


il 


:|! 


||! 


I 

,  1 


.1,1, 


224 


T  R I  B  A  ].    O  II G  A  N  1  Z  A  T  ION, 


i:  i 


)  ' 


m 


ytli.  In  the  iiatiirMl  iiro,nri'ss  of  the  iniprovciiu'iit  of  luiin,  the  pil^^t(ll•al  condition  i.s 
tiic  si_'(,'on(l  stagt'.  and  snccoods  tliat  ol'  tin'   Inintcr. 

(Itli.  Tiiat  some  of  the  Indians,  in  tlie  region  under  consideration,  have  ah'eady 
'•eacJied  tliis  second  condition,  havinii'  introduced  and  reared  horses,  and  more  recently 
iiy  olitainin^  cattle,  and  ai)[)car  well  disposed  to  connnence  such  pursuits. 

7tli.  That  peace  cannot  be  uKiintaincil  amonn'  numerous  and  \arious  tribes  of 
Imlians,  unless  means  of  subsistence  can  be  provided  to  pre\i'nt  the  necessity  of  one 
jtreyinji;  on  another,  and  all,  on  our  citizens,  -who  may  be  located  in  those  reyious,  or 
on  their  way  throuirh   tliem. 

The  following  remarks  should  be  confined  to  the  countries  1  have  heretofore  partially 
descril)cd,  viz.,  from  the  .sunnnit  of  the  South  Pass  by  the  Colorado,  Bear,  Snake,  and 
Columbia  River.s  to  the  Great  Dalles,  being  the  route  through  which  our  connnunicii- 
tions  will  be  made  wi^h  the  settlements  in  Oregon,  and  by  which  the  great  mass  of 
emigration  to  that  region  must  pass. 

This  country  is  essentially  difleront  from  any  which  this  government  has  heretoloro 
controlled,  but  is  of  the  same  character  as  the  great  mass  of  that  which  is  soon  to  bo 
jilaced  under  its  protection.  It  resemljles  the  interior  of  Asia.  None  of  the  roving 
trii>cs  who  infest  it  claim  the  ownership  of  its  soil;  they  visit  it  only  to  hunt  gauu', 
and  murder  and  plunder  those  they  meet,  if  they  are  strong  or  cunning  enough  to  ilo 
so.  The  difl'erent  Ijands  of  Shoshonees  are  its  true  inhabitants,  except  below  the  IMue 
.Mountains,  Avhere  the  Cayouses  and  Walhi-Wallahs  dwell.  These  Indians  jihint 
nothing,  and  live  only  by  the  indigenous  productions,  on  (Ish,  game,  and  roots.  I  do 
not  know  that  they  over  claimed  the  ownership  of  the  soil  in  a  single  instance. 

The  treaty  system,  which  has  been  pursued,  as  regards  the  Indians  and  their  lands, 
this  side  of  the  mountains,  appears  to  me  ina}>plicalile  to  this  region.  First,  Hecause, 
in  a  large  portion  of  tlie  C(juntry,  there  is  no  resident  Indian  go\ernment  with  whoui 
to  treat.  Government  Inis  not  been  introduced  among  them  to  a  sullicient  extent  for 
this  purpose.  They  exist  in  snudl  detached  bodies  and  single  families,  and  chaULic 
their  locations  so  widely  that  the\'  seem  to  have  no  particular  claim  to  any  ])ortiou. 
Second.  There  is  no  distinct  property  to  be  treated  lor,  as  no  considerable  bodv  of 
these  Indians,  except  between  the  Cascade  and  Rlue  Mountains,  can  Ik;  found  whose 
lines  of  wandering  have  not  continually  interlocked  with  those  of  similar  bauds. 
Third.  If  thi're  were  dist'nct  ideas  of  o\vnci'shi[)  in  the  soil,  the  case  would  still  be  the 
same,  as  an  iunnense  proportion  of  it  woidd  1)0  entireh'  valueless,  if  distributed  in  dis- 
tinct properties.  It  is  only  valuable  as  a  connnonalty,  and  for  grazing  pur[»oses, 
except  in  lociitions  whi(di  are  of  very  limited  extent. 

I  coincide  with  the  o[iinion.  so  ofti'U  expressi'd  b\-  those  best  aciiuaiuted  with  this 
region,  that  i)osts  should  be  establisheil  at  suitable  jioiuts  on  the  route  through  it;  but 
f  Would  not  confuie  the  use  of  theut  to  the  protcclinu  and  aid  of  emigrauts.  but  extend 
it  to  the  impKJM  ww  nt  of  the  condition  of  the  Indians,  together  with  llistt'riug  a  w  hile 


,   I 


HISTORY,  AND   GOVERNMENT. 


SS.I 


pastoral  population.  For  which  purpcse  I  would  propose  the  establishment  of  posts, 
say  one  each,  at  the  "  Red  Butes"  of  the  Platte ;  the  mouth  of  the  "  .  'ly,"  on  Green 
River ;  at  "  Rear  River,"  near  the  Soda  Springs ;  in  the  valley  of  "  1  Hall ;"  in  the 
valley  of  '"Bruneau;"  in  the  valley  of  "Powder  River,"  near  the  I  .0  Pine;  at  the 
mouth  of  the  "  UmatuUah,"  about  fifteen  miles  below  WalliirWahah ;  and  at  the 
"  Great  Dalles"  of  the  Columbia.  The.se  points  are  about  seven  camps  distant  from 
each  other,  for  packed  animals,  except  that  Bear  River  is  five  camps  from  Sandy,  and 
two  from  Fort  Hall ;  and  they  are  all  on  the  immediate  line  of  the  Oregon  trail,  witliin 
that  which  passes  north,  if  Snake  River  bend  is  followed,  or  that  which  passes  on  the 
south. 

These  posts  should  have  a  military  force  appointed  to  each,  of  from  20  to  100  men. 
The  two  nearest  the  south  Pass  should  be  more  strongly  garrisoned  than  the  inter- 
mediate ones  between  them  and  those  on  the  Columbia,  where  the  Indians  are  more 
effectively  organized.  A  disposable  force  would  also  be  required,  of  perhaps  100  men, 
to  support  any  point  which  might  require  it,  and  sup[)ly  convoys  and  expresses,  &c. 
The.se  posts  should  also  have  a  sufficient  number  of  white  laborers  for  the  operations 
of  agricidture,  for  their  subsistence,  and  to  superintend  the  herding  of  animals,  but  the 
main  body  of  the  herd.smen  should  bo  selected,  in  preference,  from  the  Indians. 
Horses,  cattle,  sheep,  and  goats,  whichever  might  suit  the  particular  location,  should 
also  be  provided  for  these  establishments,  taking  care  to  .select  good  breeds. 

All  these  posts  would  produce  wheat  and  many  other  articles  required  for  their 
support,  except,  perhaps,  those  of  Sandy  and  the  Red  Butes,  where  it  would  be 
uncertain. 

These  positions  might  probably  be  kept  up  with  a  less  force  than  stated  above,  but 
as  the  game  decreases  rapidly,  and  in  most  of  this  region  is  now  nearly  extinct,  the 
Indians  may  become  more  troublesome ;  besides,  it  is  always  best  to  show  them  an 
imposing  force  in  the  beginning.  It  will  probably  be  some  time  before  the  Indians 
will  be  induced  to  respect  property  from  any  motive  but  fear;  eventually,  the  fact  of 
possessing  it  themselves  may  furnish  another  motive. 

Indians  should  be  employed  for  all  services  which  they  can  be  induced  to  perform ; 
])articularly  such  as  are  recpured  in  managing  tlie  animals  which  may  be  rea''ed,  and 
their  services  ])nid  in  cattle  and  clothing,  with  a  view  to  induce  them  to  become 
owners  of  herds. 

Such  portions  of  the  country  as  may  appear  fitted  for  agriculture,  should  be  reserved 
to  the  government ;  and  of  the  lands  so  reserved,  an  allotment  should  be  made  to 
every  Indian  inhabitant  of  the  country,  and  the  remainder,  except  such  as  might  be 
reserved  for  the  use  of  the  government  posts,  opened  for  sale  to  whites  or  Indians  who 
might  choose  to  purchase.  The  remainder  of  the  country  should  be  thrown  open 
for  one  vast  graziug-field,  to  be  used  by  all  who  might  own  stock. 

The  posts  just  established  should  at  first  attend  to  the  rearing  of  stock ;  but  subse- 
29 


'">'■  ■; 


Mil  ■ '  1 


)<  t 


T  i 


i  n 


li 


1 


)'h 


% 


:! 


m 


m 


'  % 


■\ 


'"? 


3  i 


II. 


[■  u 


i  i 


U\i  I: 


in     I 


i''! 


22G 


TRIBAL   ORGANIZATION, 


qiu'iitly,  when  a  sufficient  nuinlier  of  nninials  have  been  transferred  to  private  indi- 
vithials.  eitiier  Iiulian  or  wliito,  it  might  be  relinciuished  to  tiieir  enterprise. 

At  lirst  the  ex|)cnses  of  these  establishments  might  be  considerable;  but  in  the  end 
tliis  would  be  fully  compensated  by  the  advantages  gained.  A  tax  per  head  might 
be  laid  on  the  animals  grazed  on  the  common  lands,  as  a  condition  of  the  use  of  them 
for  that  purpo.-^e.  and  also  on  the  allotments  of  agricultural  lands;  and  from  these 
services,  in  a  few  years  the  revenue  would  nearly  or  quite  equal  the  expenditure. 

The  lands  being  in  common,  cattle  intended  for  export  from  the  country  might  be 
grazed  slowly,  at  a  proper  season,  down  to  the  Great  Dalles ;  whence  the  transporta- 
tion would  be  a  slight  charge. 

I  am  fully  impressed  with  the  belief  that  these  Indians  must  become  extinct  under 
the  operation  of  existing  causes,  .and  that  some  .system  should  be  adopted  tor  their 
improvement  which  will  supply  their  pliysical  wants,  and  develop  such  elements  of 
wealth  as  ma}-  exist  in  tlie.se  remote  regions,  both  for  the  benefit  of  their  race  and  our 
own.  I  have  no  doul)t  that  .some  well-devised  system  to  carry  out  the  leading  ideas 
above  expressed,  would  in  time  accomplish  both ;  but  should  it  fail,  as  all  other  plans 
have,  to  improve  the  Indian  race,  it  would  certainly  enure  to  the  advantage  of  our 
own.  by  rendering  productive  in  pastoral  wealth  regions  which  otherwise  will  remain 
a  waste. 


Letter   XIV. 


Sir: 


Juno  6tli,  1848. 


Your  favor  of  2d  instant  was  received  yesterday.  I  do  not  precisely  under- 
stand whether  you  seek  the  Indian  name  of  the  Bear  River,  or  that  of  the  Snake 
River.  The  latter  is  called  by  the  Nezperces  "  Saaptin,"  and  by  the  Shoshonees 
'•  Piuih,"  and  the  tribal  name  of  the  Nezperces  was,  I  Ixdieve,  Saaptin.  Among  tlieui 
the  Bear  is  called  Ilohost,  and  lower  down  on  the  Columbia  it  is  Khoot.  Lewis  and 
Clark's  Narrative  mentions  a  chief  named  "Ilohostilpilp,"  which  means  red  or  brown 
bear,  and  should  be  divided  thus  —  Ilohost-ilp-ilp ;  and  the  Koos  Kooshe,  on  which  he 
Ava,s  found,  is  a  compound  of  the  word  koots,  or  little,  and  coose,  or  horse  —  little  liorse, 
which  is  the  name  for  the  dog.  The  Nezperce  whom  I  brought  to  Boston  in  lSiM^, 
called  my  cat  by  the  same  name  also.  Also  by  the  Siiaptins  all  the  colors  are  denoted 
by  double  words,  as  "hi-hi,"  white,  "ilp-ilp,"  red  or  brown,  '•snioux-snioux,"  black. 

With  the  resident  Shoshonees  of  Bear  River  of  Salt  Lake,  I  had  no  verbal  inter- 
course.    In  1833,  when  I  saw  them,  they  always  lied  to  the  inaccessible  mountains. 

Without  having  any  evidence  of  the  fact,  I  su[)pose  the  name  of  the  river  was  given 
by  the  whites.  At  one  time  it  was  called  White  River.  la  the  same  manner  the 
trappei-s  have  named  branches  of  (! rand  River  "Little  Snake"  and  ''Little  Bear  River," 
and  .some  used  the  word  South  instead  of  Little,  while  the  Shoshonee  name  of  the 
latter  was  "  Yanipah." 


'•a 


HISTORY,   AND    GOVERNMENT.  007 

Tlio  great  number  of  bears  which  formerly  liarbored  in  the  deep  volcanic  eliasms 
of  the  mountains,  near  the  Soda  Springs,  might  have  induced  either  whites  or  Indians 
to  confer  this  name  on  the  river. 

1  might,  if  desirable,  give  you  a  very  few  Nezperce  and  Flathead,  or  Spokan  words, 
and  more  that  were  used  on  and  near  the  Wallamette ;  but  1  suppose  there  is  now 
much  better  means  of  obtaining  a  vocabulary  of  the  latter. 


Lettek  XV. 


Sir: 


August  14th,  1848. 

Unavoidable 


Your  favor  of  29th  ultimo  was  received  on  the  1st  instant 
engagements  have  prevented  answering  it  until  now. 

I  have  no  memorandum  of  the  statistics  of  the  Snakes,  Bonacks,  and  Siioshonees, 
although  one  was  kept  at  Fort  Hall  of  the  Indians  who  visited  that  establishment,  up 
to  the  time  it  was  sold  to  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  in  1S37;  but  such  estimates 
are  of  little  value,  owing  to  the  inaccuracies  arising  from  the  very  roving  character  of 
the  Indians  of  that  region,  and  the  diiliculty  of  identifying  them  when  they  return, 
after  long  intervals  of  time. 

The  Green  River  Snakes  have  a  country  well  .scored  with  buflalo,  and  conscciucntly 
good  food,  clothes,  and  lodges.  They  appeared  to  be  thriving  Indians  in  183G,  but  I 
do  not  suppose  they  were  on  the  increase.  Probably  they  had  been  stationary  in 
numbers  for  a  long  period ;  and  the  same  observation,  I  think,  may  be  applied  to  all 
the  Indians  on  both  sides  of  the  mountains,  who  have  access  to  the  Buffalo  regions. 
I  suppose  that  all  such  Indians  have  been  prevented  from  increasing  by  continual 
encounters,  arising  from  horse-stealing  and  other  predatory  habits  incident  to  hunting- 
grounds,  which  are  used  as  a  commonalty  among  several  tribes,  combined  with  the 
natural  desire  of  each  to  monopolize  the  whole. 

The  natural  cfl'ect  produced  by  a  state  of  warfare  would  be  to  compel  them  to  visit 
the  hunting  grounds  for  limited  period.s,  and  in  large  parties,  for  the  purpose  of  making 
meat  and  skins,  retiring,  when  that  was  accomplished,  to  residences  more  secure  for 
themselves  and  property,  thereby  allowing  the  buffalo  some  respite.  It  has  been 
noticed  that  all  buffalo  countries  are  the  war-grounds  of  several  tribes.  Before  the 
inroads  of  the  Whites  to  these  regions,  a  long-continued  peace  among  the  Indians, 
allowing  them  to  hunt  continuously,  and  in  small  parties,  would  have  increased  their 
numbers ;  but  if  long  continued  would  have  extirpated  the  game,  and,  in  the  end, 
compelled  the  Indians  to  choose  between  the  labors  of  herding  domesticated  animals 
and  agriculture,  to  sustain  the  increased  number,  or  a  resort  to  war  to  reproduce  an 
equilibrium  with  the  means  of  sustenance.  The  latter  resort  is  more  in  accordance 
with  the  Indian  mind,  in  its  past  and  present  state. 

From  such  considerations,  my  own  opinion  is,  that  these  In'^ans  have  been,  as 


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TRIBAL   ORGANIZATION,   ETC. 


regards  numbers,  for  a  long  time  weighed  in  a  balance,  the  means  of  subsistenee  some- 
times preponderating,  and  increasing  their  numbers,  and  this  decreasing  the  game, 
which  would  again  produce  depopulating  contests,  which  would  again  allow  the  game 
to  increase. 

When  the  Whites  began  to  visit  these  regions,  the  destruction  of  the  game  became 
inevitable,  and  that  of  the  Indians  will  surely  follow,  if  the  power  of  the  government 
is  not  exerted  to  substitute  some  means  of  obtaining  food  which  is  available,  without 
a  violent  or  sudden  departure  from  their  established  habits  and  natural  character. 

No  success  has  attended  the  cllbrt  to  bring  the  natives  of  this  continent  to  the  level 
of  our  race;  but  it  is  incumbent  on  us  to  continue  it  in  good  faith,  and  I  am  fully 
impressed  with  the  belief  that  it  might  be  accomplished  through  the  introduction  of 
the  means  and  habits  of  pastoral  piu'suits,  as  an  intermediate  step  to  agriculture,  and 
I  believe  the  experiment  would  not  cost,  in  dollars,  as  much  as  that  of  kce[)ing  Indians 
(juiet,  who  have  been  crowded  into  countries  nearly  destitute  of  game,  while  they  are 
still  inadcrpiate  to  the  labors  of  agriculture. 

The  Bonacks  and  Shoshonees,  I  have  no  doubt,  were  decreasing  wlien  I  was  in 
their  country,  and  I  do  not  believe  they  were  ever  very  numerous :  the  counti-y  is  too 
poor,  in  all  inspects,  to  admit  of  increase. 

I  can  without  any  reserve  state,  that  the  Indians  between  the  Rocky  and  Blue 
Mountains,  and  from  49°  to  5."°  north  latitude,  M'hich  includes  the  range  of  these 
two  tribes,  and  many  more,  were  never  demoralized  previous  to  ISiiT,  by  the  introduc- 
tion of  alcohol.  I  was  in  the  trade  myself  and  conversant  with  the  parties  who 
visited  tliat  region,  and  the  management  of  all  the  posts  in  it,  for  tlie  five  preceding 
years.  Spirits  were  never  traded  with  them;  rarely,  a  good  hunter  or  cliief  was 
presented  with  a  glass  on  his  arrival.  And  the  whole  quantity  introduced  in  a  vear 
would  not  have  supplied  the  value  of  a  week's  fertility  in  a  year  to  the  white  pe..5ons 
in  the  country.  It  wo"  far  too  expensive,  owing  to  long  transportation  on  packed 
animals,  which  was  the  oni^-  means  of  conveyance,  to  be  brought  in  considerable 
quantities. 

The  introduction  of  alcohol  among  Indians  may  have  influenced  their  condition 

elsewhere,  and  would  probably  do  so  in  the  countries  referred  to,  but  when  I  left 

those  regions,  their  products  were  so  inconsiderable  in  value,  as  to  interpose  a  complete 

protection  from  its  introduction  or  use. 

I  am,  very  respectfully. 

Your  Obedient  Servant, 

Nathaniel  J.  Wvetii. 
IIknrv  R.  Schoolcraft,  Esq. 


a 


i 


4.  THE  COMANCIIES  AND  OTHER  TRIHES  OF  TEXAS; 
AND  THE  POLICY  TO  RE  PURSUED  RESPECTING 
THEM. 

BY    KX-l'KK.SIUi:.\T    DAVID   0.    lUIlNKT. 

TiiK  eminent  position  in  Texan  liistory,  of  the  writer  of  tlie  following  paper  —  his 
early  migration  into  the  area  of  Texa.s ;  and  the  opportunities  of  observation  he  has 
hail,  for  a  long  series  of  3"ears,  upon  the  manners  and  customs,  traits,  character,  and 
numbers  of  (he  aboriginal  population  of  that  state,  give  a  value  to  it,  which  will  not 
fail  to  be  recognised.  Mr.  Rurnet  was  one  of  the  earliest  Americans  who  migrated 
into  that  country,  during  the  era  of  the  Austin  movement. 


SiH : 


Austin,   Texas, 

.S^pteiube-r  "JOtli,  IS  IT. 


Major  Neighbors,  the  special  Indian  Agent  for  Texas,  some  time  ago  pre- 
sented me  a  pamphlet  containing  many  cpieries  in  relation  to  Indians,  their  history, 
liabits,  &c. ; '  and  re((uested  I  would  furnish  something  concerning  the  Comanches, 
among  whom  he  knew  I  had  been. 

Always  willing  to  contribute  any  thing  in  my  power  to  the  general  mass  of  intelli- 
gence, on  a  subject  of  such  intrinsic  interest,  I  have  prepared  a  paper  of  some  length, 
—  it  may  bo  of  some  little  value, —  relating  to  the  Indians  of  Texas,  but  principally 
to  the  Comanches,  our  most  considerable  tribe.  In  the  continued  absence  of  Major 
Neighbors,  I  take  the  liberty  to  transmit  it  to  yon.  If  it  will  add  any  tiling  worth 
being  contributed  to  the  amount  of  information  sought  to  be  collected,  I  shall  Ije  fully 
compensated  for  the  trouble  of  preparing  it. 

The  subject  touched  on  in  the  two  last  paragraphs,  though  somewhat  extraneous, 
is  one  of  present  interest  to  the  General  Government,  and  to  this  new  State. 

Very  respectfully. 

Your  obedient  Servant, 

David  G.  Rurxet. 
IIenky  R.  Schoolcraft,  Esq. 

'  Vide  "Inquiries,"  issued  l)y  the  War  Dcp.artment  in  1847.     See  Appendix. 


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280 


TRIBAL  ORGANIZATION, 


August  20th,  1847. 


Siu  : 


;i    •■« 


During  the  years  1818-19, 1  spent  a  considerable  time  with,  or  in  the  vicinity 
of,  the  Comanche  Indians  of  Texas.  My  jmrpose  was  the  renovation  of  an  impaired 
constitution,  seriously  threatened  with  pulmonary  consnmption,  in  which  1  succeeded 
beyond  my  ntmost  expectations. 

This  residence  in  the  Indian  country,  enabled  me  to  collect  some  facts  in  relation 
to  the  Comanches,  and  some  minor  tribes  of  Texas,  which  may  pt)ssil)ly  Iw  worthy  of 
being  connnunicated  to  the  Department  of  Indian  Aflairs,  in  reply  to  the  very 
voluminous  incjuirics  concerning  the  aborigines  of  the  United  States,  lately  promul- 
gated by  the  Chief  of  the  Department,  a  copy  of  which  you  have  furnished  me. 
My  information  is  entirely  too  limited  an<l  imperfect,  for  me  to  attempt  a  s[)ecilic 
answer  to  the  several  queries  propounded.  The  want  of  an  adecpiate  interpreter 
woidd  alone  have  precluded  me  from  acquiring  the  minute  statistical  and  other  infor- 
mation necessary  to  that  end,  had  my  mind  been  specially  directed  to  such  an  object. 
1  shall  tlierefore  condense  the  remarks  I  have  to  make,  and  whicli,  in  the  absence  of 
all  memoranda,  I  must  draw  from  a  recollection  of  near  thirty  years. 

The  (Jomanelies  are  the  most  numerous  tribe  of  Indians  in  Texas.  Tliey  arc 
divided  into  three  principal  bands;  to  wit,  the  Comanche,  the  Yamparack,  ivnd  the 
Tenawa.  The  former,  with  whom  /'v  have  most  intercourse,  from  their  geographical 
l)ositi(jn,  occupy  the  region  between  the  Rivers  Colorado  of  Texas  and  the  Rod 
River  of  Louisiana;  ranging  from  the  sources  of  the  Colorado,  including  its  western 
afllucnts,  down  to  the  Llano  Rayou  ;  and  from  the  vicinity  of  the  Pawnees,  on  the  Red 
Rivci",  to  the  American  settlements  on  that  stream.  They  are  frequently  at  war  with 
the  Pawnees,  and  sometimes  nuike  a  hostile  incursion  upon  the  Osages.  The  Yampiv 
racks  range  the  country  north  and  west  of  the  Comanches ;  and  the  Tenawas  again 
interior  from  the  latter.  Tliey  are  essentially  one  people  :  speak  the  same  language, 
and  have  the  same  peculiar  habits,  and  the  same  tribal  interests. 

In  1819  the  three  bands  consisted  of  10,000  to  12,000  souls,  and  could  muster  from 
2000  to  2500  warriors.  They  have  been  generally  estimated  at  much  higher  numbers, 
but  I  am  persuaded  the  above  would  compri.'^e  their  entire  population  and  their  utmost 
military  force.  Since  the  period  above  named,  I  presume  they  have  rather  diminished 
than  increased  in  numbers,  as  they  are  generally  engaged  in  depredating  upon  the 
proximate  Mexican  settlements,  by  which  they  often  sutler  loss  of  life ;  arc  also  occa- 
sionally at  war  with  other  tribes;  and  have  within  a  few  years  sustained  some  abate- 
ment of  numbers  in  their  forays  upon  our  settlements. 

The  Comanches  have  no  definite  idea  of  their  own  origin.  Their  loose  tradition  is, 
that  their  ancestors  came  from  the  Xorf/i ;  but  they  have  no  precise  conception  of  the 
time  when,  or  from  what  particular  region.    They  are  nomadic  in  their  manner  of  life; 


f  ,  t 


HISTORY,   AND   GOVERNMENT. 


281 


'I  I. 
>  ■ 


their  rattle  ("(insist iiif^'  of  liorscs  and  niiili's,  Avliicli  tlicy  i'dI),  lin'  tlio  most  part,  from 
tlic  iiiilu'cilc  Mexicans,  wlio  hold  tlieiu  in  j^reat  dread.  Tliey  Iiave  no  ivnowledgo  of 
ai^rieulture,  lint  depend  entirely  on  game  lor  Hubsistenei',  and  cliietly  on  the  hullalo, 
which  descend  in  lai'fie  herds  to  their  rej^ion  on  the  approach  of  winter.  Diu'inf^  the 
snmnicr  months,  when  the  huH'alo  retnrn  to  their  nor*'"'rn  pastures,  the.se  Indians  are 
often  exposed  to  siifl'erinsr,  and  Ihid  it  diflTicult  topi  n'o  ade(inate  sustenance;  hut 
lliey  have  a  rare  capacity  for  enduring  hunger,  and  manifest  great  patience  under  its 
inlliction.  After  long  al)stinenco  they  cat  voraciously,  and  Without  apjiarent  incon- 
venience. 

I  do  not  believe  the  Comanches,  —  by  whicli  term  I  intend  the  entire  tribe,  —  have 
any  traditions  of  the  slightest  verisimilitude,  running  I'arther  into  Ingone  time  than 
the  third  generation.  Their  means  of  knowledge  of  the  past  are  idtogether  oral ; 
unaided  by  nioiuunents  of  any  description.  I  could  never  discover  that  tliey  had  any 
songs,  legends,  or  other  mementoes,  to  peii)etuate  the  fetes  of  arms,  or  other  illustrious 
deeds  of  their  progenitors;  and  I  (piestion  if  the  names  of  any  of  their  chiefs  of  the 
fourth  generation  ascending  are  retained  among  them.  They  perish  with  but  little 
more  note  of  remembrance  than  does  a  favorite  dog  among  the  enlightened  of  the 
jieople.  In  1811)  their  principal  chief,  who  was  generally  recognised  as  the  head  of 
the  three  bantls,  was  called  I'dn-ov-u-Lifhi;  by  interpretation,  Tiittle  Bear.  lie  was  a 
Tenawa,  and  was  a  brave,  enterprising,  and  intelligent  savage;  superior  to  his  tribe 
in  general.  lie  was  celebrated  for  liis  taciturnity  and  .sedatone.ss ;  it  was  said  of  him, 
that  ho  never  lauglied,  except  in  battle.  Ilis  habitual  taciturnity  was  not  of  that 
allected  kind  which  is  sometimes  adojited  among  the  more  enlightened,  as  a  conve- 
nient substitute  for,  and  type  of,  wisdom. 

The  authority  of  their  chiefs  is  rather  nominal  than  positive  ;  more  advisory  than 
compulsive;  and  relies  more  upon  personal  inlluence  than  investment  of  ofTice.  They 
have  a  number,  altogether  indefinite,  of  minor  chiefs  or  captains,  who  lead  their  .small 
predatory  bands,  and  are  .selected  for  their  known  or  pretended  prowess  in  war.  Any 
one  who  finds  and  avails  him.self  of  an  opportunity  for  distinction  in  robbing  horses 
or  scalps,  may  aspire  to  the  honors  of  chieftaincy,  and  is  gradually  inducted  by  a 
tacit  popidar  consent,  no  such  thing  as  a  formal  election  being  known  among  them. 
They  usually  I'oam  in  small  subdivisions,  varying  according  to  caprice,  or  the  scarcity 
or  abundance  of  game,  from  twenty  to  one  hundred  families,  more  or  less ;  and  to 
each  of  these  parties  there  will  be  one  or  more  captains  or  head  men.  If  any  internal 
social  difficulty  occurs,  it  is  adjusted,  if  adjusted  at  all,  by  a  council  of  the  chiels 
present,  aided  by  the  seniors  of  the  lodges,  whose  arbitrement  is  usually,  though  not 
always,  conclusive  between  the  parties  at  variance :  but  there  are  not  many  private 
wrongs  perpetrated  among  them,  and  family  or  personal  feuds  seldom  arise  —  they  live 
together  in  a  degree  of  social  harmony  which  contrasts  strikingly  with  the  domestic 
incidents  of  some  pseudo-civilized  communities,  that  vaunt  of  their  enlightenment. 


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TIloy  liavc  no  itloii  of  jiirispniilciico  as  ii  [iracticiil  sciciuH',  and  no  orj^nni/.od  and 
autlioritativt!  .system  of  national  polity.  One  captain  \vill  lead  his  willinj^'  {'oIIowith  to 
rolilicry  and  oarnai^c,  whili!  another,  and  perhaps  the  hit;  chief  of  all,  will  eschew  the 
l()ray,  and  profess  friendship  for  the  victims  of  the  assanlt.  Hence  ti-<itl!t>i  made  with 
these  nntntored  savaj^es  an;  a  mi'n^  nullity,  nnless  eid'orced  hy  a  sense  of  ylfu- per- 
vading the  wiiole  trihe :  and  it  is  somewhat  dillicidt  to  impress  this  sentiment  upon 
them;  for  they  have  n  cherished  conceit,  the  joint  product  of  ignorance  and  vanity, 
that  they  are  the  most  powerful  of  nations. 

They  recognise  no  distinct  rights  of  niciiin  and  ^7///*,  I'xccpt  to  jjorsonal  property; 
liolding  the  territory  they  occupy,  and  the  game  that  depastures  upon  it,  as  common 
to  all  the  trihe  :  the  latter  is  appropriated  only  hy  ca[)ture.  They  are  usually  very 
liheral  in  the  distrihution  of  their  j)rovisions,  esi)ecially  in  a  tinu;  of  scarcity.  Their 
hor.ses  nnd  nnde.s  arc  kept  with  Hullicient  caution,  in  separate  cavalcades  or  hordes. 
Industrious  and  enterprising  individuals  will  sometimes  own  from  one  to  throe  hundri'd 
head  of  mules  and  hor.ses,  the  spoils  of  war.  These  constitute  their  principal  artiides 
of  trallie,  which  they  exchange  for  the  goods  their  convenience  or  fancy  may  refpiive. 
They  sell  some  hnfliilo  ro))cs,  which  are  dressed,  and  sometimes  painted,  hy  the  women 
with  considcrahle  taste.  Prisoners  of  war  belong  to  the  captors,  and  may  be  sold  or 
released  at  their  will.  While  among  them,  I  purchased  four  ^lexican  prisoners, 
for  each  of  whom  I  ]iaid,  on  an  average,  about  the  value  of  200  dollars,  in  v.  rous 
articles,  estimated  at  lfi<  ir  market  value.  One  of  them  very  soon  stole  a  hor.-.c'  ond 
ran  away;  two  were  worthless  idlers;  and  one  old  nnin  rendered  some  remuneration 
by  personal  services. 

These  three  cognate  tribes  cannot  be  said  to  have  any  conunon  tribal  government. 
The  Tenawa  and  Yamparacks  trade  with  the  Mexicans  of  Santa  Fe,  while  the  lower 
party  war  upon  the  Mexicans  of  Chihuahua,  and  all  the  lower  provinces,  including 
Tamaulipas.  Still,  hostilities  by  the  United  States  with  the  one,  wonld  involve  a 
conflict  with  all;  for  the  Comanches,  the  lower  party,  if  prc-^scd,  'vould  retire  to,  and 
coalesce  with,  their  kindred,  who  would  adopt  the  quarrel  without  an  uiquiry  into  its 
justice  or  expediency.  But,  ordinarily,  there  is  no  political  interconnnunion  between 
them,  althougli  they  sometimes  cohabit  and  pursue  the  buftalo  in  the  same  range. 
The  two  upper  parties  have  comparatively  few  mules  or  horses,  being  less  convenient 
to  those  portions  of  Mexico  where  these  animals  most  abound ;  the  regions  of  the  mid 
and  lower  Rio  Grande.  They  have  no  established  ^•ijitmc,  /nirn,"  i)iit  they  regard  the 
ingres.s  of  stranger  hunters  with  a  jealor.s3-  that  is  sometimes  I'atal  to  the  intruders. 
This  seldom  occurs,  uidess  the  destruction  can  be  consumated  with  impunity.  As 
before  remarked,  their  trade  consists  principally  in  the  exchange  of  hor.ses  and  mules, 
for  the  u.sual  articles  of  Indian  connnerce.  They  are  sudlciently  astute  in  dealing, 
although  (piite  ignorant  of  the  real  value  of  many  articles  they  purcha.se,  and  are  liai)lo 
to  be  egregiously  imposed  upon.     A  prompt  deUcerij  on  both  parts,  is  the  best  mode  to 


\Vf  '-.  \ 


Ml 


I  (■ 


fl    I 


II  IST(»IIY,    A  .\  \> 


\  KU      MKN 


r.i;i 


iTl'llit,     tIlOV    lU'O     I'ifluT 

■  v\    (ln\>.  and    tlicti    H' 


MiMMirc   iiiivmciit.      Wlicii    ^(Hiils    me  iIcIimti       m  luciu   , 

fiiuiililcd   III!',  or  iliHtriliiitcd    hy  (liiimlion-^   tn      untl?<.  in   , 

im|ir()vi(lfiit  ilclilor '-loves  liis  liorsfs,"  mill   [1,1        ilicinwill      diii     nn        ''.M/ill.  i 

ohstiiiiiti-  ri'l'iisiil  to  piiv,  is  (lilliciilt,  lo  ovcrcdiuc  —  iliuiinh    I   i,;m.   „,  uc  cliii'l 

coiiiicil    to  coiiiiicl   |)iiyinciit — lull    (lie   (■omhiiifil    inlliii'iicu  of  -.•mi       ,,1   tlieir  :     .^t 

powcrl'iil  ciiicls  wiis  lU'ci'ssiiiT  to  I'll'cct    it. 

Tlio  Comiinclics  tako  no  liirs,  and  but  low  decr-sUins,  tlio  iiios.  A  l/nii  "li.-v 
(■(iiisimii'  at  lioiiic.  Thcic  arc  very  lew  heavers  or  otters  in  tlieir  rountrv.  and  tlicv 
know  iiotliin;!,'  ol'tlie  art  of  trapiiin.^.  Tlie  American  tra|)|iers  have  nearly  extirpated 
these  valuable  animals  IVoni  the  waters  of  Texas.  Tli.y  have  no  idea  of  the  value 
of  money  as  ii  medium  of  exehan-e.  1  have  often  seen  dollars  and  ilieir  several 
intefrrants,  suspended  in  a  eontiuuous  line,  terminatinj;-  in  picayunes,  to  the  hair  of  a 
Comanche  dandy,  eloiiiiated  hy  lior.se-hair  or  a  cow"s  tail. 

The  Comanches  compute  nuiiiliers  liy  the  tin,i;vrs  —  the  dijiits,  l)\-  simile  liiiLivrs 
extended  — dcciiiiids  hy  hoth  hands  spread  out  — and  the  duplication  of  decimals,  hv 
.slappiim'  'J"th  hands  to.mdher  to  the  numher  reipured— I  do  not  know  the  names  of 
tlieir  dibits,  except  the  unit,  ,s■(;/N^s■,•  nor  to  what  extent  tiny  carry  these  i^viieric 
denominations;  hut  douht  if  they  have  any  term  for  a  hi-her  numher  than  tweiit\  — 
after  that,  they  ivsort  to  the  names  of  the  several  diuits  fir  the  multiplication  of  the 
decimal  nnmlier.  They  keep  no  accounts  in  hieroizlyphics.  or  devices  of  an\-  kind, 
hut  rely  entirely  upon  memory;  tlieir  commt'rcial  transactions  heiiifj;  low  and  simjile. 
They  have  made  hut  small  advances  iu  the  science  of  medicine,  and  have  no 
determinate  knowlediic  of  the  patli<ilojiy  of  diseases.  The  country  thev  inhahit  is 
remaikahly  saluhrious.  and  I  noticed  amon.i:-  them  several  instances  (jf  appareiitlv 
great   lon,u-evity.  accomiianied   with  a  iiotahlo   retention  of  the  mental  and   [iliNsical 

liiculties.      There  are   no   marshes,  swamps,  or    stajiiiant  water-| Is.   to    send   tiirth 

miasmatic  exhalaticms,  on^enderiii-  -the  pestilence  that  walketh   in   darkness."      I 
bolieve  they  have  a  very  potent  and  elllcacious,  if  not  a  .sovereiun.  vewtahle   reinedv 


for  the  bite  of  vem 
O.Xpert   in   curing  g 


us  reptiles,  unless  a  principal  artery  is   punctured.     Tl 


ie\-  are 


un-shot  wounds,  and   in   the   treatment  of  fractured  limbs,  which 


thev  banda'ie  with  neati 


and 


amputation,  and  if  giumrene  super 


(id  ellect.      They  have  no  knuwledgo  of  the  art  of 
venes  in  any  ca.se  it  i.s  remediless.     Thev  believe 


in  divers  amulets  and  other  mystic   inlluences;   and   I 
the  sick."  when  a  crowd  assembles  at  the  lodge  of  tl 
of  hi 


ia\e  a  custom  of  ••simiiin;'  tor 


deous  noises,  vocal  and  instiumontal.  tl 


le  sick  person  an 


1  mak 


sorts 


10  object   of  which   is  to 


uriirr    II mil 


disease;— it  is  certainly  better  calculated  to  allVight  than  to  .soothe.      I  did  not  iiupiiro, 
eness.   into  their  materia   nii'dica.  believiu'i'  that  Comaiich 


with  anv  minut 


H'cilics 


were  more  likely  to  be  ellicacious  among  themselves  than  with  others  :   their  diet   and 
all  their  habits  are  simple,  and  thiy  are  strangers  to  slrouii' drink. 


thev  signilicantlv  call  al 


coholic  li(pioi'.s. 


Tl 


ley  Have  no  regular  physicians,  and  have 


or  "Jin  -irti/(  /■. 
dh 


I    , 


I    '.' 


I) 


i\ 


i 


.'  • ' 


hi' 


384 


Till  IJ  A  I,   OIm;  a  N  IZATION, 


'i 


I  1 


W 


not  iniicli  iiHO  for  any,  lor  tlicn-  iiri'  few  discaxcH  prcvali'iit  luiionf;  tlii-iri.  Kcvith 
Huiiiftiiiu's  occur,  lint  art!  not  umlcrrttood  uitluT  in  tlicir  jialliolo^'y  or  nianncr  of  ciirr  : 
tlicy  an-  f^cnfriiUy  intcrinitti-nt,  iiinl  of  ti  very  niilil  typt-,  owin)^  partly  to  tlu;  arid 
pnrlty  of  tlu-ir  atnioHplu'ro.  Tliry  havi;  no  profoHscd  prai-titioniTM  in  oltMtftricM.  A 
woman  will  acconiplisli  licr  parturition  witlioiit  aid,  and  Noiiictinu'H  on  u  journey, 
witliout  losing  an  cutiro  davH  niarcli.  'I'lic  .nniall-pox  waM  introduced  ainon;^  tlieni 
tlie  .second  ^car  previous  to  my  visit,  and  swept  oil"  a  ^^reat  nunilx-r.  It  prevaileil  Iml 
a  short  time  or  the  nation  would  have  hecome  extinct,  lor  I  In'lieve  very  lew  who 
imbilH'd  the  virus  surviviil  its  nivajfes.  Their  nuHlo  of  treatment  was  calcidateil  to 
increase  the  mortality.  The  patients  were  strictly  eontined  to  their  lodj^es,  excluded 
I'roiu  the  air,  and  almost  sidlocateil  \\ith  heat.  In  many  instances  while  inider  th<' 
muddeninj;  inllnence  of  the  disea.se,  e.\as|K'rated  liy  a  severe  paro.xysm  of  nymptomatic 
lever,  they  would  rush  to  tin-  water  and  plini;;;e  heueath  it.  The  remedy  was 
invariatily   fatal. 

The  Comanchu  costume  is  sim[)le,  thouj^h  often  variej;ated  :  it  consists  geuci'ally  of 
a  liull'alo  rolx.',  worn  loosi-ly  aromid  the  person,  and  coveriuf^  the  whole  to  the  ancles. 
This  is  sometimes  [)aintetl,  or  ornamented  with  JM'ads  on  the  skin  side,  or  both.  'I'liey 
pri'fer  a  larjio  mantle  of  scarlet  or  blue  clolii,  or  one  indf  of  each  color,  except  in  very 
cold  weather,  when  the  roln'.  tlie  hair  turned  in,  is  more  comfoitablc.  Tla;  lircech- 
I'loth  is  usually  of  blue  stroiid,  and  descends  to  the  knees.  The  le;,'jrinj;s,  made  lonj;', 
of  dressed  deer-skin,  or  blue  oi'  scarlet  cloth,  fi.irnished  with  a  profusion  of  bea<ls  and 
other  gewgaws.  The  head-dress  is  as  various  as  their  fancies  can  suujicst,  and  their 
means  supply.  I\inoir-<i-k!//»/'n  parade  head-dress  was  a  cap  nuide  of  the  ,scai[)  of  a 
bull'alo  bull,  with  the  horns  attached  in  [iroper  position,  lie  ordinarily  wore  lew 
ornaments.  The  young  men,  the  o.xipiisites  of  the  tribe. —  and  no  peojile,  savage  or 
ci\ili/eil,  are  more  addicted  to  the  fanciful  in  divss. —  iH'daub  their  laches  with  paints 
of  (li\ers  kinds  and  color.s — red,  black,  and  white  predomimmt  —  these  they  obtain, 
l()r  the  most  part,  from  the  dillerent  fossil.s  of  tlu'ir  country,  without  ciiemical 
elaboration.  \'ermilion  is  nnieh  admired,  but  is  generally  too  costly  for  habitual  nsi-. 
They  sometimes  load  their  heads  with  feathers,  arranged  in  lofty  plumes,  or  dangling 
in  the  air  in  pensile  confusion,  or  wove  into  an  inmiense  hood.  The  hair  is  often 
besmeared  with  a  du.sky-reddish  elay ;  and  hor.se-hair,  cow-tail.s,  or  any  other  analo- 
gous material,  is  attacheil  to  the  conglomerate  mass,  until  the  huge  comiKiund  cue  will 
descend  to  the  heels  of  the  wearer.  They  wear  arm-bands,  from  one  to  ten  or  more 
on  each  arm,  made  of  lirass  wire,  about  the  size  of  a  goose-cpiill ;  nose-jiieces,  of  shell, 
or  Imiir',  or  silvt'r,  attached  to  the  division-cartilage;  and  ear-pendants,  of  strung-lieads 
or  any  thing  they  fancy  and  can  procure.  They  know  nothing  of  the  origin  of  these 
customs  of  the  costunu',  and  understand  as  little  of  any  .sensiijle  reason  for  them,  as 
the  more  civiii/.i'd  dandy  does,  of  the  nilioiitili  of  iiis  changeful  fancies  of  the  toilet, 
which  are  sometimes  Cijually  as  ridiculous  and  diverse  from  the  simplicity  and  the 


IlISTiHn',    AND   (iuV  V.  UN  mi;  NT. 


2ii:. 


Hyiiiint'trv  <»t'  iniliirc.  'I'litir  lU'luiil  wiii'-<lrcM  iip|irt)iirlii'M  to  iiliH<>lut<>  niiility.  Wlit-ii 
iihoiit  tt)  iiltmk  mi  niomy,  wliit'li  tlioy  iiIwiivm  iIh  mi  iKiiHrlnick,  tlu'V  (liwrolK!  tlu'iii- 
nclvfM  III"  every  tliiiiK  Imt  tin-  hrcocli-t'lutli  timl  niix'ciif^iiiH.  'I'lirir  r^mlillcM  iin«  li^rlif. 
with  lii^li  poiiiint'ls  mill  ('uiillitiM;  miil  tlicy  lU'vor  ciiriiiiilx'r  tlifir  lini-Hcr*  with  iincU'r*!* 
trii|)|)iii)^H. 

The  wmiicti  arc  hdil  in  Hiniill  OHtiiimtinii ;  they  iirc  '' hi'wcrs  of  \v I  nml  ilniwcrH 

of  water"  to  tlicir  indolent  iiiul  Hii|)er('iliouM  lonU.  lint  thix  is  eoniinoii  to  nil  |)eo|)l(>, 
on  whiiin  the  onicles  of  truth  Imve  never  nheil  their  iiuiniini/inj;  inllneiice.  The 
women,  iiiiirried  iiiul  hinjj;le,  jmy  inneii  less  iiltention  to  iiersoniil  lulormnent  thiin  tiie 
men,  iiiul  iippeiir,  in  the  ile^raihition  of  th(>ir  Hoeiiil  condition,  to  have  retnined  hut 
littii"  welf-rospect.  They  are  dif«;,'iiMtin>{ly  filthy  in  thi'ir  persons,  and  seemin^dy  ii» 
deldised  in  their  moral  as  in  their  pliysical  eonstitntioii.  They  are  de(>idedl\-  more 
ferocious  and  cruel  to  prisoners  than  the  men,  amon^  whom  I  lia\t>  sometimes  wit- 
nessed a  f^leaminjr  of  a  kind  and  henevolent  nature.  It  Ih  an  ancient  custom  to  sur- 
render a  ])risoner  to  the  women,  for  torture,  for  the  fh'st  three  days  of  his  arrival 
amoiif,'  them.  These  fiends  stake  out  the  unhappy  victim  hy  day,  that  is,  fasten  him 
on  his  hack  to  the  ^'round,  with  his  limhs  distended  hy  cords  and  stakes.  At  evening, 
lie  is  released  and  taken  to  tiie  dance,  where  he  is  placed  in  the  centre  of  a  livinj^ 
circle,  formed  hy  the  densi;  mass  of  his  tormentors,  and  made  to  dance  and  siiifr,  while 
the  furies  of  the  inner  line  heat  him  with  sticks  and  thon)i;s  of  raw-hiile,  with  jircat 
diliv'cnce  and  j^lee,  until  their  own  I'xerlions  induce  fatijrue;  when  he  is  remanded  to 
his  j;r()und-[>rison,  to  ahide  a  series  of  small  vexations  during  the  coming  day,  and  a 
refjetitioii  of  the  fell  orgies  the  ensuing  night.  At  the  expiration  of  the  three  days, 
he  Ih  released  from  tiieir  custody,  exempt  from  further  annoyance,  and  taken  to  tiie 
lodge  of  his  ca[)tor,  to  enter  upon  his  servitude.  Tiiis  course  is  not  universal.  Adult 
prisoners  are  sometimes  deliherali'ly  ]iut  to  death  \^ilh  protracted  tortures,  when  the 
party  taking  them  have  siill'ered  much  loss  of  lite  in  the  foray.  At  such  times,  these 
navages  will  eat  a  portion  ol'  the  llesh  ol  their  victims ;  and  so  far  are  liahlo  to  the 
charge  of  heing  cannihals.  l$ut  they  eat  to  gratify  a  spirit  of  revenge,  and  not  to 
satiate  a  nun-hid  and  loathsome  appetite  Cannibalism,  disgusting  in  all  its  phases, 
is  with  them  a  purely  meta|)hysical  passion.  It  is  perhaps  more  abhorrent,  to  a  correct 
moral  sense,  though  less  loatiisonu'  than  that  which  results  from  mere  hrutal  a[)petite. 
When  boys  or  girls  are  captured,  they  are  not  subject  to  any  systematic  punishment, 
but  are  immediately  domiciliated  in  the  family  of  the  captor.  If  docile  and  tractable, 
they  are  seldom  treated  with  excessive  cruelty.  They  are  employed  in  menial  ser- 
vices, and,  occasionally,  in  process  of  time,  are  emancipated  and  marry  into  the  tiibe, 
when  they  become,  dc  fitrfn,  Comanches.  There  were  a  numl)er  of  Mexican  juvenile 
prisoners  among  them.  Those  1  saw  were  reluctant  to  heing  redeemed,  and  a  much 
higher  value  was  set  on  them  than  on  adults. 

Polygamy,  to  an  indefinite  extent,  is  jiermitted.     One  chief,  Carno-san-tii.a,  the  son 


i 

n 

1        ' 

1      1 

1- 

' 

■      1 

il 


230 


Till  ISA  li   ().l(i  AN'1/.ATION, 


trl 


of  Ainorica,  a  naiiu"  I  iircsmiu'  of  .Mi'\i(';iii  licstownu'iit.  Iiml  (en  \vi\(^s,  all  of  wliom 
socmcil  to  li\('  toiictliiT  ill  imiiit('i'ni|iti'(l  liiiriiiony.  altlioiiuli  oiu' of  lliciii  was  cvidcntlv 
tlic  I'liicl'  HivoriU'.  Wivos  arc  divorcrd  iiiiccri'inoiiioiisly  liy  tlic  liiislumds.  and  soiiu'- 
timcs  iiiai'n'  a^ain.  Iiilidflity.  on  llic  part  ol'  the  wife,  is  pinnslicd  l)y  cuttiiin'  oil'  tiu' 
nosi<  ;  the  excision  is  made  iVoni  tlic  lower  extremity  of  the  cartilaiie,  dia.i^dnaliy  to 
tlie  lip.  I  saw  several  instances  of  this  revoltinir  retriliutioii.  The  women  do  all  llic 
menial  work.  They  often  accompany  their  Inishands  in  hnntinii'.  lie  kills  the  j^anu', 
they  1)ut(her  and  transport  the  meat,  dress  tin'  skins,  i*cc.  One  or  more  wonu'ii  will 
sometimes  accompany  a  war-})arty. -when  tiiey  act  as  hostlers  and  ser\itours  ucneralK'. 
When  in  the  enemy's  conntry,  and  near  the  scene  of  intended  assanlt,  the  party 
selects  some  se((uestered  spot,  in  a  dense  thicket  or  chapparal.  if  to  he  had.  where  they 
encam}),  deposit  their  feeble  lu)rses  and  surplns  haLijraL;'!'.  with  a  few  of  the  aged  or 
hiellicient  warriors,  and  the  women,  as  a  canip-jiuard,  while  tlie\-  sally  out.  nsnally  hy 
moonlight,  in  fp;est  of  prey.  Thoy  war  for  spoils,  and  their  favorite  s[)oils  are  liorses 
and  ninles.  They  often  drive  oil'  several  hundreds  of  these  from  a  single  Mexican 
ranche,  on  one  foray.  The  (.'omanches  are  not  delicient  in  natural  ('ourag(\  and  no 
people  I'.xctd  them  in  the  art  of  horsemanship,  and  i'vw.  if  any.  in  the  use  of  the  how 
and  the  javelin,  both  of  which  they  handle  with  great  dexterity,  on  horseback.  As 
liiot-soldiers.  they  arc  comparatively  of  little  account ;  hut  they  ari'  seldom  caught  on 
foot  l)y  an  enemy,  and  never,  exci'pt  l)y  sur[)riso.  'I'hey  use  light  shot-guns,  but  ha\c 
an  aversion  to  the  weight  of  the  rille.  Experience  has  taught  them  to  dread  this 
formidable  weapon,  in  the  hands  of  our  l)rave  frontiers-men;  and  to  this  sentiment 
may  l)e  attributed  much  of  their  forbearance  from  liostilities.  'I'hc}'  are  generally 
men  of  good  stature,  with  very  few  instances  of  diminutive  si/.o  or  personal  deformity. 
Tlioy  use  a  shield  made  of  raw  hull'alo-hide,  contracted  and  hanlened  by  an  ingenious 
application  to  lire.  It  is  oval  or  circular,  about  two  feet  in  diameter,  and  is  worn  on 
the  left  arm.  It  will  ell'ertually  arrest  an  arrow,  but  is  not  proof  against  a  ritle-ball 
in  full  force. 

The  geograiihical  knowltMlge  of  the  Comanches  is  eoidined  within  the  small  limits 
of  their  own  actual  observation.  All  bi'yond  is.  to  tlieir  beniglite(l  minds,  obscure  and 
doubtful,  and  an  Juilians  doubt  is  jiositive.  uncpialified  disbelief.  'I'hey  are  excssively 
incredulous  of  an_v  facts,  in  relation  to  other  countries,  that  conllict  with  their  own 
experience.  Thi'y  have  no  .settled,  intelligible  notion  of  the  I'orm  or  constitution  of 
our  jilanet,  and  none  of  the  great  })lanetarv  system.  They  know  and  can  discriminate 
the  north  star,  and  are  gui(K'd  by  it  in  their  nocturnal  j'ourneys.  They  call  it  karinead- 
tiishcno ;  literally,  not-moving  star.  When  or  how  this  knowledge  was  acipiired,  I 
did  not  Icani,  and  presume  it  is  (piite  unkntiwn  to  themsehes.  They  recogni/e  the 
sun  as  the  great  fountain  of  heat,  hut  of  its  nature,  (a-  the  manni'r  of  its  dispensation, 
they  know  nothing  ami  care  nothing.  'I'hey  rel'er  to  time  long  [)ast,  by  colds  and 
lieats;  that  is,  by  winters  and  summers;  and  althoifgh  they  jiay  much  attention  tc 


m 


il  ISTol!  V,    A  \  l>    CO  VKI!  NM  KNT. 


'■M 


tli<'  [jliasc's  (if  till'  lUDoii.  the  rcMiliitiniis  (if  tliiit  |il;iiR't  lire  loo  rr('([ii('iil.  and  would 
soon  iii\()lvi'  too  \\\'A\  miiiilicrs  to  coiistilutc  a  iikmii  oi'  coinputiiiii'  tli(>  cliroiiolotiy  of 
('\oiifs,  that  lia\('  trans|)ir('d  more  than  a  year.  For  short  periods,  past  or  riitiirc.  they 
comit  hy  moons,  from  fnll  to  lull.  I'lii'  time  of  day  they  iioti'  hy  the  apparent  posi- 
tion of  tlie  sun  in  the  liea\-ens. 

The  Comanciie  notions  of  religion  are  as  ci'iide.  imperfect,  and  hinited.  as  of 
goofiraphy  or  astronomy.  They  Iielieve  in.  or  ha\c  some  indelinite  traditional  idea  of. 
the  (Jreat  Spii'it  ;  luit  I  never  discovered  any  distinct  mode  or  senililance  of  \vorslii|) 
amonu'  them.  I  freijncntlN  ohservt'd,  early  in  the  mornini;'.  a  shiidd,  such  as  they  use 
in  war.  elevated  at  the  point  of  :i  jr  >elin.  (the  hilt  in  the  liiouud.)  and  in\arialily 
faein,^  the  r,ist.  Whether  done  in  re\-erenc(!  to  the  iireat  rising'  hmiinai'y.  and  of 
(ihehir  ori.uin,  1  did  not  ascertain.  They  helieve  in  witchcraft,  and  sometimes  attri- 
bute their  ailments  to  the  magical  inlluence  of  some  sid)tle  and  malii;iiant  ci  eniy  of 
their  own  s|)i'cies.  'I'hey  held  the  K il'lii, s,  a  small  and  di>tiuct  trilie  then  rt'sidiiiL  m 
the  waters  of  the  l!i\'er  Trinity,  in  peculiar  detestation.  (>:i  account  of  their  supposed 
powers  ol'soi'cery.  They  imagine  tip''  good  nu'U  (aiul  adi'oitness  and  daring  in  taking- 
scalps  or  stealing  horses  are  capital  e\idences  of  goodness)  ari'  translated  at  death  to 
elysian  hunting-grounds,  where  hud'alo  are  always  ahundant  and  fat.  'I'he  i'e\erse  of 
this  nuwimum  of  Comauclu^  felicity  is  assigned  to  the  wicked.  In  order  to  facilitate 
th<'  posthumous  enjoyments  of  a  deci  !>t'd  warrior,  they  sacrifice  some  of  his  hest 
horses,  and  hury  in  his  grave  his  favoVite  implements  of  the  chase  for  his  future  use. 
'IMiey  have  no  deterininiite  idea  of  the  locality  of  these  imaginary  hnnting-grouuds. 
They  mourn  for  the  dead  systematically  and  periodically  with  great  noi^e  and  vehe- 
mence ;  at  which  times  the  female  relatixcs  of  the  deceased  scarily  their  arms  and 
legs  with  sharp  llints  until  the  Mood  trickles  from  a  thousand  pores.  The  duration 
of  these  lamentations  depends  on  the  (piality  and  estimation  of  the  deceased;  var\ing 
from  three  to  ti\e  or  .^I'xcn  days  :  after  which  the  curtain  of  ohlivion  seems  to  he 
drawn  around  the  gi'a\i'.  Whether  this  hloody  rite  of  scarilication  has  descended  hy 
tradition  from  the  worshiiipers  of  llml.  is  a  ((uestion  in  elucidation  of  which  they  have 
no  relic,  oral  or  material,  or  other  adunihi'ation  of  e\  idence.  heyoml  the  obvious  simi- 
litude of  the  act  itself  with  a  custom  of  the  heathen  of  the  anti(pie  Canaan. 

I  j)erci'ived  no  order  of  priesthood,  or  anything  analogous  to  it.  among  them;  if 
they  recognise  any  ecclesiastical  authority  wliate\er.  it  resides  in  their  chiefs;  but  I 
think  tht'ir  religious  sentiments  are  entiri'ly  too  loose,  vague,  and  inoperative,  to  have 
pi'odnced  any  such  institution.  The  elevation  of  the  shield  is  {\w  only  act  I  ever 
noticed  among  them,  that  allbrded  the  slightest  indication  of  religious  concernment; 
and  i  doubt  if  they  ha\e  any  oiiiuions  relative  to  future  rewards  and  punishments 
that  e.\erci>o  any  moral  inlluenci'  u[)on  them.  They  have  nothing  like  a  system  of 
m\tliol()gy.  and  neither  do  they  entertain  any  religious  myths  of  a  traditionary  i)r 
settletl  character.     That   iin])ressions  of  this  kind  may  be  easily  made   n|)on  them,  i.s 


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Tit  I  HA  h   one.  AN  I /AT  ION, 


proliahlo ;  for  tliov  aro  atlilieted  to  siipcrstitioii,  and  ajjt  to  bclicvo  any  absurdity, 
natural  or  proti'matiiral,  tluin  does  not  (Hinllict  with  tiicir  ]>orsonal  or  natural  vanity. 
15ut  tlii'ir  minds  arc  too  little  intent  ujion  tlic  suijject  of  a  futuiv  state,  ever  to  have 
formed  a  connected  system  ol  opinions  in  relation  to  it.  If  the  doctrine  of  meteinpsy- 
clu)sis  has  ever  been  presented  to  them,  it  has  not  received  a  nationid  or  {general 
credence:  indeed,  1  doubt  if  they  have  any  common  plan  of  religious  belief,  or  of  a 
supernatural  agency  operating  on  the  aiVairs  of  this  lile,  beyonil  the  mystic  vagaries 
of  witchcraft ;  and  of  these,  they  d(,'  not  distinctly  itelicNc  in  anything  Ijcyond  the 
potentiality  of  iiumau  means.  It  may  be  assumed  of  them,  as  to  all  the  practical 
results  of  religious  sentiment,  that  '•the  fool  hath  said  in  his  heart,  there  is  no  (it)d." 

The  couuti-y  inhaljited  by  the  Comanches,  at  least  that  jiortion  of  it  watered  by  the 
Colorado  anil  its  tributaries,  is  of  a  broken  and  \aried  surface  —  hilly,  not  mountainous. 
The  valleys  are  generally  small;  some  of  them  timbered,  [)rineipally  with  the  nnis- 
((uit;  and  some  jirairie  :  allot' them  co\-eri'(l  with  tiie  bestmus(iuit  grass,  and  all'ording 
the  richest  pasture.  The  soil,  still  in  its  virgin  state,  has  the  appeaiance  of  great 
fertility,  but  is,  in  general,  too  arid  for  successful  culture,  without  artilicial  irrigation. 
The  climate  is  exceedingly  dry.  and  the  jirotractetl  heats  of  the  sunuuer  e.xhaust  all 
humidity  from  the  atmosphere,  and  from  the  soil.  During  the  hot  months  tlu'  dews 
are  light,  and  not  very  frerpient.  The  margins  of  the  creeks,  and  of  the  Colorado,  are 
lielted  with  tindjcr  of  the  several  varieties  i<)und  in  similar  latitudes:  the  li\e-oak  and 
l)ecan  are  abinidant;  the  lirst  found  in  l>eautiful  gro\i's  on  the  hills  and  level  uplands. 
'I'indjer  suitable  for  building  is  srai'i'c,  but  stone  abounds.  No  country  is  better 
adapted  to  raising  stock  of  all  kinds,  and  especially  of  horses;  and  Estremadura 
cannot  excel  it  lin-  sheeii-walks.  Tiie  principal  animals  are  the  migratory  bufl'alo, 
bear,  dec,  some  anteloi)es,  wolves  of  several  varieties,  panthers,  and  mustangs,  or 
wild  horses,  which  last  are  obviously  of  a  suiierior  (juality  to  those  found  on  the  level 
or  coast  prairies;  rabbits,  of  several  kinds,  pole-cats,  and  jirairie-dogs  arc  abundant : 
these  last  burrow  in  the  ground,  an<l  live  in  little  subterranean  villages;  they  j)artake 
more  of  the  qualities  of  the  S(iuirrel  than  of  the  canine  species.  Of  the  feathered 
tribe,  the  buzzard  predominates;  these  .serve  to  guide  the  wan<lerer  to  an  Indian  camp, 
over  which  they  generally  hover,  in  anticipation  of  a  i)lentiful  rejiast  at  the  e\acua- 
tion.  Wild  turkeys  are  seen  in  large  Hocks;  the  small  birds  are  scarce ;  owls,  of 
several  kinds,  are  plentiful,  and  render  the  night  vocal  with  hoots  and  hideous  screams; 
the  cardinal  (red-bird)  inhabits  the  thickets,  but  it  is  seldom  the  ear  is  salutetl  with 
the  carols  of  nature's  songsters  in  tho.so  secpiestered  regions. 

The  country  ailjacent  to  the  San  Saba,  ii  principal  western  tributary  of  the  Colo- 
rado, exhibits  frequent  indications  of  minerals,  ])articularly  of  iron,  lead,  and  silver; 
I  was  shown  a  specimen  of  copper  ore,  found  near  the  Brazos,  high  np,  which  was, 
apparently,  almost  ])ure.  My  informer,  a  Mr.  Peyton  .Fohnson,  a  very  worthy  man 
whom   I  i()und  in   the  Coumnche  country,  and  who  had  visited  the  co])i)cr  locality, 


II I  S  T  0  R  Y,    A  N  U   GO  V  E  11 N  M  E  X  T . 


239 


iisj^iired  me  tlion;  were  tlKmsaiids  of  \vaOTii-l(i;uls  of  ore,  .xiiiiiliir  to  the  sperimen, 
l^inj,'  oil  tlie  siufac  of  tlie  fii-oiiiul.  Tliere  is,  hexonil  doubt,  more  iroii-oie  in  the 
iiil:iiid  regions  of  T(  xas  thiin  timber  to  smelt  it;  and  eiioiigli  to  close  lioop  tiie  j-dolie 
with  railroads.  Stone-coal  will  assuredly  be  found  in  abundance,  for  the  distribution 
of  nature's  bounties  is  ordinarily  too  equable  and  provident  to  permit  the  apprehension 
tiiat  a  country  abounding  in  the  most  useful  and  some  of  the  precious  metals  should  bo 
destitute  of  the  means  to  render  them  available. 

1  never  discovered  or  heard  of  any  remains  of  ancient  edifices  or  any  tiunuli, 
indicating  the  previous  existence  of  a  more  enlightened  race  of  men,  in  the  Comanche 
country.  Flints  neatly  li)rmcd  into  arrow-head.s,  are  fre(piently  found  throughout 
Texas;  some  under  ground,  and  some  above  —  they  are  wrought  into  good  sliape  and 
various  sizes.  Tiie  manner  of  their  cleavage  I  do  not  know.  The  Indians  now  use 
iron  ])oints  to  their  arrows ;  but  the  use  of  the  bow  and  arrow  is  gradua'.iv  diminishiim', 
and  giving  way  to  that  of  lire-arms. 

The  fjipans  are  a  trilic  of  considerable  importance,  and  may  be  ranked  next  to  the 
(.'omanches  among  the  Indians  of  Texas.  They  have  allinity  with  tlie  Seraticks  and 
tiio  Muscalaroes;  and  if  estimated  as  identical  with  thcin,  are  very  superior  to  the 
('omanches  ill  numbers.  They  have  never  made  war  upon  our  frontier;  and  their 
present  e([uivocal  condition  is  to  be  regretted.  They  are  mcjre  enterprising  and  war- 
like than  the  Comanches,  who  regard  them  with  a  respect,  in  which  fear  is  a  chief 
ingredient.  Their  habits  are  very  similar  to  the  Comanches  in  some  respects;  but 
they  have  made  somewhat  more  progress  towards  civilization.  Many  of  them  speak 
the  Spanish  language,  having  formerly  had  much  interourse  with  the  Mexicans. 
They  can  now  rai.se  about  20(1  warriors  of  their  own  band.  The  Seraticks  live  .  i  the 
Kio  Grande,  above  the  Passo  del  Norte.  Very  little  is  known  among  us,  in  relation  to 
them.  The  Muscalaroes  inhabit  the  river  Puerco,  a  consideraljle  eastern  alHuent  of 
the  Rio  Cirande:  —  from  the  best  information  I  have,  they  number  1000  to  l-jOO 
warriors  —  are  of  dark  complexion  —  peaceal)le  in  their  habits  —  cultivate  the  lironnd 
and  raise  stock — have  many  horses  and  mules  —  also  sheep,  goats,  and  black  cattle. 

The  Tonkawas  are  a  separate  tribe,  liaviiig  no  traceable  aflinity  to  anv  other  liaiid 
of  Indians  in  the  country.  They  are  erratic  —  live  on  game,  and  are  (piite  indolent 
—  ;'nd  often  in  extremity  of  siiU'ering.  They  have  generally  been  friendly  to  the 
whites,  though  often  susiiected  of  having  stolen  hor.scs  from  the  frontier.  A  few  of 
these  accompanied  our  small  army  in  the  campaign  againt  the  Cherokees  in  IS.]',),  and 

rendered  good  service.     There    are    about   loO  warriors  of   this    tribe tliev  have 

usually  warred  within  the  limits  of  our  settlements. 

The  Whacoes — Tawacanies — Tow-e-ash  —  Ayiiics — San  Pedro's  —  Nal)a(hicho(>s 

Nacado-chcets,  and  Ilitchie.s.  are  small  tribes  or  fragments  of  trii)es.  and,  separatelv 
considered,  are  (piite  insignillcant.  They  have  been  long  resident  in  Texas,  and 
properly  belong  to  it  — but  they  are,  originally,  the  llitchies  excepted,  of  the  Caddo 


i 


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240 


TIllHAL    ORGAN  IZATION, 


>     •:■, 


: 


'in 


s.  i' 


fi; 


VI 


stock,  hoiiiii'  olVsots  from  tliat  litiiiily.  Tlio  WIimcdcs  aio  tlu'  most  considiTiililc  of  tlicso 
hands,  amoiiiitiii;:' proUiil)ly  to  l")(l  warriors,  it  liciiii;'  inuli'i'stood  amoiifi  Indians  that 
i'\cr\  adnit  male  is  a  waniiu'.  'I'licy  arc  a  stcailliy.  tliii'vinu',  faithless  race,  and  have 
doni'  much  misciiicf,  fnst  and  last,  on  onr  IVoiitici'.  Tiicy  iisc  in  a  \illage  on  the 
rplicr  l!ra/.os,  and  raise  corn,  lieans.  i)um[ikins,  ^'^c.,  and  nsnaliy  spend  the  winter 
months  in  hnnlinu-.  'I'iic  otiicr  small  parties,  amountin;^-  to  about  lil'ty  families  each, 
live  in  A  illa,i:es.  on  the  wati'rs  of  the  Trinity  and  \eches.  and  cnlti\ate  the  ij,round  to 
a  small  extent. 

'I'lie  llitehies,  once  a  distinct  and  isolated  trihe,  haw  so  intermarried  with  their 
neiuidwr  liaiids,  that  tiicy  June  lost  their  identity,  and  may  he  considi'i'ed  as  nier^ed 
into  the  common  stock.  'J'he  ('addocs  IbrmerK'  resided  on  the  Red  Kiver  of  Louis- 
iana, alioNc  Natchitoches  and  behnv  the  (ireat  Kaft,  and  were  included  in  the  juris- 
diction of  the  Indian  Ajiciicy  stationed  in  181'J  at  Natchitoches.  Tlu'y  remo\eil  to 
Texas  a  few  years  ago,  and   now  claim   to  be  Texas  Indians. 

The  Caddoes.  Cherokees,  Shawnces.  Delawares,  Kickapoos.  and  some  others,  parts 
of  tribes,  who  ha\e  been  allured  into  Te.xas  by  the  amenity  of  its  clinnite,  the  ubuii- 
dani'c  of  its  game,  antl  its  comparativel\  waste  condition,  are  altogether  intrnders 
here:  and  had  no  right  of  hiibitation,  until  the  late  government  of  Texas,  with  great 
folly  and  indi.scretion.  entered  into  a  treaty  with  several  of  them  in  18M.  By  this 
unwise  act.  which  would  have  proven  vastly  more  mischievous  if  the  country  had 
n'Uiaincd  in  separate  indi'iiendence  than  it  now  can  do,  those  bands  actpiired  a  sanc- 
tion to  their  intrusion  and  a  ri"St  of  settlenu'iit,  irrespective  of  numljers;  and  their 
numl)ers  woidd  in  all  i)rol)al)ility  have  been  alarmingly  increased  by  inunigration  from 
the  northern  tribes  of  the  rniteil  States.  Annexation  has  arrested  this  evil,  and 
sa\ed  'I'e.xas  from  a  dangerous  inllux  of  the  most  dissatisfii'd.  loose,  and  savage  of  the 
h;e\t'ral  tribes  from  which  the  first  intrmU'rs  proceeded.  ,\nd  still  it  is  believed  they 
are  constantly  accuuuilating;  and  they  are  now  thrown,  by  a  silly  and  improvident 
policy  of  the  government  of  the  late  Kepuiilic.  upon  the  Shitr  of  Texas  and  her  terri- 
tory. That  they  are  tenants  without  title,  and  hold  oidy  at  the  will  of  the  govern- 
ment, dues  not  divest  them  of  a  recognised  right  of  ri'sideneo,  to  which  tJicij  naturally 
attach  a  right  of  soil.  Their  peaci'alile  removal,  which  the  tran(piillity  of  the  State 
will   soon   reipiire.   is  jjracticable  only   by   the    Federal   (joverument. 

Although  the  subject  is  not  comjjrised  in  thefpieries  prop(jinided  by  the  department, 
1  will  suggest  that  the  future  peace  and  ha]ipiness  of  the  large  inland  frontier  of  Texas 
recpiires  an  early  intervention  of  the  (ieueral  (loNcrnment.  to  adjust  our  eomjjlex 
Indian  relations.  It  is  ipiile  im|yossil)le  lor  the  State,  acting  within  her  limited  sove- 
reignty, to   control   and   peaceably  dispose  of  the    various   tribes   resident   within    lii'r 


territorial   limits.     Tlu>  entire  subjugation  of  the  ( 


omancnes  i 


11  particular,  and  pn 


bablv  of  other   trii)' 


or  their  earl\'  removal,  will  be    ine\itab!e.      Tl 


spread  ol  our 


popiilatiiui  will,  in  a  M'ly  lew  \ears.  so  crowd  ujhmi   the  ('oiiianehes'  ancient  hunt 


iiig- 


HISTORY,   AND  GOVERNMENT. 


241 


j.'V()tiii(ls,  iis  to  (!()ini)ol  them  either  to  recede  westward  or  to  resist  hy  arms  a  jiro- 
i^iessioii  which  is  perfectly  irrcsistihle  to  their  ieehle  powers.  Tlie  result  of  such  an 
issue  must  be,  their  entire  and  absohitc  extermination ;  which,  by  the  way,  will  not 
be  efl'ected  without  much  disaster  and  bloodshed  on  our  part.  The  Federal  govern- 
ment alone  is  competent  to  prevent  a  catastrophe,  which,  however  oppressive  to 
the  ancient  occupants,  is  necessarily  con.secjuent  to  the  progress  of  civilization.  The 
State  has  not  the  means  to  extinguish  the  Indian  titles  to  the  spacious  territory  over 
which  they  roam  in  pursuit  of  the  only  means  of  subsistence  they  know,  and  which 
they  claim  by  the  emphatic  right  of  occupancy  for  ''time  immemorial"  to  t/inn.  Siie 
cannot  provide  them  another  and  more  secure,  because  remote,  country  ibr  their  future 
hal)itation.  Such  country  can  Ije  found  only  in  the  region  of  the  Kocky  Mountains, 
beyond  the  local  jurisdiction  of  the  States,  and  is  disposable  only  by  the  Federal 
government. 

To  ell'ect  this  humane  policy,  —  the  only  practical  substitute  for  the  actual  extermi- 
nation of  the  Indians, — it  is  indispensaljle  that  the  Federal  government  should  become 
the  proprietor  of  the  vacant  doinain  of  Texas  which  comprehends  the  territory  over 
whicli  these  erratic  people  wander  in  quest  of  game.  To  reclaim  the  Comanches 
from  the  chase,  and  adapt  and  reconcile  them  to  tiic  less  attractive  labors  of  agricid- 
ture,  if  it  be  not  utterly  impracticable,  would  rcrpiire  numy  years  of  experimental 
tuition,  to  the  very  initiative  of  which  they  are  habitually  averse,  and  whi(!h  they 
never  would  consent  to  receive  from  the  insulated  and  defective  authority  of  the 
Statt'.  The  general  government  only  can  manage  this  delicate  sidyect,  of  so  deep, 
abiding,  and  growing  interest,  happily  fcjr  all  parties,  and  without  great  blood-guilti- 
ness to  mini'  of  them. 

Your  Obedient  Servant, 

Daniel  G.  Burnet. 

ITknry  15.  Sciiodi.ciiAFT,  Esq. 


31 


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5.     INDIAN    TRIBES   OF   NEW    MEXICO. 


I   ; 


i    !  i 


BV    (lOVKUNOlt    CirAUI,  KS    liKNT. 

(idVKUMiu  CiiAiii.KS  Hknt,  tlio  luitlioi'  ol'  tlic  11)1110X0(1  luoiiioir,  who  ivcoivod  his 
!iutliiirit\  iVom  (lonoral  Kimtii}-,  foil  hol'oro  tho  porfiily  ol'  tlio  assassins  of  Taos. 
Now  .Moxioo  will  loiiiz:  laiiioiit  tho  loss  of  his  ox[)orioiu;o  and  kiiowlodiio  of  Indian 
ad'.iirs.  An  oxtoiisivo  a(M|Maintanoo  witii  tho  trihos  south  of  tlio  Arkansas  and  Hi'd 
liiMTs.  ii'achini;'  to  tho  l!io  (irando  and  tho  rojrions  wost  of  it,  had  ((iialinod  him  to 
luako  a  just  ostiiiiato  of  the  charaotor  and  poiiulation  of  tho  ahori,niiial  trihos  who  ruvo 
o\or  tiiiiso  vast  and   undolinod  {)laiii.s,  and  mountain   fastnossos. 

lu  liis  ostlmatioii  of  tho  trihos,  tho  houndarios  of  Now  Moxioo  as  known  to  tho 
Sjianish  go\orniiiont  woro  oxolusivoly  ivforrod  to.  Tho  subso([Uont  ohanf:!;os  mado  h_v 
an  Act  ol'  Congross,  has  hrought  within  its  oxtromo  wostorn  and  soulhorn  limits,  as 
now  ostahlisiioil,  tho  olonu'iits  of  a  now  aboriginal  [loiiulation.  Of  tho  rogion  lying  in 
tho  \  alloy  of  tlio  (,'olorado  and  north  of  tho  (iila,  wo  aro  too  littlo  iiiforinod  to  speak 
with  an\'  dogroo  of  pi'ocision.  Tlio  oarly  Spanish  advonturors  do  not  profoss  to  hav(! 
o\|)]orod  it  hoyond  Cibola.  Coroiiada  failod  in  this  ol)joot  of  his  oolobratod  oxpodi- 
tioii.  J  low  I'ar  tho  apparontly  soini-oivili/od  raoo,  to  whom  tho  S|)aiiish  writors 
a|)idiod  tho  torni  of  '•  Ynmauos,"  oxtondod  north  and  wost  into  that  aroa,  wo  cannot 
di'oido.  It  may  be  oxpocted  that  the  Bouiulaiy  Commissioiior  oiigagod  in  running  tho 
linos  on  that  border,  will  obtain  and  commiiiiicato  valuable  iiiibrmation  n'spooting  tho 
native  population  and  charaotor  and  resources  of  that  frontier.  Tho  ostablislimont  of 
the  territory  of  Utah,  and  the  settlement  of  the  boundary  between  Texas  and  Now 
Mexico,  all'i'ot  likewise  the  estimates  of  (lovornor  Hont.  Kospect  has  boon  had  to 
tlioso  ohangos  in  tho  new  estimates  of  po])ulation  hereafter  submitted. 

It  is  proper  to  say  that  this  memoir,  although  dated  some  months  before  T  oom- 
monoed  my  statistical  iiupiirios,  was  placed  in  my  hands  by  the  Head  of  the  Bureau, 
as  the  most  r.itliontio  document  in  his  pos.sossion ;  a  character  which,  with  those 
changes  of  houndar^',  it  still  preserves. 


Sir: 


S.int:i  I'\',   New  Mcxicn, 

NovL'iiiW  lOtli,  1840. 


Having   boon   appointed,  by  Brigadier   General    Kearny,  Governor  of  the 
Territory  of  New  Mexico,  and,  by  virtue  of  that  appointment,  i:v-<)l}icio  Superintendent 

( i!f2 ) 


r 


Till  HAL    OlUi  ANI/ATIUN,    ETC. 


IVi 


of  Indian  Alliiirs  liir  said  tiTvitory,  it  hcconirs  my  duty  ti)  lay  lid'orc  \()h  tlic  t'ollowin'j: 
infornKition  in  rfj^ard  to  the  dillL-riMit  trilas  of  Indians  inlialtiling  and  IriM^Mcmin^  liii.s 
territory. 

First  I  will  mention  the  Apaches,  or  .fieorilhis,  a  hand  of  ahonl  100  lodji'es,  or  i)()() 
.'<ou!s.  The  .lieorillas  ha\e  no  permanent  residence,  hnt  main  thntu.i^h  the  norlhern 
settlements  of  New  Mexico.  They  are  an  indolent  and  cowanlly  ])eo])le,  living' 
principally  hy  theft  coinmiited  on  the  Mexicans,  there  being  hnt  little  j^'ame  in  lli'' 
country  thronudi  which  they  ranire,  and  their  fear  of  other  Indians  not  perinitlin';- 
them  to  ventnre  on  the  plains  for  hnll'alo.  Their  only  uttem])t  iit  nninnfactnre  is  a. 
species  of  potter's  ware,  capahle  of  tolerahl(>  resistance  to  (ire,  and  much  used  hy  thrni 
and  the  Mexicans  for  culinary  pnr[)oses.  This  they  barter  with  the  Mexicans  for  {\\r. 
necessaries  of  life,  but  in  such  snnill  ipiantilies  as  scarcely  to  deserve  iho  name  of 
trallic.  The  j-redatory  hal)its  of  these  Indians  ri'iider  them  a.  jrreat  annoyance  to  the 
Ni!W  Mexicans. 

Second.  The  Apac'hes  proper,  who  raiijic  tlirongh  tiie  southern  portion  of  tliis 
territor\',  tiirouiih  the  country  of  the  Hio  del  Norte  and  its  triltutaries,  and  westward 
about  till'  head-waters  of  the  liiver  fliia,  are  a  warlii<e  people,  and  nnmlier  about  DOO 
lodfies,  or  fi'om  -jOOO  to  (iOOO  soids;  they  know  nothin<r  of  aj;ri(!nlture  or  manufactures 
of  any  descri[)tion,  but  live  almost  entirely  by  plunderinii;  the  Mexican  settlements. 
For  many  years  past  they  have  been  in  the  haliit  of  committinu' constant  depredations 
npon  the  lives  and  property  of  the  inlial)itauts  of  this  and  tiie  adjoinin.ir  provinces, 
from  which  they  have  carried  otl'  an  incredijjle  amount  of  :  itn:k  of  all  kinds.  The 
only  article  of  food  that  grows  in  their  jreneral  range  is  the  maguey  plant,  and  that 
spontaneon.sly,  and  in  very  snnill  quantities.  Several  bands  of  the  Apaches  have, 
for  .some  years  past,  received  a  bounty  of  so  much  per  head,  per  diem,  from  the 
Government  of  the  State  of  Chihuahua,  with  the  ol)jeet  of  inducing  the  Indians  to 
cease  their  depredations;  but  without  having  the  desired  elTect. 

Third.  The  Nabajos  are  an  industrious,  intelligent,  and  warlike  tribe  of  Indians, 
who  cultivate  the  soil,  and  raise  siitlicicnt  grain  and  fruits  of  various  kinds  for  their 
own  consumption.  They  are  the  owners  of  large  tlocks  and  herd.s  of  cattle,-  sheep, 
horses,  mules  ami  asses.  It  is  estimated  that  the  tribe  jjossesses  '50,000  liead  ol" 
horned  cattli>,  TjOO.OOO  head  of  sheep,  and  10,000  head  of  horses,  mules,  and  asses; 
it  is  not  a  rare  instance  for  one  indiviilual  to  possess  ;j,000  to  10,000  sheep,  and  100 
to  500  head  of  other  stock.  Their  horses  and  sheep  are  said  to  bo  greatly  superior 
to  those  reared  by  the  New  Mexicans.  A  largo  portion  of  their  stock  luis  been 
acquired  by  marauding  expeditions  against  the  settlements  of  this  territor}-.  They 
manufacture  excellent  coarse  blankets,  and  coarse  woollen  goods  for  wearing  apparel. 
They  have  no  jicrmanent  vil'ages  or  places  of  residence,  Imt  roam  over  the  country 
l)ctween  the  River  San  Juan  on  the  north,  and  the  waters  of  the  Gila  on  the  south. 
The  country  between  these  two  rivers  is  about  150  miles  wide,  consisting  of  high 


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244 


TRIBAL   0  U  (5  A  N  I Z  A  T 1 0  N, 


tiihlc  iiiouiitiiins,  (liUlciilt  of  iicccsH,  and  iifl'ordin;,'  tlii'in,  an  yet,  I'll'octuiil  ni'Dtcctidii 
ii,i;ainst  llicir  I'licniics.  Water  is  soairo,  iind  ditlioult  to  l)o  louiid  l>y  tliosi;  imt 
aci|ii;iiiiti'(l  with  tiio  ('(iiiiitr}' :   atl'onlinn'  anotlicr  natural  sal'i'^uanl  ai^aiiist  invasion. 

'I'lu'ir  Miiml)i'iM  arc  variously  I'stiniatcd  at  t'loiu  10(10  to  2000  I'aniilii's,  or  tVuni 
7000  to   I  1,000  souls. 

'Pill'  Nabajos,  so  far  as  1  am  int'oriued,  arc  tlio  only  Indians  on  the  continent,  liavini,' 
intercourse  with  white  men,  that  are  inereasinji;  in  numljers.  They  have  in  tlieir 
possession  many  prisoners,  men,  women,  and  children,  taken  from  the  settlements  ol' 
this  territory,  whom  they  hold  and  treat  as  slaves. 

Fourth.  The  Moques  are  neighbors  of  the  Nabajos,  and  live  in  permanent  \illa;i('s, 
cultivate  grain  and  fruits,  and  rai.se  all  the  varieties  of  stock.  They  were  formerly  a 
vei'y  numerous  people,  the  ])osse.ssors  of  large  Hocks  ami  herds;  but  have  Iteen  reduced 
in  nundjers  and  })ossessions  by  their  more  warlike  neighbors  and  enemies,  the  Nabajos. 
The  .Mo(pies  are  an  intelligent  and  industrious  pcojile ;  their  manufactures  arc  the 
same  as  those  of  the  Nabajos.     Tiiey  number  al)out  .TOO  fanulies,  or  about  2  loO  souls. 

Fit"th.  The  Yutas  inhabit  the  country  north  of  the  Nabajos,  and  west  of  the 
northern  settlements  of  this  territory.  Tiiey  niunber  SOO  lodges  and  about  4000  to 
oOOO  souls.  Their  range  extends  from  the  Naljajo  country,  in  idiout  latitude  ^l-j"  to 
40°  n(a-th.  Their  range  of  country  is  very  mountainous  and  broken,  aljonnding  in 
deer,  elk,  bear,  and  other  wild  game,  which  serve  them  for  food  and  raiment.  They 
are  a  hardy,  warlike  people,  subsisting  by  the  chase.  Several  bands  of  them  ha\'e 
been  carrying  on  a  predatory  war  with  the  New  Mexicans  for  the  last  two  years,  and 
have  killed  and  taken  prisoners  many  of  the  jeople,  and  driven  off  large  amr'-nts  of 
stock.  Since  General  Kearny's  arrival,  these  Indiana  have  sued  for  i)eace,  and  mea- 
sures are  now  taking  to  eftect  a  permanent  treaty. 

Sixth.  The  Cheycnnes  and  Arapahoes  range  through  the  c(jnntry  of  the  Arkansas 
and  its  tributaries,  to  the  north  of  this  territory.  They  live  almost  entirely  on  the 
buflalo,  and  carry  on  a  considcr.able  trade  both  with  the  Americans  and  Mexicans  in 
buffalo  robes;  for  which  they  obtain  all  the  necessaries  not  derived  from  the  bufl'alo. 
They  are  a  roving  people,  and  have,  for  many  years,  been  on  friendly  terms  with  the 
New^  Mexicans.  The  Arrapahocs  number  alx)ut  400  lodges,  or  2000  souls.  The 
Cheycnnes  number  300  lodges,  or  1500  souls. 

Seventh.  The  Comanches  range  cast  of  the  mountains  of  New  Mexico  ;  a  numerous 
and  warlike  people,  subsisting  entirely  by  the  chase.  Their  dilTerent  bands  number 
in  all  idjout  2o00  lodges,  or  12,000  souls.  They  have  been  at  peace  for  many  years 
with  the  New  Mexicans,  but  have  carried  on  an  incessant  and  destructive  war  with 
the  states  of  Chihuahua,  Durango,  and  Coahuila,  from  which  they  have  carried  off, 
and  still  hold  as  slaves,  a  large  number  of  women  and  childri'ii,  and  immense  herds 
of  horses,  mules,  and  asses. 

Eighth.    The  Kayuguas  range  through  a  i)art  of  the  same  country.    They  are  similar 


J.!1     .• 

f 


HISTORY,   AND    <J  ()  V  E  UN  M  EN  T.  245 

ill  liahit.s  mill  ciiMtoiiis.  iiiid  lire  consiilcrcil  a  niitrt'  linivc  [n'dplo  tliaii  llio  Coiiuuiclics. 
'riicy  iiiiinlicr  alioiit   ItKI  lodges,  or  'JOOO  souls. 

iJclow  I  givo  a  tabular  statcuu'iit  of  tlic  [xipiilatioii  of  tlic  tribes  of  riidiaiis  raiuiiiii^ 
tlio  country  witliiu  tlic  territory  of  New  Mexico  and  its  honlers,  luado  up  from  the 
most  relialile  information  that  I  have  been  ablo  to  oljtain  during  a  residence  of  many 
years  in  New  Mexico  and  its  vicinity. 

Apaches  or  Jicorillas  .     .     .  lUO  lodges  ....  5(10  souls. 

Apaches  proper    ....    8,1)00      "     .     .     .     .  r),.")00  •• 

Yiitas,  Grando  Unita  Kiver      (iOO       "        ...     ;;,()00  " 

Yutas,   (Southern)    ....  200      "     .     .     .     .    1,400  " 

Nabajos 1,000  families      .     .      7.000  " 

Moipies ;j')0       •"....  'J,loO  " 

Comanches 2,'M)  lodges       .     .     TJ.tlOO  " 

Kayaguas 100      "...        l>,000  " 

Cheyennes 300      "    .     .      .     .     1,500  '■ 

Arapahoes 400      "      ....  l.CnlO  " 

Total  ....  ;](;,U.")0 

You  will  perceive  l)y  the  above  stateiueut,  that  with  New  Mexico,  nearly  40,000 
Indians  will  fall  under  the  immediate  sii[)eriiiteudence  of  the  United  States  govern- 
ment, and  it  becomes  a  subject  of  serious  import,  liuw  these  numerous  and  savage 
tribes  arc  to  be  controlled  and  managed. 

As  it  becomes  my  duty  by  virtue  of  my  olllce,  to  lay  beli)re  you  all  the  iiili)rmatioii 
I  possess  in  regard  to  tlifse  tribes  of  Indians,  1  will  also  venture  to  make  a  lew 
suggestion.s  for  your  consideration. 

Agents  and  sub-agents  are  absolutely  ncessary  for  the  regulation  and  control  of  the 
various  tribes  of  Indians  above  named. 

A  very  desirable  eU'ect  might  bo  produced  uiion  these  Indians  b_)-  sending  a  delega- 
tion from  each  tril)e  to  Wasliington.  They  have  no  idea  at  this  time  of  the  power  of 
the  United  States,  and  have  been  .so  long  in  the  habit  of  waging  war  and  committing 
depredations  against  tlie  Mexicans  with  impunity,  that  they  still  show  a  di.sposition 
to  continue  the  same  kind  of  warfare,  now  that  the  territory  is  in  possession  of  the 
United  States.  I  am  convinced  that  a  visit  to  our  ('a[)ital  by  some  of  the  priiici[)al 
men  of  each  of  these  nations,  would  secure  future  peace  and  (piiet  to  the  inhabitants 
of  this  territory. 

I  would  also  suggest  the  propriety  of  sending  with  this  delegation  of  uncivilized 
Indians,  a  delegation  from  the  "rueblas,"  or  civili/ed  Indians,  v.iio  are  by  law  ct/i-cns 
of  this  territory,  and  of  the  United  States.  They  compose  a  very  considerable 
portion  of  the  population  of  New  Mexico,  and,  if  excited  so  to  do,  might  cause  a  good 


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246 


TIIIHAL    OUCANI/ATION,     IITC,'. 


>■     . 


:  u 


(loiil  of  (liniculty.     A  umiiU  oxpfiulitiiro  \>y  I  lie  ^''^'crtuiiont  in  this  iiiiiiiiicr,  xmr, 
nii.iilit  Im'  till'  iiR'iiii.s  of  avoiding'  liloodnlioil  licrciiftii'. 

Voii  an'  (loiilitlc'SH  iiwarL"  ;!;Mt  [iri'soutH  of  jiood.s  iire  iiidisiK'nsiiblo  in  all  frii'iidly 
coininimicatioiis  with  IiidiaiiH.  1  would  iTsportfully  Miif^ircst  tlio  lU'Ci'ssify  of  jfoods 
of  this  kind,  or  tiu'  incans  wh  .owith  to  puridiaso  tliiMii,  ln-inf^  placed  at  tho  dispowition 
of  tlu'  SnptM'iiiti'ndont  of  Intlian  AlVairs  for  this  territory. 

I  doom  it  hiirhly  nooossary  to  ostahlisii  stockado  forts  in  tiio  Yiita  and  XmIimJo 
coinilrios,  with  sulliciont  troops  to  koop  those  Indians  in  ehock.  ami  from  oontiiiiiinj; 
their  lonf^-iit'custonied  iin'oads  in  tiiis  territory.  One  should  also  he  eslahlished  at 
some  suitahie  ])oint  on  the  Arkansas  Kiver,  for  tho  pnr[M)sc  of  protectinji'  travidiers 
hetween  this  teri'itoiy  and  Missouri,  and  the  settlements  that  may  he  extended  in  th;il 
direction  from  the  Indians  in  that  vieinitj-.  Another  cstahlishment  of  the  kind  will 
ho  required  in  the  southorn  part  of  this  territory,  to  Horve  as  a  safeguard  ajiainst  hoth 
the  ApachoH  and  Mexicans  on  the  frontiers  of  the  adjoining  Mexican  Slates,  who,  it 
may  he  confidently  oxi)ectod,  will  continue  to  make  inroads  on  th  s  territory  from  that 
quarter  for  nuuiy  \ears  to  oome. 

I  neglected  to  mention,  in  tho  proper  place,  that  Colonel  A.  W.  Doniphan  received 
orders  from  General  Kearny,  heforo  leaving  the  territory  for  California,  to  march  his 
regiment  against  the  Nahajos.  Overtures  of  peace  had  hi'en  made  to  them  without 
efl'ert ;  they  have  coiitimiod  their  depredations  iq)  to  this  time.  General  Kearny, 
after  leaving  Santa  Fe,  wrote  to  me,  a-'vising  that  full  permission  should  he  given  to 
the  citizens  of  New  Mexico  to  march,  in  indoiiondent  companies,  against  those  Indian.s, 
for  the  purjiose  of  making  reprisals,  and  for  the  recovery  of  property  and  prisoners. 
In  conformity  with  his  suggestion,  I  issued  a  proclamation  to  that  efl'ect. 

Colonel  Doniphan  left  hero  a  few  days  ago,  with  his  connnand,  for  the  Nahajo 
country,  and  I  feel  confident  that,  with  the  aid  of  the  auxiliary  war-parties,  he  will 
soon  compel  the  nation  to  sue  for  peace,  and  to  make  restitution  of  property  and 
prisoners  taken  since  the  entrance  of  the  American  forces  on  the  ISth  of  August  last. 

The  existing  laws  of  the  United  States,  regulating  trade  and  intercourse  with  the 
Ind'ans,  are,  douhtles.s,  amply  siihcicnt  as  applied  to  the  Indians  referred  to  in  this 
communication,  and,  at  your  earliest  convenience,  I  solicit  your  full  and  particular 
instructions  in  reference  to  the  application  of  these  laws  in  the  regidation  of  the 
Aarious  Indian  trihes  atxive  mentioned. 

By  so  doing,  you  will  greatly  ohiige 

Your  Truly  Ohedient  Servant, 

Charles  Bent. 


H 


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fi.     DACOTAS   OF    THE    M  ISS  I  SST  I' P  [. 

IIY    TIIO.MAH    .M.   WIKMAMHON,   M.   1). 

TiiK  Hiihjoiiicil  piijKT  is  In.in  the  pon  of  Dr.  TliomiiH  S.  Williiinisoii,  „f  ()l,i„,  who 
liiiH  H[K'iit  Hi'veral  ^eiirH  niiionjj;  tlie  Dacotii.s  of  the  Mississippi.  In  ndditioii  to  tin; 
historical  iiilormation  it  conveys  of  a  peo|)le  who  constitute  tile  type  of  an  imnienso 
Kioup  oC prairie  trilies,  it  possesses  a  paitieuhu-  value  for  the  e\aniiiiation  tliat  is  -^iven 
of  the  iiKMlical  and  siirjiical  ivMowiedgo  of  the  Indians.  Little  has  heivtolore  been 
lione  In  pliysicians  on   tiiis  snhject,  and  it  is  hoped  it  will  attract  nntlier  notice  from 

the  profession.     The  numbers  refer  to  the  printed   inquiries the  various  hea<ls  of 

iulorination  which  were  issued  in  ISi".      (Viile  Appi'udix.) 

Dr.  Williamson  settles,  dednitelv,  the  ancient  locality  of  a  portion  of  the  river 
tiilies  of  the  Dacota  stock  at  Milles  Lacs,  on  limn  Uiver,  which  is,  apparentlv,  the 
ancii'ut  loeati.m  of  the  '■  Issati"  of  Hennepin,  and  thus  restores  full  credeiio'  to  this 
l)art  of  the   intrepid   nii.-<sionary's  narrative. 

It  is  known  that  the  Daeotas  have,  for  more  than  two  centuries,  been  recedin^' 
before  tin'  fierce  and  warlike  forest  clans  of  the  Al-oiKiuiiis.  whom  the  French  were 
the  lirst  to  supply  with  fire-arms.  The  bow  and  arrow,  on  which  the  former  Ion-' 
relied,  however  ellicacious  in  the  prairies,  is  a  feeble  instrnnient  for  men  to  contend 
with  in  thick  forests.  But,  from  whatever  cause  this  trilje  receded  from  the  north 
mid  cast  at  first,  it  is  certain  that  they  are  still  in  the  process  of  beinjr  pushed  .south, 
IVoni  tlieir  ancient  .seats,  and  annually  (iiul  their  huntiii;:-f,'rouiids  more  pertinaciously 
intruded  on. 

The  population  and  statistics  of  the  liome  band  at  St.  Peters,  which  is  -iven,  may 
bo  deemed  an  earnest  of  what  perseverance  in  the  [)laii  will  accomplish. 


IIl.STOKY    or     TllK     DaCOTA.S. 

1,  2,  and  3.  The  Dacota.s  have  resided  near  the  continence  of  the  Mi.ssis.sippi  and 
St.  Peters  for  at  least  two  linndred  years.  An  intelligent  man,  who  has  been  several 
years  dead,  told  mo  they  could  not  tell  how  long  since  their  ancestors  first  came  to 
this  neighborhood,  but  suppose  it  to  bo  equal  to  the  lifetime  of  four  old  men,  and 
perhaps  more ;  — counting  these  lifetimes  as  7")  years  each,  would  give  three  hundred 
years.  They  say  they  were  residing  in  this  neighborhood  before  tlie  Assinniboina 
separated  from  them.     In  Vol.  VI.,  page  30,  of  Lettres  Edifantes,  Paris,  1781,  is  a 

(247) 


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I   ; 


24H 


TUIHA  I-   oIHiANI/ATION, 


Hill    II 


f    III 


IctttT  in  wliicli  it  is  miid,  '•  It  in  aHiniicd  llnit  llic  AswiiinilidiiiH  arc  ii  nut 
Sioux,  wliicli  Hc|mrattMl  iVom  tlicin  a  Ion;,'  tinio  af.'ti."  This  ifllcr  a|i|icaiM  to  have 
Ik'oii  writton  at  Fort  Itoiirlton,  on  llmlsoii  IJay,  alioiit  Idll't,  ami  tiic  cNiucsMion  n  I'unj 
lliiir  iiijn,  in  tiiis  ('oiiiU'('ti<in,  woiilil  ini|ily  tliiit  the  s('|iat'alioii  liad  taken  place  at  least 
")()  years  previous  to  that  time.  'I'lie  exact  period  at  wliicli  tliey  arrived  in  tliis 
iieijjiiliorliood    it    is    impossiliU'   to   ascertain,  Imt    it    seisms    liijilily    piohalile    it    was 


liet 


ween 


the  t 


ime  of  the  discover\'  of  Aiiiericii  li\' ('ohimliiis.  and   the   I 


amlim:  o 


r  th 


l'ilj;rims  at  I'lymoiitli,  and  nearer  to  the  latter  than  the  I'oriiier  <'veiit.  They  siiv 
that  when  their  tiiicestorH  oainc  to  this  coinilr^)'  it  was  inhahiled  Ky  Indians  oC  utlier 
frilies,  who  lei't  the  eoinitiy  wIk'II  they  came  into  il,  .Mo>i  do  not  pretend  to  know 
wlio  were  the  Indians  that  occupied  the  country  helore  their  an'cstors,  hut  some  sav 


tir 


were  lowas 


They  say  that  their  ancestors,  liefore  they  came  on  to  the  .Mi 


Hip|)i,  lived  at   Mille   Lac,  which  they  call    Isantamdc.    (Knife   fiake.)      From    their 
liiivin;;  residtd   at    tliiit   pl;>ce  prohalily  comes   the  iiaine    Isaiiyati,    (dwi'lliii;r   at    the 


knife,)  li\   wliiiii  tiie  Dacotas  of  the  Missouri  call   those  who  Ww  on   the  M 


ISSlSSIIIllI 


am 


1  St.  I'l'ters.      Most   of  those  with  whom  f  lia\'e  conversed  can   trace 


tl 


leir   ori;;ili 


no  farther  than  Mille  [jMc,  Imt  some  tidl  of  wars  wiiich  thi'ir  ancestors  had  with  the 
('lii|)pewas  hefore  they  came  thither;  and  I  liavo  been  told  that  there  are  those  who 


can  trace 


their  oriLliu  to  the  Lake  of  the  Woods.     Their  traditions  all  show  that  tl 


ev 


came  from  tin-  North-i'ast,  and  are  moving  to  the  South-west.  Their  pidpi'r  name, 
Dacota,  si.i^nifies  n/linl,  or  IkkjiiiiI  Imjrl/trr,  and  is  e(pii\aleiit  to  our  name  I'niti'd,  as 
applii'd  to  the  States,  and  all  who  are  not  Uacotas,  or  allies,  nw  considered  enemies, 
and  it  is  deemed  iilorious  tti  kill  one  of  them,  tliouj;h  descended  from  the  Dacota 
family;  as  thi'  similarity  of  lani^uage  shows  to  bo  the  ease  with  not  only  Assinnihoiiis, 
lint  the  Winiiel)aj:<ies.  lowas,  Omahaws,  Os 


ii"-es, 


and  (iua[)aw.' 


There  are  tliii-e  grand  divisions  of  the  Dacotas:  1.  The  Isanjati,  who  reside  on  or 
near  the  waters  of  the  Mississippi  and  St.  Peters,  and  most  of  whom  i)Iant  .sonic  corn. 
The.so  are  subdivided  into  the  Mde-wahantonwan,  Warpetonwan,  Sisitonwaii,  and 
Warpekute,  and  altof;etlier  are  between  oOdd  and  GUOO  souls.     Within  the  memory 


persons  still  living,  these  all  lived  near  the  Mississippi  and  St.  Peters,  witi 


iin  nar- 


rower sp.acc  tjian  the}-  now  occupy,  their  eastern  limit  iK'iiig  about  tlu'  Falls  of  St. 
('roix,  nortli,  not  far  beyoml  the  Falls  of  St.  Antliony,  and  west,  not  far  from  the 
mouth  of  Blue  P]arth  River. 

2d.  The  Ihaiiktonwan,  of  which  the  Hunkpatidan  and  Ihantonwanna  are  snbdivi- 
Hiona.  Tonwan  signilies  to  dwell,  or  dwelling.  Ihaiiktonwan  signilies  inhabiting  the 
end  or  extremity,  and  probably  was  given  them  from  their  having  formerly  dwelt  at 
the  head-waters  or  extremities  of  the  Missis.sippi  or  St  Peters,  in  which  country  they 
dwelt  at  the  commencement  of  this  century.  They  at  present  rimge  over  the  immense 
prairies  between  St.  Peters  and  Red  Hiver  of  Lake  Winnepec  on  the  north-er.st,  and 
the  Missouri  on  the  .south-west,  often  cro,«sing  the  latter  stream.    A  few  of  them  plant 


II  ISToUY.    AM)   (ii>V  i:ilNM  K  N  T. 


'-M9 


oil  MM   1^1:111(1   ill    Luc  'I'l'llVCI'.x,  mill   II  I'l'W  III!    till'    Misi'iillli,   lint    lllilMt   III'   tlli'lll  il>'|il'l|il   I'lil' 

II  Miili^isiciit'i'  I'litirrly  III!  till'  liiilViilii.  'I'lirir  iiiiiiiIh'In  itrc  Mirimixiv  i'->tiiiiiiti'ii  ut  iViiiii 
■illOll  to  SiHiil,  III'  I'M'M  iiiiii'c.  Tlii'ir  iliiili'ct  ililli't'M  (-(insiili'iiililN  I'imiii  iIimI  hC  tin'  citlicr 
(livisiniis.  Mill!,  liki'  liii'ii'  liM';itii)ii,  Mi'i'ins  Ici  III-  iiiti'i'iiu'iliiit''  ln'twi'iii  tlicni.  Wlii'it'  tlin 
Wtii'|ii'liiii\VMii  Miiiiiil  li-il.  till'  IliiUiktiiinviiii  siiiinil  k-ii,  anil  tli<'  'rilnnuiiii  u-l.  'i'lin.'' 
till'  ()^lii!;i,  II  liiinil  III'  till'  'I'ituiiuan,  iiii'  cmHi'iI  liv  llu'  lliunktunwiin.  ()kinil<;i.  lunl  liv 
tlu!  I.'^iiiiviiti.  Onkiliikii.  rinin  a  mtIi  .xi;;nityin^r  lu  mium'  as  a  laniily.      In   llir  lsan\ati 


iliiili'i'l,  (A///,  at    till'  rml  nt'  wmili.  si'jnilii'.x  siniili. 


mil',  III'  III 


il\ .      Tlir    llianl\liin\\ an 


H[«'ak  it  ml,  ami  tin'  'I'itnnwan  /".  Tlicii'  iii'i"  ntlit'i'  (lialcrli"  ilitli'icni'i'-,  Inil  tliry  art' 
Hiu'h  tiiat  a  |ii'i'siin  wlm  spunks  uni'  ilialrrl  wi'll  may  make  liimxrii'  niiilrrsliiuil  in  tlii' 
otlici's.      It    is  saiil  tin'   AssinnilininM  won-  liirnu'i'h-   Ilianktnnwaii,  « im  lirnkc  oil'  in 


ooiisi'i|nrm'i'  III   a  i|nan'<'l  I'l 


iiisi'il  li\  oiH'  man  f^ti'aini'i  aiiotli 


th 


•'111.  'riloiiuan  roiislitiili'  till'  last  gi'anil  ilivisioii  of  the  Macolas,  ami  aic  .-ai  I  to  lir 
iiioi'i'  Miimrrons  ilian  liotli  the  otlaTs.  Tlii-y  ai'i'  ili\'ii|i'il  into  many  liami^,  ol'  wliirli  I 
cannot  spcalv  pai'tji'iiiarly.      It  is  saiil   that  none  of  tlirin   plant,  ami   luit  I'rw  ul'  tlirin 


arc  I'oiiiul  to  till'  nortli-rasl  ol'tlic  ^Wr 


soiin,  hii 


I  1 


,l\l'  ConVITMli  willl   Sl'MT.ll    |)|ICola> 


Wll 


o  say  tlicy  I'cmcmlicr  ulicn  tlu;  Titouwau  country  was  this  siilc  of  tlic  M 


issdufi.  on 


tlio  Cott'iin,  or  liill  ol'tlic  praiiic  I'xtciuliim' castwaril  to  the  St.  I'ctcis  ami  Mine  I'iailli 
llivci's;  and,  until  alioiil  tln'  conniunccmcMt  of  tlic  present  century.  1  tiiiiik  the 
Tit 
tl 


on  wail,  a 


t  leiii't  occasionall\-,  liniiteil  in  that  countrv.      In  the  'ritunwaii  liialect, 


le  soum 


Is  ol'  I   a'lil  ''  lianl  are  Imtii  \- 


ei'\  coinmoi 


1.      In   tlie  other  dialects  the  I'ormer 


is  never  heard,  a. id  the  latter  oiil\  at  the  end  of  words. 


'rill).M.\S    S.   \Vl!.I.I.\MSil.N.    .M.  1). 


liii.  Mi:iii('i.\i:.  The  diU'ereme  in  renard  to  the  attention  paid  to  the  sick  is  i;reater 
amoim-  the  Uacolas  liiaii  anioiij:-  white  men  in  the  I'liited  States.  .Mothers  freipicntly, 
and  sometimes  fathers,  watcli  o\er  tlieii' sick  children  with  jii'cat  assiduity,  and  mani- 
fest the  stroiiLicst  all'ectioii.      lint  not  only  old  and  dccre|ii(l  persons,  lint  children  also 


Willi  lia\e 


no  Hear  relatives,  and  sonu'times  those  who  have,  are  in  sickness  gn-atly 
neii,  liotli  ill  sickness  and  in  lu'alth.  receive  nsnallv  more 


liefl'lected.     I-ads  and  \ouni.;-  i 

attention   than  any  other  class  of  persons. 

(i7.  .'VNATinn'.  Dacotas,  from  their  manner  of  cuttim.'  up  animals,  ami  the  I're- 
ipiency  with  which  all  classes  of  them  do  it.  must  acijiiire  far  more  kimwledii"  of  coin- 
parativo  anatomy  than  most  white  men  possess.  Many  ol  them  are  well  aci(nainted 
with  the  names  and  trcneral  form  of  the  bones,  the  ]irini'iinil  viscera  and  the  muscles, 
both  in  men  and  other  animals;  but  T  doubt  whether  any  of  tlu'in  have  any  tiiliM'able 
idea  of  the  circulation  of  the  blood.  I  am  fully  por.suadcd  that  most  of  them  know 
nothing''  aliout  it;  one  ]ii'oof  of  which  is,  that  they  have  but  a  single  word  by  which 
to  name   nerv(>s.   tendons,   veins,  and   arteries. 


\ 


:  t 


I 


j'l 


!  ! 


250 


TUI  I!  A  I.    (ll{(i  AN  I  /,  ATlON, 


ii:-n 


11 


»>      i: 


TliC'ir  idoa  of  tlio  pathology  of  disi-iiscs  is.  that  the  s|iirit  of  .soiiu'thiii;;'.  ])orha|)si  a 
boar,  (leer,  turtli',  lisli,  tree,  stoiu',  worm,  or  of  sonu-  ili'crasi'd  jK'rsoii,  lias  eiitt'ivd  into 
tho  sick  person,  and  caiisos  all  tho  distress. 

tJS.  Acconling  to  the  theor\'  aliove  given,  the  pathology  of  ail  diseases  heing  nearly 
the  same,  their  j)rofessed  medieine-mcn  treat  all  diseases  nearly  aliice.  The  main 
oflorts  are  diiteted  to  expelling  tlu;  spirit,  wliatevi'r  it  may  be,  which  it  is  exijccted 
the  medieine-man  will  .scui  discover:  and  having  informed  the  friends  what  it  is,  lie 
usually  re([uires  tiioni  to  be  in  readiness  to  shoot  it  as  soon  as  ho  shall  succeed  in 
expelling  it.  'J'his  he  atteni[)ts  in  the  first  place,  by  certain  incantations  and  ceremo- 
iiii's.  (see  Plati'  Iti.)  inteiidi'd  to  securt'  the  aid  of  the;  s[»irit  or  spirits  ho  worships, 
iuid  then.  In-  all  kinds  of  frightful  noises  .and  gestures,  and  sucking  over  tiie  seal  of 
the  pain  with  his  mouth.  As  soon  as  he  thinks  he  has  succee(led.  he  gives  the  com- 
mand, and  from  two  to  six  or  more  guns  are  fired  at  the  door  of  the  tent,  to  destroy 
tho  sjiirit  as  it  jiassos  out. 

Some  of  the  niedieiiio-men  of  the  Dacotas  rely  entirely  on  conjuring  as  abovo 
descrilu'd.  Others  use  various  remedies,  tho  most  common  of  which  is  scarifying  the 
neigliborli(jod  of  tho  jiain.  to  which,  after  ho  has  drawn  what  blood  ho  can  by  sucking 
with  his  mouth,  tluy  sometimes  a|)ply  tobacco,  red  po^iper,  or  tho  pulvei'ized  r(n)t  or 
bark  of  some  of  their  native  plants,  among  which  is  the  pyretlirum.  or  ]iellitory  of 
Spain.  They  also  practise  anointing,  and  sonu'times  steaming,  and  souu'timos  washing 
tho  pained  part,  or,  where  the  pain  is  general,  tho  whole  body.  These  latter  moans, 
however,  are  not  very  froquently  resorted  to.  but  in  nearly  all  cases  of  severe  sick- 
ness thiy  uso  fumigations;  burning  on  a  few  coals,  in  a  pan  near  tho  sick  person,  the 
leaves  of  the  reel  cedar  or  other  aromatic  substance,  and  sometimes  sugar.  The\'  arc 
much  jileased  to  get  cann)lior,  or  any  of  the  aromatic  oils,  or  a([ua  ammonia,  I'or  tho 
sit'k  person  to  smell  and  to  scent  the  tent  in  which  he  is. 

For  pain  in  tho  head,  they  scarify  tho  tcm[)les.  For  sick  stomach,  they  endeavor 
to  induce  vomiting,  and  to  this  end  administiT  the  decoctions  of  certain  jihints,  but 
have  to  rely  mainly  on  tickling  the  throat  with  a  leather.  Those  who  have  taken  or 
witnessed  tho  eil'ect  of  antimonial  emetics,  in  general  greatly  prefer  them  to  au}-  of 
their  native  emetics. 

For  i)ain  in  tho  bowels,  connected  with  constipation,  they  uso  certain  roots  or  seeds 
of  native  plants,  some  of  which  puigo  proiii|)tly  and  occasionally  sexcrely,  but  most 
of  which,  either  from  something  in  their  invn  iiatur(\  or  in  the  manner  of  pre|)aring 
them,  are  uiiocrtaiu  in  their  operation.  On  this  account.  tht'V  generally  j)r-fer  castor 
oil.  ,jala|i.  or  salts,  to  an_\-  of  their  own  purgatives.  All  who  have  taken  both  jalap 
and  rhubarb,  prol'er  tin-  lbi-iiier.  on  account  of  its  more  [irompt  operation. 

To  remove  constipation  and  bring  away  bile,  they  use  clysters,  composetl  of  decoc- 
tions of  certain  vegotabh^s.  which,  in  general,  are  nuadi  more  ellicacious  than  any  of 
their  purgntives.  administered  by  the  mouth. 


m 


;f 


1  i 


■ 


Ml  ! 


I 


lYi' 


il 


;'? 


'  I,  liii 


i!f 


:,   m. 


II  II  I 
i; 


i 


i  Hi 

■■  n 


1 


[  '  'i 


f  f 


I 


1^   I 


'^;j    ^ 


i .  { i 


•j  I 


i 


^1 


i: 


h 


:^  i^^li^-'iwa'c;.!!!^!;';  .M;^rl    f;  i.'^r<ll:>HP' .A  ,r  ,\i(il;il  i  ■■ 


I  1 


1', 

ml 


^: 


I    ? 


!  1 


r^ 


ITT  STORY,    AND    (I  (>  V  T.  II  N  M  F.  N  T. 


2M 


(11).  Tlioy  ar  vi'r\- cnrcrul  to  concciil  I'nuii  cacli  otlici-,  cxci'iit  a  ll'W  initiated,  as  well 
ns  from  white  iiieii,  a  UiKiwIi'iijic  oC  tlie  plants  wiiicii  tliey  use  as  nieiiieiiies,  |iri)Ijal)ly 
believing  that  their  ellieaey  in  some  nieasnre  depends  on  this  concealment. 

The  ])Mruiitive  chiclly  used  hy  the  J)ac(jtas  who  reside  on  tlie  Mississippi,  is  the 
Euphorbia  eorollata,  a  tall,  handsome,  branching  i)lant,  which  grows  abundantly  in  the 
open  woods  and  pi'airies  near  the  Mississi[)pi,  from  Lake  Pepin  to  St.  Peters,  and  I 
know  not  how  Tuuch  farther,  if  li)unfl  on  the  Upper  St.  I'eters,  it  must  he  rare  in 
that  region,  as  I  have  no  recollection  of  having  seen  it  in  tlu^  neighhorhood  of  iiac  (pii 
Parle,  where  I  resided  for  many  years,  and  the  Dacotas  in  that  region  are  not 
acquainted  with  it.  A  small  jiortion  of  the  root  is  eaten,  and  the  patient  is  forbidden 
to  drink  anything  after  eating  it.  It  sometimes  operates  mildly  and  elfectnally; 
wmetimes  very  violently ;  and  occasionally  irritatis  the  bowels  excessivcdy.  without 
cansing  any  discharge.  I  once  saw  a  Chippewa  chief  sulVering  from  it  in  the  latter 
way,  whose  death  was  attribnted  by  his  companions  to  his  having  drunk  water  after 
eating  of  this  plant.  I  suspect  it  not  very  nnfrc([U.'ntly  proves  fatal  among  the 
Dacotas.  For  tlu'ir  knowledge  of  this  plant,  and  some  othei's.  and  of  the  art  of  con- 
juring evil  spirits  out  of  the  diseased,  they  acknowledge  their  indebtedness  to  the 
(Jliil)pewas.  They  mostly  preserve  the  roots  anil  barks  which  they  use  li)r  meilicines 
in  tlu'  fcrm  of  a  coarse  powder,  and  administer  them  in  the  form  of  decoction,  being 
very  particular  in  regard  to  the  (piantity  of  water  usecl.  One  cliiel'  design  of  pulvi'r- 
izing  them,  is  to  prevt'ut  others  from  discovering  what  they  are.  'i'lie_\-  are  usually 
kept  in  skin  !>ags;  a  bag  being  eompo.sed  of  the  entire  skin  of  some  animal,  with  the 
hair  on,  and  the  otter  and  mink  are  most  freipiently  used  for  this  purpose.  Olten 
.some  other  article  is  combined  with  that  on  wdiicli  tlie\'  cbielly  depi'Uil.  to  disguise  its 
taste  and  smell,  and  thus  jirevent  it  from  being  discovered. 

Thev  mostly  firlnd  their  patients  who  are  taking  medicine,  to  drink  anything 
except  the  water  with  which  the  medicin(>  is  comi)ined.  and  have  an  idea  that  driid<ing 
water,  either  cold  or  warm,  generates  bile.  Sometimes  they  allow  them  to  drink  ,soup, 
that  is,  the  simi>le  water  in  wjiich  corn,  llesh.  or  lisli  has  i)een  Ijoiled,  without  any 
kind  of  thickening  or  sea.soning.  All  the  drinks  which  I  have  found  them  giving  to 
the  sick  to  (piencdi  tliirst,  are  astringent,  sometimes  .slightly  liitter.  and  sometimes 
slightly  nnicilaginons.  15y  far  the  most  connnon,  is  a  decoction  of  the  root  of  a  plant 
abounding  in  tlie  western  prairies,  and  conunonly  called  red  root,  (ceanothus  cana- 
densis.) 

(V.I  and  71.  Their  country  affords  many  carminative  and  aromatic  i)l;uits.  among 
which  are  calanms  aromaticus,  northern  mint,  and  Ik'ld  thyme;  but  though  they  use 
tlu'se  in  water  in  which  they  wash,  or  in  oil  with  which  they  anoint  the  patient,  and 
still  more  frequently  liurn  them  as  a  perfume  near  the  sick,  I  have  never  known  an 
infusion  of  anv  of  them   used  as   m   drink    by  a   sick    Dacota,  except  where  they  hail 


M 


I 

I     j 

1, 

■  11 

■».'  * 


l\ 


•   !- 


!     ! 


)     I 


.  « 


n  ii. 


'252 


TRI  HAL   (»li(i  A  N  1/ ATION, 


t ' '  ''! 


boon  tmiglit  this  use  of  it  hy  wiiiti-  nu'ii.  l-'roni  tlu'  iiiitiire  of  tlio  drinlvs  which  they 
allow  in  si(.'kiH'ss,  I  infer  thiit  the  iisscrlinn  that  tiicy  hiuo  not  ln'cn  sulijoct  to  fevers, 
is  in  tlu'  niuin  ti'ne.  and  that  diarrlKcas  have  iiccn  frtMincnl  anions'  thcni. 

In  the  twelve  years  whieh  I  have  resided  anion;^'  them.  1  hM\e  conversed  with  the 
chiefs  and  some  ol'  the  i)rinci|)al  men  of  every  \illaiie  on  tin'  I'lijier  Mississippi  and 
St.  IVters  rivei-s,  and  I  am  persuaded,  that  if  they  possess  any  medicines  of  much 
value  as  internal  remedies,  the  Uno\vledj;e  of  them  is  conlined  to  a  few  individuals. 
In  saying  this,  1  have  reference  not  to  the  inli'iusic  value  of  tiieir  medicines,  hut  to 
their  value  in  comparison  with  other  articles,  well  Uimwu  to  educatiMJ  physicians.  At 
first,  the_\'  are  all  idVaid  to  swallow  any  of  our  niedicines ;  liut  sucii  as  lia\i'  once 
experienced  their  cllicacy,  almost  without  e.xci'ption.  prcler  them  to  tlK'irown,  provided 
they  can  get  the  same  article  which  the_\-  iiavi'  used. 


I  < 


;ll 


7-i.      Females,  after  [jarturition.  and  it  is  said  after  their  monthly  courses  also,  l)atl 


le 


tl 


lemse 


Ives  —  swim,  as  Ihey  exi)ress  it,  in  the  nearest  river 


1; 


>l<e, 


Tl 


lis  IS,  no 


doubt,  a  most  eilicacions  means  of  arresting  the  hemorrhage  in  the  former  case,  and 
probalily  imparts  vigor  to  the  constitution  in  the  latter;  l\>v  it  is  certain,  Dacota  females 


are 


far  h 


ibject  to  what   are   termed   female  C(>niplaints  than  white  women.      It 


e(iually  certain  they  are  not  exem|)t  from 


sncn  (liseasei 


tor 


I  I 


a  lew  casei 


if  almost  ever\'  form  of  such  disease; 


i 


lave 


lave  seen   among  t 
learned  tiiat  thev  1 


lave 


an 


y  remedies  of  value  in  such  cases,  and   am   ] 


iersua( 


to  thcni.  the  knowledij 


ifnied 


to  a  lew  in(li\-i(nial 


led.  that  if  any  such  ai'e   liuowii 
I   lia\('  heard  of  lemales 


among  them,  who  died  in  lalior.  and  known  one  oi'  more,  who  died  shortly  after 
parturition,  jirobaldy  from  the  elfects  of  it.  (Joing  into  water  to  arrest  uterine 
general  not  followed  li\'  any  unpleasant  conseipiences,  even  in  winter; 


leniorrliaiic,  is  lu 


but  I  have  seen  one  f)r  two  women  who  suH'ered 


verely  in  consequence  t 


if  it,  f( 


nion 


tlis  afterwards.     One  reason  why  lemale  complaints  are  not  more  frc(pieiit  ai 


nontr 


the  Dacotas  is.  that  amid  the  hardships  to  which  Indian  iemales  are  subjected,  such 
di.seases  soon  prove  (atal  to  most  of  those  in  whom  the  vis  medicatrix  natune  is  not 
adecjuate  to  ellect  a  cure.  They  are  ac(piainted  with  some  plants,  which,  taken  by  preg- 
nant women,  in  many  cases  cause  abortion,  and  sometimes  prove  fatal  to  the  mother,  as 
well  as  the  child.  It  is  commonly  taken  b\'  those  who  have  become  pregnant  without 
a  husband,  and  not  very  unfre([uently  by  tiiose  who  have  husbands,  but  do  not  wisli 
to  be  encumbered  with   aiiotiu'r  child,  mostly  because  thev  have  already  as   maiiv  as 


th 


ey  can  carry. 


inalde  to  follow  them  in  nioviii'. 


In  cases  of  tedious  labor,  th 


lose  who  can  ]irocure   it   take  two  or  three  joints  o 


rattle  of  the  rattlesnake,  which  thev 


helune  tt 


a  meuieine  ol 


cases.      I  once  inipiired  of  one  ol'  their  ineilici 


ne-mc 


'  much  efh 


11,  of  more  than  ord 


cac\   111  sui'li 


inarv  lutelli 


Hi 


Kcuce.  w 


ith  whom   I  was  intimate,  in  regard   to  the  modus  operandi  of  this  article 


He  replied,  "1  sujipose  the  child  hears  thi'  rattle,  and   thinking  the  snal' 


\e  IS  comuiL;', 


:Ui' 


HISTORY,    AND    (JOVKRNMENT.  -J-.ij 

hastens  to  got  out  »l'  tlio  way."  Ah  tlic  ratllc  is  iiulvcri/.cd  holoro  It  i.s  Hwallowod,  iie 
doubtless  ineiint  tlie  spirit  of  tlie  cliijd  of  iUv  nittlt',  &c. 

70.  Bi,o(>i)-i.i;TTi\(i. —  I  am  not  iiwiirc  thiit  tlie  Dacotas  practise  bleeding'  in  fevers, 
except  locally  lor  the  removal  of  some  fixed  pain ;  and  tlien  it  is  ■lenerally  done  by 
scarifyiiijr  witli  II,  sliort  piece  of  Hint  — sometimes  with  a  knife;  — the  llowing  of  the 
blood  is  promoted  l)y  suciviiij;-  the  place  with  tlie  mouth,  and  sjiirtin--  the  blood  into  a 
bowl  of  water.  Sometimes  they  use  a  tube  of  horn  as  a  cup,  ap[)lyin,i,'  the  hirjrer  end 
to  the  skin  and  taking  the  smaller  in  the  mouth,  but  I  think  this  is  not  connnon. 
Sometiuies  they  cord  the  arm  and  ojien  a  vein;  and  ibr  this  purpose  use  an  iustruuieiit 
sundler,  but  similar  in  forui  to  the  lleam  used  in  bleeding  horses.  This  instrument 
they  make  i)y  tying  a  sliarj)  [)iece  of  Hint,  or  the  point  of  one  of  tlieir  l)utchi'r  knives, 
fded  oir  and  sharpened  ibr  the  purpose,  to  a  wooden  liandle.  'J'iie  jioiut  is  jicld  over 
the  vein,  and   by  a   stroke  O:.     .   into   it   as  far  as   the   handle   will    ]iermit.      'flie 

'1"''"'''.^' "''  '•! 1  obtained,  e       ,1    in    (his   way.   is   usually  small,  but    sometimes   th.y 

llnd  it  dilllcidt,  to  arrest  the  How.  Those  who  have  had  much  intercoiu'se  with  white 
men.  when  a  vein  is  to  be  opened  generally  preler  to  have  it  done  by  a,  white  man. 
Many  have  applied  tome  to  bleed  tiiem.  Some  Ibr  the  removal  of  pains,  but  more. 
I  think,  on  account  of  drowsiness,  tliongh  in  the  latter  case  1  have   seldom  acceded  to 

then-  re(|uest.     'I'hey  cannot  bear  the  loss  of  as  much   hi I   as  wiiite  men.      I    have 

seldom,  if  ever,  drawn  to  the  amount  of  a  pint  from  an  Indian  witbout  inducing 
something  like  .syncope,  and  have  seen  many  sicken  with  (lie  loss  of  one-lburth  of 
that  ([uantity. 

71  and  ~-2.  I  have  seen  no  instance  of  aneurism  among  the  Dacotas.  and  thedi.sease 
is  extremely  rare  among  the  white  population  of  the  \'alley  of  the  Mississippi,  except 
the  few  who  are  in  the  habit  of  using  fermented  driidvs. 

They  are  not  aopiainted  with  any  styptics,  of  nnich  power,  in  arresting  hemorrliaiiv 
from  woiuids.  \'cry  many  have  applied  to  me  for  something  lor  this  ])urpose;  and 
tho.se  to  wdioni  I  have  given  alum,  blue  vitri(j|,  or  Turlington's  lialsam.  have  generally 
returned,  after  a  time,  highly  conuiiending  the  medicine  and  begging  for  more.  They 
al.so  highly  value  cerates,  unguents,  and  medicated  oils  —  siicii  as  camphorated  oil, 
Seneca  oil,  and  opodeldoc  ;  also  plasters,  such  a.s  IJurgiindy  pitch,  but  I  have  known 
of  no  instance  of  their  using  any  thing  of  the  kind  of  their  own  manufacture.  Never- 
theless, there  arc  individuals  amongst  them  who  are  very  successful  in  treating  wounds 
and  burns.  This  is  doubtless  owing  chieHy  to  the  great  a.ssiduity  with  which  they 
watch  their  patients,  seldom  having  more  than  one  at  a  time.  Ihit  it  is  not  owim,' 
wholly  to  this.  Some  of  them  know  how  and  wlien  to  promote  or  arrest  a  pniulent 
discharge,  as  well  as  most  regular  physicians.  They  are  esju'cially  successful  in  drying 
and  healing  runuiiii;' sores.     One  of  the  nrlides  useil  Ibr  this  pui'po,<e   is   the  di'\.  pul- 


:i 


11' 


'  \ 


i: 


M 


i 


' ,» I 


?,i 


r 


"•: 


^ 


B| 


I  :i 
^1  \) 


154 


TM  I  It  A  I,    ()l!(l  A  N  I/.ATKiN, 


i  i 


vcri/cil  root  of  till!  aficli'iiics  tiiljiTusi'.      I  liiivi'  seen  iiicccs  of  the  inner  hark 


ui  .some 


•ics  of  jiinc.  Ixiilt'd  till  it  was  soft,  ii]i|i!i('il  to  ai    I'Xtciisisc  surl'acc  wliii'Ji  liail  ln'cii 
and   partially   rcniovc   tlio  cuticle,  some  days   |ire\ious,  and  it 


scalded  so  a>   to  lai 


acted  not  less  ailvantaiicously  than  tlie  hest  prepafations  Iniaiislicd  liy  oui'  drnu-stores. 
T'lcy  niaUe  lints  i,)'  sli[iperv-elni  liark.  and  use  tlieni  sUili'nlI_\  to  promote  the  dischari;i! 
of  pns  IVoni  >,')unds  or  al>scesses;  and  they  wash  out  such  places  with  syiinuvs  of 
their  own  niannlactnre.  The  lunnher  of  those  who  have  sneh  sivill  in  the  treatnu'nt 
of  sores  and  wonnds  is  not  ^reat,  and  they  are  ehielly  I'roni  amoni;'  the  Mde-WaUan- 
tonwan,  who  have  had  much  more  intercourse  with  the  Chippewas,  and  with  while 
men,  than  others  of  their  trilie.  This  seems  to  c(adirm  iheir  assertion  that  they 
Iia\o  acipiired  their  iinowlcdiio  of  medicine  from  that  tribe,  'i'he  roots  and  harks 
which   they  apply  to  WH)unils  ami  hurns,  are  iii-ncrally  pre|)ai'ed  |()r  that  purpose  iiy 


ma 


stication.  and  are  spri'ad  on  think  and  sull'ered   to  di 


Sometimes  the\'  cover  it 


o\er  witli  moistened  paper,  to  make   it   adheri-,  or  to   protect   the   surface   from   thi' 
external  air. 


14^ 


Ami'I'TATKin. —  The  Dacot 


IS  nevi'r  am 


putate  a  limlj,  hut  lauiih  at  the  folly 


white  men  for  doinu'  it.  I  have  hiard  individuals,  to  w  lioin  it  was  proposed,  declare 
that  thev  woulil  rathi'r  die  than  have  an  arm  or  foot  cut  oil",  '{'here  may  he.  and  I 
suppose  are.  a  few  individuals  skilful  in  the  application  of  splints  and  handa'/es.  and 
of  comiiresses  to  arrest  hemorrhaLie  ;  hui  where  1  have  witnesseil  the  use  of  such 
thiuL's.  they  were  applied  without  skill  or  sncci'ss,  which  was  the  occasion  of  my 
seeinj:'  then\. 

For  can'yimr  the  sick  or  wounded,  or  a  dead  hody,  they  make  a  litter  speedil\-  and 
skilfidly,  more  so  than  is  connnon  amoui;'  white  men.  For  this  [)urpose  they  take  two 
])oles,  iiiur  or  live  feet  lon.ticr  than  th<^  [lerson  to  he  earrieil,  and  place  thiMn  on  the 
iiround  ]iarallel,  and  two  or  three  feet  ajjart.  .\cross  these,  at  ])roper  distances,  are 
laid   two  short   poles,  at  riiiht   angles  with   the  lirst,  and  these  are  tied  lirndy  to  their 


pla 


c(>s  l)V  le 


athern  tl 


Kind's 


Over  these  poles  is  laid  a  blanket  or  hullalo-rohe,  which 


IS 


stretched  and  tied  in  the  sami'  way.  On  this  the  invalid  is  laid.  Two  carrying: 
stra[)s  are  now  tied  to  the  ends  of  the  long  poles,  in  sueli  a  way  that  when  the 
carrier  stands  between  them,  with  the  middle  of  the  strap  resting  firmly  on  the  top 
of  his  head,  he  can  easily  .-^ei/.e  the  ends  of  the  poles  in  his  hands.  When  they  move, 
a  person  at  each  I'ud  of  the  litter  stoojjs,  and  having  adjusted  the  strap  across  his 
head,  seizes  the  long  poles  with  his  hands,  and  ri.^es,  (if  need  he.  with  the  assistance 
of  some  of  the  bv-standers.)  and  they  march  oil',  each  walking  in  the  ])atli,  and  in  this 
wav  a  person  sick  or  woumled  is  sometimes  carried  securely  man_>'  miles  in  ii  day, 
thri)Ugh  a  comdry  destitute  of  any  road  liir  w  heel-carriagi'S  or  hoi-ses. 

74.   So  far  as  T  have  hail  an  opuort unity  of  observing,  they  have  very  little  skill  in 


.!. 


I   I 


1 1  I  S  T  o  i:  V,    AM)    ( ;  (I  \   K  K  N  M  |.;  \  t  .  -,-,;, 

tln"  tlVMtlllcIlt  n\'  iiiipi^tliiiiiics  Mini  cl'ilplii'lis  ;    ■jciicr;ill  y  cIiim  isili;i  (i>  ii|iii|\-  [,,  tlicill  IIIIV 

Kind  dl'  urcasf.  'I'licy  kiMiu  iIimI  iiii|iii~lliiiiiirs  >lii>iili|  he  ii|icnci|.  Imi  iini.st  ,,|'  ||ii.|u 
lire  iilViiiil  lo  lia\c  the  iipiTatiuii  pel  lliniird.  I'rn|i(  r  iililriiiiioiis  arc  vcrv  rare  amon;;' 
tlii'Ui,  uliilc  carliuiulcs  arc  IVc(|iicii(.  Scrdriilnus  swclliii'^s  ami  sores  arc  also  I'rc- 
(|iiciil.  cs[)ccialiy  wiicii  tlicy  suhsist  fliicljy  on  coin  and  nniskrats. 

'I'licir  I'ailni'c  in  tlic  Ircatincnt  of  sinidl-[)n\  is  owinu  to  llic  liict  that  it  is  a  rcliiiic 
disease,  and  llicy  know  notliini;;  aliont  the  |ii-o|)er  treatiiiciit  of  il'vcrs. 

Men  sometimes  conjiu'c  over,  and  sometimes  adminisli'r  medicine  to,  |iarlin'ient 
women.  I  lia\e  lieard  of  no  instance  oi'  tlieir  doim;'  more.  Iml  cannot  sa\  tlie\  nevei' 
do.  1  have  heard  of  one  case  in  whicii  tlie  hand  of  the  chilil  presented,  and  after 
twelve  or  twent\-|i>ur  iiours  it  was  snp[ioscd  the  child  was  dead,  ami.  to  y.iw  the  lile 
of  the  motlicr,  the  arm  was  cut  olf,  and  the  child  ln'oiiulil  awa\'  in  [lieccs,  hut  (he 
operation  was  performed  \,\  women  who  proli'ssed  no  ])articnhir  skill  in  such  Imsiness, 
hut   did   it    hecause    tlie\    were    hired    to  do   so. 


'  if 


"J 


"•I.  Paralysis  they  always  atlrilmte  to  the  a;:ency  of  som(>  spii'it  ;  iiciieralU  that  of 
.some  deceased  pers(,n.  ( )f  eour.-<e,  the  treatment  consists  entirely  in  elfals  to  dri\-e 
away  the  spirit  hy  ct)njurin,i;'  an<l  uncontli  noises.  They  use  the  >-.-.por-l)ath.  nnule  hv 
[lonrinu' watt'r  on  hot  stones,  sometimes  .successfully  for  the  treatment  of  rheumatic 
l)ains.  and.  i)ei'lia[is.  of  other  disea.ses  also.  This  hath  is  also  used  for  the  removal  of 
ceremonial   nncleanness.  such  as  created  hy  killing-  a  [ler.MHi,  or  touching;'  ii  dead  hody. 


lot;  and  lOS.  Ij.cisi.ation  oi-  ('o\i;i;i:ss.— Laws  made  for  llij.-  henefit  of  Indians 
sliould  he  c(|nal  laws,  inllicting  the  same  iiunishment  on  the  perpetrator  of  ii  ci'i me, 
whetlier  he  he  wliiti'.  hlaek.  or  ri'd.  and  alllirdini;'  e(pial  protection  to  the  persons  and 
property  of  all.  .Alany  of  the  present  laws  are  une(pial ;  —  at  least,  as  interpreted  h\- 
tilt"  ajioiit  near  Fort  Snelliug,  —  and  tiiey  are  nearly  ii.sele.ss ;  lijr  where  two  rac<s  of 
men  come  in  contact,  unecpnil  laws,  in  iiivor  of  the  weaker,  can  never  he  eni;)rced 

against  the  stroiig(>r.      As  the  law  is  interpreted,  if  a  white  miui  kill-  an  Indi the 

olllcers  of  the  rnited  States  must  seize  him  and  have  him  punished;  hut  if  an  [ndian 
kills  an  Imlian,  they  must  not  interli're.  The  law  denounces  a  heavv  iienaltv  auainst 
persons  carryin.ii-  intoxicatinj;-  drinks  into  the  Indian  country;  hnt  our  auvnt  savs 
Indians  are  not  per.sons.  in  the  eye  of  the  law;  and  .so  the  countrv  is  Hooded  with 
intoxicating  drinks,  and  nnn-ders  are  fre([Ut>nt ;  and  for  these  olfences  no  one  is 
punished  according  to  law.  If  the  law  denounced  a  pro[ier  jienaltv  against  everv 
individual  wlio  steals  or  destroys  another's  proi)erty.  wlietlier  lie  he  Indian  or  white 
man,  and  made  provision  for  lemunerating  tiie  injured  individual  in  all  cast's  where 
the  guilty  lui.s  any  property  or  claims  on  the  I'nited  States  government,  the  Indian 
would  ho  .stimulated  to  industry  hy  the  pros[)ect  of  improving  his  condition.  At 
l)resent  lie  has  no  sncdi  stinndus;   for  if  hy  superior  iudustiy  or  economy  he  should 


! 


:> 


,'  I 


!    Ji 


i5| 


t 


Ife 


M 


t 


'3 


!ll^!i:iM 


ifl 


'I       :;  1 


■■I      :-i 


-i 


■I'l. 


i-r? 


H 


(I  Tit  I  n  A  I,    olMI  A  N  l/ATIoN,    lyiT. 

ipiirr   iiiiv   s|)('ci('-i  ul'  |ii'n|i('rl V    x\liirli   liis   iii'ii:lil>ois   Ii,i\i'   nut.   Ii 


(•   Knii\(  s   iiiai    (III 


i    III 


cm  V  n|'  siiiiii'  111'  lli'iii  will  lie  iiniiiscil,  \\\[n  will   tiikc  ur  licstiMV  il.  mill    llml  hf  ciiii 
limt"  no  icilic-i-i. 

A    llW   |()    |il'\Cllt.    ill    tillic    to    ('nllic.   wllilc    lllrll    ulio    I'ilUlliit    I'iMil    illlil    Wl'itc    iVillll 


ilniiTi    till'    imliiiii  couiitrN-,  cillicr  as  linatiin'ii    or  ((llnTwisc.   wmi 


M   I 


K'       IISClllI      III 


III'lHI 


lotiiiii' civili/iiliiM)  aiiKHiii'  llic  Iiitliaiis.     Al  invsciil  iimsl  iil'tl 


It'  liiiKir  III 


llir  I 


iHliaii 


ciHiiitiv  is   iicrliiriii' il  li\   iiiil(Miii('(|  I'cprci^iiiis.  wlmsf   iiilluciicc  nn  tin'  liuliaiis  is  iiijii- 
liiiiis  ill  .-.('v.  ral  w;ivs.  'fiiI  cliii'liv  as  it  tcmis  to  iiiake  lalitir  liislioiioralilc. 

I  I  I.  One  i>r  ihc  iiiiisl  circi'liial  laws  wiiicii  t'oiiM  lir  iiiaili'  l<>  |ii'<'\i'iil  llic  iiili'iiiluc- 
lioii  III'  anli'iil  sjiirils  iiiln  tlic  Imliaii  rnniitry.  wmilil  liuliiil  aiiv  |irrsiiii  iVniii  kt'i'|iiiiu' 
alciiimlii' ili'iiiks  nil  laliils  tilt'  |il'ii|irl't  v  iif  llir  lliilt'il  Slali's.  ami  icijiiiri'  llir  nllii'i'is  nl' 
till'  aniiv.  wlii'ii  llu'v  iiavc  rcasmi  In  siis|irft  lliat  Mirli  iliiiiks  arc  kc|i|  in  aii\  liniisc 
(111  sui'li  laiiiis.  tn  -carcli  llic  liniisc.  anil  in  case  iiitnxicatinu'  ilrinks  arc  liininl.  In 
(icstrnyail  sncli  drinks  ami  tiic  Ihhim'  nr  linuscs  in  wiiirii  liicy  may  lie  linniil.  Il 
wiinlil  Icml  nincli  In  |iriiinntc  the  same  nliject.  if.  in  all  I'aliiie  trcalies  willi  llic 
Imlians  tiir  the  pnrcha-e  nf  laml.  it  shnnlil  lie  sli|inl  Icil  that  sn  far  as  inlnxicatiii^' 
tlrinks  aic  cniu'cincil.  the  laiuls  icilcil  shill  li(>  cniisiilcrcil  Indian  cnnntry  till  the  saiiu? 
siiali  lie  snld  ;   nr  al  least,  till  they  shall  lie  Mir\cycd  and  nlli^rcd  fur  sale. 

I  I'l.  Amiiiiji'  a  iicii|ilc  like  the  Daentas,  aniiuitics  shniild  in  all  cases,  as  Car  as  prac- 
tical ile.  lie  jiaid  In  heads  nl'  families  rather  than  the  chicl's.  .Many  nf  the  linrscs  fii\  cii 
III   the  Daentas   and  di-lrilinled  li\   their  (diicfs.  I 


ia\ c  iici 


II    shut    snnii    alter   tlie\'  wen 


list  run 


led.  hecaiiso  sniiie  nl'  thnse  whn  rcccivcil  none  liinc  thiiiiLiht   tlicv  liad  as  piod 


a  I'l'.dit  In  a  hnrse 


as  sniiie  (if  those  who  received  one.     'J'o  uiiard  .'liraiiist  this,  \vl 


It'll 


horses  or  eallle  are  scut  to  Indians  in  |iaymciil  of  aiiniiilics.  a  snilicient  luiiiiher  should 
lie  sent  at  one  lime  In  tiiw  niie  to  caidi  I'ainiK.  or  a  Lireatcr  aiiionnt  of  inoiiev  or  "onds 


linnlil   lie    iil\t 


11    tn   thn>e  who  do  not    'Jet  a  lioi'so  or  cow.  sn   thai    all  the   families,  in 


inoiiortion  to  the  numhcr  of  mcinliirs  they  contain,  iniiiht  he  nearly  on  an  cijnalilv, 

TlKiMAS    S.  Wll.I.l.\.M.st)N. 


7.     TIIK   SMAI.L-l'OX,    A    SC  (M*  |{(i  K    TO   TIIK    A  l!()  I!  K;  I  N  K  S. 


Ni>  di.xcasf  uliicli  liM.s  lic.'ii  liidddiu'cd  miioiijx  tlic  trilics.  Iins  cxcrfiscd  so  latid  an 
mtliiciicc  ii|i(iii  til. Mil  as  tiit>  .Hiiiall-|)()\.  Tlicir  pliysi.  iaiis  liavi-  no  rcnu'dy  lor  it.  Old 
and  \oiiii,ii-  iv-iird  it  as  if  it  wltu  the  i)lagiii',  and,  on  its  appcaiini.v  anioii.u'  liifiii. 
Mindly  siihinit  to  its   raviijics. 

Tliis  disi'asc  lias  ai)|H'aivd  amoiin'  tlioni  iMTiodically.  at  iiiv-iilar  intervals  of  time. 
It  lias  lieeii  one  of  tlio  prominent  eaiises  of  their  deiiopiilalioii.  Ardent  spirits,  it  is 
true,  in  its  various  forms,  has,  in  the  lonij;  run,  earried  a  ,i;reater  lunnljer  of  the  tril.es 
to  their  jrravf's;  l.uf  its  elfeets  have  heen  eomparalively  slow,  anil  its  victims,  though 
many,  have  fallen  in  tiie  onlinary  niaiiner,  and  generally  presented  scenes  less  revolt- 
in--  and  striking  to  the  eye. 

'I'his  malady  swept  through  the  Missouri  Valley  in  lS:i7.  It  first  ap|ieared  on  ii 
steamhoat.  (the  St.  I'eters.)  in  the  case  of  a  mulatto  man,  a  hand  on  hoard,  at  the 
IJlaek-SuaUi"  Hills,  a  trading  post.  CiO  miles  aliovo  Fort  Leavenworth,  and  about  -".Od 
miles  above  St.  F.ouis.  it  was  then  supiMJsed  to  be  measN's.  but.  by  the  time  the  boat 
reached  the  Couueil  IMulls,  it  was  aseertaiiicd  to  be  small-pox,  and  had  of  course  been 
comumnicated  to  many  in  whom  the  disease  was  still  latent.  Kvery  precaution 
ni)pears  to  have  been  taken,  by  .sending  runners  to  the  Indians,  two  da^s  aheail  of  the 
boat;  but,  in  spite  of  these  efforts,  the  disease  spread.  It  broke  out  among  the  Alan- 
dans  about  (he  I'.tli  of  July.  This  tribe,  which  consisted  of  ICIK)  persons,  living  in 
two  villages,  was  reduced  to  ;!1  .souls.  It  next  attacked  the  Miimetarees,  who  were 
living  ill  that  vicinity,  and  reduced  that  tribe  from  1(11)0  to  about  ■")()().  The  Arickii- 
rees,  numbering  :;0(l(t  souls,  were  diminished  to  some  loOO. 

The  di.sea.se  passed  from  the.se  to  the  Assiuiboiii.s.  a  iiowerful  tribe  of  DOdd 


north  of  the  Missouri,  and  r 


mging  ill  the  plains  bidow  the  I 


>oels\' 


M, 


Ketl  Kiver  of  Hudson  Hav.  whole  vilbiLK 


)iintani-'.  (owi 


IVlll' 


<ls 


had  their  principal  trade  with  h\>vt  V 


The  t 


es  of  whom  it  nearly  anuiliilated.     This  tril 
iiioii,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Vellow-Stone. 


rows,  o 


r  r 


"saroKas. 


Rocky  Moiintai 


extending  west  from  this  |>oint  acro.ss  the  plains  to   the 


us.  who  were  estimated  at  odOO  stronL^  shared 


near 


aiK 


1  lost 


one-third  of  their  number.- 


ly  tl 


le  same  fatt 


It  tl 


len  entered  and  spent  its  virul 


nro  known  under  tlii>  v 


lence  I 


ipoii  the  great  nation  of  the  ISIaekfeet,  who 


have  been  estimated  at  .'Id.ddd  to  ".d.ddd.     Tl 
T!io  averagv  number  in  a  lod,^ 
33 


irious  names  of  Hlood    Indians,  I'ii'iinns,  and  At^ 


■mas 


Tl 


icy 


le  inmates  of  1000  lodges  were  destroyed. 


Irom  six  to  ei 


rht 


persons. 


(^57) 


(, 


258 


Till  llAI,   »»ll(i  A  N  IZ  ATIoN,    KTC 


rirmitiiiL' I'vrrs  lliiii'j  iluit  v\n  In'  nskcd  on  tlic  sruri' ori'M'id'incnt  nml  i'\iii;^:cialiuii, 


lint   K'Hs   tliMii  ill.ll 


)iiM  I'dl  licl'dic  tills  (|(',m|!'((\  in;;' ili.iiM?*!',  in  ii  l'''\v  wci'k.H,      Ai 


t'Vi'-witni'HK  of  this  Hccru',  wi'ilin;^  from   Foil  I'ninii  mi  tlic  liTtii  ol"  NciscinliiT.  \^- 


t*ii 


\t* : — '•  f.iiiii:iifi'''(',  however  liirciMc.  ciiii  ckiiscn  Imt  a  iMiiit  iileii  of  ll 


lie  olM 


hition  wliii'li  the  eoniitiy  now  preseiilH.  In  wimteNer  (lirectioii  _\oii  tiiiii.  nolhinu  Imt 
Had  wrecks  ol' inoi'talil  y  meet  liie  eye;  iodides  standin;.'  on  every  hill,  hiil  not  a  sticalv 
ul'  smoke  risini.'  IVnin  them.  Not  a  sound  can  lie  heard  to  iiii'ak  tiie  aw  fill  slilliie>s. 
HUM'  the  oniinoiis  eroalv  of  ravens,  and  the  inoiirnl'Ml  howl  of  woKes,  fatteiiin;;  on  the 
hninaii  carcasses  that  lie  strewed  iironnd.  It  seems  as  if  the  vers  ;jc'iiius  of  di'solalioii 
had  stalked  tlinaiiih  the  prairies,  and  wreiiUed  his  vi'iip  aiico  mi  everylhiiig  heariii;^ 
the  shape  of  hnnianity." 

Another  writer  says:  —  ••  Many  of  the  liandsoiiie  Ariekarees,  who  had  recovered, 
seein^i  till'  (lisliLMiriitioii  of  their  features,  committed  suicide ;  some  hy  throwing'  tiu'iii- 
seives  from  rocks,  otiiers  liy  staMiin;;-  and  siiootiiiL'.  'I'lie  |)rairie  iias  iicconie  a  L:rave- 
vaiil;   its  w  ild-lloweis  liloom  over  tlie  sepiilciires  of  Indians,      '{"he  alniospliere.   for 


nil 


les.  is  poisiiiie(l  hy  the  stencil  of  tile  liiiiuireds  of  cariMsscs  nnlniried.     'I' 


le  women 


and  ciiildren  are  waiiderinvr  in  ;:roups.  witlioiit  food,  or  iiowliinr  over  tlie  dead.     Tiie 
men  are  llyiiiu'  in  every  direction.     The  |)rou<i,  warlike,  iind   nohle-iookini;   |{lacl\li'et 


are  no  more.     'I'iieir  deserted  lod',;i's  are  seen  i 


III  ev<'rv  liil 


.N 


o  solllli 


hut  tl 


le  raven  s 


croak,  or  the   w 


ilfs  I 


lOWl,      III! 


al<s    tile   solemn   stillness.      'I'iie   scene   of  desolation    i.> 


ippi 


illiii^;.  lieyond  the  power  of  the  imagination  to  conceive, 


m\ 


^       'I'l.'ll'.KS     ()\     TIIK     SANTA     F  K     Til  A  If,.     ANI»     AT     TIIK 
I'oo'l'    HK    Til  |.;     JKMK  V     ,\|(»r  NT  A  INS. 

Tin:  l(ii(|cii(\  nCthc  liiiliiiii  |>(i|iii!iiliiiii.  wliicji  sinl.lirs  over  tlu«  |ii;iiiifs  ca-l  df  (he 
Itockv  .Muuiilaiiis.  is  touiiid.s  III,.  Hdiitli  ami  Noiilli-wcst.  The  ('lirumiis.  or  Cliaun-, 
wUn  ,„„v  liv.Mlnii  ii  hilaitaiv  (.(•  Ihr  I.',,!  K'ivrr  „r  llu,|.<,„rs  |!ay.  cn.sM',!  ih..  Mis' 
M.>iiri.  in  (■nns,.,|ii,.nc(.  nf  t\n-  arrival  ..f  tlic  AI,ii..ii,|iiiM  Irili.s  ,.i,  tj,..  M.incrs  (,r  ||„. 
Mi.-'sissij.j.i.     'I'll,,  latl.'r  Weill   as  far  iinrtli  as   Hi,.  Mimiiiit   ..C  tli,.   IVirta^,'  ,lii   Trail. 

in   tli,.ir  pr-.-ri'ss  Dwanis  Atliahas,M   |,ak,'.     Tli,.  Chawas  an w  ll.inul  v.^rv  liij^li 

on  llic  N,'l,raska,an(l  pn  >in-  (uiwanls  s,.iilli..  an!,  i.rl.iu  lli,.  iimiiniaiiis  Tjir  Sioii\, 
or  huciitas.  ul'tli,.  .Missn^i.-,  arc  jMvssin.';  in  tl,.  sani,.  ,lir,Tli(.n.  ,Mvii|,ui|..r  |in,siii,,iis  |,.ss 
wcsti'i'lv.  Tlu-  Da.'otas  ,.|'  tlic  .>liKsissi,>|.i.  wli,)  haw  not  yet  lirokcn  up  th.^ir  nmi,> 
castfilv  villa-.'s  in  Minnesota,  u,-  ,l,.s  i.,.,|  to  pass  in  ll,,.  sani,'  ,liiv,liun.  Tli,.  pivs- 
Miiv   upon    llics,.   trilK.s  is  T  .,in  Hi,,  n.  -ili.     Tl„.^-  have     cr,|,.,l.  in  Hi,'  last  ,piart,.r  of 

■■ iitnry,  (, latin;:-  IVom   Hie  licat'dl   Kninnlari      o|'  Vrmy]v  ,|ii  Cliicn.  i,,  iSl^."..)  I,|.|;,i,. 

the  military  anior  of  th,-  Aljion-piiiis.  and  i,',,|  now  he  said  to  haw  p,'rnianenl  (^ 
Hiifc  I'oolinu-  math  ol'  Hi,,  ri'/or  St.  I'd,  rs. 

The  Arapahocs.  who  inl'cst  ih,.  r  in  .  of  Hr.  IMatt,'  a..!  Arkansas,  ar,.  a  |iart  .iftlic 
Alsina.  or  Fall  Indians  ol'th,.  I!la>  diiot  stock,  and  oin'c  lived  on  th,.  Assinai)Woiti  iind 
Suskatfhiwiiie.  The  .Minnntarees  and  rZ/v/sv  Vni/ns  pr,)ner,  w  ho  hj,v  ■,  M;c  Ahsan)kaor 
Crow  lanuiia.uv.  an-,  to  ti  f:i','at  ,'\ti'nt.  inindctl  witli  Hi,,  pan'iit  trili,..  and  occiip\  the 
cast,.rn  slojics  of  th,.  lioi'ky  .Moiinlai.is.  These  snowy  p,aks  inv  so  elevated  as  to 
prev,.nt  their  hein-'  cr,iss,.,l  at  any  ji,.iiit  l)etw,',.ii  th,' .(..H'ers,)!!  Fork  ol'  th,.  Mis.si,iiri 
and   111,.  Southern  Pass,  at  the  souie,'s  ,.!'  Hi,'   N,.hral^a.      This    t'a,'t    appears   llist    to 


IV,.  hen  denionstraled   hy   the  party,!'  Mr.  Hunt.  «  ho.  in  IsK 


Mr.  Astor's  aiispic's,   a  more   iwirtliern   pass,  Imt  wl 
till!   mountains,  tlu'own  upon  the  heail-waiers  ,i["  that 


•.  iitlciiipli',1.   iiii(l(.r 


lo  wer,.,  eveiiliiall\ .  alter  skirt 


IIIL 


l'l\  rr. 


Mr.  Thomas  Fit/palriek.  tl 
reH.rs  to  this  c. 


le  i:o\-,'rn 
.[•  I 


nient  a.;,nt  li.r  Hie  liiuher  Plait,,  and  A 


rkaiisas. 


onc'-'trition  ol  Inilian  population  h,  low  the  mountains,  ami  on  tlie 
ilains  !,.a,iin'j:  to  ;'  i  Fc,  iis  one  ol'  the  pregnant  eatises  •  i!i,.  ,liir,ulii.s  and 
laniii.fH  whiidi  have,  ol  late  years,  he.set  the  path  ot'  the  merchahi  ,.>id  ,.mi-iant. 


<H'  Hie   hands  se'ith  of  the  ranue  ,d'  his  e.\t 


ens!\e  au'iiev.  as  olis. 


rv    <1  in  1,-17    I 


ll.i 


es|!iiial,'s  ol'  po;, Illation   reipiire  t,)  hi'  compared  with  tlio.s,'  of  the  lale  t.oM.rnor  IJeiit 


fin 
i!  r 


TTT 


■        M 


<•.  ■«! 


1      ?:  !^: 


2G0 


TI!  I  r.  A  I,    Olid  AN  1/ ATIoN, 


'•  ? 


1 1 


!  ii 


III"  New  ,Mi'\i((),  of  ISK).  ;iii(l  1)1'  lv\-l'r('si(lt'iit.  liiinu'l.  of  |S17,  licrcwilli  riiniislicd, 
ami  of  Ml-,  lidlx'it  S.  Nfiirliliours,  special  A;;t'iil  in  Texas  in  IS  17. 

iMr.  KiiUpatrick.  iVoin  wlnisc  corrt'siiinKU'iu'e  \vc  iiitrddiicc  extracts,  lias  liail  iiiucli 
i'Xin'iit'iicc  ill  till'  aiKi'iituioiis  sci'iR's  of  tliat  ilistiicl.  speaks  some  of  the  Indian  laii- 
^uaues.  and  I'omiminieates  liis  \i<'\vs  and  o|iiiiioiis  with  a  dci^ree  of  eoiifideaee  whieii 
i.s  the  result  of  a  loiii:  aetiiiaiiitanre  with  lile  in  the  Indian  eoiintry.  lie  coiiimnnieates 
the  important  fa<'t.  lietine  indicated  hv  imperfect  vocaliidai  ies,  that  the  Comanches  of 
Tt'xas  are  luit  an  olV-shoot  of  the  Shoshonee  or  Snake  stock  ;  that  their  several  hands 
speak  clost'  dialects  of  the  same  laminate  as  the  mountain  tiiiies;  and  that  this 
lan,i;'iia;rt>,  in  it.s  several  dialects,  spreads  throiiLih  the  ,i;reat  Salt  Lake  Masin  toCaiilornia. 
as  well  as  northwardly  into  the  ("olnmhia  N'alley. 

Of  the  mass  of  the  strength  of  the  alioriirinal  piipiiiation  south  <d'  these  limits  we 
can  s[ieak  witii  less  eoiitidt'iice  tiian  of  tiic  iiold.  pre<latory,  and  reckless  liindes  north 
of  them. 

".My  own  imperli'ct  knowIe(i;:-e  of  the  country,"  he  ohserves,  "and  its  inhahitants 
south  of  the  Santa  Ft'  trail,  in  the  direclimi  of  Texas,  ])re\('nts  me  from  sayintv  any- 
lliinir  positi'.c  upon  the  suliject.  Vet  I  l(elie\e  tiiat  the  Comanche  Indians  do  not 
exceed  l(M)l)  lodiies.  ami  a.-  it  is  rtire  that  more  than  one  warrior  occupies  a  lodi;e, 
amoiiL'^st  them,  we  ma\  |mt  tlii'in  down  at  the  scry  utmost,  rjlill  warriors.  They  are 
•  livided  into  tiiree  dillerent  and  dislinct  hands;  lint  who  always,  and  wiieii  neci'ssary, 
unite  and  co-optra!e  in  <Mncii!.  Those  hands  iiave  dilfcreiit  names,  hut  speak  tiie 
sani"  lanL-'na.ie,  wiiicli  is  that  ol'  tiie  Shoshonee  or  Siia!<e  on  tiie  west  side  of  the 
Kocky  .Moiinlaius.  as  well  as  iireal  numhers  of  Indians  on.  and  south  ol'  the  ('olninhia 
liivcr.  and  tiiose  inlialiiliii.M'  the  (ireat  Desert  west  of  tiie  (Jreat  Salt  Lake,  and  on  the 
\ei\  conlines  ol'  California  ;  all  s|ieak  a  dialect  of  the  same  laiiiuaL:!'.  The  names  of 
I  he  dill'ereiit  liaiiis  are  as  follows:  Yampatick-ara.  Cools-on-tii'k-ara,  I'enoi-iii-tickara, 
all  of  which  ale  Snake  or  Slio>hoiiee  words,  and  licinu'  translated  into  l'!iit;lisli.  mean, 
lioot-ealers.  liullido-eaters.  Sii'.^ar  or  lloiiey-eati'rs.  Tlu'se  three  hands,  united  with 
the  Kiowa\s.  which  are  very  li'w  in  nnmlier.  are  what  we  have  to  contend  with  at 
iireseiit   on    the  Santa    l'"(''  roail." 


In    t 


le    month    of  ( Ictoher. 


ISIS,    tl 


le    same    oh-;er\er 


takes   ii  deeper  view    of  tlii 


i.  y 


pressmj:  amt    irresponsiiiie  iiia-s. 

'•The  snhject  of  till'  pvii  teil  civ  nlar  acconipanyliii;'  a  series  of  iinpiiries  respectiii^f 
the  'History.  I'reseiit  Condition,  and  Kiiture  prospects  of  the  Indian  Trihes  of  the 
I'niti'd  States.'  |\'ide  .\ppendix.)  is  one  of  imiiieiise  iiiaLinitude.  and  Would  re(|nire 
vcars  of  (dose  a|i|ilication  and  stinly.  hcsides  a  perfect  know  ,  d^c  of  their  various 
toiiLines,  and  that  know  leilii-e  too,  oeiiiir  in  the  individual  himself,  as  it  is  somewhat 
dilVicnlt  to  reach  any  snhje<'t  in  rev:ard  to  those  people,  liiroiijih  any  interpreter  I  have 
ever  met  in  this  conntrv,  apart  from  the  ordinary  concerns  of  every-day  life.  It  is  a 
ivniarkahle  fact,  that  the  most    ii!;iioranl  and  wcak-miudcd  are  tliofic  who  most  riadil>' 


I  ( 


<       i 


IllSTUnv,   ANI>   (loVKRNMKNT. 


'JCl 


!i<'i|iiirt'  a  kiiDwIi'iliii'  of  tlic  Indian  t<ini;in's  oi'ally.  From  tliis  cunsi'  it  is  a  mtn 
liillicnlt  mattiT  to  i\rrivo  at  anvtliin.ir  lii<t'  corivctni'ss.  And  to  it  may  1h'  attrilmtcd 
tiic  many  falscliDoils  ami  cxagjicrations  pnt  I'ortli  to  the  world,  by  travi-llcrs  and 
otlu'i's,  who  ()l)tainoJ  tlii'ir  inlbrmation  from  mon  wlio  had  neither  a  iiroj)*'!'  knowlcdizc 
of  tlicir  own  mother  toii}Hio  nor  of  tliat  of  the  Indian.  And  in  nine  rases  ont  of  ten 
such  persons  do  not  and  cannot  oompreluMid  wliat  the  l)ook-makers,  or  traveihis,  wisli 
to  arrive  at,  heeanse  they  are  snhjects  tliat  never  l)elore  entered  tiieir  minds.  These 
remarks  will  apply  equally  to  all  the  writing  I  Iiave  ever  road  on  the  snlijeet  ;  at 
least  so  far  as  my  own  opinion  goes.  1  will  further  remark,  I  fear  the  ival  character  of 
the  Indian  can  never  be  ascertained,  because  it  is  altoirether  unnatural  for  a  Christian 
man  to  couiprehend  how  so  nnicli  depravity,  wickedness,  and  folly,  coulil  possibly 
belong  to  hunnin  beings,  apparently  endoweil  with  a  reasonable  share  of  understanding. 
fiCt  the  civilized  man,  if  possible,  divest  bimsell'  of  all  partiality  and  pn  judice,  and 
view  the  Indian  impartially,  just  as  he  linds  him.  without  attempting  to  cast  imputa- 
tions on  anything  but  the  right  cause,  which  is  their  own  innate  proneuess  to  evil, 
and  it  will  lie  foinid  that  that  ver\-  innate  jirinciple  of  wickedness  and  dcpra\  ity.  is 
t lie  great  causi-  of  hastening  them  oil'  to  di'struction  ;  1  believe,  moreover,  that  nil 
tlie  (lid  from  llie  wi'altliiest  governments  of  Murope.  united  willi  that  of  tiie  I'nited 
Sl;iles,  could  not  rcilcem  or  sa\e  a  tithe  of  those  [leople.  inasmuch  as  1  consider 
them  a  (iiMtmed  race,  and  tliey  must  I'ulfd  their  destiny.  Yet  it  is  a  generous  and 
priiisi'worliiy  e.Ncrlion  in  the  guxci-nuient  to  do  all  it  can  for  lliciii. 

In  I'cgard  to  llu'  manners,  customs,  haiiits.  i^c..  of  the  \\\\d  tribes  of  the  Western 
Territory,  a  true  and  more  correct  ty])e  than  any  I  luue  e\'er  seen.  ma\'  be  founil  in 
the  ancient  histor\-  of  tin-  .lews  or  Israelites  after  (heir  libciatinn  iVoiu  I'lgsptiau 
bondage.  The  •Medicine  Lodge'  ol  the  Indian  may  be  compared  to  the  place  of 
worshi[)  or  tabernacle  of  the  .leu.-;;  and  the  sacrilices.  oil'crings.  pui'ilicatioiis,  ablu- 
tions, and  anointings,  may  be  all  found  amongst  and  practised  by  those  peopN'. 

The  customs  of  Indian  women  at  cerlaiu  periods  and  after  childbearing.  are  abnost 
lliiisc  of  the  . Jewish  women.  They  lia\c  to  undergo  a  proliation  of  a  certain  number 
of  d;i\s  on  all  such  occasions,  besides  aiilutions  and  jiui'llicalions.  before  the\-  are 
eiin»idere(l  lit  to  cuter  on  their  domestic  iliities  ;  during  this  probation  the\  lue  consi- 
(lereil  iniclcan.  and  altogether  unlit  to  ent<'r  the  lodge  or  join  with  the  family;  which, 
indeed,  they  never  attempt  ;  but  erect  a  hut  for  themscdves.  where  they  remain  the 
whole  time;   hasing  their  liiod   brought   to  them. 

The  nnniner  of  mourning  for  a  de>'eascd  relative  is  very  similai-  to  that  of  tlu' 
Israelites;  in  snidi  cases  the  men  will  cast  oil'  all  their  (inery,  and  put  on  instead  (if 
they  i)ut  on  anything)  the  most  worthless  garments,  and  keep  their  heads,  and  often 
th(>  body,  l)edanbed  with  white  cla\  during  the  time  of  mourning,  which  sometimes 
lasts  ten  moons;  this  mi;:ht  be  called  putting  oi>  siu'kclotli  and  ashes.  The  women, 
on  the  other  hand,  cut  oil'  their  hair,  and  otherwise  disfigure   their  jieisons  b\  cutting 


i!    ^ 


\ 


'M 


'   1 


:«  n 


2G2 


TRIBAL   OltC  ANIZ  ATlON. 


1    liv 


with  a  Hint  (ir  sliai-p  stone  their  face,  arms,  ami  li'.^s.  in  sucii  a  way  as  to  let  a  frreat 
(leal  of  Mood  liow  in  the  operation,  whieh  is  never  washed  oil'  initil  they  cease  to 
nujuni. 

In  cases  of  death,  it'  the  deceased  ha})iicns  to  be  a  distinjrnished  man,  they  will  kill 
lor  his  use  two  or  threi'  of  his  liivurite  horses,  and  inter  with  him  arms,  pipe,  and 
tobact'o,  with  many  articles  whi(;h  hi-  was  known  to  ha\i'  lancied  when  ali\('. 
They  do  nut  seem   to  he   inclined   to  \n\vy  their  dead   in   the  .lironnd.  although   they 


sometimes  do  so.  and  in  a  very  careless  manner,  as  the  wolvi's  invanaliiy  d:;:'  them 
np;  they  \\ill  sometimes  pnt  them  hi.^h  np  in  lar^'e  tri'es.  nntil  decomposition  takes 
place,  and  nothini.;'  is  left  hut  the  ijones  and  hair,  which  tUvy  will  gather  carelnlly  and 
])erhaps  cari'y  ahont  with  them  liir  a  lenj:th  of  time,  or  nntil  they  lind  a  fa\(iralil(! 
spot,  \vhere  tlu'y  will  deposit  them  without   ceremony,  and,  I  iielii've.  privately,      lint 


their  fiivorite  placi's  of  interment  are  in  eaves  or  crevices  uf  rock,  1 


rom  whicli  tne\  arc 


th 


i       *. 


ne\ci'  iemo\('il 


There  could  he  vt'r\'  numerous   and  similar  analoiiies   made  hetween   the  ma 


nner? 


and  customs  of  thosi'  peojile.  anil  those  of  the  .lews;  hut  wIk'u  we  see  nearly  the  same 
traits  of  character,  manners,  customs.  ^:c.,  manifested  in  evei'y  part  of  the  ulohe  where 
a  hiirharous  people  ha\e  been   lounil.  1  ha\e  come  to  the  conclusion  that  nniii  in  that 


<lMle  is  ,ir 


■tlv  nuich   the  same  sort  of  beinir  throicjlioul.  except  what  dilleieiice  miu' 


natuially  arise   from  the  pli\sical  adaptation  of  the  country  tliey  inhaliit 
tl 


in  supply  iiiL' 


leir  W'lnt? 


n  reliant   ti 


)   the  Indians  of  this   icicncw  as  well  as   all  the   roamim;    tribes  of  this 


\ast  extent  of  country.  1  can  assert  with  a  iireat  deiiree  of  certainty,  that  they  ha\'e 
no  fixed  laws,  or  anythini;'  like  ptrmanent  institutions,  by  which  to  ii'Liulale  thi'ir 
concerns,  either  In'tweeii  themselves  or  other  tribes,  except  what  may  be  deci(le(l  from 
tiir.e  to  time  in  their  cniincils.  or  from  emerLicncies  arisiiii;' out  of  the  micertainty  of 
tlii'ir  relations  with  other  tribes;  and  to  this  fact  alone  may  be  attributed  their  coii- 
slaut  warrimidii  each  other;  as  the  most  insi'jnificant  beiiiL:  of  any  one  tribe  ma\  be 
the  caii-^e  of  biiiiiiiiej  on  a  war  with  any  oilier  tribe,  which  ma\'  last  lor  Ncars.  and 
uillioiit  the  least  dread  of  punishment  from  his  own  tribe.  In  jH'oof  of  this,  I  will 
relate  an  occurrence  wliich  tonk  jilace  here  a  short  time  api.  'I'lie  Cheyennes,  who 
were  encamped  near,  came   to  the  Koit    liir  the  piirp<isi'  of  honorinir  us  with  a  dance; 


ihich  is  the  usual  custom  of  lhos(>  tribes  when  the\-  wish  to  e\ibil    their  satisli 


iction 


for  the  treatment  receixcd.      The\-  were 


(iresseil  1 


n  all  the  wildness  and  decoration  of 


tl 


leir  native  i(i^tuni(\   anil    altou('ther    made   a   very   interestiiiir    ap| 


learance 


T 


lev 


commenced  and  pursued  the  dance  with  nil  the  wild  and  \arieil  pstiire  of  such  scenes, 
until  an   old  woman   entered  the  circle  of  the  dance.  ap|iarentlv  bleedini:'  from  everv 


her  face,  le'is.  ai 


lu  arms  were  h 


leediiiL;-  profusely,  which  'jave  her  a  most  h 


ap|iearaii<'e.      in  this  state,  she  exlc  rted  the  warriors  in  her  behalf,  and  •■  to  take  pity 
on   her;   tliat   she  was  idd.  and   I'aa    had    Icr  only  sm   killed   Jiy  the  .\ii))alioes   last 


ii 


'i  ki 


SI    '! 


f! 


t    .     ..i        '  ■*<• 


II  IS  TORY,    AND   (iOVERNMENT 


20:5 


spriiii;-,  iiiid   tlu'    iiiiirilcr  lias    never  been    atoneil   for."     At    this  eritical    jiineture  a 


t'lnirn 


r  came  runiiiim-  in  with  intelii-vnce  that  people  were  discuvereii  in   the  (list; 


nice. 


The   warriors    iiniaeiliatelv   broke    up    the   dance,   inounled    their   best 


horses,  and 

l)iirsued  the  stran^iers;  and  late  that  ni-lit  returned  witii  two  Arapalioe  scalps,  and  a 
isqiiiw  as  prisoner.  This  circunistiince.  no  doid>t.  reconciled  the  old  woman  tor  the 
1)  :  ■'!  heroid}-  son.  This  law  of  retaliation,  or  some  mode  of  remuneration  in  the 
sli';c-  oi"  pavment  lor  tlu'  slain,  is  tlie  only  law  ivco-nised  by  the  natives  ol'  this 
country.  I  have  taken  nx'asures  to  put  a  stop  to  lurlher  bloodslied  lor  the  present  ; 
Itut  where  there  is  no  law  to  punish  individuals  for  committin.i:  de[)redations  on  other 
tribes,  not  even  in  the  most  aji-,iiravated  ciiso,  tiieir  relations  of  -uoij  lellouship  must 
always  be  '     a  very   precarious  state. 

I  shall  nuike  it  my  business,  herearier.  to  take  more  pains  in  iuvoti-atin-'  the 
various  subjects  contained  in  the  series  of  impiiries  ivcei\ed;  but  I  consider  it  hiuhlv 
improper  to  write  anUhin;.;-  at  random,  Ibr  the  inlbrmation  of  the  Department,  and 
therefore  will  decline  sayini;' much  at  present,  e.Ncept  that  which  I  am  convinced  of 
bein.L: correct  ;  and  I  sincerely  w  isli  that  every  one  whose  bu.Mucss  it  is  to  write  on 
this  subject,  would  adopt  the  same  course.  Then,  indeed,  we  mi-ht  have  hopes  of 
some  idian-e  for  the  better  mana,uvment  of  the  Indian  tribes.  .Not h in-  in  m\- opinion, 
has  been  nu)re  prejudicial  to  the  wcll'are  smd  imi)rovement  of  the  Indians  within  the 
territory  of  the  I'liited  States,  than  the  ^reat  forbearance  and  constant  humoriiiL;  of 
all  tiieir  whims,  topMlier  with  the  erroneous  opinion  c.\istiu-.  that  nothinii-  but  the 
introduction  of  Christianity  was  wantin-'  to  make  them  liapiiy  and  pros|)erons. 

I  am  not  one  of  those  who  expect  ami  look  Ibr  the  immediate  improvement  and 
ci\  ili/.ation  of  the  Indian  tribes  by  the  means  -enerally  recommended,  as  1  am  widl 
aware  they  will  have  to  pass  thron-h  a  Ion-  and  protracted  ordeal,  bribre  tlievcan 
even  attain  the  lirst  step  to  civilization;  and  I  have  yet  to  learn  and  decide,  whether 
till'  full-blooded  Indian  is  capable  of  such  a  chaii-e.  inasmuch  as  I  have  m'\cr  tli-- 
covered  any  -reat  advancement,  either  moral  or  physical,  (the  man\-  fax.jrablc 
reports  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding.)  which  makes  me  very  .scejitical  on  the 
subject.  I  have  met  with  but  tvw  Indians  whom  I  tiiou.uht  were  pre|)an'd  to  reeei\(. 
instruction  in  ci\ilization  and  Christianity,  which  are  some  of  the  tribes  on  the 
Columbia  liiver  and  its  tributaries;  and  to  the  .severe  but  just  administration  of  th- 
Hudson  May  Company  may  be  attributed  their  now  prosperous  state.  On  their  lirsi 
acquaintance  with  wliitcs,  the  Oregon  Indians  were  disposed  to  be  mischievous,  as 
all  other  Indians:  but  al'ter  the  Uritish  took  jiossession  of  that  coimtr\,  and  the 
lln.lson  May  Compan\  established  there,  the  Indians  were  taudit  very  severe  lessons. 
on  all  and  every  occasion  when  they  misbehaved  ;  and  not  the  sli-liti'st  injustice  (U- 
crime  was  ever  allowed  to  pass  unpunished.  And  at  Icn-tli  they  ascertained,  that  to 
do  unto  others  as  they  would  have  other>  do  unto  tluMii.  is  by  far  tin-  best  policv; 
th-y  also  h'arned  that  the  (i,,d  of  the  while  p.opl,.  was  bv   far  ih..  mo.-t   poweifid.  aiid 


i. 


( 


I  (' 


•I  : 


I   ■ 


f 


^  I 


'.  ii 
it. 


til 


ii-. 


n 


k )  %\ 


'  ; 


ill 


'i 


i :, 


■  fi 


.'  i' 


li 


!     11    ■      1.    «■ 


Ji(i4 


T  K  1 15  A  L    U  U  ti  A  M  1  Z  A  T  1  U  N ,   E  T  C. 


liiive  for  many  vt'ars  boon  dosirous  of  loaniiiii;  how  to  worwliij)  aii'l  ploasf  llim.  Ami 
lonjr  iH'foro  a  missionary  went  into  that  country,  tliose  jieoplo  wcri'  as  honi'st,  kind, 
and  inod'fnsive  as  any  1  liavo  evci'  met,  cither  civilized  or  savage,  and,  I  believe,  in  a 
few  years  will  bo  in  a  more  prosperous  state  than  any  Indians  within  the  boundary 
of  the  United  States.  There  is  a  great  deal  which  ougiit  to  l)e  taujjjht  an  Indian 
before  the  attempt  is  made  to  Christianize  him;  some  of  which  tuition  may  be  taken 
from  the  remarks  above,  in  regard  to  the  Cobi'ubia  Indians." 

It  has  Ix'en  thought  riglit  to  present  this  view  of  the  state  of  the  pr.iirie-tribes,  from 
a  man  wh.ise  means  of  observation,  good  general  judgment,  and  honesty  of  purpose 
in  the  public  service,  are  nnimpeachcd.  So  far  as  respects  their  manners  and  cus- 
toms, their  wild  and  predatory  lives,  and  the  utter  want  of  reference  of  their  acts  to 
iiny  moral  or  legal  standard,  these  remarks  are  sustained  by  the  best  and  latest 
authorities;  and  this  wild  and  irresponsible  state  of  life  is  well  descril)ed  l)y  Mr. 
I*arkman  as  existing  among  the  Arapahoes.  Witii  regard  to  Christianity,  anil  its 
application  to  such  tribes,  surrounded  by  so  many  continually  pressing  circumstances, 
to  prevent  its  appreciation,  introduction,  or  spread,  it  need  only  be  said,  thr'  he 
observations  denote  an  entire  misapprehension  of  the  subject.  Fixity  of  location  and 
agricultural  industry  are  among  the  very  fii"st  fruits  aimed  at  by  our  teachers  among 
all  the  nomadic  tribes,  without  which  no  success  can  Ixs  anticipated.  As  a,  general 
fact,  these  tribes  are  surrounded  by  circumstances  which  are  so  pi  li)  )us  tiiat  they 
are,  at  present,  very  much  l)eyond  the  circle  of  practical  missionary  effort. 


!  i 


\ 


it  >.v  *,  I 

1^  M; 


SOMK    INFORM  AT  I  OX    H  K  S  P  KCT  1  \  (I    TIIK   CKKKKS,   01! 

MUSCOGKKS. 


I>rni,i:  Ims  Iutii  writl'^n  rcsDcctiim-  llir  tiadilimis  df  ihc  .M 


I>C()l;('('; 


Till'  wild  ail 


(■\trava,L:aiit  relations  r('s|icctiim-  a   |ii)\vciiui  |i('o]ili'.  who  arc  dc-crilKMl  as  rcsidinu'  in 


Florida   in   tlic    JCilii    ccntiii'v.   iindi'r  tl 


f    uaiiic    of   .\|ialacliilrs.   ii|)| 


icar  to  Ih'    licltcr 


uitcd   to   the  ]iiirii(is('s  of  roiiiancf   than   hisfdrw 
The  I'ollowinii-  traditions  and  opinions  of  tlirir  oriL:iii,  caiK   liistor\-.  and  ciist 


IVolll    tllO    lips  of    Sl'd<(>-)H'-clli.    (  i'l 


( 1  crscvcraiicc. )  one  ol    tl 


-t    Ci 


oi.is.  iiri' 
v(d\s.  now  li\iiiii'  ill 


their  new  loratioll  we-t  of  the  Mississippi.     The\-  were  taken  (1 


own  Iroin  his  narration. 


Mr.  I).  W.  F 


aKins.  wlio  -was 


l>\-  theiii  west  of  thf  state  of  Arkansas,  and  have  1 


lor  sonic  time  ii  resident  of  the  territory  now  oc('ii|iied 


lave  been  (•oiiiinunicatcMl  in  reply  to   the 


ininled  in.piines  issued  in  1  S  h  .  ivspectin-  the  Historv.  Present  Condition,  and  !• 


iitiire 


Prospects  of  the  Indian  Trilies  ol'  th"  rniteil  States.    (  \'ide  A 


p|iendi\.) 


There  is  a  ,uciieral  reluctance,  on  the  part  of  the  Creeks,  to  I'liter  at   all  upon   sii 


jeets  of  tliis  charaeter.  owini;-  in  a   measure  to  tiiei 


r  superstitious  notions,  and  more, 


perhajjs.  to  their  innate  ihsposition  to  secrecy,  and  tlu'  licnc: 


The  ad 


111  spirit  ol'  concealment. 


mission  of  an  inter-lriba!  rank,  in  ancient  dav; 


infiu-ior  to  tJie  ancient  Lenn 


Loiiapi,  and   their  concurrenci'   in   the  ;^('iieral   title  of  (Irandfall 


North  Atlantic  tribes  to  that  important  branch  of  the  Ai: 


recent  oriiiin   to   their   nationaiitv    tlia 


ler.   ascribed   by   the 
Mii([iiin  stock,  denotes  a  more 


n    has   been   siipposei]    to  exi-t  ;    and  adds  but 


another  jiroof  to  the  many  we  have  Iiad  before,  of  the  limited  character  of  tlic  Iiid 
traditions,  ami  the  recent  date  of  their  entire  tribal  ivlatioiis 


laii 


Tl 


lero  is  nothing  in  these  reminiscences  of  Se 


f*nstaiii  an  opinion    that    the    .'Mns 


■ko-pe-chi.  which  can   be   ein]ilo\ed    to 


co.uves    arc,    in    am  wise,    to    be   d 


•ined 


f(     ,;ded  their  nationality  on   pro-e.\istiiij;-  tribes,  of 


as   lia\iim- 


my   known  historical  era. 


wore  semi-ci\ili/.ed. 


wlio 


Th 


le  advance  of  the  masses   in  this  trilie.  in   li 


of  the   families  of  their  chieftains 
distinctions  and   the   force  of 


trilie.  in   late  years,  has  not  kept  jiacc  with  that 

The   authority  of  the  latter,  lonnded   on   ancient 

descents,  appears  to  commend   itself,  verv  uvnerallv.  to 


eontmiieil   respect  and   aiihereiice 


It 


is  necessarv,  in  the  follow 


mi;  iiKpiirit's,  to  conceive  the  .Mll^ 


ko-i)e-chi.   as   the   respondent.      The   views  of    .Mr.    Fakin,  where   tl 


co'i'ee  ell  roil 


icier.  Se- 


lev  are  jiueii   as 


:u 


\i'lo    ll.ivi.-'   Cariliics      l,nii,l,,ii    || 


tl> 


V- 


I- 


t 


fM 


>  a 


U 

I' 
1 


'  k 


!S       . 


I 


I  .  !'• 


'    1       'i 


ii 


1    Ic 


* 


,  f. 


11 
'I.  f 


il    fj  V 

:       .,t'H 


i»i 


ft" 

M    I,' 


:iiti 


TKl  HAL    oik;  a  N  1/ AI  1  ON, 


iii(l('|H'ii(l('iit  ()|iiiii(iiis,  will  \tv  rcMilily  ilistiiiLrnishcil,  and  iiic  rviik'iitly  iiKiiildiMJ.  in 
snnu'  instiuii'i's.  on  the  ((Ut'i'irs  livlnir  liini.  Tin'  true  i;rniniil.-<  of  (lie  intt'iTn^iatniics 
arc.  liDW ('\('r.  sclilnni,  if  cmt,  inisconccivtMl  li\  iiini,  nnlrss  it  lie  in  tlii'  |iiilicy  to  cede 
sni'|ilns  tmitiirii's  wlicn  tiics  lia\i'  Itfconir  dcnndcd  nf  L;aint'.  and.  i)ci'lia|is,  tlu'  Irni' 
cxti'nt    III'  till'  ciNil    [lower  ol'  tin'  cliifl's. —  Kii. 

"1.  Tlic  oiiLfin  of  the  Alaliania  Indian^,  iis  liandnl  down  li\  oral  tradition,  in, 
lliat  tliry  spranii' out  of  till' ;.;rouiid.  lirl  Ween  tin'  ( 'aliaw  lia  and  Alaliania  l!i\('rs. 

-.  'i'lii'  .Mii<('iil;('('s  fornirrly  lallnl  tlicin^cKos  Alalianiian<.  Init  otiirr  trilics  called 
lli'in  ( *k('-clioy-altc,  (///i  i.  Tin'  caiiic.-t  nd'iration  I'ccollcclcd.  as  handed  dow  n  liv  oral 
tradition,  is.  that  tlicy  cniiiiralcd  from  tlic  Caliawlia  and  Alaliaina  i!i\crs.  to  the 
Jnnclion  of  the  'rnscaloosa  and  Coosa  l!i\i'rs.  'I'heir  nninlicrs.  at  that  ]ieriod.  were 
not  known.  The  extent  of  the  teiiitory  (iccn|iied  at  that  tinn'  was  indelinite.  .\l  the 
jioint  tiiriiK'd  liy  the  junction  of  the  Tuscaloosa  and  Coosa  l>i\eis.  the  trilie  sojuurned 
for  the  space  of  two  years.  .After  which,  their  location  was  at  the  Jnnclion  of  the 
Coosa  and  Alaliania  llivcrs.  on  the  west  side  of  what  was  snliseijiiently  the  site  of 
Fort  .lacUson.  It  is  sniniosed  that  at  this  time  th  '  ninnliered  lifty  eirectivc  men. 
They  claimed  the  coinilry  from  Fort  Jackson  to  New  Orleans,  foi'  their  hmitinfi- 
lironmls. 

o.  They  are  of  the  oiiinion  that  the  (Ireat  Spirit  liroui^ht  them  I'mm  the  i;ronnil, 
and  that  they  are  of  rinht  possessors  of  this  soil.  Iieiiire  thi'  settlement  of  what  is 
now  known  as  New  Orlciins.  they  discovered,  at  that  place,  two  .Mexicans;  and  at  a 
snlisiipient  perioii.  dnrim;'  a  \isit.  they  met  with  a  lar.:i'  nnndier  of  whites.  'l"hc  first 
sale  of  lands  li\  treaty  took  place  in  .New  York  :  the  date  is  not  recollected.'  'I'hey 
fn'sl  liecame  acipnuiited  with  the  nse  of  (irc-ai'ms.  clothiin;-.  \c..  through  the  Spaniards. 
.\rilent  spiiits  ha\c  licen  in  nse  amoni;  the  trilie.  Iieyond  the  recollection  of  the  oldest 
citizens.      'I'heir  llrst  |ilaces  of  tiade  were  at  Mohile  and  New  Orleans. 

•I.  They  lielic\c  that  lielore  the  Creation  there  exisled  a  iireat  liody  of  water. 
Two  piiii.iiis  were  sent  liiith  in  search  of  lami.  and  fonnd  excrements  ol'  the  earth- 
wiirni;  hut  on  Lioin,:^'  forth  the  >ecoud  time,  they  pnicnred  a  Made  of  iirass.  after 
which,  the  waters  snlisided,  and  the  land  appeared.  'I'hey  do  not  helicM'  that  their 
ancestors  occupied  any  other  lands,  lint  always  had  tlieir  locality  in  North  .Vmericii. 
They  l)elie\e  that  dome-iic  animals  were  introdn.ed  ly  the  whites,  'l'he\-  have  no 
knowledge  of  the  land  lirim:'  pre-occnpied  1p\  the  whiles,  or  a  more  civilized  people 
than  themsehcs.  I!nt  they  do  helieve  that  tln'  land  was  pre-occnpied  hy  a  people  of 
whom  the\   ha\e  no  delinite  knowledge. 

'  IT'.'i'.     Iiiliaii  'I'n-iiiii's,  piigi'  :;!•. 


II  ISTol!  V,    AND    (lUV  K  1!  NM  F  N  T. 


2"i7 


').  'I'lic  olllv  llilllli'  tlicv  li;l\i'  Inr  Allicrii'll  is.  The  l,;ui(l  iil'  tlu'  ImiIWS.  'I'Ik'N  cilll 
it  till'  liiml  ul'  till'  lu'd  |M'ii|ilc.  'I'licv  li;i\('  MO  oilier  oral  tiailitioii  ol'  aiiv  other  iiiiiiic 
lor  Ameiicii. 

(i.  Ill  the  reliiiiiisceiices  of  llieir  i'liniier  I'oiiditioii  lliev  >(ate,  tliill  tlie\  eiljoseil  ll 
f^rcater  de.mve  of  [)eaee.  Iielore  tlif  di.si'overy  ot'tlio  coiitiiu'iit  by  tlio  whiles,  than  they 
did  ai'lerwanls.  'I'liey  had  no  treaties,  no  allianet's.  or  leajiiies,  pivvioiis  to  the  dis- 
(•o\ery.  They  erected  l)reiist-\vorks,  of  a  ciiriilar  shape.  H)r  the  proti'Ctiuii  of  their 
lUmilios.      'I'hese  iiiuiiiids  had  no  existence  prcN  ions  to  their  arri\al. 

7.  Ill  tlieir  names  and  ovi'iits  as  iu'l[)s  to  history,  tliey  [iridc  theiiistdves  most  upon 
killing  their  enemies,  anil  liy  memoiiali/.iiii:  these  events  with  their  hieroiilyphies, 
and  decoraliii;.'  tiiemselves.  'I'heir  .greatest,  sonrce  of  j^rief  was  the  deatli  of  a  son, 
brother,  lather,  or  mother.  They  conipured  a  [leople  who  wciideil  their  way  siuitli. 
There  have  heeii  snlisi>queiit  eoni|ni'sts.  They  had  iu'\er  heeii  coiiipiered  until  their 
coiillict.s  with  tiie  whites.  The_\-  ha\c  iie\er  siill'eied  from  w  ild-lieasts.  lliKjiis.  diseases. 
or  siulden  attacks,  from  which  they  had  no  ilelixcrunce. 

S.  The  present  rulers  of  the  iialioii  consist  of  a  first  and  second  chief,  wlio.  in 
connection  with  the  town  chiefs,  administer  tiie  allaiis  of  the  nation  in  general 
council.  'J"lu'  |)reseiit  ])riiicipal  chief,  (leiieial  l!ol\  .Mcdnlosli.  is  of  Scotch  descent. 
The  second  chief,  lienjainin  jMarshali.  is  of  Irish  desreiit  :  lioth  the  friends  of  the 
white  man.  The  former  roU!.;ht.  uiidi'i' (ieiieral  .\ndre\v  .lackson.  a;  ■inst  the  hostile 
Indians.  'I"he  liilie,  at  present,  is  in  a  very  i)i'osperous  condition,  and  rapidly  iiicieas- 
iiiLT.  The  Creeks  first  commenced  imniiii'rating  to  their  new  country,  west  of  the 
Mississippi,  ill  jjartiis.  in  1^2S.  from  which  ]ieriod  until  ISoT  the  principal  part  of  the 
immigration  took  phice.  Small  bodies  of  ('reeks,  however,  still  continue  to  arii\e  in 
their  new  country  up  to  the  present  time.  The  circumstances  under  which  they 
readied  tlieir  present  locatitm  were  the  treaty  with  the  I'liited  States,  and  an  uiiwill- 
iiiLTiiess  to  fall  under  the  State  laws  of  (!eoi\L;ia  anil  .Maiiania.  This  feejiiii:  still  exists 
aniunj;'  them  :  they  have  their  douhts  alioiit  heinu'  prc]]are(l  to  take  part  in  deliferate 
assemblies.  The  south-western  tribes  occu|y  dill'eient  stai:vs  in  ci\  ib/ation,  some 
beiiiif  nearly  wholly  civili/cd,  others  partially  mi;  and  oibeis.  uLiain.  letaiiiini!'  the 
wanileriii,tr  habits  of  their  forefathers,  may.  with  propriety,  be  termed  hunter  trilies. 

1).  .\11  till'  soiilii-western  triiies  speak  dill'erent  laiiuuaLies :  excejit.  perhaps,  the  ( 'lioi'- 
taws  and  Chickasaws.  and  the  Creeks  and  Seminolcs.  which  laujinaues  lia\e  a  .-iroiii:' 
alliiiitv  to  each  other.'     The  dill'erent  tribes  do  not  undeisland  each  other.     There  is 


'    Till'   i|ni'-itinn    I't'  l.ini;unL'c   will    1"'   li.iT;cf'liT  i\:iiiiinri|. 


I  '> 


I 


li 


i 

1 

i' 

■ 

•  j 

ii 

;        1 

i    i  , 

I   f 


it) 


208 


Tl!  I  l!A  1,    (MIC  A  N  I  /ATI  (<N, 


no  ('oiiinunulv  (if  intiTt'sl  iiiiiiin^-  llimi;  liir  tliiit  wliidi  in'innolcs  llic  intercut  "I'  tlio 
liiiiitfi's  ii'iliii'cs  tlu>  a^'ririilliiii>ls  lo  iillc  uuiiv  llicir  liiiU',  ainl  iu'liIccI  tlirir  riiniiH. 
Nor  is  tlicic  any  (•(Hiiini'icial  iiilcn'oiirsc.  worlli  >|i('akini!'  of,  aiiionu'  tlirm  ;  and,  indt'cd, 
tlifi'i'  is  liiil  lilllc  intcrciiiiisc  111'  any  kind,  il'  \\v  cNcciit  llic  tiallii'  in  stolen  iioi'si'.s. 
Tlifir  opinions  and  cnsloms.  in   nniny  1'('s|m(|s.  arr  dilli'icnt  ;   dial  wliirli   is   I'c^fai'iji'd 


as  a   Nntnc   ov   the  cisiii/cd 


Ind 


lans.   IS  ciiiisKii'i'cil 


an( 


I    llioM'   act 


ions  wincli   an-   i-cjaiv 


arc  loiikcd  upon  as  \  ices  \\  1 


a   \\(akne>s   liy   tlie   hunters; 

led    a<   manly  and  lieinic  Ky  tlie  waiideilni;'  trilies, 

leii  practi-ed  anmii'^   llie   seiiii-,i\  ili/ed.      'I'liere   can    lie    no 


<\slein  111'    ndiciar\  estalili>liei|  ainoni:'  lliein  in 


w  liicli  all  llie>e  triln's  conlil  uniti 


The  Mils 


kOLiecs  speal;  SI 


\  diireient  dialect-^.  \i/..  Mns-ko-uce,  llitch-i-lce.  Nan-chce, 


Ku-i'iiee.  Alal  ania.  and  Aipias-saw-tee.      The  Creeks,  alllioiiuh  s|icakinu'  these  did'creiit 


cueil  laiiLinaL;!'  n 


I'  the  nation,  which  is  the  .Miis- 


dialct'ts.  understand,  i^cncrally.  the  rec 
ko-liee  or  Creek  laicjllil'/e  ;  and  CI  HI  SIN  I  lien  tly  the  lillsiness  with  the  uoV  CI  nineiit  reipiirc; 
hut  one  interpreter.  'I'hcre  are  se\'eral  ajed  persons  wlin  can  stale  their  traditions 
hut   the\'   are  reluctant    to  do  so. 


•  V 


■1      .■!(.' 


\  ;i;i 


iji 


i) 


IW 


10.    Imkkn  MiiiNAi.  1!a\k  a\ip  11  ij.atii iNs.  —  'I'he  niuk   and   relationship  which   this 


res  ami  >enccas. 


Irihe  hears   to   the  other  liilies.  is   that  111'  (irandcliild  to   the  IKdawa 

'I'lieii'  traditions   a-simi   thciii   a  inediiini    position   ill   the  iiolitical  scale  of  the   tri 


Whether   this    relati 


lonslnn   is    sani 


'tinned   1)\    the  tradition   ol'   all  (///('/■  trihes   is  not, 


iiown:   hut  li\   -'1,//'    it   IS.      1  )isciirilant    pretensions  to  oriiiin 


il  rank   and  allinities  of 


hi 


noil  have   ne\('r  nccnneil  anion 


-  the  .Mils- 


Tl 


ie\-  have  no  iiietlioit  l)\-  wliicli 


lilood  allinities  can  he  >etllcil   in  ca^es  of  diHicnlties.      'I'he  kindred-hip  of  the  ti'ilie  is 
denoted   In    lerins   tak  ai   from   the   \ocaliular\   of  the   fainil\-   ties,      'i'he   .AIus-ci.-;;ces 


call  the    Delauares  ( irandfather. 


11.   'i'he  I  lion  II  mental  iironls  of  their  inter 


course  \vi 


til  other  trilies.  such  as  idli 


nice; 


leaLiiies.  and   treaties  of  frieiidshiii.   are   testified   t 


o  o\'    iciiiiijiiniiH, 


jiiliis.   and  li'lls 


\'l.  'i'he  clans  are  made  U|)  of  families;  each  clan  adoptiiiji'  its  own  peculiar  had^c 
such  as  Crocodile.  iJear.  iJird.  \c.  it  is  supposed  that  these  had;:es  do  denote  rank  i 
rclatioiisliip. 


ir 


1:1.  (ieojiraphical  features,  within  the  momory  of  tradi;ion.  are  not  looked  upon  as 
a  cau.se  of  the  multiplication  of  the  trihos.  The  Coiiianches  ha\e  an  immeii.si'  country 
over  which  they  rauire.  hut  it  is  nut  known  that  it  conti'hutes  to  their  increase.  Tliis 
is  also  the  case  with  the  O-aiies;  hut  for  some  years  past  hoth  these  trihes  have  heen 
on  the  decroaso.  And  this  must  continue  to  he  the  case,  so  lonj;'  as  their  women  are 
Coini)elled  to  underii'o  the  sevi'rc  corporeal  hdior  whidi  tlie  men  e.xact  from  tliom. 
Tile   trihes   that  are  proLiressiin:-   most   rapidly  are  those  who  are  makinjr  aihancos  in 


:  I 


\\r 


IST(»I!  Y,    A  N  I)    (1()VF:F{NMKNT 


■2tW 


civili/iitidii  iiiid  icliiiioii.  Wlifii  the  I'ciniilc  j;;iiiis  hrr  li-lill'iil  |.()siti,iM  MS  '(/,  n/inil.  aiiil 
is  no  loii-cr  lookcil  upon  as  nn  in/'rinr,  then  will  we  have  the  true  suhition  of  tlic 
iproldcni  in  rcunnl  to  tlic  niulti|iliciiti()n  of  tlic  Irilics.  Tliis  solution  is  true  in  icuar.l 
to  the  Cliorokccs,  Clioctaws,  Cliickasaws.  and  Musko;jv('M.  Maj^nitudc  and  ivsounvs 
ol'  Icrritorv  arc  not  ^jcncrally  conceded  as  enterin^r  i,,  .,s  llo  cause  of  the  ninlti|)lica- 
tion  of  tlic  tiilies.  Ma,i!nitude  is  ncncraiiv  looked  ui)on  as  a  detiiincnt.  Dissensions 
liavc  soinctinies  driven  iiidi\iduals  to  otiicr  trilics;  hut  tiicro  are  no  instances  within 
the  recollection  ol'  the  oldest  cili/cns  in  which  tlu'sc  dissensions  liavc  led  to  the 
foiMuation  of  new  trilx's  oi'  dialects. 

14.  In  their  traditions  of  the  original  rank  and  movements  of  the  tiihe.  there  is  no 
mention  of  rivcr.s  or  mountains.  The  ijeneral  track  of  tlu'ir  miiirations  was  from  the 
West. 

1").  (!i:o(il(\l'nv.  — Of  the  shai)e  of  the  jilol.c  and  its  natural  .li\i<i,.ns.  thcv  have 
no  delinilo  idea.  '1'Ik'v  Licni'rally  entertain  the  liclicf.  however,  that  the  earth  is  a 
s(|uare  (i.uin'c.  and  entirely  surrounded  hy  water;  and  hy  troiniz  to  thcvei'/e  of  the 
plain,   thc\    could   step  oil'. 

If'.  The  chief  ii\('rs  occupied  hy  the  trihe  are  tlie  Arkansas.  Verdlu'i'is.  Canadian. 
North  l''ork  of  the  Canadian,  and  |{ed  Fork.  The  .\rkansas  is  navi.uahie  as  hi-h  as 
the  mn\ith  of  the  \'erdiiiris  ahout  oncdialf  of  the  year;  this  depends  alto-ether  upon 
the  state  of  the  season;  it  is  ahout  10(1(1  nules  in  len.iith.  (irand  iliver  is  supposed  to 
he  navijiuhle  for  ahout  KM)  miles,  hut  it  has  not  yet  heen  attempted.  The  \'erdii;ris 
is  ohstrncted  hy  a  fall  near  the  mouth.  North  Fork  is  navii;ahle  a  short  distance. 
I!ed  Fork  is  not  jicncrally  hclieved  to  he  navi.'.'lilc ;  the  mouth  of  it  is  ahout  sevenl\- 
five  miles  aljove  the  navit;ahle  portion  of  the  Arkansas;  the  Arkansas  is  ahout  one- 
(piarter  of  a  mile  wide;  \'erdi,uris  and  (irand  Hivers  ahout  one-eighth;  the  othci's 
prohahly  ahout  the  same,  (ioods  arc  landed  at  all  the  principal  points  hctween  the 
mouth  and  Creek  Aucncy  on  the  Arkan.sas;  the  (Irand  and  \'erdi,t;ris  Itivcrs  have 
each  hut  one  landin.ii'  near  their  mouth;  the  first  at  Fort  (lih.son.  the  latter  at  the 
Creek  A!.;cn(y.  All  the.sc  are  trihularies  of  the  Arkansas.  'J'lie  surface  of  the 
country.  f;enerally.  is  level;  ahounding  in  i)rairies,  with  a  jioodly  portion  of  liottom 
land.  There  is  an  ahundance  of  timher;  such  as  oak.  cotton-wood,  and  hlack-walnut  ; 
hut  little  cellar,  and  still  less  pine.  Attention  is  heinu;  directed  to  the  cultivation  of 
fruit  ;   the  peach,  however,  is  already   liiinul   in  ureat  ahundance. 

17.  The  sprin^r!*,  througliout  the  nation,  are  (piite  numerous,  hut  not  larjre.  Tiu're 
is  a  hike  on  the  Verdigris  Itiver.  aliout  eiuht  miles  from  its  mouth,  'i'he  outlet  is 
suppose'  lo  Ix"  into  the  Verdigris.     It  is  fresh  water,  and  ahmit  two  miles  in  longth, 


u 


t 


w 


I'  \ 


vi 


il 


\: 


u 


I 


I     i 


\     t 


Iv 


;H 


''  ll    ■^ 


270  TR  in.\  I,   olti;  A  N  IZ  ATIdX, 

and  Imlf  II  mill'  in  ItiViitllli.     TIuto  arc  no  lalvi'H  tliiit  fiiii  li<'  navigated  hy  t^lciirncrs. 
Tlicrc  aiv  no  ^*pl•inJr'^  thai  alloril  i^iiUli'ii'nt  watcr-iiowcr  for  iiractical  iPiir|)o.><('s. 

Is.  Tlic  v'l'niTiil  siii'l'ai'i' of  the  conntn  is  Ifxcl;  and  al:<o  liM'tilt'.  Sullicicncy  of 
wood  and  water.  AlNMnidin^  in  nioadows  and  prairies.  They  raise  eorri.  sonie 
wheat.  |>iitaloes.  turnips,  ^Sce.     There  are  no  natiiiid  ve^ielidde  pi-odnc(iuns. 

I'.l.  'I'hi'  I'aeilities  jitr  ;;ra/ing  arc  very  g(M>d.  Cattle  ami  stock  ai'e  easily  raised  on 
the  e.vtensive  prairies,  ami  in  the  hottoni  lands.  The  wimhIs  atl'ord  sonu-  spontaneous 
herl)a,i;e.  Wells  oi' water  are  ohtainecl  at  moderate  depths,  wiiere  there  are  no  spiinj:;s. 
Tiiorc  is  alwa_\s  a  practieahie  market  lor  tlio  surplns  ^rain  and  stock  at  Kurt  (iihson 
and  Fort  Sndtii. 

'2tl.  'I"he  jiractice  of  firing  the  prairies,  has  tho  I'll'ect  of  retarding  the  growth  of 
timlier.  I'rairie  lands  that  weii'  si'ttli'd  years  ago,  are  now  surrounded  with  tiinher, 
which  is  accounted  tiir,  l>y  the  lire  In-ing  kept  ulV. 

21.  There  arc  no  waste  lands  that  olVer  any  great  ohstacle  to  the  construction  of 
roads  There  are  marshy  places  iilonu  tlie  Arkansas  that  are  considered  unhealthy; 
in  soim,'  cases  the>e  marshes  are  fornieil  liy  the  spring-^,  and  not  1>\'  the  ri\(rs. 


2'-'.     Tiie  N'olcanic  tracts  are  not  extensive,  and  they  afford  a  supply  of  herli;ige  for 


stc 


■^MS: 


1         M 


1., 


2'\.     The  climate   is   generaliN'  ot"  a   ineiliuiu   character.     The   heat    is  distrihiitetl 


ver\'  similar  to  that  of  the   .Middle  States.      The  Miuth  wind 


s   iire\ail 


The  stn 


earns 


sometimes  oscrtlow  their  hanks,  which  is  geiiei'ally  attrilintaiile  to  the  melting  of  tlu' 
siKjws  upon  the  mountains.     Tornadoes  hasi-  seldom,  if  e\er.  occiiiri'il. 

24.      Salt  s])rings  are  found  on  the  south  side  of  the  Arkansas,  aljove  the  mouth  of 
(irand   Hiver. 

2").     ("oal  has  Ik^cii  found  in  ahundance  along  the  Arkansas  Hiver.     Other  minerals 
doubtless  are  to  be  found  in  the  nation. 

2(').     Nearly  all  the  wihl  animals  have  disappeared,  except  the  wolf  and  deer.     The 
fur  trade  has  had  the  ell'eet  to  iliminish  the  \alue  of  the  country  fa'  hunting. 

27.     The  hones  of  a  mastodon  were  (i)und  in  the  .\rkausas  Hiver. 


IS 


I'lH.      The  horse,  with  other  domestic  animals,  they  suppose  to  have  heeii  introduced 
1)V  the  whites. 


I  r  v" ' ' 


lllSTollV,    ANI>   t;nv  KIINMENT,  -J" I 

;!l.  T hoy  II 11'  nof  i'\|iort  in  dniwing  maps  or  cluirtM.  I  Imvi*  lU'ver  m-on  any 
HpociiiicnH. 

.">■_'.  Amiumiiis.  —  TliiTf  niv  two  atones  with  r(«)l-|irints  on  tlicni,  bill  wlirtlicr  or 
not  tlicy  mv  tlif  ri'Hult  of  hninuii  imlnstry  in  not  known 

■17.  AsTiinNoMv.  —  Tlicir  anionnt  ol"  knowlcd^'c  on  lliis  ,Huhj<>ct  is  very  limited. 
Tlicy  ItflifVt-  till'  t'lirdi  to  he  a  pliinc.  and  tliat  it  i.x  stiitionary.  and  also  tli.it  ii  is 
.some  animate  siilpslanee.  Tliey  liclieve  that  lidow  lis  are  a  siieeessioii  of  |ilanes,  and 
tliiil  iiili;ilii(aiits  (ire  duelling.'  upon  tluin.  'I'lie  sun.  moon,  iind  some  of  liie  >tiirs, 
lliey  liclic\e  rcNoUe  aidiiiid  the  eiirtii  ;  hut  some  ol'  the  st;irs  are  stationary,  and  stuck 
upon  the  sk\ .  'I'hry  h('li('\(Mhe  sun  is  a  hot  siihslinice  ;  thai  the  nioun  i>  inhahitrd 
liy  a  mill  and  a  do;/.  As  to  the  stars,  lhe_\  know  iioliiinj;'  of  their  nature.  'I'hey  do 
not  helievc  the  planets  to  he  other  Worlds.  They  say  the  whit<'  jieople  eaiiic  IVom  the 
wilier,  wiiere   they  dwelt   ill   siiips. 

■IS.  They  helieve  that  dod.  or  the  (Ireiit  Spirit,  ereated  the  imivor.se,  ami  all  thiiifrs 
just   as   they  e.xist. 

lit.  Tiiey  lielieM'  the  suii  to  he  a  larixo  liody  of  heat,  and  tliiit  it  revolves  anaind 
the  e.irtli.  Some  helieve  it  is  a  hall  of  lire.  'I'hey  do  not  eompreheml  the  re\()lntioii 
of  the  earth  around  the  siin.  'I'hey  suppo.sc  that  the  sun  literally  rises  and  sets. 
'I'hey  think  our  (iresenl  theory  an  imcntiou  of  the  while  man.  and  tiiiit  lie  is  not 
sintere.  when  he  says  tiie  earth  moves  around  the  snn. 

")0.  They  helieve  the  sky  to  he  a  materiiil  mass  of  some  kind,  to  whirii  the  stiirs 
are  appended.  T1r\\'  helieve  that  it  is  of  a  half-circulur  form,  hut  that  its  truneiitioiis 
do  not  touch  the  earth.     They  do  not  hi'lieve  the  sk_v  to  bo  cireiiiiiscril)ed. 

■"il.  They  account  for  eclip.ses  hy  the  hiir  dojj;  Hwallowinji  the  sun:  hut  they  Imvo 
no  idea  where  the  liiu  do;.'  comes  from.  Tluy  do  not  helieve  that  intervening.'  ohjects 
are  the  ciinses  of  the  ecli[)ses.  The  ••dead-sun  "  is  accounted  fur.  from  the  fo;:s  :.:'oiun 
lip  from  the  I'artli  ;  and  they  supiioso  that  this  fog  i.s  created  hy  the  smoke  of  fire, 
an  i  sometimes  that  it  arises  from  the  rivers. 

•VJ.  The}-  com})iiti'  the  year  fn^m  the  hiiddui;.'  of  the  trees.  The  year  they  suppose 
consists  of  some  indetinito  mimijer  of  motais.  They  have  no  astronomical  knowledi:e 
of  the  leiigtli  of  the  year.  The  (Veek.s  generally  have  no  delinite  knowlodgo  on  this 
siihjcct. 

O.J.  Tlu'v  li;t\e  no  delinite  ider.  of  the  lenirth  of  the  siiinnier  or  winter. 


t    )| 


I    1 


i' 


i'i 

1  ■] 


\,. 


M 


•.'7.'  Til  I  l(A  I.    oK(i  A  N  I /AT  I  ON. 

"•I.  'rin'\  Imvi'  iiocvL'li'.  or  li\f<l  or  Ktutiil  |ifriiMl.  iit  tlii'  iiiil  of  whiili  liny  U'lii'vi- 
tlic  worlil  will  i-oiiic  to  II  ('lor<('.  Itiit  tlii'V  xiiy  it  will  Im  (IcMtrinnl  liv  lii'i>;  ami  w  lii-n 
llii-*  |H'riiii|  itrrixcs,  the  rartli  will  Ix'  lilli'd  wiili  war;  ami  ii  limiv  nl' |i '0|i|t'  will  ,i|i|iiMr 
allloll^  tlic  liiiliaiir<,  ami  iIk's  will  lie  ilcslroM'il ;   aixl  llicii  tin'  ''  i  irit  \\  ill  ili',vti'o\ 

IIk'  earth,  to  l\('c|i  oIIkm'm  iVoiii  getting  ptrnMe^Hioii  of  it.      'I'Iu'n  di     '   \  l):>li('\i'  lli:it  ttie 
Imlian   |aii':«t.><  caii^'c  its  rt-iicwal. 

•'>■">.  'I'lii'v  lia\t'  no  iiaiiii'  Inr  tlir  vcar  Imt  llif  two  gniiTal  ilixiNioiiH,  iriuli  r  ami 
hiinniii  i\  'ITh'V  lia\i'  no  wfck.  'I'lifV  connidi'r  all  iLinn  alikf.  'I'lic  nionlli  and  week 
arc  ili\  i.-<i(ins  unknown  to  tlicin  gcnci'ally.  'I'lic  da\  is  not  div  iih'd  into  lionrM,  or  any 
other  fnli-|iortion  ol'  lime. 

"i('p.  'I'll!  \  liase  lail  the  one  jjvneral  name  lor  all  the  .stars.  'I'lie\  are  not  alile  to 
|iarlieidari/e. 


">7.    'I'luN    lia\e    lii'lhin^   ic(rre>|Minclinv'   to   the  ^i^'ns  i>i'  the   /odiiic.      'I'luv    do   not 
attach   an\   im|piirlanee  or   inlhienee   to   the  stars.      'I'he  shooiimx  stars.   hi(wi'\er.  are 

e\ce|p|ii)ns  ;    which  lhe\    >n|i|in-e  Ici  lie  excrements  la-l    n|iiinlhe    eartli,  and    this    ihcy 

mix  willi  their  medicine;  and  which.  \\licn  thus  iireparcd,  ihey  cunsiihr  \cry  ellica- 
cions.  The\  do  not  heliexc  that  the  moon  has  miv  inlhienee  njinn  men.  plants,  ur 
:uiimal-.  ('urn  is  planted  Ky  the  parlicidai'  perinds  of  the  innon.  There  is  nothin;.' 
known   ol'ihi'   nwHin   inllmncini;    the  i^rnwlh   nf  lorn. 


■  >.    'i'hi'    .\nrora    Mnrealis.   tl 


ii'V    snniHist 


PI" 


indicates   cliamics    in    tlie   weather,  and 


alwa\s  Icir  the  wurse.      Tlie    milk\-wa\.  lliey  iM-liesc    to    lie    thi'    paths   of  the   spirit-^; 


It  llic  »|iirii>  111'  w  h 


I  hat.   tlii'S  dii  not   km 


iW. 


Tl 


ie\   have  no  theorv   ni  rcL'ari 


In   ram.   iiad 


■h  ikU.   iVc.      Thc\ 


.nciw    ncitliin'i  el'  meteor- 


Comets.    the\     \y 


indicate   war.    !iut   of   their  nature   llii'y   know   nothin'j.      'i'he   phenomena   of   I'ailin;: 
stars  the\  I". plain  li\   the  eonsidei'alion  that  the  t'allin::  lind\   is  elhcacions  in  medicinal 


pnrpo-is 
wcaliier. 


rhe\    canmit    account    liir    tlie    lainhow  ;    the\    U  lieNc    it    indicates    t'ai 


."i'.'.  Tiidi'  ;ire  cciinciilcnces  amoni:  them  similar  to  the  ca-iental  sy.-tem  of  cumpnlin.;' 
lime.  They  li:i\e  an  annual  "iMi^k."  which  lornierlx  emlaaced  a  periud  df  eluht 
da_\  s.  Iiul  now   a  period  nl'  lour  da\  s  ;    this  time  is  dexoteil  to  thanks'iis  in  j  and  last  in;;. 


It  rcseniMi's  \ir\   nnnh  li 


I  ihe   \  ear  of  ,1  uliilee  anions:    the  llelacws.      .\t    the   return  of 
this  I'e^lix  al.  ail  olli'iu'c-  :ire  caueelleil.      This   I'e.-liMil   commences  at    the    ripenini;   of 


tir 


le   new   crops,  at    w  Inch    lmi< 


'.ieneial  puriialion  and  clean^ini;  take-  place.  At 
intei'vals.  sinjini:' and  dancing;  .are  introduced.  On  the  lir.-t  day  of  the  ••  hiiskelau," 
there   is  a   ;jeneral    lia.-t    prepare. 1.  iVom   tl Id   crop,   to  which    least   all   contrihnte. 


\^f 


IIIRTOUY,   AND    (iOVERNMKNT. 


27  .J 


AttoiidiiiK'p  ix  (.liliuiitiirv.  SiutimI  fin'K  nrc  hiiilt.  ii|)nii  whicli  Tuiir  pircc^  of  inrcii  onk 
wihmI  aiv  iirniiijfiMl.  in  poHitioiiM  ucconlin!;  to  llic  luiir  cunliiial  |i'iirits  .if  th.-  .unipii'"'. 
'riii'ir   tales  ami   all.'p.ri.'H  iiiii^<t    he   rii.  rivil   U>,   lor  iiitoniiatioii  on    thi-    ami    IiIm- 

Hllltjl'1't.X. 

tp(».  Tlioy  my  tlit-ir  imrmlifc,  or  hiip|ty  liuntiiig-groiiiiilH.  is  alMtvf,  Imt  wlii'iv,  tlicy 
Inivc  no  ilclinitc  iilni. 

(11.   AiiiTiiMiriK    — Thf  trilM-  ./««•<  cunrit  l)y  ilccinialH.     Nniii'  uf  ilic  cliins  ainniiL'  tin' 

('ivckr<  :in'  in  llic  li:il>ll  nl'  conntin):  liy  lives.     Tliev  cat in|intr  nuinlxTs  a.«<  liii.'!)  at 

iniliiiinH.      Ilc\miil  tm.  the  (!ii;i|.s  are  nseij   i nni'eliim  witli  the  ijerinials ;   ami   tluM 

fiime  inetli.HJ  i.s  ii>e(|  to  any  e.Meiit.      'I'hey  are  earri.'d  c.n  with  eeriainly  to  ii  million. 

(i'J.  Neither  the  \v;nM|iiiia  nor  any  liirni  ol  H'.i-.-helU  is  n'-eii  to  re|)resent  nuniht'r.s, 
or  eoii-tiliite  a  .-landanl  .pI' evehanje.  The  ('reeks  ne\er  \\:u\  a  cnrrencv,  nor  have 
they  now  anUhinu  of  the  nalnri'  of  a  enrrency,  aside  from  llie  cnrreneN-  of  the  I'niteil 

Slates.      'I'lie  seawan.  peau.  or  wampnni,  the  Creeks  never  introiln 1   into  their  coni- 

pntatioiis.  ns  an.xiliaries  to  their  dibits  and  decimals.  They  .lo  nnderslaml  Federal 
inonoy. 

('>'■].  Previous  to  ahoiit  the  year  ISOO.  (hero  won'  no  acconnts  to  koop.  Thoy  nrc 
now  kept  similar  to  those  of  the  pooplo  of  tho  I'nitod  States.  All  vahiaMe  skin.s, 
ninskrats.  heavers,  and  otters,  iiro  sold  hy  weight.  The  hntValo  and  deer-skins  are 
sold  liy  ipiidity. 

()4.  Sijrns  or  ])ietorial  deviees  are  not  used  to  nny  extent  in  iicconnts,  or  in  com- 
merce, neither  are  their  pictorial  records. 

(»•">.  Kaeh  perpendicular  stroke  always  «//V/  stand  for  one,  ami  each  additional  stroke 
marked  an  additional  immlier.  The  ajjros  of  deceased  j)ersons  or  nnmher  of  scalps 
taken  hy  them,  or  war-parties  which  they  have  headed,  are  recorded  on  their  Lnave- 
posts  hy  this  .system  of  strokes.  The  si^in  of  the  cross  represents  ten.  The  dot. 
and  comma,  never  stood  as  a  sign  for  a  day.  or  a  moon,  or  a  month,  or  a  year.  The 
chronological  marks  that  were  and  are  in  yre.sent  n.se.  are  a  small  nnmher  of  sticks, 
made,  generally,  of  cane.  Another  plan,  sometimes  in  use.  was  to  make  small  holes 
in  a  hoarti,  in  which  a  peg  was  inserted,  to  keep  the  days  of  the  week. 

Pifi.  Mkdicini:. — They  use  herhs  and  incautalious  in  their  general  ])ractieo.  ''"hoy 
are  careful  ami  lender  of  their  sick,  as  a  general  thing.  There  i."  no  perceptii.I" 
dillerence  in  their  attention  to  the  sick. 


I    < 


i!' 

!     1    ,'        I 


,1^ 


!'i 


ni 


(     1 


i 


1 
it  ■ 

I 


ill 


I 


•^i 


I 


1  i 


I:  i^ 


U 


'  •( 


if! 


1(  i 


I    • 


V.t-'! 


•^ 


271 


T  R  I JJ  A  L    U  11  (I  A  N  I Z  A  T  I  (»  N , 


G7.  Tlu'ir  doctoi.s  ami  pnictitiuiiors  Imve  no  kiumk'iljrc  of  aiuitoiuy ;  noitlier  of  the 
circulation  of  tiic  bl<Joil ;  nor  of  the  patliology  of  iliseaHoa. 

t'iS.  'I'liKATMKNT  OF  ( "(iMi'i.AiNTS. —  For  fcvors,  tlii'V  iiHo  tli(>  rotl-root ;  for  pleurisy, 
tlicy  use  sassiilViis ;  for  oonsuniption,  they  have  no  (lednite  freatuieiit.  For  many 
coiuplaiuts  they  iiave  no  herbs.  The  roots  ami  lierl)s  they  ^\ere  aeeustomed  to  use  in 
the  ■■'//(/  iiiitiiiii"  the}'  have  not  yi't  1  een  ahk'  to  iliseover  in  their  new  country,  west 
of  the   Mississippi. 

till.  The  Iti.L'  prairie-weeil  is  ".iscd  a.'<  an  enietie,  taken  as  a  tea.  For  catharties  they 
have  a  nnniher  of  roots  and  weeds,  prepared  as  a  tea.  They  dii,'  their  herbs  and  roots 
\\  hen   needed. 

7(1.  Thi'y  do  not  bleed  in  fevers.  The  Indian  lancet  is  used  in  eases  of  jiain.  The 
cuppinji  is  i:enerally  etlicni'ious  :  and  a  vaciuiin  is  produced  by  e.\hanstiuj;-  the  air  by 
tlie  aid  of  the  lunutli. 

71.  Tiny  ha\e  no  healiuji' tir  drawinjr  phisti'rs;  bandagi'S  and  lints  are  api)lied  in 
many  ca.ses. 

I'l.  The  Micress  \\ith  whi(di  they  treat  gun-shot  wounds,  cuts,  &c.,  is  generally 
attributed    to   the  <'arr   nf  the    physician. 

7.1.  'I'lie  Creeks  never  an.putate.  They  are  skilful  in  the  use  of  splints.  For 
removing  the  wo\nuled.   they   use  the   litter. 

71.  They  use  root.s  and  herbs  altogether.  They  have  ellicaeious  remeilics  for  lennilo 
ciinipiainls.  They  do  not  use.  inttdligently.  metallic  medicines.  'I'hey  do  not  under- 
stand the  nature  of  an  o.\yde.  They  do  not  always  use  their  compounds  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  insure  eflicacy  and  success. 

7"(.  They  have  two  modes  of  treating  eruption.^  of  the  skin  :  First,  the  external 
ap|ilicatinn  of  a  ili  coetion  of  herbs;  ami,  SecoiuUy,  by  steaming  with  the  same 
de<Mctiiin.  The  cause  of  their  known  and  gi'ni'ral  failure  to  treat  small-po.\.  or 
\arioloid.  is.  I'irst.  tiieir  liuiiled  knowleilge  of  the  natui'e  of  the  disea.se;  and, 
Scdiidly.  their  beliel'  that  it  is  coutaiiious  prevent.s  their  aduiinisleiiM^  for  its  cure. 
In  no  case-i.  whatever,  do  men  assist  in  pariuritiou.  After  jiarturition,  the\  use  a 
simple  root  or  weed.  For  paralysis,  their  treatment  is  luit.  in  all  eases,  siu'cessful, 
which  is  i;enerally  by  roots  or  herbs.     They  use  the  vaixir-bath  ellicaeiouslv. 

7G.   I.mi;i;n.u.  ('oN.srnLTicv  ok  tiik  Tuiiti:. — The  Creek  nation  is  divided  into  two 


'I 


(3 


HISTORY,   AND   GOVERNMENT. 


275 


districts;  the  Arkansas  mid  the  Ciuiadiiiu  districts.  Tiio  ddicors  consist  of  a  principal 
and  a  .second  chief,  who  are  ciiosen  l)}'  tiie  jreneral  council;  in  addition,  each  district 
has  two  priiicij)al  chiefs,  cliosen  in  the  same  maimer  as  the  two  principal  chiefs  of  the 
nation.  Each  district  is  governed  hy  the  same  laws.  Eveiy  liundred  iier.sons  has  a 
right  to  elect  a  chief,  who  represents  them  in  general  council.  Tiie  trihe  is  divided 
into  several  clans,  viz.,  Tin'  Ti;/n\  Wiii</.  liiiir,  Wnlf.  liird.  l-ux.  h'(j<)l,  A//ii/iiti»;  Ihcr ; 
all  denoting  strength.  The  trihe  aiipears,  originally,  to  have  hcen  organized  on  the 
Totemic  i)laii ;  each  clan  bearing  the  name  of  some  bird  or  animal. 


1 1  !'■■    ', 


77.  The  only  utility  of  the  divisions  into  clans,  appears  to  he,  to  denote  those 
objects  in  which  they  take  the  greatest  delight.  They  are  indicative  of  the  original 
families,  and  also  distinguished  chiefs  of  the  tribe,  (.'bins  are  a  sign  of  kindred. 
The  devices  were  not  their  names.  There  is  pre-eminence  given  to  the  clans.  The 
cliiiis  are  not  governed  by  distinct  chiefs.      (.S'c  al)o\'e.) 

"S.  Tiie  eiiiefs  were  not  originally  hereditary.  Tiic  descent  was  in  the  female 
line.      This  cuslniii  has  become  extinct.      The  chiefs  are  now  chosen  by  the  council. 

7'.'.  The  general  council  of  the  (Jreek  Indians  consists  of  a  representation  from 
the  whole  tribe,  as  divided  into  towns.  This  council,  compc  -ed  of  the  chiefs,  is  vested 
with  /(/(//'(/•//  power,  to  art  for  the  whole  tril)e.  Their  /'/•/«'  yKinininix  (U'  dci'i>ions, 
have  all  the  force  of  a  written  document ;  these  decisions  are  announced  in  general 
council;  and  also  recorded  by  tiie  clerk.  Their  authority,  (as  among  the  priiicii)al 
chiefs.)  is  often  assumed.  Their  autiiority  is  delegate<l  to  them,  (in  many  cases.)  by 
virtue  of  tiieir  standing  and  inllueiiee.  Tliey  are  at  all  tiiiR's  open  to  popular  opiidon, 
and  are  the  mere  I'Xponents  of  it.  The  power  of  the  chiefs  in  council  is  unlimited. 
Tbeii  decisions  are  absolute. 


S(i.  'I'he  principal  chiefs  are  cho.seii  by  the  general  council;  and  now.  are  not 
ciiosen  so  mueli  for  their  i'i'IiowikmI  deeds,  as  their  civil  and  p;:;"''ar  (iiialificatioiis. 
Their  term  of  ollice  contiimes  during  good  ijehavior.  The  disajiproval  of  tlu'  Ixidy 
oi'  the  |ieo[ile  is  an  elVeetive  bar  to  tlie  exercise  of  their  powers  and  fuiK'tions. 


1  ■   I 


Si.  The  chiefs,  in  puliiic  council,  speak  tlu'  opinions  and  sentiments  of  tht>  warriors. 
'I'hey  consult  the  priests,  old  men.  and  young  men  composing  the  tribe,  in  local 
matters.  Sometimes  they  are  subject  to  be  inlliienced  by  extrani'ous  opinion^.  In 
many  casi's  they  pin  sue  the  interests  of  the  people  with  ,-lirewdness  and  intensity. 
In  their  councils,  their  decisions  are  generally  determined  by  the  o|)inioiis  ol  the 
leading  chiefs;  their  dit'tinn  generally  iiilhieiices  the  mass.  Tin  right  to  sit  in 
council,  is.  nominally,  eipiivaleiit   to  giving  a   rutr.     The  c/y/.v  mid  //'«  "■.  if  counted, 


iTii 


",  '  ■ 


i  ' 
t 


:iTi) 


I!  1  11  A  I.    i>  I!  (I  A  N  I  /  AT  I  uN 


"'   I 


:    'I 


'.'  i 


t  ( 


,t! 


would  he  1j\  till-  cli'ik.  (';i.-<tiii,L;'  tin'  \(iti'.  liiiwcMT,  liiis  iii)t  ln'cii  iiilrodiici'd  iiiiitiii;^ 
till'  (,'ri'L'ks.  Tlic  oiiiiiiniis  (if  till'  It'adiii.ii  cliicls  ti'ciifrally  rcfiuliito  llic  dcfisiiiiis  of 
till'  I'DUiuil.  Powers  !U('  sitiuftiiiii's  oxfrciscd  liy  the  iliid's,  in  luhiiiici'  of  [mlilie 
o])iiii(iii ;  hilt  iuiytliiiij;' ui'oss  or  oiitrii'_'('oiis    would  he  indiuiKiiitiy  rcpi'lli'd. 

S2.   Till'  j)iil)lir    or   frciu'i'iil  couucils  arc   o[K'iii'd   witli  a  uood    dial  of   coreiiiony. 


pniicii)! 


il  I'liifl's  first  c'Uti'r  and  take   tlii'ir  scats.     Tlic  next  in  order  tl'cn  cuter. 


nnd  iiddrcssinjr  tlioinsolvcs  to  the  whole  hody.  ask  :  "  Arc  you  all  iiresenl.  my  I'liciulsV" 
They  then  take  their  seals.  'I'he  |iriiui[)al  ehicf,  lisinu'  I'roin  his  seat,  jircscnts 
d   ehie!',  his   tohaico:   ami   this   iiiteivhanee   takes    place   throuuhont   the 


le  secoii 


to  tl 

whole  assseiiih 


y.     'I'hcsc  interchamii's   ha\in^'  liceii   ^unc    tliroiiLdi   with,  they  next 
ak  ahout  their  doiucsti<'  alliiir-^.      'i'licii    local   mailers;   al'lcr  which  thev  lU'occcd  to 


hiisincss.      Their   liu>inc>s    is    coudiicicd    i 


rrcLiulariN,    ilai 


\,    and    ^cncralU.    I)\'    the 


position  of  the  suii.      The   prin<ipal   cliii'f  adjourns   the  council  lo  the  ajipointcd  time 


nt\xt  daw      Bel'orc  th 


C     ClO^i'   o 


f  lliiir  dcliln  ralioiis.  the   two   imdics   aurce  nnou  a  da\ 


of  adj(.)urni;ieiit.  At  the  a|i|ioiulcil  time  lor  adioui'nmciit.  llic  two  hndics  come 
fo.fcthcr.  The  >econd  chiefs,  ri-iiii;  tir>t.  addrc>>  llicinscKcs  to  llic  lirsl  chii'f-.  tidliii::' 
thrill  ■•thc\-  are  t;cjin'^  to  lca\c  iIhmh.        Tlir\   then  srat  llicmM'l\e<.  the  whole  council 


)win:j:   ill    regular   onlcr.    a.coiiliu'.;'    to    llicir 


■jiadi'.      'I'he    principal    chiefs,    then 


risui'i',  sa\. 


W 


e  return  liomi' 


T 


ici'c   I-   >\\\\   souic   resiii'ct    iiaiil  to  aiu'icnt 


nies.  KcL'ard  is  paid  to  the  wcallicr  in  ihiir  dclilicratious,  Tlii'y  ha\t'  two  nali  )iial 
clerks;  and  one  I'nited  Slates,  and  oiu'  national  intcrprdcr.  All  (picstions  are 
consiih'red  with  more  or  less  ilt  lihcialion.  Decisions  are  sometimes  made  upon  the 
principle  of  majorilies,  and  sometimes   linfrd   hy  the  opinions  of  the  leadinti'  chiefs. 


Tl 


icic  ar(^  no  ca<es  that  reipiire   ahsoluti'   unannni 


ilc.      T 


lere   ma\   hi'  eases   ui  wliicii 


the  Voice  (if  a  IcadiuL'  idiicf  mii.:hl  lie  lakni  as  tin-  \>  ill  o|'  the  trilie. 

S.'l.  i)ici>ious  niaijc  li\  till-  ilii''f-  ill  counril  arc  carried  into  clU^cl  imjilii'it  Ic.  in 
cases  of  ca|iit;d  piini-hmeut.  the  exi'culioui'r  is  s'drclcil  IVoui  a  Imdv  of  men  called 
"the  liiudit  Horse."  He  n-^-  ncilliei-  tomahawk,  chdi.  unr  arrow.  The  Liun  is  gene- 
rally sclicted  as  tlit^  instruiniait  of  excciitiou.  If  the  culprit  lia-^  no  choice  of  place 
for  execuliiiu.  the  cxccutiouri'  mas  appoint  the  placr.  which  is  p'ueralK  selected  with 
reference  to  a  con\cnii  nee  \'>>\-  lnnial.  In  ca-e  of  the  restoration  of  pnipcrlN'.  a  nics- 
.■sfuj.'cr  is  sent  to  the  pai'lii'-.      Thii'i'  is.  howi'M'r.  no  rc'.:ularily  on  this  sulijecl 

S4.  Ill  case  of  i\  vacancy  liy  death  or  otherwise,  the  ollice  is  lillnl  liy  the  .-election 
of  the  (lenernl  CouiK'il.  Somelimes  the  \acancy  i<  lilled  liy  ihe  town  to  which  the 
chief  iM'loiiged,  and  then  hniunhi  hi'llne  the  (icneral  (ouncil  liir  sanction  in  case  of 
a  vacancy  among  the  leadini:  eliiefs,  the  vacancy  is  lilled  hy  tic;  (icneral  Council.  The 
chiefs  niay  he  deposed  from  (jflice  for  frross  outrajic     The  custom  of  wearini;'  medals  in 


w 


wm 


!    '   !' 


1 1  I  S  '1"  ()  I{  Y,    AM)   ( ;  n  ^'  E  H  N  .M  E  N  T .  'JT7 

nil  iuiricnt  (iiic,  lull    i-^  iitikIiiiiH y  ;;i'ii\viiii!'  into  disuse.     'I'licri'  iirc  lnii  i'vw  that  wear 

tlioiii.      Tlio  iiic'liils   rcovivcd  IVoiii   tlii'  I'liitcil  States  ure   valued   and  |)i-eserved,  but 
not  worn. 


i 


!  ; 


So.  Tlie  priestliooi  ur  iiliysic-niiikers  do  not  constitute  ji  distinct  iiouer  in  tin- 
jro\t'rii.;ient.  'I'liey  d(,  i,^i  sit  in  tlie  council  as  a  prieslliooil  ;  and  their  ad\ice  in  poli- 
tical matters  is  not  res(  rteil  to.  Soinetinies,  however,  in  local  matters,  their  rDiiJiirn- 
tiiiiis  have  inlluence.  The  weather,  ahuiit  the  time  ol'tiie  distriliutiuii  of  the  aniiuitv, 
in  soiiK^  parts  of  the  nation,  falls  under  the  scrutiny  of  the  pli\sic-inakei  .  .\nion,u' 
till' Creeks  there  is  no  suchthinu  as  sidliiiL,'  or  ceding' of  lands.  ••  It  is  I'nr  hk  .  I'm- 
titir.  (iiiil  fi'i'  nil."      Sdiiietinies.   however,   iinprovenu'iits  are  (hspos<Ml  of. 


'n 


;: 


Si'i.  'i'lie  powers  of  a  ei\il  ami  a  war  chief  are  ofieii  nnilfd  in  the  same  pcr-oii. 
'J'lie  distinc'!..;!  hetwcen  w.w  chiefs  and  ci\il  chiefs  is  scarceU'  kno\vn.  There  is  a, 
limit  uheii  a  yoiiicj  man  may  cxpicss  his  opinion  -.    this  is  at  the  a-c  of  tweiitv-oiie. 

ST.  'I"he  matrons  haxc  in;  lights  whatexci'  in  counciL  Tlie\  lia\e  no  si'paratc  seat 
ill  council.  They  liasc  no  prescriptive  ritiht  of  heiici'  heard  h\  an  otlicial  person,  who 
hears  the  character  of  a  messeiiL;vr  from  the  women,  'i'lie  w  i(|o\\  s  of  dist  in'.:iii>lied 
chiefs,  or  tliose  of  ack  now  led  Lied  wisdom.  ar<'  never  adnnlled  In  >it  in  cniincil. 

S7.  There  is  no  definite  nnderstaiidinir  ainoiii;-  the  trihi's  in  rcjard  to  this  m.iiter. 
The  Creeks  have  a  riiihl  to  summ-  n  a  iz'eiierai  council  of  the  trihes.  Tiiese  councils 
may  he  calle'  fu'  any  pnr|iose.  and  hy  any  of  the  trihes.  .\  'jenei'al  coiiiieil  of  the 
tribes  was  held  at  'l'alle(|uah.  Clicioki'e  Nation,  about  the  \ear  b'^  l-'l.  .Notiiiii'.;  of  aiiv 
importance  was  transacted  at  it.  Tliere  is  at  present  an  (dliirt  iieiie^  made  to  summon 
i\  ■ronoral  council  of  the   tribes  sonie   time  dui'imr  tlie   next   summer. 


.I'l 


S',1,  Formerly  the  brother  of  the  dec(>aseil  axen^'cd  the  murder;  if  ilnre  was  no 
brother,  then  the  m>arest  ndative,  .\u10n2'  the  Creeks,  now.  howevir.  liie  miirdcrer 
nnderiiiics  a  re-nlar  trial  bifore  some  of  the  leadiicj  chiefs  of  tlie  iiatiMn.  and  is  ilca'.l 
with  accordim;'  to  (heir  di'cisidu.  If  an  Inilian  should  innrdin'  a  iieuio.  ihe  law  is 
satisfied  v\  itii  the  \aliie  of  the  neuro  beiiiii'  paid  to  the  owner.  The  iiileiv  riitinu  of 
time  and  the  lleeiiiL;'  of  the  murderer.  u<'nerally  allay  reseiiliiK  nl  and  lead  to  compro- 
iiiises.  After  the  annual  '•  busk."  all  od'eiices  are  caiictdli'd.  There  is  no  disi  inction 
made  ill  the  esliuiale  of  life  between  the  male  and  lemale.  Debts  of  licensed  traders 
are  sometimes  broiiLdit  before  the  council  fir  adjmlii'ation.  'i'lie  (diiels  t^eiieralh  have 
ii  suHicieiit  knowle(li:-e  of  numbers  to  enable  them  to  act  with  |irudencc.  A  iiiessaLie 
accompanied  with  ivaiiipuiii  is  never  sent  in  case  of  private  (bsputes  or  contruversios 
aiuonii  the  tribes. 


I 


:i 


I  • 


I 


i\ 


!j 


i 


!l! 


I'll 


'  !   ■'\ 


h 


'I 


;i  ( 


.1 


M 

(I 


S. 


I   :  « 


'278 


TRIBAL   OR  (i  A  N  1  Z  A  T  1 0  N, 


'.'0.  'I'lu'iv  aro  no  nuinc  laws  in  oxisti'iicc!  anionir  (lie  ("rocks.  Families  liavo  no 
])artioular  trai  is  as  tlioir  cxcliisivi'  liuMtinij;  iiround. 

01  As  to  imlividiial  Ixmndarios,  there  are  none  laid  down.  National  boundaries 
ai'c  M.'  liairiirs  to  the  eiti/vns  of  one  nation  settlin;^  in  the  limits  of  another.  The 
iunitinii-irroiMids  are  not  |>ar(Tlle(l  out  to  families. 

''■J.  Cases  of  looal  iiitnision  do  not  arise,  rnjiiry  <ione  to  |)i'0|ierty  is  redressed  hy 
law.  The  forfeiture  of  life  is  not  ollen  the  result  of  continued  intiusion;  and  the 
seizure  of  furs  still   less. 

'.i;>.  Kacli  hinitiuL;  \>arly  luakes  its  own  rejrnlations  for  the  distriliution  of  the  uauu'. 
The  |)(M-^on  wIh'  starts  an  aiiiii  ,il  and  wounds  it,  is  entitled  to  tiie  skin.  The  meat 
is  divided  ai'ciMilini;  to  aiireeii'K-ut.  Kacli  one  lia^s  his  own  uaiue.  In  cases  of  tlicfls 
fi'oni  tiaps.  the  ofl'enders  are  punished  1\\  law. 

'.•I.  Tlie  lril)es  permit  eacii  other  to  hunt  on  their  resi)eetive  limits.  'I'liere  is 
•sehloiu   au_\   dillicidt\   on    this  suhject. 

'.'•").    JMirxN     TiiMn:.  —  Wlml  nn   llir  iiri/i'l/iti/  /'n/^   )iici ssiir'/ In  In   /.•/inir.i.  In  ri(/iil(i/i 

llii       Imlitlii     Irilih     (III/    cniilllli  I'll',    iliiil     In    pri  SI  rri      jiitli'ijill     nlilliniis    nil     tllr    Jriuitursf 

( 'ouiuieii  lal  intercourse  ha-i.  in  smiie  respects,  promoteil  the  jrenci'ai  cause  <)f  iuilian 
ci\  iii/.aliou.  The  trallic  in  lurs  and  siiins  is  reduced  to  a  ri-iridar  system  of  barter. 
The  dillicuilies  and  risks  atteiiiliui;'  it.  are  the  damiers  from  \\\\<.'<  and  worms.  Tiie 
LTi'Mi'ial  eiianees  o|'  profit  and  loss  depend  upon  the  state  <ii'  the  markets  al)roail. 
'i'he  auiniity  >eul  to  tiie  lliiliaii-^  liy  tlie  Ijlited  States  ( lo\'eiMlllent.  esjieeiMliy  tliat 
part  ill  the  shape  ol'  L'oods.  does  not  cscajie  tlii'  ordeal  of  sjieciilatiou.  in  the  Indian 
Teriitoi'\ .  The  liidiaiis.  in  a  L'reat  iiiau\'  easi's,  sell  their  elaiiii-<  to  tiiese  piods,  to 
tiieir  own  iicojilc  cii_'ai;ed  in  trade  aiaoiiL;'  them.  I'or  about  oiie-hall'  their  actual  first 
cost.  The  coiiseipiriice  i<.  liiat  when  the  rooils  arrive,  tiio.^^e  iilost  ill  need  of  them 
ii:i\ethe  sad  ^atis|■aetiou  of  seeiui^  them  |iass  into  the  hands  of  tlK'ir  own  peoiile 
eiiLia'^ed  ill  speculation  auiou.r  liiem.  The  intercourse  law  forbids  while  |K>ple  to 
embark  in  this  sjieculatiou.  'i'liis  part  of  the  intercourse  \\\w  is  <reiierally  e\ade(l  by 
the  Indian  takiu;:'  into  partniu'ship  with  him  the  ivliite  man:  tlius  dividiiijr  the  turkey 
between  tlielil,  while  lli'  /mnr  /ii,/iiuix.  Ibr  wllolll  tliest'  ll'r^s  were  intended,  must 
content    themsehc's  wilii   the   hii/zard. 


',Mi.  Tiie  cliiel's  and  hunters  are  sliicwd,  cautious,  and  exact  in  their  dealings;  ami 
sometimes  make  their  |nircliase.s  witli  judiiiueiit ;  and,  as  a  gi'ueral  thiiij;.  pay  up  tlieir 
debts  faithlully.      Many  are  .s(//«/-.  nmrnl.  and  ili-«niJ.      Many,  at  the  present  time,  do 


I'l 


( 


'     k 


11   J 


II I  ST  GUY,   AND  (JOVEUNMKNT. 


279 


not  culircly  rely  upon  memory  in  kccpinfr  tlioir  iiccounts.  Tlicy  arc  not  iiiili'd  hy 
liiiTou'lyiiliii's  of  any  kind.  In  kcc'iiinj!;  their  aeeounts,  tiicy  eonliile  mostly  to  tlie 
iioiiesty  of  the  niercliiint.  Tliey  are  every  year  hecominu'  iiioi'e  e\aet.  'I'iie  fidelity 
of  thi>  Creek  Imlian  doi's  not  dejiend  njjon  the  hiintinj;'.  The  credits  iiro  freely 
renewed,  but  they  arc  npon  the  faith  of  the  annuity. 

nS.  The  tarifl"  of  exehnnue.*,  <renorall\'.  is  snilieient  to  pniteet  tlie  trader  from  loss. 
It  is  generally  just  and  fair.  Nothing  definite  ean  bo  stated  in  regard  to  /imilaHoit  — 
lull/  or  lust. 

W.  {'ommerce  lias,  si-ee  the  discovery  of  the  continent,  had  tiie  effect  (o  stimulate 
the  hunters  to  increased  exertions,  and  thus  to  hasten  the  diminution  of  the  races  of 
aniuuiis  whose  furs  are  caught. 

I  HO.  The  different  races  of  animals  have  deelineil  rapidlw  since  the  prosecution  of 
tlie  trade.  The  bidl'alo  and  beaver  diminish  in  the  highest  ratio.  Do  not,  know 
which  fleo  first. 

Hi).  The  lands,  when  denmled  of  furs,  are  of  no  great  value  to  the  Indians,  while 
they  remain  in  the  hunter-state.  The  sale  of  such  hunted  lands  is  not  lieneficial  to 
them,  but  very  detrimental.  For,  when  dcliarred  of  their  iiunting-gronnds.  they  turn 
tlieir  attention  to  agriculture.  The  sale  of  tliem  is.  tlicu.  in  the  liii;hest  degree 
injurious  *o  the  Indians,  and  should  nut,  in  cases  wberi'  it  can  be  a\(iided,  be  resoi'led 
to.  The  proceeds  of  the  sales  are  a  S(jurce  of  continued  f'(>uds  among  them  ;  as  amonj^ 
the  Clierukees. 


I>--, 


,    i 


i    1' 


1  -!• 


n 


I   !■ 


■:! 


102.   Not  known. 

Ml").  The  failure  of  the  game,  upon  which  many  of  the  roving  tribes  depend  almost 
exclusively  for  subsistenc'.  will  pro\e  one  of  the  most  effectual  causes  to  i,  diice  them 
to  exchange  their  migratory  for  the  more  settled  agricultural  and  mechanic  life.  It 
is   ;i  question,  wheth'r  the  goods  furnished  by  the  aiuniities  have  contributed   to  the 


-try,  happiness,  and  comiin't   of  the  iK>ti\e  Indian.      Forty  years 


aL'o.  the  Ci-H'l 


V  ivc   an   mdus.i'KiU-   pi 


lie;     t' 


icy   spun  considerable   cloth.   :iud   also  mainifaetin'cil 


'ts.      l!ut  uuw,  they  ar    de]iarting   from   these  good   old  iiabits  of  da\ 


s  irone-hv, 


an  1  aie  depcndini;  npor,   tbi>   i'liportations  of  the  niereh.iuts,      Fven   the'-bustl 


e,    an 


ompaiiiment  ol dress  ii    'i\ili/ed  life,  mav  oecasionallv  be  met  with   in   the  Creek 


nat  ion. 


HM.   The  I'vil   effects  of  the    Indian   trailc   have  been,  in   too  many  instances,  that 
the  Indian  has  imbibed  all  the  vices  of  the  white  man.  while  the  good   has   been  left 


p 


280 


Tin  PA  L   0  1i(i  AN  1/ ATION, 


!    "» 


entirely  out  of  view.  Forty  years  iiiio.  liie  Creelxs  were  ninni/.  Mifn  r.  imd  rlrhiniit. 
The  trMllio  in  lU'iient  spirits  iiiis  Immmi  ii  eiiiise  cif  niiiiouhted  injury,  anil,  it  is  to  lie 
leared,  of  (le|Hi|)nlalion  anion'i  tlio  triln's,  Tlie  inlrniiuclidn  of  LrMn|><>\V(ler  and  lire- 
arms  lias  eontriltnted  ;^reatiy  to  llie  rapid  diniinnliiin  of  the  uanie.  l-'ornierly,  i.ie 
uame  was  suuiiht  after,  eN(dnsi\(dy.  as  a  means  nf  actual  sulisistenee.  Latterly,  it  is 
son,i:ht  more  tiir  trallie.  The  introduction  of  fn't'-arrus  cun  scarcely  he  said  to  have 
exerted  any  decided  intlnence  in  favor  either  of  peace  or  war.  'I'lii'  roviuL'  tiilies 
nnderstand  very  distinctly  the  deadly  powei'  of  the  rilie;  and.  whenever  comii(died  to 
oppo.-;e  the  arro\v  a^iainst  its  dreaded  elfccls.  contend  licyouil  rillc-shot  ;  and  only  hope 
for  success  h_\-  lakinir  some  imloreseen  ad\anlai;c  sucli  as  duriiii;'  the  intervids  of 
loading'.  (U' a  skirmish  in  the  woods,  w  here  the  trees  fu'in  a  convenient  hrea>twii'k. 
The  principal  cause  of  discord  on  the  frontiers  is  scircely  attrihutalile  to  tin'  introduc- 
tion of  tire-arms  and  tiieir  accompaniments.  Kut.  on  the  other  hand,  it  has  arisen 
from  the  introductii'M  of  aident  spirits  and  tiie  transactions  ol'  unprincipled  whiti- 
hen  I'le  laws  in  rei;ard  t(»  the   introduction  of  ardent  -spirits  were 


\ 


men.      \  cars  auo.  w 


\ery  lav.  il  w.is   \(iy  little   in   ii-e.  compared  willi    the   pi'c-ieiit   consumption.      .Mora 


.M. 


sentiireiil  anioui 


the    I 


mlian-i  tliemsel\ cs.  will  i 


|o  more  to  check  tiie  f.Hlic   and  n^e  of 


t  1  i:i  i  I  e 


'le'u    ^oiK 


most    strimiciit    laws   that   can    iio<>ilily  he   eiiacteil.      ludilst 
r   and    liapnw      iiitrnduce   the   meeli;inie   arts,  uiid   a 


i'\'  \\  HI    make 


d    tlil'ou'^h(Mit    the    ill  liaii    tei'iiturx  .      Introduce   tl, 


,!ppy   era    will    lia\e 
pi!  iitiee.^hip  system 


;     i;   •    •/  them,  and   a    lieuelit    will    ha\e   lieell  colil'en'e(|     llpon    the    lllili;ill    tli.'lt    \\  M    niaUt 

iii:       iidii^ti'iou-:  and  happy.      Tie'  eoii(du^i;in  in  regard  to  inteuipei'ance  and  the  iiilr(> 


ii'    inn  t'l  aril. '.It  spii'iis  anion;.:' the  Indiaiw.  is  lies:   i' iii"'// 


hi  III,    i  ril  ,if  II 


inllir,   illii(   I'll  n 


I II 


iiii.^i    <ij    I'liiiijtl'iiiil  iiiniiini 


nil r    fi  il   hi 


I  hi 


i 


»      II 


10.").    i'iiiii,i,i:M  oi  ('i\  II  i/.\iiiiN. — \Vliate\    rdoiilit.- 


h.i\e  existed,  heretofore.  Ill  reu.lld 


to  the  s    lislactol'S'  Millllion  ol'  this  (pie-tini.  they  mu-^t  liow  L;i\e  wa\    iieliii-e  the  elieei 
in;.r  i'e>ult>  that  liavf  attended  the  phi!aiitliro]ilc  elliii-ls  that   have  IVoiii    time   to   tim 


•n  made,  and  ai'e  at  present  ^oiin;  on 


amoiej'  tin-  ( 'heiokees,  Choctaws,  CI 


III 


id  Creiks.      These  tl'i!ies  yielded  their  eoillltrv  east  of  tlie  .Mi.> 
tl 


'issiiiiii.  n 


iicKa-^aw  s, 
idlereil  dear 


to  them  ii\   the  associiitions  oi    \iiinli.  Siieir  ti-adilions.  and  the  'ji'iues  of  their  falller^ 


T 


ie\     had    Irarneil    the    ijl'i 


at   tiiilli-   of  ('hi-i>tianit\ .  and   th"   ■ou  uf  airricnltiire  and 


ili/.eil  life:    \ct  tlie\   L'lr  e  iiM  all.  and   soniiht  a  new   lioine  In   the  fai'-oir  wilderiit 


anil    lia\e  niade   in    |le;i    \^  ilileriiev,;   iViiill'ul   and   rich    liuiii^  and   llomlshim:'  xillajes. 

Sol if  il    ■,!•   ^el'oi  .~   ,ire  of  11    hijli   order.      'i"ic   ;:ii-.[ii  I   ministry  is  widl   attended. 

.'^iiiiie   111    ilieir  I "   -liiutioii-   are    purely    repulilicui.       ."lie    people   are    increasing;    in 

liuniliel'^.        I'l iWells   within    iheir    limit-,  and    plellteiiu-ne-<   v.  ilhiu    theii'  Imi'ders  ; 

civ  ll;/atloii  I  M,i|  <  liii-iliin  prliii  iple- ;  ;eji  paih  iiiv  mi'l  the  meeh.anic  art  ■■ ;  and  schooN. 
Willi  the-  piiiii;iiy  and  fn;ii'a'neni.:il  ii!-inci|ile<  of  human  ha]iplness,  civ  ili/alion 
among  them  i-^  no  longer  [iid''i  ..'iatic..; 


■I    .1 


HISTORY,   AND  CfOVKRNMENT. 


2H1 


100.  Leoisi-atiok  of  Conohess.  —  Tlio  intcrcourHo  laws,  ns  tlioy  cxlut,  nro,  in  tlio 
innin,  very  g(M)(l.  Tlio  great  ilifTiciilty  iw  tlicir  not  iM'iiig  curried  into  ell'eet  hy  those 
whose  duty  it  is  to  adminislcr  them.  It  is  seareely  [iraetiealile  that «//  the  diflicultie.i 
that  arise  hetween  the  tribert  can  he  provided  for. 

107.  DilHeultie.t  and  wars  arise  from  local  cau.scs  in  many  cases  that  are  unforeseen. 
The  lu^groes  that  were  brought  in,  under  fleiieral  Jessu|)'s  Proelaination,  during  the 
Seminole  war,  threaten  dillieulty  l)etween  the  Creeks  and  Seniinoles. 

lOS.  The  faithful  a|>|)li<'ation  of  these  laws  would  do  a  great  deal  to  secure  nmre 
cflectually  the  rights  or  welfare  of  tlu;  Indian. 

10',>.  Any  modification  of  the  provisions  respecting  the  j.ayment  or  distrihution  of 
annuities  that  would  place  them  in  the  hands  of  tlic  Indiiins  themselves,  or  |irevent 
their  annuities  being  bartered  away,  would  be  a  charily  and  good  work  for  the  Imlians. 
Tliilr  Inn/;/  fiiiuli^  if  iip/il!i<f  In  miihiII  iiiii//i/«>r/i(nii/  fn/iimfs,  ain/  l/ir  iiilriH/iiiiinii  of  Ifir 
iiicc/iiintr  tirlx  III)  l/if  ii/'iin iili<(n/ilp  sijsion,  irniiiil  do  ti  i/nitt  'itid  for  l/idr  (i»iit'<irl  nail 
cirHI'Mlton. 

110.  Their  i^resent  location  nvpiires  the  introduction  of  nulls;  and  the  mechanic 
arts  that  would  enable  them  to  live  more  comfortably. 

111.  The  non-manul'aeturi!  of  ardent  spirits  at  home  would  tend  most  cflectually 
to  sbii'ld  the  trilies  from  the  introduction  of  it  into  their  territories,  and  fiom  the 
jiressure  of  lawless  or  illicit  traflic. 

1 1'J.  The  tribes  could  be  as  well  treated  with  in  th(>  forest  as  tliey  could  be  at  the 
seat  of  government.  The  ex|)enseH  on  the  frontier,  for  subsistence,  are  heavy.  An 
interview  with  the  E.vecutive  Head  of  fioverninent  is  beneficial ;  but  (,'ommissioner.s 
of  the  right  stamp,  sent  among  them,  would  be  better,  thus  bringing  the  mass  of  the 
lu'ople  into  view  with  the  Government. 

li;>.  It  is  seldom  that  emigrating  bands  abide  for  long  periods  on  their  territoiies. 
We  have  not  heard  complaints  of  such  tresjtasses. 

111.  Tlie  Cherokees  are  suflici(>ntly  iidvanced  to  lur.e  their  funds  paid  to  a  trea- 
surer, to  be  kept  liy  him,  and  disbursed  by  liim,  agreeably  to  the  laws  of  (luir  local 
lc;jis|ature. 

ll'i.   The  payment  of  annuities,  to  separate   heads  df  families,   is  most  beneficial. 
30 


nt 


,1 


i! 


282 


Till  II A  I,   OK  (JAN  1/ AT  ION, 


I  I 


n 


Unilcr  no  (Miciinistaiiri's  wliatcvi-r  hlioiild  tlic  iirincipiil  of  mi  liuliiiii  luml  l)0  paid  t  > 
tlie  Iiiiliaus.     W'ly  tew  are  cajialjle  ol'  the  wi.-^t-  or  prudent  application  of  money. 

11('>. —  Nkw  Indian  (Iovkhnmkms  wkst  ok  tmk  Mississin-i. —  The  eleetive  i'rancliisi! 
is  open  tor  all  wlio  have  reai'lied  tlie  a;:e  of  twentynme  _V(•ilr^^.  Some  of  tiie  (rilies 
liavi!  written  eon.>'titiitionH,  wliicji  ari'  deeidediy  of  a  repnlilican  eliaracter.  Tliis  is 
ju'iMdiarly  tlie  case  with  the  CheroUees  ami  Ciioetaws.     The  ('reeks  ari>  still  \\ilhoiit 


any  permanent  written  eonstitntion,  lait  we   In 


lieve   the   tinu' is  not  far  distant,  when 


tl 


lev  Wl 


11   \, 


prep 


iri'd  to  1m; 


-'ovcrneil   ii\  o 


)ne.      Tin'  eleetions  amomr  tiie  Creeks   aii 


liy  freneral  conneil  and  towns.  (leneral  ollieers  ai'e  i-lecteil  \>\  the  towns.  Tlie 
inlhienee  whieh  some  of  the  leadinir  eliii'fs  assume,  without  k'iny  ipiestioiied  hy  the 
people,  is  the  only  point  that  wants  guarding,  to  prevent  the  ahiise  of  the  eledivt; 
franchise.  There  are  no  jn-operty  tpialifications  necessary  to  the  exercisi;  of  tlu; 
elective  franchise.  The  young  men  exercise  this  right  at  eighteen  years  of  age. 
There  are  no  rights  surrendered  uh  a  hoou  or  c'nuivalent  for  the  general  security-  of 
life,  liherty,  and  property. 


117.  Tl 


le  i)ra( 


tical  working  of  these  governments,  has  liecn  ver\'  iMMieficial.     Fioii 


time  to  time,  modifications  and  changesi  and  new  laws  are  enacted,  as  the  wants  of 
th(>  jiedple  seem  to  demaiiii. 


IIS.  I17»(/    M    /'/'     /„l-ll/    .-/nil.    iV 


reasoiialdy  could   he  expcctcil.  with   every  prospect  of  conliniiin 

enforcemciit  of  pulilic  nidcr  ha\e  heeii  adopti'il.     OlVences  are 

liy   law.     Clanships  and   sectional   divisions   are  heing   amalgamated,  and   many  >if 


'i'liese    go\(i'nmeiits  are  as  prosperous  as 

I.      i<aws   llir   the 
tl'ieii,  dehts    collected, 


til 


eir  superstitious  are  giving  way 


!i>     i: 


lli).  —  I'llol'KllTV.  —  \V/iiil  iiliiis  liin-r  llii:  Imliiiiix  n/  I'i'i/mi/i/ .'  'I'licy  lieliexc 
firinih-  ri'jitli  accrued  to  them  from  the  (ireat  .^spirit.  From  the  earliest  times,  the 
Indians  have  professed  very  correct  idoa.s  of  />/•/(•<(//'  i-iijlil".  In  war,  all  spoils  taken 
from  the  enemy  hecame  the  property  of  the  individual  captor  ;  and  the  propeil\- 
thus  accpiired.  as  wi'il  as  all  other,  descemled  in  the  fennile  line.  They  have  also 
\fry  eorrt'ct  views  of  the  lnjul  ideas  of  property.  Some  lielicvc  that  rights  formerly 
came  from  war  and  hunting.  Might,  it  is  helievcd,  has  :ioiiietimes  constitiiliMl  riulit 
with  the  Indian.  In  the  incursions  of  one  trihe  against  another,  the  weaki'r  retired 
from  heforc  the  stronger:  restitution  was  never  trivcn.      Thev  have  alwa\s  reco;;nised 


the  ri'dit  to  take  evers  advantai";  of  tl 


le  oiieiiiv  in 


Iwtth 


l"jn.  IJight  was  originally  ohlaineil  In  th<'  first  occupancy  of  the  teriitory :  and 
this  rii;lit  was  coiisiderecl  valid,  iinh'ss  forfeited  in  war.  They  have  no  clear  views 
on   the  remainder. 


IlISToltY,    AND   (ioV  KIINMENT. 


:.'h;i 


121,  The  ili'si'cnt  of  propcrlv  is  lisoil.  It  is  willed  iih  the  |i!ircii(M  pIciiM'.  Itiil  if 
no  will  iii'.w  JKH'ii  iiiiiili'.  the  prDpcrtv  ri'Viits  to  the  chililrcii.  Itiit  in  ca.-c  (.f  inaniiijc 
willi  II  willow,  with  children,  her  property  reverts  to  her  <'hildren  \>y  her  liisl 
hnslpinid.  The  idde.st  son  is  entilled  only  to  an  eipial  poilioii  with  the  rest.  A 
written  will  is  hindinu.  A  verlial  will,  estahlished  hy  two  responsiM,.  persons,  is 
valid  also.  If  there  has  heeii  no  other  disposition  niaile  of  |he  medal,  it  ^oes  lo  the 
eldest  Hon.  In  rornier  limes,  all  relies  were  taken  possession  of  hv  the  deceased 
nister'n  oldest  son.      IJiil  now  they  are  the  snhjeet  of  le;;aey  as  other  proper!  v. 


\'2'2.  (Hdif^ations,    in    rejrard    to   deht,   are    considered    liindin'/.      'I'i 


nie    does    not 


diniini.sh  these  ohlipitions  amonj?  the  Creeks.  'J'he  Indian  does  not  consider  ill-luck 
in  hmitinjr,  as  exonerating;  him  from  payinj:  his  dehts.  Th^y  are  not  prone  to  .sink 
individuality,  after  a  time,  into  nationality,  and  to  seek  to  provide  for  them  in  that 
manner.  The  Creeks  are  punctual  in  the  payment  of  their  delits,  Tlie\  set  a  hi,i:h 
value  on  real  property.  e\actin,u'  for  it  its  real  worth,  nor  do  they  part  with  it  readilv, 
nor  for  inadcipiale  sums.  There  have  heen  instances  of  makin;.;  more  than  one 
I'onveyance  of  property,  liut  these  cases  do  not  often  ai'ise  now. 


1^  I 


t  '.. 


I 


^1  I: 


r ' 

i 


1 


Si   H  :• 


J*    ,.'  > 


J.  :y 


N    Tl 


;l 


10.     MASSACUUSKTTS    INDIANS. 

WiiKN  tlu!  Kiijilisli  liuuU'd  in  MiwHacliiiMcttH,  in  Idl'd.  tlicif  were  hoiiic  twenty  tiilwH 
of  linliaii!*  in  the  prcM  nt  aivii  ol'  New  Knjrlanii.  ^'|l('llkin}i  o>j;iiiil»'  (liiilfcts.  Tlii'V 
were  hunters  ami  (isliernien.  in  the  lnwesl  slate  ol"  liarharisni,  Mh\  thonjrh  tliey  never 
Inid  lieen,  a|)|>ai'entiy,  (ienr<e1y  |i()|iiiiiiiis,  tlie  trilies  iiail  thei>  iocentiy  HnlU'i'eil  much, 
I'min  a  jreneral  epidemic.  In  their  manners  and  <Mist<)ms.  forest-arts  and  tiaditiuns, 
and  in  tiieir  hinjjnafi;',  tiiey  did  nut  dillir  in  tiieir  cthii(ilc)j.'ii'ai  tyi)e.  Tiiev  nn\ili' 
use,  ill  tiieir  wars,  (if  the  Imlista,  wiiich  is  sIkiwii  in  I'late  I'j.  Fij:iire  'J.  Tliis  anti(Hie 
instrument  is  represented  several  times,  afzreraidy  to  ("hin^'wanlv's  interpretation,  on 
the   I)i<.diton    limk. 

Tiie  I{('\  Cotton  Maliier,  in  the  iiuainl  lanyiiajre  of  tiie  times,  descrilies  tiie  .Ma.-sa- 
cliii.s«'tts  Indians  as  follows:  — 

'•  Know.  then,  that  these  doleful  creatures  are  the  veriest  ruins  of  mankind  wlii*  li 
ar<'  to  1k'  found  anvwheie  ii|Min  the  face  of  the  earth.  No  such  estates  are  to  Im? 
expected  aiiioni;  tlu'in  as  have  lieeii  th(>  halts  which  the  pretended  converters  in  other 
countries  have  .'^nappeil  at.  One  mi;jht  see  amon^'  them  what  an  hard  master  the 
devil  i-.  to  the  most  devoted  of  his  vassals.  These  ahject  creatures  live  in  a  eonntiT 
full  of  mines;  we  have  already  m:ide  entrance  upon  our  iron;  and  in  tlu'  very  surface 
ot'  the  ifroiind  amon_'  us,  there  lies  copper  eiioiiirh  to  supply  all  this  world;  hesides 
other  mines  h<Te:ifier  to  he  exposed.  Itut  our  shiftless  Indians  were  ne\er  owners 
of  so  much  as  a  knife,  till  we  e;ime  anion;;  them.  Their  name  liir  an  Kii^disliman 
was  a  Ik II i/i -inn II ;  stoiie  w:is  nse(l  instrad  of  mi'tal  for  thi'ir  tools;  and  for  their  coins, 
tlii'V  have  only  litfle  lieails  with  holes  in  them  to  strini:  them  u|)on  a  hracelet.  whereof 
some  are  wliiti' ;  and  of  these  th-iv  p)  si.\  for  a  penny.  Smie  are  Mack,  or  hl.ie; 
;uid  "f  hese.  go  tlir<e  for  a  penny.  This  wampum,  as  they  call  it.  is  made  of  the 
slii'll-lish.  '.xliieli  lies  njMiii  the  sea-«'onst  continually. 

"They  live  in  a  .'ountry  wliere  we  now  have  all  the  conveniences  of  human  life. 
lUit.  as  for  them,  their  housinir  is  nothiii;.;  hut  a  few  mats  tied  ahont  poles  fastened 
in  the  earth,  v.liere  a  piod  tire  is  their  Ix-d-clothes  in  the  coldest  sea.sons.  Their 
(dotliin;:  is  hut  a  skin  of  a  U'ast.  eoveruig  tlicir  hind-parts,  their  fore-parts  havinir  hut 
a  little  apron  wluu'e  nature  calls  for  secre<'V.  Their  diet  has  not  a  L'fPiiter  dainty  than 
their  imlcrhicl:.  that  is,  a  spoonful  of  their  parched  meal,  with  a  spoonful  of  water, 
wliicli  will  Htreiigtlien  tliom  to  travel  a  day  together;  except  we  should  mention  the 
flesh  of  deers.  Wn\n,  moose,  nu'(>oon^.  ,ind  the  like,  which  they  have  when  they  can 


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TRIBAL   ORGANIZATION,   ETC. 


285 


catch  them ;  as  also  a  little  fiHli,  which,  if  they  would  preserve,  'twas  hy  drying,  not 
by  salting,  for  they  had  not  a  grain  of  salt  in  the  world,  I  think,  till  wo  bestowed  it 
on  them.  Their  physic  is,  excepting  a  few  odd  specifics,  which  some  of  them  encoun- 
ter certain  cases  with,  nothing  hardly,  but  an  hot-home,  or  a  poinaw.  Their  hot-house 
is  a  little  cave,  about  eight  feet  over,  where,  after  they  have  terribly  heated  it,  a  crew 
of  them  go  sit  and  sweat  and  smoke  for  an  hour  together,  and  then  immediately  run 
into  some  very  cold  adjacent  brook,  without  the  least  mischief  to  them.  'Tis  this  way 
they  recover  themselves  from  some  diseases.  But,  in  most  of  their  dangerous  dis- 
tempers, 'tis  a  powow  that  must  be  sent  for;  that  is,  a  priest,  who  has  more 
familiarity  with  Satan  than  his  neighbors.  This  conjurer  comes  and  roars,  and 
howls,  and  uses  magical  ceremonies  over  the  sick  man,  and  will  be  well  paid  for  it, 
M'hen  he  has  done ;  if  this  don't  effect  the  cure,  the  man's  time  is  come,  and  there's 
an  end. 

"  They  live  in  a  country  full  of  the  best  ship-timljcr  under  heaven,  but  never  saw 
a  ship  till  some  came  from  Europe  hither;  and  th"n  they  were  scared  out  of  their 
wits  to  see  the  monster  come  sailing  in,  and  spitting  fire,  with  a  mighty  noise,  out  of 
her  floating  side.  They  cross  the  water  in  canoes  made,  sometimes,  of  trees,  which 
they  burn  and  hew  till  they  have  hollowed  them;  and  sometimes  of  barks,  which 
they  stitcli  into  a  light  sort  of  a  vessel,  to  be  easily  carried  over  land  ;  if  they  over-set, 
it  is  but  a  little  paddling  like  a  dog,  and  they  are  soon  where  they  were. 

"Their  way  of  living  is  infinitely  barbarous;  the  men  are  most  abominably  sloth- 
ful, making  their  poor  squaws  or  wives  to  plant,  and  dress,  and  barn,  and  beat  their 
corn,  and  build  their  wigwams  for  them ;  which,  perhaps,  may  be  the  reason  of  their 
extraordinary  ease  in  child-birth.  In  the  mean  time,  their  chief  employment,  when 
they  '1  condescend  unto  any,  is  that  of  hunting ;  wherein  they  '1  go  out  some  scores,  if 
not  hundreds  of  them,  in  a  company,  driving  all  before  tliem. 

"  They  '1  continue  in  a  place  till  they  have  burnt  up  all  the  wood  thereabouts,  and 
then  they  pluck  up  stakes  to  follow  the  wood  which  they  cannot  fetch  home  unto 
themselves ;  hence,  when  they  inquire  about  the  English,  '  Why  come  they  hither  ?' 
they  have,  themselves,  ver^-  learnedly  determined  the  case,  It  was  becanse  we  wanted 
firing.  No  arts  are  understood  among  them,  unless  just  so  far  as  to  maintain  their 
brutish  conversation,  which  is  little  more  than  is  to  be  found  among  the  very  beavers 
upon  our  streams. 

"  Their  division  of  time  is  by  sleeps,  and  moons,  and  winters ;  and,  by  lodging 
abroad,  they  have  somewhat  observed  the  motions  of  the  stars ;  among  which  it  has 
been  surprising  unto  me  to  find,  that  they  have  always  called  Charles'  Wain  by  the 
name  of  Paukunnawaw,  or  The  Bear,  which  is  the  name  whereby  Europeans  also 
have  distinguished  it.  Moreover,  they  have  little,  if  any,  traditions  among  them 
worthy  of  our  notice  ;  and  reading  and  writing  is  altogether  unknown  to  them,  though 
there  is  a  rock  or  two  in  the  country  that  has  unaccountable  characters  engraved  upon 


! 


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286 


TRIBAL    OlMi  ANIZATION, 


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it.'  All  th(!  religion  they  liavo  amoiiiits  unto  thus  nuich ;  tlioy  helievo  that  tliore  are 
many  go<ls,  who  inaile  ami  own  tlio  several  nations  ol'  the  worlil ;  of  which  a  certain 
great  god,  in  the  south-west  regions  of  heaven,  hears  the  greatest  fignre.  Tliey 
believe  that  every  remarkahle  creature  has  a  i)ecnliar  god  witiiin  it,  or  ahout  it;  there 
is  with  thetn  a  siin-god,  or  a  moon-god,  and  the  Hive;  ami  thej-  cainiot  conceive  hut 
that  the  (iro  must  be  a  kind  of  god,  inasmuch  as  a  spark  of  it  will  soon  produce  very 
strange  efleets.  They  believe  that  when  any  good  or  ill  happens  to  them,  there  is  the 
favor  or  the  anger  of  a  god  expressed  in  it ;  and  hence,  as  in  a  time  of  calamity  they 
keep  a  dance,  or  a  day  of  extravagant  ridiculous  devotions  to  their  god,  so  in  a  time 
of  prosperity  they  likewise  have  a  feast,  wherein  they  also  nnd^e  presents  one  nnto 
another.  Finally,  they  believe  that  tiieir  chief  god,  Kamantowit.  made  a  man  and 
woman  of  a  stone;  which,  npon  dislike,  he  broke  to  pieces,  and  made  another  man 
and  woman  of  a  tree,  which  were  the  fountains  of  all  mankind;  and  that  we  all  have 
in  us  innnortal  souls,  which,  if  we  were  godly,  shall  go  to  a  si)lendid  entertainment 
with  Kamantowit,  bnt,  otherwise,  must  wander  about  in  a  restless  horror  for  ever. 
IJnt  if  yon  say  to  them  anything  of  a  resurrection,  they  will  reply  npon  _yon,  '  I  shii'.'. 
never  believe  it!"  And,  when  they  have  any  weighty  nndertaking  before  them, 'tis 
an  nsual  thing  for  them  to  have  their  assendjlies,  wherein,  after  the  nsage  of  some 
diabolical  rites,  a  devil  appears  nnto  them,  to  inform  them  and  advise  them  abont 
their  circumstances;  and  .sometimes  there  are  odd  events  of  their  nndiing  these  appli- 
cations to  the  devil:  for  instance,  'tis  particularly  affirmed  that  the  Indians,  in  their 
wars  with  ns,  finding  a  .«ore  inconvenience  by  our  dogs,  which  would  make  a  sad 
yelling  if,  in  the  night,  they  scented  the  approaclies  of  them,  they  sacrificed  a  dog  to 
the  devil ;  after  which  no  English  dog  would  bark  at  an  Indian  lor  divers  months 
ensuing.  This  was  the  miserable  people  -which  onr  Eliot  jjropounded  unto  him.self 
the  saving  of."      (Life  of  Eliot.) 

Eliot,  who  has  been  justly  styled  the  Apostle  of  the  Indians,  came  from  England 
in  1G31 ;  and  although  charged  with  the  duties  of  a  pastor,  and  taking  a  promi- 
nent part  in  the  ecclesiastical  government  of  the  New  England  churches,  he  turned 
his  attention,  at  the  same  time,  very  strongly  to  the  ccmversion  of  the  tribes.  To 
this  end  he  engaged  native  teachers,  and  learned  the  Indian  language.  In  this  he 
nuxde  great  profieienc)',  (uul  soon  began  to  preach  to  them  in  their  vernacular. 
Co-laborers  joined  him;  and  by  tlieir  efl'orts,  native  evangelists  were  raised  up,  under 
whose  labors,  superintended  by  Mr.  Eliot,  Indian  churches  were  established  at  various 
points.  Fifteen  hundred  souls  were  under  religions  instruction  on  Martha's  Vineyard 
alone. 

In  1661,  Eliot  published  a  translation  of  the  entire  Scriptures  in  their  language. 
This  work,  which  evinces  vast  labor  and  research,  is  seen  to  be  a  well-characterized 


See  the  Inscription  of  the  Digliton  Kock,  uiulcr  Antiquities. 


IIISTOUV,    AND   GOVEUXMENT.  287 

(liiiU'ct  of  till!  Ali;()ii(|iiiii.  A  vociihiilary  of  it,  L'xtria'tcd  from  this  tmnslation,  is 
o\liil)ito(l  lu'ri'witli.  Mnuy  English  teniis  for  nouns  ami  vi'rl.s  arc  ciiiiilovcil,  witli 
the  usual  fndian  inflections.  The  words  (lod  and  Jehovah,  appear  as  sMioin ms  of 
iManito,  the  Indian  term  for  Deity.  He  found,  it  appears,  no  term  for  the  verb  fo 
Ion',  and  introduced  the  word  'Avomon'  as  an  eiiuivaieiit,  adding  the  ordinary  Indian 
sullixes  and  inflexions,  for  person,  number,  and  tense. 

This  translation  of  the  lJiI)le  into  the  language,  constitutes  an  era  in  American 
philology.  It  preceded,  it  is  believed,  any  missionary  cllbrt  of  e(pial  magnitude,  in 
the  way  of  translation,  in  India  or  any  other  part  of  the  world;  and  it  must  for  ever 
remain  as  a  monument  of  New  England  /.eal,  and  active  labor  in  the  conversion  of 
the  native  tribes.  The  term  Massachusetts  language  is  applied  to  the  various  cognate 
and  closely  alliliated  dialei'ts  of  the  tribes  who  formerly  inhabiteil  it.  It  constitutes 
a  peculiar  type  of  the  Algon(|uiu,  which  was  spread  widely  along  the  Atlantic,  and  in 
the  West. 

It  is  interesting  to  observe  the  fate  of  this  people,  who  were  the  object  of  so  nnich 
benevolent  care,  after  the  passage  of  an  epoch  of  little  less  than  two  centuries.  The 
great  blo"-  to  the  permanent  success  of  this  work,  was  struck  by  the  infuriated  and 
general  war,  which  broke  out  luider  the  indomitable  sachem  called  Metacom,  better 
known  as  King  Philip,  who  drew  all  but  the  Christian  comnumilies  and  the  Mohegans 
into  his  scheme.  Even  these  were  often  suspected.  The  cruelties  which  were  com- 
mitted during  this  war,  produced  the  most  bitter  hatred  and  distrust  between  the 
parties.  The  whole  race  of  Indians  was  suspected,  and  from  the  painful  events  of 
this  unwi.'^e  war,  on  the  part  of  the  natives,  we  must  date  the  suspicious  and  unkind 
feelings  which  were  so  long  prevalent,  and  which  yet  tincture  the  American  mind. 

In  1819  the  legislature  of  .Massachusetts  directed  inquiries  to  be  made  respecting 
them.  From  the  report  made  on  this  occasion,  there  were  found  to  be  I'emnants  of 
twelve  tribes  or  local  clan.^  who  are  living  respectively  at  Chippe(piddic,  Christian- 
town,  Gay  Head,  Fall  River,  Marshpee,  Herring  Pond,  Hassanamisco,  Punkapog,  Natic, 
Dudley,  Grafton,  and  Yarmouth.  Their  number  is  estimated  at  817,  only  about  .seven 
or  eight  of  which  are  of  pure  blood;  the  remainder  being  a  mixture  of  Indian  and 
African.  A  plan  for  their  improvement  was  exhibited.  This  plan  embraces  the 
following  features :  1.  The  enactment  of  a  uiuform  system  of  laws,  to  apply  to  every 
tribe  in  the  State,  in  the  spirit  of  modern  philanthropy.  2.  The  merging  of  all.  ex- 
cept those  at  .Marshpee,  Herring  Pond,  and  xMartha's  Mneyard,  into  one  community. 
3.  Granting  to  every  one  who  wishes  it,  the  privileges  of  citizenship,  involving  the 
liability  to  taxation.  4.  The  appointment  of  an  Indian  connnissioner  for  their  super- 
vision and  improvement. 

Hard,  indeed,  it  may  seem  to  the  proud  spirit  of  Indian  independence,  which  has 
so  long  showed  itself  in  the  lives  of  a  Pontiac,  a  Buekanjahela,  Tecumseh,  Blackwar- 
rior,  and  I?ed  Jacket,  if  the  means  for  their  preservation  mu.'it  be  deemed  dependent, 
as  we  see  in  this  movement,  upon  the  corruption  of  their  blood  ! 


I 


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:  :) 


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288 


TRIBAL  ORGANIZATION, 


I'  I 


it  I* 


,1'  M' 


[ill 


f  H 


VOCABULARY. 

1.     SUBSTANTIVES. 

Sjilrifital  1(11(1  Iluimm  Existvitcc :    Tuniifi  of  Consanguinitij :   Numca  of  I\irta  nf  the 

llaman  Frame. 

1.  (ind Mnnitoo.     Gen.  xxiv.  2(3. 

2.  Devil Maiinitoosli.     Job  i.  7.     Chcpian.     Life  of  Eliot,  p.  07. 

3.  Angel Eii^'lish  employed. 

4.  .Man AVofikctomp. 

f).  Woman Mittomwos.sis.     Gen.  xxiv.  8.     Job  xxi.  9. 

6.  Boy Mnkkiiteliouks.     Job  iii.  .'). 

7.  Girl,  or  maid Nnnks(iua.     Gen.  xvi.  24.     Luke  viii.  54.     Rs.  clviii.  12. 

8.  Virgin' Penomp.     Gen.  xxiv.  li!.     Job  xxxiii.  4.     Isa.  vii.  14.     Mat.  i.  23. 

0.  Infant,  nr  eliild Mukkie.     Gen.  xxv.  22.     Job  xxxiii.  2."). 

10.  Father,  my Noosh.     Gen.  xxii.  7.     Lnke  x.  21. 

11.  Mother Nukas.     Song  of  Sol.  iii.  4. 

12.  Husband Munumayenok.     Gen.  xxx.  1;". 

13.  Wife Nunaumonittumwos.     Job  xxxi.  10. 

14.  Son Xunaumon.     Gen.  xxiv.  6. 

15.  Daughter Nuttanis.     Mat.  ix.  22. 

16.  Brother Xemetat.     Song  of  Sol.  xiii.  1. 

17.  Sister Nummissis.     Nctompas.     Song  of  Sol.  iv.  ft. 

18.  An  Indian. 

19.  A  white  man. 

20.  Head Uppuhkuk.     Mark  xiv.  3.     Song  of  Sol.  y.  2. 

21.  Hair Mrosunk.     Lev.  xi.  41.     I's.  Ixix.  4.     Mat.  x.  30. 

22.  Face Wuskesuk.     Prov,  xxvii.  20,  xxx.  10. 

23.  Scalp Qanoi.'uhqut.     Ps.  Ixviii.  21. 

24.  Ear Mehtauog.     Job  xxix.  11.     VXn.mog. 

25.  Eye Wuskesnk.     Job  xxviii.  10. 

26.  Nose Mutchan.     Job  iii.  21.     Isa.  xxxvii.  29. 

27.  Mouth Uttoon.     Job  xxix.  9,  xxxiii.  2,  xl.  4. 

28.  Tongue Wcenau.     Job  xli.  1.     Prov.  x.  20. 

20.  Tooth Wecpit.     Job  xxix.  17. 

30.  Beard Weoshittooun.     Lev.  xiii.  30.     Isa.  vii.  20. 

31.  Neck Kussittspuk.     Song  of  Sol.  iv.  4.     Isa.  xlvii.  4. 

32.  Arm Kuppitanit.     Song  of  Sol.  vii.  6. 

'  It  must  be  enJent,  that  if  there  be  no  cr|iiivalent  f'r  this  word  as  oiintradistinguishoj  from  No.  7,  thoro 
can  be  no  translation  of  INlat.  i.  18,  ami  the  piindlol  passages  of  Luke,  &c.,  which  will  convey  to  the  Indian 
mind  the  doctrine  of  the  mystery  of  the  incarnation. 


m 


h 


II I S To  11 Y,   \Sb   (ioVKUNMENT, 


jH'J 


03.  ShouldiT Wuttiikfit.     Isa.  xi,  1,  (J. 

84.  Back Uppusci.     Isii.  1.  (i.     nppus(iiiiit()(">iik.     I'rov.  xx\ 

85,  Ilund Nutclic)^.     Job  ii.  '). 

3l).  Finger Muhpuhkiikiiuaitdi.     Dan.  v.  B. 

•iT.  Nail WuhkoHH.     Dan.  iv.  ;W.     Wuhkn.s.     Deut.  xxi.  1 

38.  Breast Wolipatinoir.     Lev.  vii.  30. 

3!».  Body Nuhog.     Luke  xx.  19.     Mark  xiv.  22.     My  in  N 

•*0.  Leg AVuliknnt.     Song  of  Sol.  v.  I'l.     I'lu.  iu  r(n/(.     1' 

■ll.  Navel Wenwe.     Song  of  Sol.  vii.  2. 

•*-•  Tiiigh WeIi(|uao8li.     Dan.  ii.  ;J2. 

43.  Knee Mukkuttog.     Job  iv.  4.     I'lu.  in  o,/. 

•14.  Foot Wuseet.     Rev.  x.  2. 

45.  Too KetiilMiim.sit.     Lev.  xiv.  25. 

4''-  Hi-'el Wogquan.     Jer.  xiii.  22.     Phi.  in  </«/(.     (Icn.  iii.  15,; 

47.  Bono  Kon.     Job  xxx.  30,  xxxi.  22. 

48.  Heart Uttah.     Job  xxxi.  7.     Metah.     Prov.  xxvii.  23. 

4!^.  Liver Wusquenit.     Lev.  iii.  4,  ix.  l!l.     Wusniin.     Prov.  vii. 

50.  Windpipe. 

51.  Stomach Wunnokus.     Job  xxx.  27.     Song  of  Sol.  v.  14. 

52.  Bladder Wisliq. 

53.  Blood Musriuc.     Acts  ii.  Ii).     Wusqueheonk.     Lev.  vii.  20. 

54.  Vein Kutelieht.     Isa. 

55.  Sinew Kutelieht.     Lsa. 

50.  Flesh Wcyaus.     Gen.  xxvii.  3.     Job  xxiii.  21,  25,  xxxiv.  15. 

57.  Skin Natuhfiiub.     Job  xxx.  30.     My  in  N. 

58.  Seat Poskcttoau.     Lsa.  x.x.  4.     Buttocks. 

59.  Ankle. 


xxvi.  7. 


20. 


WAR,   HUNTING,   AND   TRAVELLING. 

GO.  Town Otan.     Josh.  viii.  8. 

61.  House Wekit.     Job  i.  13. 

02.  Door Squantam.     Job  xxx.  9. 

03.  Lodge Wunneepogqukkomukqut.     Lev.  xxiii.  42. 

64.  Chief. Ketassoot.     Luke  xxiii.  38.     Song  of  Sol.  iii.  9,  IV 

65.  Warrior Aummenuhkesuenomoh.     Dan.  iii.  20. 

66.  Friend Netomp.     Luke  xi.  5,  G. 

67.  Enemy Matwamo.     Psalms  Ixxiii.  21.     Matwoh.     Prov.  xxvii.  6. 

68.  Kettle Ohkcek.     Job  xli.  20. 

69.  Arrow Kohquodt.       Job  .xli.  26,  28.     Isa.  v.  28.     L  Sam.  xx.  20. 

70.  Bow Ahtompch.     IL  Sam.  i.  18. 

71.  AVar-club. 

72.  Spear Qunuhtug.     Job  xli.  20,  29. 

37 


'! 


'  .  l( 


Ml    '!. 'iil 


290  TRIBAL  ORGANIZATION, 

73.  Axe Togkuok.     I.  Kings  vi.  7. 

74.  Gun.' 

TC).  Knifo Qungwosh.     Josh.  v.  2. 

70.  Flint {ius8uk(iimnit.     Inn.  v.  28. 

77.  15oat Noonshoonun.     Acts  xvii.  lli. 

78.  Siiip Kuhtooniig<iut.     Murk.  iv.  3(1.     Acts  xx.  88.    Prov.  xxx.  19. 

71'.  Sail Omo(|im»li.     Acts  xvii.  17. 

80.  Must Selioghongunuhtugiiuot.  xxiii.  24. 

81.  Oar Ilunkaucchtcung.     Ezok.  xxvii.  t}. 

82.  radllo Wuttuhunk.     Dout.  xxiii.  13. 

COSTUME   AND   DECORATIONS. 

8.1.  Siioo  Mukiissin.     Luke  x.  4. 

84.  Legging Mctas.     Dan.  iii.  21.     IMu.  in  asfi. 

8.').  Coat Ilogkooongash.     Lev.  viii.  7.     Mark.  vi.  9. 

80.  Shirt. 

87.  Brocchcloth Ampauish.     Isa.  xx.  2. 

88.  Sash Uppctukquohpis.     Isa.  xi.  5. 

80.  Ilcad-ihcss Wunasohquabesu.     II.  Kings  ix.  30. 

00.  ripe. 

91.  Wampum. 

92.  Tobacco. 

93.  Shot-pouch. 


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I  I 


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■  1 

^  ,     :i 

iMd&n 

!M 


ASTRONOMICAL   AND  METEOROLOGICAL   PHENOMENA. 

94.  Sky Kcsukqut.     Rev.  iv.  2. 

95.  Heaven  Kesukquash.     Gen.  i.  8,  9.     Josh.  x.  13. 

90.  Sun Ncpauz.     Josli.  x.  12. 

97.  Moon Nanepauz.     Josli.  x.  12,  13. 

98.  Star Anogqs.     Job  xxvi.  5.     Gen.  i.  10.     Plu.  in  0(/. 

99.  Day  Kcsukoil.     Gen.  i.  .5.     Josh.  x.  13.     Job  i.  13. 

100.  Night Nukon.     Gen.  i.  .'i.     Tibukod.     Isa.  xxi.  11. 

101.  Light We(iuai.     Gen.  i.  3.     llabbakuk  iii.  4.     Isa.  v.  20. 

102.  Darkness Pohkcnura.     Gen.  i.  2.     Isa.  v.  20.     Ex.  x.  21. 

103.  Morning Metompog.     Gen.  i.  5.     Isa.  xiv.  12. 

104.  Evening Wanunkwook.     Zeph.  ii.  7.     Gen.  i.  .5,  8,  13,  19,  23. 

'  Hero,  and  in  most  other  cases  where  a  blank  occurs,  there  is  uo  cDircKponding  term  to  be  found  in  the  Bible. 


li 


HISTORY,  AND  GOVERNMENT. 

lOfi.  Mi.l-ilay. 

lOG.  Muliiij;lit Nouttipukok.     Acts  xvi.  S.*).     Ex.  xi.  4. 

107.  Early Nomponeti.     John  xx.  1. 

108.  Lftto Mannucliish.     Iga.  xliv.  fJ. 

109.  Spring Sontippng.     Mark  xiii.  28, 

110.  Summer Sequuno.     I'rov.  xxvi.  1.     Nopun.     Gen.  viii.  22.     Prov.  vi.  8. 

111.  Autumn. 

112.  Winter popon.     Sung  of  Sol.  ii.  2. 

^1^-  ^'•""" Kodtumog.     I.  Sara,  xxvii.  7,  xxix.  3.     Isa.  xxix.  1. 

114.  Wind Waban.     Isa.  xvii.  13. 

ll."").  Lightning Ukkutshaumun.     Ex.  xix.  10,  xx.  10.     Dan.  x.  6. 

lltj.  Thunder Puhtuhiiuohan.     Ex.  xix.  10,  xx.  18. 

117.  Rain Sokanon.     Job  xxix.  23. 

118.  Snow Koon.     Job  xxvi.  1,  vi.  16. 

lli'-  Hail Kusscgin.     Rev.  xi,  10. 


SOI 


OEOORAPIIICAL   TERMS. 

120.  Fire Nootac.     Isa.  ix.  5. 

121.  Water Nippe.     Prov.  xxii.  19. 

122.  Ico Kuppad.    Job  vi.  10. 

123.  Earth Ohke.     Job  xxxviii.  4. 

124.  Sea Kehtahhanit.     Prov.  xxx.  19. 

125.  Lake Ncpisscpag.     Luke  viii.  23,  33. 

120.  River Sepu.     Job  xxvii.  10.     Scip.     Gen.  ii.  10. 

127.  Spring Tohkekom.     Song  of  Sol.  iv.  12,  15. 

128.  Stream. 

129.  Valley Ooncuhkoi.    Josh.  viii.  11,  x.  12. 

130.  Hill Wudchuomos.     Isa.  xli.  2. 

131.  Mountain Wudcliuo.    Job  xxxix.  8. 

132.  Plain. 

133.  Forest Mehtugquchkontu.  xliv.  14. 

134.  Meadow Moquashqut.     Gen.  xix.  17. 

135.  Bog Ncppissipngwash.     Isa.  xiv.  23. 

130.  Island Menohhannet.     Isa.  xli.  1,  2. 


*'i 


1  i 


% 


METALS  AND  THE  MINERAL  KINGDOM. 


137.  Stone Qussuk.     Prov.  xxvii.  3. 

138.  Rock Qussuk. 


:  ■  • 


•2!t2 


Till  U  A  I,   OIKIANI/A'IMON, 


I ,:   < 


Mf'P'P 


|;»!».  Silv.r. 

141.  Iron Mism"cliiiii;».     I'luv.  xxvii.  17. 

112.  Lonil Ma  Miillatlii^.     /.ncli.  v.  7,  H.      Muliiniittattaft. 

1(1.  (]ol.l. 


'5 1  i«i  atgiiiiHI 


llORTICUI/rUUE   AND   A(J  U  I  C  ULT  U  HE. 

14 1.  Miiizi',  or  corn. 

■Hr>.  Wlioiit. 

14ii.  Oiita. 

147.  rotntoc. 

148.  Tuniiii. 
14!t.  I'oii. 
i:.0.  Hyo. 
l')1.  Uoiiii. 

1.')2.  Molor. Monnskootnaqunsli.     Lov.  xi.  5. 

1")!?.  Sciuimh. 
i:)4.  Hiirloy. 

nOTANtCAL  TERMS  AND  VEOETARLE  KINGDOM. 

ir>r).  Tree Mehtiig.     Job  xl.  21,  22,  xv.  7. 

15G.  Log Uhtiikq. 

ir.7.  Limb Wuttuk.     Zucli.  vi.  12.     Lsa.  x.  3!). 

158.  Wood Uhtiifrcuw.     Song  of  Sol.  iii.  0. 

150.  Post Nepattunkiiuon.     Isa.  vi.  4.     Post  of  n  door. 

lUO.  Stump Woiiiiiinnnk.     Dan.  iv.  15,  23,  20. 

IGl.  Pine (^unonuIii|uii.     Isa.  xiv.  H.     Fir-tree. 

1G2.  Ouk Nootimcs.     Isn.  vi.  l;5,  i.  30,  xliv.  14. 

1G3.  Ash Moniinksoli.     Isn.  xliv.  14. 

1G4.  Elm. 

1G5.  Ba8.'<wood. 

IGO.  Shrub. 

107.  Leaf. Onccp.     Isa.  i.  30. 

108.  Bark. 

1G9.  Grass Moskehtu.     Gen.  i.     Prov.  xxli.  25.     Ex.  vi.  10. 

170.  Ilay Moskehtu.     Isa.  xlii.  4. 

171.  Nettle Koussuk.     Isa.  v.  0.     Brier. 

172.  Thistle  Taskookau. 

173.  Weed. 

174.  Flower Peshaun.     Song  of  Sol.  ii.  12. 

175.  Rose Peshaun. 

170.  Lilv Peshaun.     Luke  xx.  27.     Mat,  vi.  38. 


II  I  S  TO  II  Y,    AND   (in  \  K  U  N  M  M  N  T. 


SOU 


(i  K  N  l<;  II  A  I,    A  irriCLKS   (»!'    I'ool). 

177.  Ilrciul I'('tuki|iiiiiiniik.     .loh  xxxiii.  •Jd.      I,cv.  xxiv.  I").      Keel.  xi.  1. 

Mf*.  Iiiiliim-mnil Ndkcliirk.     Klint's  Lil'i-,  p.  7!',  lmI.  ..f  li;:t|. 

17!l.  Flour Nookkik.     i.  Siiiii.  xwiii.  'Jl. 

l'*''.  Mont Wi'yttua.     McetHUoiik.     .loli  xxxiv.  It. 

l«l.  Fat Wuw.     Lev.  iii.  :!. 

NATIVE   QUADIIUTEDS. 

1H2.  lU'iiver. 

IHi).  Deer Alitiili.     Sdiigof  Sol.  ii.  0. 

IH-l.  Bison,  or  Biilliilo. 

IH."").  Itoar Mos(i.     I'rov.  xvii.  12. 

\M.  Elk. 

187.  MooHP. 

18H.  Ottor. 

1H0.  Fox WonkussisH.     Song  of  Sol.  ii.  I'l.     Dim.  in  cwcd.     Tin.  in  P(/. 

100.  Wolf MukqiiooHhim.     Isii.  xlv.  2').     Query — plu.  in  tin. 

I'.tl.  Dog Anuni.     1.  Sinn.  ix.  8. 

102.  Squirrel. 

1!'U.  Iliiro Ogkosliku.     Tniv.  xxx.  20.     Coney. 

104.  Lynx. 

IIT).  Panther. 

lIMi,  Muskrsit MishalijiolKiuas.     Isa.  ixvi.  17.     Mouse.     Lev.  xi.  20. 

107.  Mink. 

108.  Fi.slicr. 
100.  Martin. 

200.  Mole  Mameeoliomit.     Lev.  xi.  HO. 

201.  Polecat. 


DOMESTIC    ANIMALS    INTRODUCED    AT   THE    DISCOVERY.' 


202.  Hog. 

203.  Ilorso. 

204.  Cow. 

205.  Sheep. 


Translations  of  these  names  arc  requested. 


•'.  I 


■:i-  il 


In.    'i: 


i . 


hi 


u 


III 


,' 


Ai- 


II    ■  M 


294  TRIBAL  ORGANIZATION, 


REPTILA,   INSECTS,  ETC. 

200.  Turtle,  or  Tortoise Toonuppas.     Lev.  xi.  29.     Flu.  in  og. 

207.  Toad  Tinnogkooqus.     Ex.  viii.  2.     Plu.  in  o^r. 

208.  Snake Askook.     Job  xxvi.  13.     Eccl.  x.  2. 

209.  Lizard. 

210.  Worm Oohqua.     Isa.  xiv.  11.     Plu.  in  o*;. 

211.  Insect Monitos.     V\\i.  in  u<j. 

212.  Fly Ochaas. 

21.'!.  Wasp Anio.     Plii.  in  o^jr. 

214.  Ant Aununnckqs.     Prov.  xxx.  2.'j,  vi.  6. 


BIRDS,   AND   ORNITHOLOGY   GENERALLY. 

215.  Bird Psukscs.     Job  xli.  5.     Prov.  xxvii.  8. 

21G.  Egg Woou.     Jobvi.  6.     Woan.     Isa.  x.  14.     Dcut.  xx.  C. 

217.  Feather Unnokon. 

218.  Claw Ookossa.     lija.  v.  28.     Dan.  iv.  23. 

219.  Beak. 

220.  Wing Nuppohwun.     Isa.  vi.  2. 

221.  Goose. 

222.  Duck. 

223.  Swan Wcquash.     Lev.  xi.  18. 

224.  Partridge Pohpohkussu.     I.  Sam.  xxvi.  20. 

225.  Pigeon Nunneem.     Lev.  xv.  6. 

226.  Plover. 

227.  Woodcock. 

228.  Turkey. 

229.  Crow Weenont.     Lev.  xi.  15. 

230.  Raven Konkontu.     Job  xxxviii.  41.     Song  of  Sol.  v.  1.     Gen.  viii.  7. 

231.  Robin. 

232.  Eagle Wompisik.     Lev.  xi.  13.     Isa.  xl.  31. 

233.  Hawk Quanon.     Lev.  xi.  16. 

234.  Snipe. 

235.  Owl Kookookhau.     Job  xxx.  29.     Isa.  xiii.  21. 

23G.  Woodpecker. 


FISHES  AND   OBJECTS  IN  ICHTHYOLOGY. 


-  W  ill 

'"^  ^^1  ill 


237.  Fish Namohs.     Ilab.  i.  14.     Luke  xi.  11.     Mat.  xxxiv.  4. 

238.  Trout. 


HISTORY,  AND  GOVERNMENT. 


29r> 


.Wapwekanog.     Lev.  xi.  10.     I'lu.  in  ii/. 
.Wohhokgicg.     Lev.  xi.  10.     TIu.  in  {(j. 


230.  Rass. 

240.  Sturgeon. 

241.  Sunfisli. 
24'^.  rikc. 

243.  Catfish. 

244.  rcrch. 

245.  Sucker. 
24().  Minnow. 

247.  Fin 

248.  Scale 

240.  Roc. 


2.     ADJECTIVES. 

In  tl.o  Algonquin  group  of  languages,  the  adjective  is  finnislicd  with  a  transitive  inflection,  to 
denote  the  dim  of  the  object,  of  the  ijiialitij  of  which  it  is  intended  to  speak ;  and  these  transitive 
forms  arc  the  simplest,  in  which  all  words  denoting  the  properties  and  (pialities  of  bodies  are  orally 
found  to  exist.  In  that  language,  the  two  classes  of  objects  which  impose  rules  of  construction 
upon  the  speaker,  in  the  use  of  adjectives,  are  those  pusscssiui/  and  those  wantimj  life,  or  vitaliti/. 
The  adjective  roots  or  primitive  forms  of  the  adjective,  are  therefore  always  incumbered  with' ii 
transitive  inflection,  to  make  certain  to  the  hearer  the  precise  class  of  objects  spoken  of.  Thus, 
waub\a  the  root-form  of  white,  hh  or  iM,  is  a  declarative  particle,  but  if  it  bo  intended  to 
describe  a  white  person,  the  particle  i^zie  is  added;  if  a  white  inanimate  substance,  the  particle  is 
changed  to  au.  Denote  whether  this  mode  or  any  analogous  one  exists  in  the  language  of  which 
you  furnish  a  vocabulary. 

250.  White Wompi.     Mat  v.  36. 

251.  Black Mooi.     Song  of  Sol.  i.  5. 

252.  Red Musqua.     Isa.  Ixviii.  7. 

253.  Green Ashkoshqui.     Song  of  Sol.  v.  16. 

254.  Blue Oonoag.     Ex.  xxxix.  1,  2. 

255.  Yellow ^Ves6ag.     Rs.  Lwiii.  13. 

250.  Great Missi.     Luke  x.  2. 

257.  Small Pcasi.     II.  Sam.  xii.  8.     Hair.  i.  0. 

258.  Strong Mcnuhkesu.     II.  Sam.  iii.  1.     John  ii.  14. 

250.  Weak Noochumwis.     II.  Sam.  iii.  1.     Isa.  xvi.  10. 

200.  Old Kutchis.     Isa,  xx.  4. 

201.  Young Wuskc.     Rev.  v.  9.     Lev.  xxii.  20.     Isa.  vii.  21. 

202.  Good Wunnegen.     Isa.  v.  20.     Gen.  i.  4. 

203.  Bad Matchet.     Isa.  v.  20. 

264.  Handsome Noonot.     Song  of  Sol.  i.  14. 

205.  Ugly. 

260.  Alive Pamotog.     Luke  xxiv.  5. 

267.  Dead Nuppuk.     Luke  xxiv.  5. 

-^8'  I^'fc Pemoantooonk.     Isa.  xliii.  4.     Sub.  in  onk. 


f, 

f 

il  • 

k         ■ 

:'      i 

:.  I 

I' 

i 

i 

¥ 


3      A-  ■'))     'i 


-I 


!i 


206  TRIBAL  ORGANIZATION, 

200.  Dt'iUli Nuppooiik.     Prov.  vii.  27.     Sul).  in  o/i/c. 

270.  Colli Kussopt'u.     Rev.  iii.  IT). 

271.  (.'olil SoiKiiR'st'ii.     llcv.  iii.  15. 

272.  Sdiii' Sooj^.     I'rov.  X.  2<). 

273.  Swi'ft Wcekon.     Eccl.  .\i.  7.     Isa.  v.  20. 

274.  Pepper. 
27").  Suit. 

2TtJ.  Bitter Wesogk.     Rev.  .\.  10.     Isa.  v.  10. 

In  jjivinij;  tliesc  examples,  the  substantive  foiiiis,  Nos.  208,  2G0,  and  274,  27<''),  arc  given  in  innne- 
liiatu  connection  Avith  the  adjective,  for  obvious  reasons. 


i   ,r 


il:i 


nm 


Ht 


Si-  i: 

m 


3.    PRONOUNS,   PERSONAL   AND   RELATIVE. 

The  genius  of  the  Indian  language,  to  which  reference  has  been  above  made,  which  rerpiires  tlmt 
adjectives  should  have  a  transitive  inflection,  also  imposes  a  similar  rule  of  transition  on  the  pro- 
nouns, which  are  perpetually  rc(iuired  to  show  whtther  the  class  of  objects  to  which  they  apply  be 
animate  or  iiumimatc.  It  is  the  sueecdaneum  for  gender;  and  there  is,  as  a  conseiiuenee  of  so 
general  a  principle  luiving  been  taken,  no  concord  required  in  that  class  of  languages,  to  denote 
the  niiuculine  and  feminine.  State  whether  the  personal,  relative,  or  demonstrative  pronouns,  be 
transitive  or  intransitive. 

277.  I Ncn.     Job  xxxiv.  38. 

278.  Thou  Ken.     Josh.  x.  12. 

270.      lie W. 

280.  She  W. 

281.  They. 

282.  Ye Keneau.     Luke  xxii.  20. 

283.  We,  including  the  person  addressed. 

284.  Wc,  excluding  "  "         Nenawun.     Isa.  xvi.  10. 

f  This  person,  or  animate  being.        ,,      ,       ,r  •   -.«   ■,-, 

285.  -^„„.    \.  ,.       ,.       .         ,      Ycuoh.     Mat.  XXI.  10,  11. 
I.  This  object  or  tinng  (uianimatc). 

i  That  person  or  animated  being. 

\  That  object  or  thing  (inanimate). 

(  These  persons  or  animated  beings. 
I  These  objects  or  things  (inanimate). 
(  Those  persons  or  animated  beings. 
\  Those  objects  or  things. 
280.     All Wame.     Mark  xiv.  29. 

200.  Part. 

201.  Who Howan.     Mat.  xxi.  10.     Luke  viii.  45,  46. 

fWhat. 

202.  -   What  person. 
I^What  thing. 


HISTORY,  AND  GOVERNMENT.  207 

293    -f  ^^''''''''  P'''"^°"- 
'   I  Which  thing. 

4.    ADVERBS. 

294.  Near rasoo.     Mark  xiii.  28,  29. 

295.  Far  off Noondtit.     Isa.  xlvi.  13,  xlix.  1. 

29(3.  To-day Keshukuk.     II.  Kings  xxviii.  6. 

297.  To-morrow Mohtompog.     I.  Sam.  xxxi.  8.     Saup.     Ex.  viii.  10. 

298.  Yesterday. 

299.  By  and  by. 

300.  Yes Nux.      Mat.  xvii.  25. 

301.  No Matta.     John.  vii.  12.     Mat.  v.  37. 

302.  Perhaps. 

303.  Never. 

304.  Forever Mitchcme.     Isa.  xxvi.  4,  xxxiv.  10.     Mat.  vi,  13. 

5.  PREPOSITIONS  AND  PREPOSITIONAL  TERMS. 

305.  Above Waabe.     Isa.  vi.  2. 

300.  Under. 

307.  Within. 

308.  Without. 

309.  Something — m. 

810.  Nothing — n Matteag.     Luke  xxii.  35.     Isa.  xl.  17. 

311.  On Ohta.     Lev.  viii.  30. 

312.  In. 

313.  By. 

314.  Through. 

315.  In  the  sky. 

316.  On  the  tree. 

317.  In  the  house. 

318.  By  the  shore. 

319.  Through  the  water. 

6.    VERBS. 

The  simplest  form  of  the  Indian  verb  which  has  been  found  orally  to  exist  in  the  languages 
examined,  is  the  third  person  singular,  present  tense,  of  the  indicative  mood.  The  infinitive  is 
only  to  be  established  by  dissection.  If  this  rule  prevails  in  the  language  known  to  you,  the  cqiii- 
valents  of  the  verbs  to  eat,  to  drink,  &c.,  will  be  understood  to  mean,  he  eats,  he  drinks,  &c.,  unless 
it  be  otherwise  denoted. 


I^'M   i 


- .' . 


320.  To  cat Meetch.     Job  xxxi.  8. 

321.  To  drink Wuttat.  Isa.  v.  22. 

322.  To  laugh Haha.     Eccl.  18,  12. 

38 


Mark  viii.  2,  8. 


t.  '  ii 


298  TRIBAL   ORGANIZATION, 

32^.  To  cry Mauoo.     Luko  viii.  52.     Eccl.  iii.  4. 

324.  To  love  Womon.     Song  of  Sol.  ii.  9. 

32").  To  burn Chikosw.     Lev.  iv.  12. 

326.  Towiilk rapaum.     Zach.  vi.  7. 

327.  To  run Kcnoos.     Zach.  ii.  4. 

328.  To  sec Naush.     Rev.  vi.  3. 

320.  To  hear Noota.     Luke  viii.  8.     Gen.  iii.  8. 

330.  To  speak Noowa.     Zach.  ii.  4. 

331.  To  strike  Nuttogkom.     Jer.  xxi.  G. 

332.  To  think Mehquontam.     Isa.  xlii.  18. 

333.  To  wish. 

334.  To  call "Wclikom.     Isa.  Iv.  5,  (!. 

33.").  To  live KuppaniantaiH.     Isa.  xliii.  4. 

33t!.  To  go Monchek.     I.  Sam.  xxix.  10. 

337.  To  sing  Nukketoo.     Isa.  v.  1. 

338.  To  dance Puraukom.     Eccl.  iii.  C. 

33il.  To  die Nuppoo.     Gen.  xxv.  8. 

340.  To  tie Upponam.     Ex.  xxxix.  31. 

341.  To  kill  Neshehteani.     Eccl.  iii.  3. 

342.  To  embark. 


PARTICIPLES.     (1.) 


!i  '    ! 


343.  Eating. 

344.  Drinking. 

345.  Laughing. 
340.  Crying. 


SUBSTANTIVE-VERB.     (2.) 


m 


K.   ;|  m 


347.  To  be,  or  to  exist. 

348.  You  are. 
340.  He  is. 

350.  I  am  that  I  am Nen  Nuttinnien  Nen  Nuttinnien. 


Ex.  iii.  14. 


;  *.       *  h.i    ^•' 


(1.)  Analogy  and  examples  denote  that  there  are  no  elementary  participles  ia  the  aboriginal 
tongues,  but  that  the  sense  of  the  equivalents  generally  returned,  is,  he  (is)  eating  (is)  drinking,  kc. 

( 2. )  Conjugations  are  effected  in  the  Indian  languages,  by  tensal  inflections  of  tlie  pronouns  and 
verbs.  The  entire  absence  of  auxiliary  verbs  in  the  languages  was  observed  at  an  early  period. 
The  Indian  who  is  constantly  in  the  habit  of  saying,  I  sick — I  well — I  glad — I  sorry — was  naturally 
supposed  to  speak  a  language,  which,  however  rich  in  its  inflections  and  power  of  description,  had 
no  word  or  radical  particle  to  denote  abstract  existence.  Such  does  not,  however,  appear  to  be  the 
case  in  the  Algonquin,  from  a  scrutiny  of  some  of  the  Scripture  translations  which  have  been 
received,  and  a  comparison  with  their  vocabularies.    But  the  subject  still  requires  examination.    So 


HISTORY,   AND  GOVERNMENT. 


2519 


fill-  as  can  lie  juJged,  the  term  for  abstract  existence  is  of  very  limited  use,  and  never,  in  any  ease, 
appears  to  i.  employed  to  express  jxission,  emotion,  siiffcrinfj,  or  cnjoi/ment.  In  this  view,  the 
forms  No.  348,  349,  arc  added.  It  is  apprehended  that  no  precise  e(|uivalent  for  S.'JO  —  the  test 
phrase  proposed  by  Mr.  Duponceau  for  the  verb  —  can  bo  given.  In  the  Algonquin,  however,  the 
phrase  Nin  dow  iau  Liun  has  been  rendered  literally,  I — (the')  body — I  am.  The  whole  question 
turning  upon  the  primary  meaning  of  the  root-form  Iau  or  Iah.= 


'  As  there  is  no  indefinite  article  in  the  language,  the  [inclusive]  term  hero  is  merely  inferential. 
'  The  almost  exact  identity  of  the  sound  of  this  word  with  the  Hebrew  verb  To  He,  HtH  Las  not  escaped 
notice. 


;. 


*       1 


)    :    i 


11   ! 


i'l' 


1      A     "l 


J    fi 


• '1'.'  -I, 


«^'! 


11.     FORMER    INDIAN    POPULATION    OP    KENTUCKY. 

It  is  known  that,  while  the  present  area  of  Kentucky  was,  at  the  earliest  times, 
the  theatre  of  severe  Indian  conflicts,  stratagems,  and  bloody  battles,  these  efforts  of 
fierce  contending  warriors  were  made  by  tribes,  who,  during  all  the  historical  period 
of  our  information,  crossed  the  Ohio  from  the  West.  The  fierce  Shawnee  and  wily 
Delaware  remained  in  the  country  but  for  short  times.  They  landed  at  secret  points, 
as  hunters  and  warriors,  and  had  no  permanent  residence  within  its  boundaries.  Such 
•were  the  incessant  bloody  attacks  and  depredations  nuide  by  these  and  their  kindred 
tribes,  both  prior  and  subsequent  to  the  American  revolution.  The  history  of  that 
State  was,  indeed,  bathed  in  blood,  and  sealed  with  tlie  deaths  of  some  of  the  noblest 
and  freest  of  men. 

At  an  early  day,  the  head  of  the  Kentucky  River  became  a  favorite  and  important 
point  of  embarkation  for  Indians  moving,  in  predatory  or  hunting  bands,  from  the 
South  to  the  North  and  West.  The  Shawnecs,  after  their  great  defeat  by  the  Cher- 
okees,  took  that  route,  and  this  people  always  considered  themselves  to  have  claims  to 
these  attractive  hunting-grounds,  where  the  deer,  the  elk,  buffalo,  and  bear  abounded 
—  claims,  indeed,  who.se  only  foundation  was  blood  and  plunder. 

The  history  of  these  events  is  rife  with  the  highest  degree  of  interest,  but  cannot 
here  be  entered  on.  The  following  letter,  from  one  of  the  early  settlers  of  the 
country,  is  given  as  showing  the  common  tradition,  that,  while  the  area  of  Kentucky 
was  perpetually  fought  for,  .as  a  cherished  part  of  the  Indian  hunting-ground,  it  was 
not,  in  fact,  permanently  occupied  by  any  tribe.  The  writer's  (Mr.  Jo.seph  Ficklin's) 
attention  was  but  incidentally  called  to  the  subject.  His  letter,  which  is  in  answer 
to  a  copy  of  our  pamphlet  of  printed  inquiries,  bears  date  at  Lexington,  31st  of 
August,  1847. 

"  I  have  opened  your  circular  addressed  to  Dr.  Jarvis,  agreeably  to  your  request, 
and  beg  leave  to  remark  that  I  have  myself  an  acquaintance  with  the  Indian  history 
of  this  State  from  the  year  1781,  and  that  nothing  is  known  here  connected  with  your 
inquiries,  save  the  remains  of  early  settlements  too  remote  to  allow  of  any  evidence 
of  the  character  of  the  population,  except  that  it  must  have  been  nearly  similar  to 
that  of  the  greater  portion  which  once  occupied  the  rest  of  the  States  of  the  Union. 

There  is  one  fact  favorable  to  this  State,  which  belongs  to  few,  if  any,  of  the  sister 
States.    We  have  not  to  answer,  to  any  tribunal,  for  the  crime  of  driving  off  the 

CJiOO) 


TRIBAL   ORGANIZATION,   ETC.  301 

Tndiiin  trilx's,  and  [josscssiiig  their  lands.  There  were  no  Indians  located  within  our 
limits,  on  our  taking  po.ssession  of  this  country.  A  di.seontented  portion  of  tlic 
Shawnee  tribe,  from  Virginia,  broke  off  from  the  nation,  which  removed  to  tlie  Scioto 
country,  in  Ohio,  about  the  year  1730,  and  formed  a  town,  known  by  tlie  name  of 
Lulljogrud,  in  what  is  now  Clark  County,  about  30  miles  cast  of  tiiis  place.  This 
tribe  left  this  country  about  1750,  and  went  to  P^afst  Tennes.see,  to  the  Cherokee 
nation.  Soon  after,  they  returned  to  Ohio,  and  joined  the  rest  of  tiio  nation,  after 
spending  a  few  years  on  the  Ohio  River,  giving  name  to  Shawnee-town  in  the  State 
of  Illinois,  a  place  of  some  note  at  this  time.  This  information  is  founded  on  the 
account  of  the  Indians  at  the  first  settlement  of  this  State,  and  since  confirmed  by 
Bhwlc-hwf,  a  native  of  Lulbegrud,  who  vi.sited  this  country  in  1810,  and  went  on  the 
spot,  descril)ing  the  water-streams  and  hills  in  a  manner  to  .satisfy  every  body  that  he 
was  acquainted  with  the  place. 

"  I  claim  no  credit  for  this  State  in  escaping  the  odium  of  driving  off  th(>  savages, 
because  I  hold  that  no  people  have  any  claim  to  a  whoh;  country  for  a  hunting  or 
robbing  residence,  on  the  score  of  living,  for  a  brief  period,  on  a  small  part  of  it.  Our 
right  to  Northern  Mexico,  California,  and  Texas,  is  preferable  to  any  other  nation,  for 
the  simple  reason,  that  we  alone  subdue  the  savages  and  robbers,  and  place  it  under 
a  position  which  was  intended  by  the  Creator  of  the  world,  as  explained  to  the  father 
of  our  race." 


il 


11^ 


! 


I 


K\ 


i 


V      '     j 


i'i 


1: 


-i  ^  t 


!'', 


I'J.    MENOMONTE  AND  CHIPPEWA    HISTORY. 


!    I 


ii 


u 


'm 


» 


.  t  * 


I '» 


nV   OEOROE    JOHNSTON. 

The  Chippowas  and  Menonioiiios  arc  known  to  us  by  many  traditions  and  incidents 
of  deep  interest,  -which  will  be  in  due  time  submitted. 

The  originality  of  the  fullowiiif!;  tra(Ution  is  of  a  cliaracter  wliieh  can  l)e  viewed 
disjunctively,  and  commends  itself  to  notice.  Tlie  Indian  is  prone  to  trace  important 
events  in  iiis  ]iistor_\-  to  small,  and  apparently  improbable  causes.  We  have  heard  of 
no  Indian  wars  of  any  note,  of  an  ancient  date,  but  those  against  the  Foxes,  in  which 
the  Menomonies  figure  as  one  of  the  chief  actors.  Their  connection  with  the  Algon- 
quin family,  and  their  speaking  a  peculiar  dialect  of  it,  lead  to  the  supposition  that 
they  were,  at  an  ancient  period,  more  closely  alTdiatcd.  Traditions  of  this  kind, 
liowever  mi.\ed  up  with  improbabilities,  may  enable  us  hereafter  better  to  compre 
hend  their  history.  That  they  fell  out  with  their  neighbors,  relatives,  and  friends, 
for  a  small  thing,  is  an  event  by  no  means  novel  or  improbable.  —  H.  R.  S. 

T  R  A  D  I  T  1  O  N. 

Long  before  the  white  men  had  set  loot  ui)on  the  Indian  soil,  or  made  any  discovery 
of  this  continent,  a  bloody  and  most  cruel  war  took  place,  and  the  existing  present 
warfare  between  the  Sioux  and  Chippewas,  originated  at  this  early  period.  At  the 
mouth  of  the  Menomonie  River,  there  existed  an  extensive  Menomonie  town, 
governed  by  a  head  chief  (name  unknown)  of  great  power  and  influence,  who  had 
the  control  of  the  river  at  its  outlet.  There  existed  also  four  Chippewa  towns  upon 
the  river,  in  the  interior  portions  of  the  country,  governed  by  a  chief  whose  fame  and 
renown  were  well  known.  Tiiis  Chi|»pewa  chief  married  the  Menomonie  chief's  .sister. 
The  two  tribes  lived  happily  together  as  relatives  and  allies,  until  the  Chippewa 
chief's  son  had  attained  the  age  of  maidiood,  and  at  this  period  the  Menomonie  chief 
gave  directions  that  the  river  should  be  stopped  at  its  mouth,  in  order  to  prevent  the 
fish,  and  particularly  the  sturgeon,  from  ascending  it.  This  high-handed  measure 
caused  a  famine  among  the  Chippewas,  who  inhabited  the  interior  portions  of  the 
country  upon  the  river. 

(,W2) 


■t>t 


r'r 


TRIBAL   OIIGANIZATIUN,   ETC. 


808 


The  Chippewa  chief  was  inforiued  that  liiH  brother-in-law,  tlio  Menomonic  chief, 
had  dirf  \-\  that  the  river  «hoiild  Ije  I)arred  up  at  its  outlet,  in  order  to  prevent  the 
finli  ascending  the  river,  and  thereby  cau.sing  the  existing  famine  among  the  Cliippewaw. 
Upon  the  information  received,  the  Chippewa  chief  held  a  smoking  council  with  his 
tribe,  and  gave  directions  to  his  son  to  visit  forthwith  his  uncle,  the  Menomonic  chief, 
and  request  him  to  throw  open  the  river,  in  order  to  allow  the  fish  to  ascend,  and 
thereby  stop  the  existing  famine.  In  the  mean  time,  the  Menomonic  chief  heard  that 
his  nephew  was  preparing  to  visit  him,  and  the  chief  immediately  gave  directions  to 
have  a  small  bone  taken  from  the  inner  part  of  the  moose's  fore-leg,  which  was  made 
pointed  and  sharpened.  The  Chippewa  youth,  in  obedience  to  his  father's  commands, 
proceeded  on  his  voyage  to  visit  his  uncle,  the  Menomonic  chief,  and,  upon  his 
arriving  in  the  Menomonic  town,  proceeded  to  call  upon  him,  and  besought  him,  in  a 
respectfid  nuvnner,  to  throw  open  his  river  to  relieve  their  brethren  and  starving 
children.  '•  Very  well,"  replied  the  haughty  Meuomonie  chief;  "you  have  come,  my 
nephew,  to  request  me  to  throw  open  my  river,  alleging  that  your  people  are  in  a 
starving  state.  All  I  can  do  for  you,  my  nei)liew,  is  this ;"  and  taking  the  sharpened 
bone  with  his  right  hand,  and  with  his  left  hand  seizing  his  nephew's  hair  upon  the 
crown  of  the  head,  passed  the  bone  through  the  skin,  between  it  and  the  skull,  and 
letting  go  of  his  hold,  the  sharpened  bone  remained  crosswise  upon  the  youth's  head. 
"  Now,"  said  the  chief,  "  this  is  what  I  can  do,  conformably  with  your  request." 

The  young  Chippewa  withdrew  himself  from  his  uncle's  presence,  without  making 
any  comments  upon  the  reception  lie  had  met  with,  and  immediately  proceeded  on  his 
way  homewards,  encamping  several  nights,  and  avoiding  the  different  villages,  finally 
reached  his  father's  village,  with  his  head  covered,  and  on  entering  his  father's  lodge, 
he  laid  himself  down  without  saying  a  word,  or  uncovering  his  head.  The  heralds 
soon  proclaimed  this  fact  throughout  the  village.  On  the  following  morning  the  young 
man  broke  silence,  and  called  for  liis  ftither's  messengers,  and  ordered  them  to  cut  and 
mix  a  sufficient  quantity  of  tobacco  for  the  whole  tribe.  When  the  tobacco  was 
prepared,  he  was  informed  that  it  was  ready,  and  he  forthwith  directed  that  the  elders 
and  all  the  braves  and  warriors  should  be  sent  for,  and  when  all  were  assembled,  the 
young  man  got  up  and  uncovered  his  head,  and  showed  to  the  assembled  multitude  the 
condition  he  was  in,  and  the  bone  still  sticking  upon  the  crown  of  his  head,  and  his 
face  .and  head  much  inllamed.  He  related  to  them  the  reception  he  had  met  with 
from  his  uncle;  .and  then  addressing  himself  to  his  father,  said  to  him,  "that  he  must 
not  on  this  occasion  say  a  word  of  dissuasion,  for  it  would  be  of  no  avail."  lie  then 
addressed  the  tribe,  and  told  them  that  he  was  shamefully  treated,  and  that  they 
must  prepare  their  war-clubs,  and  be  in  readiness  to  sttirt  on  the  following  morning. 
The  consent  was  unanimous,  the  war-party  was  formed,  and  on  the  following  morning 
they  took  their  departure.  The  young  m.an  w.as  on  this  occasion  the  leader  and  war- 
chief.     On   reaching   the   Menoraonie   town,  strict  orders  were   given  to  take   the 


'    ! 


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804 


TRIBAL  ORGANIZATION,  ETC. 


-  :il 


i  V  l^jif' 


in 


prinoipal  MiMiomoiiic  chiot*  alive,  and  to  dcHtroy  all  who  rcsiHteil.  TImh  order  was 
I'lilly  obeyed  and  put  in  execution,  for  every  living  8oul  in  the  town  met  with  their 
lUtc  from  an  exasperated  foe :  the  Menomonie  chief  excepted,  and  who  had  been 
overpowered  by  many,  and  now  lx)und  with  leather  thongs,  and  without  hopes  of 
esi'jipe.  The  young  Ciiippewa  war-leader  then  ordered  young  men  to  catch,  on  the 
.slioaJH  of  the  barred-up  river,  small  sturgeon  of  various  sizes.  One  was  selecteil  of 
the  size  of  a  carp,  and  the  bound  Menomonie  chief  was  then  accosted  by  his  nephew, 
romiudetl  that  ho  had  caused  the  outlet  of  the  river  to  be  barred  up,  causing  a  grievous 
famine  among  the  Indiana  who  inhabited  the  interior  jxirtions  of  the  country,  and 
for  that  outrage,  and  the  penurious  love  he  bore  for  the  stiu'geon,  so  he  would  Iks 
permitted  to  keep  and  cherish  that  fish.  The  young  man  then  gave  orders  to  push 
in  the  chief's  fundament  a  small  sturgeon  of  the  size  above  referred  to,  and  he  was 
then  allowed,  when  unfettered,  to  reflect  upon  liis  folly  and  to  seek  his  tribe.  The 
barred-up  river  was  thrown  open,  and  soon  relief  reached  the  famished  Chippewns. 
This  was  the  commencement  of  a  war  to  be  replete  with  nunders  and  cruelties 
unparalleled  in  Indian  history. 

The  Menomonie  tribe  then  passed  their  wampum  belts  and  war-pipe  to  the  following 
tril)es,  and  formed  an  alliance  with  them.  Sacs  and  Foxes  were  engaged  in  this 
warfare  against  the  Chippcwas,  together  with  the  Pottawatamies,  Kickapoos,  Winna- 
bagoes,  Sioux,  Opanangoes,  Shawnees,  Algonquins,  Nautowas,  and  Wabanakees. 
Fortunately  the  Chippcwas  had  three  mighty  and  valorous  warriors,  of  great  power, 
at  the  Sault  Stc.  Marie.  The  principal  leader  was  Nabanois,  of  the  crane  totem,  the 
principal  and  great  chief  at  La  Pointe,  of  the  tribe  of  Ah-ah-wai,  (whose  name  is 
unknown  at  this  period.)  and  the  great  chief  and  war-leader  of  Nipigon,  of  the  tribe 
of  the  king-fisher,  or  Kish-kemanisce.  The  latter  chief  pushed  his  warfare  east, 
among  many  tribes,  and  finally  reached  the  Atlantic  coast,  in  pursuit  of  his  enemies. 
His  hieroglyphics  have  l)een  di.scovered  on  one  of  the  islands  in  Boston  Bay ; '  the 
same  also  exist  on  Lake  Superior,  near  the  Yellow-Dog  River,  and  also  upon  the  north 
coast,  near  Gargantwois.  This  chief  pursued  his  enemies  with  unrelenting  fury, 
during  summer  and  winter,  and  maintained  and  kept  possession  of  the  Chippewa 
country.  One  of  their  great  war  paths  was  Tidiquahminong  and  Manistic  Rivers, 
and  from  Chocolate  River  into  the  Shoshquonabi,  and  another  from  the  L'ancc  Kewy- 
wenon  and  down  the  Menomonie  River." 


This  may  possibly  be  an  allusion  to  tho  inscription  on  the  Dig'iton  Rock. 


- 


13.  NOTICE  OF  THE  MISCOTINS  AND  ASSIGUNAIGS,  TWO 
EXTINCT  TIUin-:S,  WHO  I'RKCEDEI)  TIIK  AI.fiON- 
QUINS    IN    THE  OCCUPANCY   OF   THE   LAKE   BASIN.S. 

Among  tlio  tnulitioiis  which  lloat  ia  the  niiiids  of  tlio  Algoii(|iiiii  trilK'.s  wliu  (icciipv 
the  shorea  of  the  upper  Lakes,  are  tlie  iiaiiios  of  tlic  two  now  miknown  tribes  which 
are  mentioned  ahove.  Over  these  tliey  recite  triuniplis,  in  a  long  continued  war. 
The  residence  of  the  Miscotiiw  is  identided  with  vestiges  of  iiuniiin  ial)or  and 
residence  at  several  points  on  the  siiores  of  Lakes  Huron  and  Miciiigan.  Tiiey  are 
represented  as  having  been  driven  south  into  tlie  general  area  of  tiie  present  States  of 
Illinois  and  Wisconsin. 

What  relates  to  these  allusions,  may  bo  stated  as  follows : 

Fishing  vessels  of  the  leading  maritime  nations  of  Europe,  api)eared  on  the  haaUs 
of  Newfoundland  in  the  early  part  of  the  16th  century.  Denis  commaniled  one  of 
these,  in  loOG,  and  Aubert  in  1508.  Cartier,  who  coasted  along  the  rugged  and 
barren  shores  of  Newfoundland,  the  "Ileluiland"  of  the  Scandinavians,  in  Ib'oi, 
having  discovered  the  gulf  and  river  St.  Lawrence,  ascended  the  latter,  the  following 
year,  to  Lake  St.  Peters,  in  one  of  liis  sliips,  whence  he  jjroceeded,  in  boat.s,  to  the 
island  of  ILwhchtga,  the  present  site  of  Montreal.  He  found  a  large  and  populous 
town  of  Indians  at  this  place,  who,  it  is  perceived  from  his  short  vocabulary,  were  of 
the  Iroquois  stock.  These  were  subsequently  found  to  be  the  ancient  tribe  known  to 
us  as  Wyandots,  whom  the  Frencli,  as  Charlevoix  tolls  us,  named  Hurons,  from  the 
wild  manner  of  dressing  their  liair.  The  Indians,  probably  mistaking  a  generic  for 
a  specific  question,  and  Cartier  a  specific  for  a  generic  reply,  supposed  they  called  the 
country  " Canada,"  when  the  word  evidently  only  meant  that  part  of  it  included  in 
the  town.  These  Indians  occupied  also  the  eastern  and  southoni  shores  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  extending  westward  to  Niagara  and  south-east  to  Lake  Champlain,  and 
were  thus  in  juxtaposition  to  the  other  Iroquois  Cantons.  They  were  expert  canoe- 
men  ;  they  descended  the  St.  Lawrence  during  the  fishing  seasons,  to  the  Gulf.  In 
the  improved  map  of  the  North  American  Coast,  published  at  Amsterdam  in  lG-')4, 
the  country  around  Lake  Champlain  is  called  "  Irocosia,"  which  denoted  the  exclusive- 
ness  of  the  occupancy  of  the  country  east  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  west  of  the  Sorel, 
by  that  people  at  the  date  of  the  Dutch  settlements. 

39  (305) 


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aot( 


Till  HA  1,   ()U(i  AN  IZATION, 


'■  ? 


m 


W\ 


\  f  i'l 


(ij 


fc  (1 


On  till'  ()|)|)(wito  or  iKirtIi  Hlinrcs  of  the  Sf.  r,ii\vron('('  the  l-'rciicli  fniiii(l  a  peo|ilo 
i-pcaUin^  II  (liUcrcMt  liiii;^iia^;i',  wlm  were,  Iuwcvit,  on  li'ini^  willi  tlic  WmhkIoIm,  anti 
whom  ("olili-n.  Ibllowiiig  Hie  early  Kri'ncli  aiitlioiM,  rcpn'McnlM  an  oxccllinj^  tlio  InKHioin 
in  military  Hkiil  and  renown.  'I'liis  norllicrn  |)eo|)le  traeeil  tlieir  origin  to  tlie  iiigli 
antl  monnlainons  tra<'t  of  lakes  and  elills  wliiidi  utretciies  I'rom  the  xonreeM  of  the 
I'tawas  ri\i'r  (piite  to  the  enti'anee  of  the  Saj^nenay,  at  'radoiisac.  'I'liey  are  referi'ed 
to  hy  the  early  Kreneli  writers  as  Mi>iil<i;/nrs.  They  early  came  to  U*  known,  however, 
in  iio[)ular  langna}xe,  by  the  terms  Alijuuiiiipilii'  and  its  eoiitraelion  A/i/iiin/inii.  This 
term  has  never  been  explained.  The  iidleelion  (/•///,  in  l/mt  hingwa^re.  gives  u  substan- 
tive foi'ni  to  verbs.'  Afioma;;;  and  Afronieeg '  are  terms  denoting  hIoikj,  on.  nf, 
s/iDir,  agreeably  to  the  position  of  the  speaki'r.  and  in  this  case  meant  the  north  shore. 
The  |)lural  inflections  (i;/  and  mj,  giving  the  term  a  personal  form,  impart  a  meaning 
which  inav  be  rendered  i>t(i/ilc  a/  the  <ij>jxMiltv  shorca.  Thus  it  was  only  a  descriptive 
ti'rm,  without  denoting  nationality. 

The  Algonipiins  extended  up  the  I'tawas,  ami  from  its  sources  south,  west,  and 
north,  spreading  through  the  entire  area  of  the  Upper  Lakes.  It  is  not  known  when 
they  fust  reached  tlie.so  lakes.  After  their  defeat  in  the  St.  Lawrence  valley,  by  the 
li'o((uois,  they  abaniloncd  that  valley,  anil  joined  their  kindred  west.  History  (iuds 
lliem.  early  in  the  Kith  century,  seated  about  the  shores  of  fjakes  Huron,  Michigan, 
and  Superior.  Their  traditions  state  that  they  had  reached  the.se  lakes //vy//(  lli<-  cn^l. 
They  were  divided  into  numerous  local  l)ands  bearing,  generally,  some  local  name,  but 
(lill'ering  in  scarcely  any  appreciable  degree  (except  in  those  niinu'e  tribal  iic'cn!i;irities 
known  only  to  themselves)  in  hmgunge,  looks,  maimers,  or  customs.  At  the  eiirlic.-<t 
dates  remembered  in  their  trailitious,  the  Attawas,  or  Ottawas,  occupied  the  St.  Fiiiw- 
rencc,  and  afterwards  the  chain  of  the  Manatonline  islands  of  Lake  Huron.  This 
lakt>  was  early  called,  and  is  still  known  U)  the  Algonquins  as,  Ottawa  I-ake.  The 
tribe  of  the  Missisagies  *  lived  first  at  the  river  of  that  uiime,  on  the  north  shore  of 
tiiat  lake,  between  Jji  C'loc/w  and  Point  Tcssalon.  We  find  them,  in  Kjo'S,  on  the 
shores  of  Lake  Ontario,  between  Genesee  and  Niagara  rivers.' 

'  Arc  wc  to  understand  this  phrase  as  being  derived  from  ice,  miqunm.,  or  Heiivor,  JImikf 

'  Tims,  ncmr  i.s  the  infhiitivo  to  danec,  .W-mc-tPin,  a  dance;  Ke-ac-dn,  to  speak ;   Ke-ijr-dn-irin,  a  speaker. 

■''  The  germ-word  here,  wliich  is  sometimes  gnma  and  sometimes  gnmr,  means  water,  —  it  is  the  clement 
denoting  sea,  great  hike,  bay,  arm  of  the  sea,  &c.,  in  compounds.  J]g  and  rg  arc  phiral  inflections  animate, 
anil,  when  thus  employed  in  iniininiato  nouns,  render  the  subject  noble.  The  graniinatical  rule,  in  the 
Alf:(iiii|uin,  is,  that  all  nouns  ending  in  u  vowel  are  rendered  plural,  in  the  inanimate,  by  the  letter  n,  and 
ill   ill"  aiiiniiitc,  by  g. 

*  The  term  consists  of  an  Kn^'lish  phiral  in  s  added  to  the  .Mgonquin  phnise  for  a  wide-mouthed  river. 
There  is,  therefore,  no  notice  of  nalinnality,  a  word  which  must  be  exclu.sivcly  sought  in  the  languiig.s  Their 
language  is  pure  Algonquin. 

'  Kdilkntcs. 


i' 


i    i 


m 


11  I  ST  o  II  Y,   AND  (H)  V  E  II  N  M  K  N  T 


!i07 


Tlic  Nipi'icincaiiM,  who  ivio  ilofiiu'il  tin-  tint'  Alj?c)ii(|iiiii>;  l>y  micit'iit  wriN'r?*.  livcil  ut 
l.iikc  Nt'iiis.siiig;  tln^  (Kljil)\viiH  on  tlic  MtniitM  of  St.  Miuy'rt  iiiid  on  tlic  nhoir.s  of  Iiiikc 
Sii|i('i'ior. 

Otliiwii  and  (!liipp»'\vii  tnulitioii  r'>prp.soiit.>(  tllo^«•  tiilics  iil  lir.st  us  coming  into  hoMtilo 
I'olliHion,  US  a  nation,  witli  a  |)i'upli'  «|io  appear  to  hiivo  hfon  tliiir  prciIccc-'KorH  in  tlm 


lak 


This  collision  \vc  (ir.st  licrtr  of  on  tin  inner  shores  of  tlie  ishiml  of  l*orta''unas( 


niul  on  tiie  imrrow  peninsula oi'  I'oint  P'  ionr,  Lake  (I  u'"n,  the  latter  hein;;  tiie  western 
capo  of  tlio  entranco  into  the  straits  of  St.  Mary's.  They  fought  and  ilefeated  them 
at  tlirci'  Ht'veral  places,  and  drove  '"in  west.  I'd  Miis  primitive  people,  who  appi'are(l 
to  rule  in  th(>  re^'ion  idtout  iMiehilliinai  kiuMc,  they  ^'iive  the  name  of  Mushkodains,  or 
Little  I'rairie  Indians.  Chuseo,  an  ajred  Ottowaof  Michillimaekin  i- ;  invarialily  used 
the  word  in  it.s  i/iiniinifirr  and  ii/iini/  forms,  namely.  Mnsh-kinhiins-u^ ;  Ihiil  is  to  say, 
I'liijili  nf  till  Lilllf  I'nilrir.  lie  spoke  of  them  as  the  people  wlmm  the  .\l!j;ompiins 
drove  oil",  and  he  invarialily  referred  to  them  when  ([ueslioneil  alioiil  ancient  hones 
and  caves,  in  (lie  rej;ion  of  Michillinnickinac.  They  had  majiicians  for  their  leaders. 
Their  war-captain  es('a[ied,  the  tradition  says,  nniler-)>rouml,  in  the  liattle  at  I'oint 
Detour.  They  lied  on  this  occasion  up  the  coast  to  Michillimackinac,  and  so,  liy 
dejirees.  into  Lalu'  iMichifran  liy  its  eastern  shores,  whence  their  traditions  I'ollow  them 
as  far  south  as  the  Washtenonjr.  called  flranil  River  liy  the  French.  Tlicsi'  .Musliko- 
dains  they  repicsent  as  powi'rfid  and  subtle,  and  excellini^  themsehi's  in  arts  anil 
necroman<'y.'  They  depositi'd  [\w  human  lK)nos,  he  said,  fouml  in  ca\('s  at  .Micliilli- 
niackiuac.  They  are  the  authors  of  the  trenches  (ilk'd  with  hiiiiiaM  liones  on 
Menissin,^  or  Kound  Island,  in  Lake  Huron.  The  Otlawas  attrilaite  to  them  the 
small  mounds  and  the  old  jrardeu-lieils  in  Grand  River  ^'alley.  and  at  other  places,  and, 
ill  slidit,  they  point  to  them  for  whatever  in  the  anti([uities  of  the  country  tiiey  cannot 
exiiliiin  or  aci'diiut  for.  Who  these  Little  Prairie,  or  Kire  Indians  were,  is  uncertain. 
Are  we  not  to  rcfrard  them  as  the  lust  Mascul'ms  of  the  early  French  writers?  Were 
they  not  coteinporary  in  the  Lakes,  with  the  Assignnaigs,  or  l5one  Indians,  s|ioken  of 
bv  the  western  and   Lalve  tribes'.' 

\o  reasonaiile  doiibt  can  exist  on  this  subject.  They  are  names  evt'r  in  tin; 
fnre^iround  of  Algonipiin  history,  and  tiiese  jieople  ajipear  to  have  fought  for  tiie 
possession  of  the  Lake  country.  I5y  them  the  ancient  ossuaries  were  probalily 
constructed  ;  and  we  have  considered  the  facts  in  vain  if  they  were  not  the  nations 
who  worked  the  ani-ient  co[)[>er-mincs  on  Lake  Superior.  They  a|>i)ear  to  have  passed 
south  by   the  present  sites  of  (Iranil   River  and  (-hicago. 

The  similarity  of  the  ground  form  of  the  names  for  "prairie"  and  Hro  may  have 


'  Latterly  known  na  Druniniond  IsliinJ. 

•  My  iuCoruicr  wii.s  u  jiwakooJ,  and   laiil   iiiucli   stress   uii   tlie  suiiurinrily  wliicli    tlii'    art   of   necromaney 
inipurtcd. 


'V 


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,  I 


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;  V 


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Wiiri 


,?'§ 


308 


TRIBAL   ORGANIZATION,    ETC. 


led  to  confusion  in  tlic  niiiids  of  writers.  Mu.shcoo.si  is  gra.'t.M  or  herbage  in  general. 
Lshkoda  means  lire.  The  only  dillerencc  in  the  root  form  is  that  between  Ushko  and 
l.sliko. 

Algonquin  tradition,  as  given  by  the  Ottowa  chief,  Kc-wargoosh-kum,  in  1821, 
represents  the  separation  of  the  Chippewas,  Ottawas,  and  Potawatomies  to  have 
taken  place  in  the  vicinity  of  Miehillimackinac.  Chusco,  the  jossakeed,  who  died  in 
1838,  makes  the  Ottawas,  with  a  very  pardonable  vanity,  to  have  been  the  most 
valiant  tribe  in  the  war  against  the  I'rairians  or  Muskoda  men.  Ishqiia-gonabi,  chief 
of  the  Chippewas  on  Grand  Traverse  Bay,  and  a  man  knowing  traditions,  denotes  the 
war  against  muskoda  men  or  dwellers  on  Little  Prairie  or  Plains,  to  have  been  carried 
on  by  the  Chippewas  and  Ottawas,  and  in  this  manner  he  accounts  for  the  fact  that 
villages  of  Chippewas  and  Ottawas  alternate  at  this  day  on  ihe  eastern  shores  of  Lake 
Michigan.'  Ofsigunac,  an  Ottav  a  chief  of  note  of  Penetauguishine,  says  that  the 
Ottawas  went  at  first  to  live  among  the  men  called  the  Potawatomies,  about  the 
southern  shores  or  head  of  Lake  Michigan ;  but  the  latter  used  bad  medicine,  and 
when  complained  of  for  their  necromancy,  they  told  the  Ottawas  they  might  go  back 
towards  the  north  if  they  did  not  like  them.'  They  had  made  a  fire  for  themselves.' 
This  is  the  sum  of  what  I  have  been  able  to  glean  about  the  predecessors  of  the 
Ahjoiiqu'uis  of  the  Lakes. 

'  Travels  in  the  central  portions  of  the  Missis-sippi  Valley. 

'  MSS.  Journal  of  Notes  and  Researches  at  Jlichillimaclcinac  and  Detroit,  between  the  years  1833  and  1838. 
'  The  word  Potawatomies  means  makers  of  fire, —  a  eymbolio  phrase,  by  which  is  meant,  they  who  assume 
separate  sovereignty  by  building  a  council-fire  for  themselves. 


£  'i. ': 


i  J 


14.     ORIGIN,    HISTORY,    AND    CONDITION    OF    THE 

CIIICKASAWS. 


The  following  tradition  respecting  the  origin  and  history  of  this  branch  of  the 
Appalachian  f\iinily,  is  transmitted  by  their  agent  from  the  present  location  of  the 
tribe,  Avest  of  the  Mississippi  River.  It  has  been  obtained  from  the  most  authentic 
sources.  The  allegory  of  the  dog  and  pole  probably  reveals  the  faith  of  this  people 
in  an  ancient  prophet,  or  .seer,  under  whose  guidance  they  migrated.  The  story  of 
their  old  men,  as  it  is  now  told,  runs  thus : 


f '  I 


By  tradition,  they  say  thev  came  from  the  West;  a  part  of  their  tribe  remained  in 
the  West.  When  about  to  start  eastward,  they  were  provided  with  a  large  dog  as  a 
guard,  and  a  polo  as  guide ;  the  dog  would  give  them  notice  whenever  an  enemy  was 
near  at  hand,  and  thus  enable  them  to  make  their  arrangements  to  receive  them.  The 
polo  they  would  plant  in  the  ground  every  night,  and  the  next  morning  they  would 
look  at  it,  and  go  in  the  direction  it  leaned.  They  continued  their  journey  in  this 
way  until  they  crossed  the  great  Mississippi  River;  and,  on  the  waters  of  the  Ala- 
bama River,  arrived  in  the  country  about  where  Iluntsville,  Alabama,  now  is :  there 
the  pole  was  unsettled  for  several  days  ;  but,  finally,  it  settled,  and  pointed  in  a  south- 
west direction.  They  then  started  on  that  course,  planting  the  pole  every  night, 
until  they  got  to  what  is  called  the  Chickasaw  Old  Fields,  where  the  pole  stood  per- 
fectly erect.  All  then  came  to  the  conclusion  that  that  was  the  Promi.sed  Land,  and 
there  they  accordingly  remained  initil  they  emigrated  west  of  the  State  of  Arkansas, 
in  the  years  1837  and  '38. 

While  the  pole  was  in  an  unsettled  situation,  a  part  of  their  tribe  moved  on  East, 
and  got  with  the  Creek  Indians,  but  so  soon  as  the  majority  of  the  tribe  settled  at  tlie 
Old  Fields,  they  sent  for  the  party  that  had  gone  on  East,  who  answered  that 
they  were  very  tired,  and  would  rest  where  they  were  a  while.  This  clan  was  called 
Cush-eh-tah.  They  have  never  joined  the  parent  tribe,  but  they  always  remained  as 
friends  until  they  had  intercourse  with  the  whites :  then  they  became  a  separate 
nation. 

The  great  dog  was  lost  in  the  Mississippi,  and  they  always  believed  that  the  dog 
had  got  into  a  large  sink-hole,  and  there  remained  ;  the  Chickasaws  said  they  could 
hear  the  dog  howl  just  before  the  evening  came.     Whenever  any  of  their  warriors  get 


.,! 


!      !:■!* 


ft-; 


I'     i; 


:-      »■ 


> 


rj  I  :lil 


ilil 


ri 


;      .i  -, ,  ,. 


»r!'. 


;!io 


TRIBAL  ORGANIZATION, 


sc;il|is,  tlicy  give  tlicin  to  the  boys  to  go  and  tlirow  tlicm  into  tlic  sink  where  tlie  dog 
WHS.  Aftur  throwing  the  scalps,  tlie  hoyn  would  run  oil'  in  groat  fright,  and  if  one 
should  fall,  in  running  off,  the  Chickasaws  were  certain  he  would  be  killed  or  taken 
prisoner  by  their  enemies.  Some  of  the  half-breeds,  and  nearly  all  of  the  full-bloods, 
now  believe  it. 

In  travelling  from  the  west  to  the  east,  they  have  no  recollection  of  crossing  any 
large  water-cour.se  except  the  Mississippi  River.  When  they  were  travelling  from  the 
West  to  the  Promised  Land  in  the  East,  they  had  cneiuies  on  all  sides,  and  hud  to 
fight  their  way  through,  but  they  cannot  give  the  names  of  the  people  they  fought 
with  while  travelling. 

They  were  informed,  when  they  left  the  West,  that  tliey  might  look  for  whites ; 
that  they  would  come  from  the  East ;  and  the}'  v;ere  to  bo  on  their  guard,  and  to 
avoid  the  whites,  lest  they  should  bring  all  manner  of  vice  among  tliem. 

They  say  that  they  believe  in  a  Treat  Spirit,  that  they  were  created  by  him,  but 
they  do  not  believe  in  any  punishment  after  death  ;  they  believe  that  the  spirit  will 
leave  the  body  as  soon  as  they  die,  and  that  it  will  assume  the  shape  of  the  body, 
and  move  about  among  the  Chickasaws  in  great  joy.  When  one  of  the  Chickasaws 
dies,  they  put  the  fmest  clothing  they  have  on  him  ;  also  all  their  jewelry,  beads,  &c. : 
this,  ihey  say,  is  to  make  a  good  appearance  so  soon  as  they  die.  The  sick  are 
frequently  dressed  before  they  die.  They  believe  that  the  spirits  of  ail  the  Chicka- 
saws will  go  ])ack  to  Mississippi,  and  join  the  spirits  of  those  that  have  died  there: 
and  then  all  the  spirits  will  return  to  the  west  before  the  world  is  destroyed  by  fire. 
They  say  that  the  world  was  once  destroyed  by  water;  that  the  water  covered  all  the 
earth;  that  some  made  rafts  to  save  themselves;  but  something  like  large  white 
beavers  would  cut  the  strings  off  the  raft  and  drown  them.  They  say  that  one 
family'  was  saved,  and  two  of  all  kinds  of  animals.  They  say  when,  (or  before.)  tlie 
world  will  be  destroyed  by  lire,  it  will  rain  down  blood  and  oil. 

When  the}'  are  sick,  they  send  for  a  doctor,  (they  have  several  among  them.)  after 
looking  at  the  sick  a-whiio,  the  family  leave  him  and  the  sick  alone.  He  then 
commences  singing  and  shaking  a  gourd  over  the  patient.  This  is  done,  not  to  cure, 
l)ut  to  find  out  what  is  the  matter  or  di.soaso:  as  the  doctor  sings  several  songs,  he 
watches  closely  the  patient,  and  finds  out  which  song  pleased  :  then  ho  determines 
what  the  disease  is :  he  then  uses  herbs,  roots,  steaming,  and  conjuring  :  the  doctor 
frequently  reconmiends  to  have  a  large  feast :  (which  they  call  Tmisli-jxi-'i/ino-jifiii/i  ,-) 
if  the  Indian  is  tolerably  well  ofl',  and  is  sick  for  two  or  three  weeks,  they  ma\-  have 
two  or  three  Tonsh-pa-shoo-phahs.  They  eat,  dance,  and  sing  at  a  great  rate,  at  those 
feasts  ;  the  doctors  say  that  it  raises  the  spirits  of  the  sick,  and  weakens  the  evil 
spirit.  Tlieir  traditions  say  that  the  white  people  are  the  favorites  of  the  Great 
Spirit,  that  he  taught  them  to  communicate  with  each  other  without  talking;  that  no 
matter  how  far  they  are  apart,  they  can  make  each  other  understand;  that  he  also 


HISTORY,   AND   GOVERNMENT. 


311 


taught  the  whites  how  to  live  without  hunting;  and  he  instructed  them  to  make 
each  tiling  tlicy  want:  hut  he  only  taught  the  Indians  how  to  hunt;  and  that  thoy 
had  to  get  their  living  hy  hunting  or  perish  :  and  the  white  people  have  no  right 
hunt.  They  say  they  got  the  first  corn  just  after  the  flood;  t"'-.t  a  raven  Hew  o\  r 
them  and  dropped  a  part  of  an  ear  of  corn,  and  they  were  told  to  plant  it  hy  t  ■ 
Great  Spirit,  and  it  grew  up;  that  they  worked  in  the  soil  around  it  with  tiieir  fingeis. 
They  never  had  any  kind  of  metallic  tools ;  that  when  they  wanted  logs  or  poles  a 
certain  lengtli,  they  had  to  burn  them  ;  that  they  made  heads  for  their  arrows  out  of 
a  white  kind  of  (lint-rock.  They  say  that  it  has  not  been  more  than  a  hundred  years 
since  tliey  saw  cattle,  horses,  and  hogs. 

After  their  settlement  in  Mississippi,  they  had  several  wars,  all  defensive;  tliey 
fought  with  the  Choctaws,  and  came  ofl'  victorious  :  Avitli  the  Creeks,  and  killed 
several  hundred  of  them,  and  drove  tliem  ofl";  they  fought  the  Cherokces,  Kickapoos, 
Osagos,  and  several  otiicr  tribes  of  Indians;  all  of  whom  they  whipped. 

A  large  number  of  French  landed  once  at  the  Chickasaw  Bluff,  wliere  ]M(>inphis 
(Tennessee)  is  now,  and  made  an  attack  on  the  Chickasaws,  and  were  driven  off  with 
great  lo,ss.  At  one  time  a  large  body  of  Creeks  came  to  the  Chickasaw  country  to 
kill  tiiem  all  off,  and  take  their  country.  Tlio  Cliickasaws  knew  of  their  approach, 
and  built  a  fort,  assisted  by  Captain  David  Smith  and  fort3--five  Tennesseans.  The 
Creeks  came,  and  but  few  returned  to  the  Creek  Nation  to  tell  the  sad  tale. 

The  government  of  the  Chickasaws,  until  they  moved  to  the  west  of  the  Mississippi, 
iiad  a  king,  whom  they  called  Mlnko,  and  there  is  a  clan  or  family  by  that  name,  that 
the  king  is  taken  from.  The  king  is  hereditary  through  the  female  side.  They  then 
had  chiefs  out  of  different  families  or  elans. 

The  highest  clan  next  to  Minko  is  the  Shu-n-a.  Tiie  next  chief  to  the  king  is  out 
of  their  clan.  The  next  is  Co-lsh-(o,  second  chief  out  of  this  clan.  The  next  is 
On-^h-pih-iic.  The  next  is  Min-nc ;  and  the  lowest  clan  is  called  Iln-v-co-nd.  Eunners 
and  waiters  are  taken  from  this  family.  When  the  cliiefs  thought  it  necessary  to  hold 
a  council,  they  went  to  the  king,  and  requested  him  to  call  a  council.  He  would  then 
send  one  of  his  runners  out  to  inform  the  people  that  a  council  would  be  held  at  such 
a  time  and  place.  Wlien  they  convened,  tlie  king  would  take  his  seat.  .  The  runners 
then  placed  each  chief  in  his  proper  place.  All  the  talking  and  business  was  done  by 
the  chiefs.  If  they  passed  a  law,  they  informed  the  king  of  it.  If  he  consented  to  it, 
it  was  a  law ;  if  he  refused,  the  chiefs  could  make  it  a  law  if  every  chief  was  in  Aivor 
of  it.     If  one  chief  i-efused  to  give  his  con.sent,  the  law  was  lost. 

The  large  mounds  that  arc  in  Mississippi,  the  Indians  have  no  idea  of;  they  do  not 
know  whether  they  are  natural  or  artificial.  Tliey  were  there  when  they  first  got  to 
the  country.  They  are  called  by  the  Chicka.saws,  navels.  Tiiey  thought  that  the 
Mississippi  was  the  centre  of  the  earth,  and  those  mounds  were  as  the  navel  of  a  man 
in  the  centre  of  his  body. 


i  I 


,1  J 


I  -i 


I  1 


1 


;   ! 


I      '!     «t 


1        f      * 


u 


■JM 


).  ■; 


312 


T  11 1 15  A  J.    U  II  (i  A  N  1  Z  A  T  ION,    E  T  (J . 


irn  M 


So  (Ur  the  tradition.  Their  present  .state  is  this.  In  their  agreement  with  the 
Choetaws  west  of  the  Mississippi,  when  they  purchased  an  interest  in  the  country, 
they  agreed  to  come  under  the  present  Choctaw  laws,  which  are  a  republican  form  of 
government.  They  elect  a  chief  every  four  years ;  captains,  every  two  years.  The 
judges  are  elected  by  the  general  council.  The  Choetaws  have  nothing  to  do  with 
the  money  affairs  of  the  Chickasaws,  nor  the  Chickasaws  with  those  of  the  Choetaws. 
All  appropriations  made  for  any  purpose  by  the  Chickasaws,  are  made  by  the  chiefs 
and  captains  in  a  council.  Under  the  new  government,  they  have  improved  more  in 
the  last  five  3'ears,  than  they  had  done  for  the  previous  twenty  years. 

They  have  now  under-way  a  large  manual-labor  academy,  and  have  passed  an  act 
to  establish  two  more,  one  male  and  the  other  female. 

The  Chickasaw  district,  (the  country  that  all  the  Chickasaws  should  live  in.)  is 
well  adapted  to  all  their  wants,  and  is  largo  enough  for  two  such  tribes.  It  lies  north 
of  Red  River.  It  is  about  225  miles  in  length,  and  150  miles  in  breadth.  All  of  the 
False  Washita  River  is  in  their  district ;  a  part  of  Blue  Boggy,  and  Canadian  Rivers, 
are  in  it  also. 

The  funds  of  the  Chickasaws,  in  the  hands  of  the  Government,  for  lands  ceded  to 
the  United  States,  are  ample  for  the  pnrjioses  of  educating  every  member  of  the 
tribe,  and  of  making  the  most  liberal  provision  for  their  advancement  in  agriculture 
and  the  arts.  Possessing  the  fee  of  a  fertile  and  woU-watered  territorial  area  of 
33,750  square  miles,  over  which  they  .ire  guaranteed  in  the  sovereignty,  with  an 
enlightened  chieftaincy,  a  practical  representative  and  elective  system,  and  a  people 
recognising  the  value  of  labor,  it  would  be  difficult  to  imagine  a  condition  of  things 
more  favorable  to  their  rapid  progress  in  all  the  elements  of  civilization,  self-government, 
and  permanent  prosperity. 


!f 


■lii  ■•11 


n 


VI.  TNTELLECTUAJ.  CAPACITY  AND  CIIA- 
llACTER  OF  THE  INDIAN  RACE. 


Id 


(:5i;i) 


'!i^ 


m 


m 


■tfM 


h  n 


i-Ai 


S!i 


Mm 


:|if 


VI.    INTEIJ.KCTUAI.  CAPAriTV  AM)  CllARACTKR 
OF  THE   INDIAN    RACE. 


A.    Mvilidlcii'v  ami  Orul  Triulitii 


J!,    li 


I'ict.. 


iphy. 


()i-  till'  topii's  wliicli  luiiv  he  oiiiploycd  to  denote  the  iiieiitul  ehiirueter  ami  eiqiiieities 
of  tlie  ;il)()rijiiiu's,  the  principles  of  tlieir  lanjiiuiges  —  the  stvle  of  tl 


leir  orutoi'v  —  tlie 

oral  iniajiinative  lodge  lore  wliieh  they  possess  —  and  their  mode  of  ooinniunieatini:- 
ideas  l)y  tlie  use  of  syniholie  and  representative  devices,  are  the  most  prominent.  The 
two  latter  have  heen  .selected  on  the  jjresent  occasion.  One  reason  tor  this  choice  is 
the  little  infornnition  we  have  lieretolbre  had  on  th(>  snlijects.  Krom  a  verv  earlv 
age,  the  Indian  of  North  America  has  heen  ohserved  to  l)c  a  man  possessing  a  liexlhie 
and  imaginative  mythology;   to  he  prone  to  indulge  in  theories  of  co.- 


the  want  of  a  true  knowledge  of  the  Deity,  and  a  historv 
consistency,  lias  often  I)een  ingeniously  supplied  hy  oral  relations  ol 


niogony,  in  w 
•1 


hicii 


he  in 


iTS,    W 


hicl 


nnicii  pretensions  to 
tlie  rets  of  spiritual 


1  constitute  a  new   species  of  literary  machinery,  and  wlio  siipph 


an 


outlet  for  the  exhiliition  of  wild  jioetic  feelings,  and  fantastic  theories  of  the  acts  and 


loin 


I's  of  spirits,  giantSj  dwarfs,  monsters  and  men. 


Anotl 


ler  ver\-  striking  moii 


le  of 


setting  forth  these  heliefs.  and  exhihiting  this  miraculous  agency,  exists  in  tlie  rellex 
inlluenco  of  tlie  curious  devices  which  they  iiave,  from  the  discovery,  l)een  found  to 
draw,  in  a  rude  way,  on  scrolls  of  hark,  trees,  rocks,  and  various  suhstances,  and 
which  they  denominate  Ke-ke-win.  IJotli  the  tales  and  the  drawings  illustrate  their 
modes  of  thought  on  life,  death,  and  a  future  state,  and  are  eminently  characteristic, 
traits. 


I  ■■',  I .-.  1 


^s     i     I 


A.     A  150  1!  K;  !N  A  I-    MVTIIOI.OCY    AND   O  1!  A  I.    'I' I!  A  I)  I  T  I  ON  S. 


Mi'ii 


].  ll'(ii|iliils    Cii-^iiinjxony. 

'J.  Alli';.'iirii:il   Tiinlilioiis  iit'  tlii'  ()iii.'iii   uf    Men; — nl'  tlio   (nid   ManiilmzlKi ; — ;iihI  (if  llio 

iiitriiiliiiiioii   (if  Mc(liciil   Mii^xic. 

•").  AllcL'niy  of  tlic   Oriirin   aii'l    llistury  uf  the   ()s!ij.'('3. 

4.  I'litiiwiiloniir   Thcoldirv. 

."i.  'I'll,'   I-I:ui.l  n|'  (he   IJlcssi'il,  or  tilt'   llmitci-'s   Orcaiii. 

(I.  '{"lie  t'litc  ol'  ilic   1!cm1.I1(M(1,'(1  Maj,'iciaii. 

7.  'i'lu'   M.'iL.'ii'  C'ii'clr  in   the   I'raii-ic. 

5.  Tlu'   ilistni'v   (if  the   Littlp  Orphan   wlm  weiirs  the  Whili'   Foatln'i'. 


r: 


I . 


■;i     \< 


In  (lin>('ting  iittciitioii  tn  tlic  iiitclk'ctiiul  cliaraotor,  capucitii's.  and  idiosviicrasics  of 
tlic  al)oiiiiiiial  i'mcl'  —  a  .><iil)jot't  ivs[)c('tiiig  wliicli  tlii'v  1ki\o  lioeii  jH'i'liaps  i^cvnvly 
Judiicil.  soiiK'  (V'W  traits  of  tlicir  iiiytholo,u\',  and  an  cxtcndt'd  t'Naniinatiim  ol'  tlirir 
puculiar  niodi'  of  syndiolic  writin;:'.  or  pictography,  arc  introduced. 

It  is  known  that  the  Indian  allcf^ory  presents  an  attractive  fiidd  of  lictitioiis  inijuirv. 
Their  firal  traditions  of  uods  and  monsters.  s[iirits  and  iienii.  make  a  ]iroiniiient 
display  in  tlio  winter  arcannin  of  tlie  wigwam.  Some  of  tht'ir  allegories  are  heanti- 
fnily  snstaineil.  And  wiiere.  as  in  their  miscellaneous  legends  and  traditions,  tliere  is 
much  that  is  incongruous  and  ridiculous,  there  is  still  e\  ideiice  of  no  little  \ariety  of 
intellectual  in\ontion. 


1.      IjiOQUOIS     (Jo.S.M  OGO  X  V. 

The  tribes  who  compose  this  group  of  the  ahoi'igines,  concur  in  locating  tiio 
beginning  of  creative  power  in  the  np]H'r  regions  of  space.  Neo,  or  the  Great  Sjjirit 
of  I.ife.  is  placed  there.  Atahocan  is  the  master  of  hea\en.  Tarenyawagon.  who  is 
thonglit  to  be  the  same  as  Micdiabon,  ("hiabo.  Manabo/ho.  and  the  (Irt-at  Hare,  is 
called  the  keeper  of  the  Heavens.  Agreskoe  '  is  the  god  of  war.  .\talientsic  is  tiie 
woman  of  heaven.  The  l)egiiuiing  of  the  creaticMi.  or  of  man.  is  connected  with  her 
liistory.  One  of  the  six  of  the  origiuid  munber  of  created  men  of  heaven,  was 
enaniuured  of  iicr  innnediately  after  .seeing  her.      Atahocan,  iiaving  discovered  this 


Cliarlovoi.\  sees  a   (irui'k  root,  as  tlio  orijriii  of  the  word   Agro^^ 


(3 10) 


vj    .    r 


m 


I  N  '1'  !•:  L  L  K  ( 'T  |-  A  h   V  A  1'  A  ('  I  'I'  V ,    K  'I'  ( ' 


:M7 


iiinoM 


r,  cast  her  out  lu'iidldii^  to  the  ciirtli.     Slid  wiim  ivccivcil  liflow  on  tlic  hack  of  ii 


great  turtle  Iviu^- on  tlic  waters,  ami  was  there  delivered  of  twins.     One  of 
Inigorio,  or  the  Oood  Mind;   the  other  Anti-inijiorio,  or  the  l!ad  Mind.      'I" 
tlie  evil  i)rinei[iles  were  thus  iiitrodueed  into  the  world,      lintli 


hem  was 


le  li'i'od  ai 


were  ei(ually  active,  hut 


the  latter  periietually  employed  hiinsidf  in  comiteractin^-  the  acts  of  the  I 


ormer. 


The  tortoise  expanded  more  and  more,  and  linall^'  hccame  the  earth       \tahent 
ifterwards  liad  a  dauiditer,  who  horo  two  wns,  Vo.s-kk-k.v  i 


SIC 


'r 


no-rr-s.v-iioN, 


Ki;-K.V  in   the  end   killed  his  hrother,  and   afterwards,  Atalientsic,  his  j;i 
resij^iied  the  p)verMineut  of  the  world  to  him. 


Mnd-motl'i'r. 


The  lro((nois  allirni  that  Atalientsic  is  the  same  a.s  the  moon,  and  V(i.s-ki:-k.\.  the 


•same  as  the  sun. 

These   things  are  elements  of  the  earliest   and  Ijcst  authenticated  rel 


ilioiis 


Th 


jjiear  to  denote  a   niixture  of  S( 


the  doiiiiias  of  Zoroaster,  as  the  ancient  suii- 


worslui),  wi 


:h  till'  idolatry,  peihaps,  of  the  ■•() 


ueell  ol 


ll< 


A  I.  i.i:(i  o  Ii  1  (A  1,   T  n  .\  I)  I  T  M)  N  s   oi'   tin:    ()hii;in    o  i'    M  i:  .\  —  o  i'   M  a  \  .\- 
Moziio,  AM)  ol'  tin;  I  n  t  ho  nr  c  t  :  on  ok  t  ii  i;   IIklmikhs   .M  v 


s  T  i;  Ii  I  i;  s 


1'   Til  V.    M  i:  II  ic  A  1,    M  A  c,  I  r 


At 


a  certain  tiiiu'. 


iv  ;. 


reat  Maiiito  came   on   tartli.  and    took  ii  wife  of  men.      Mi 


had  l()ur  sons  at  a  birth,  and  dit'd  in  ushering  them  into  the  world.  The  first  was 
Maiiiiho/.ho,  who  is  the  friend  of  the  human  race.  Thi'  second  Chihiahos.  avIio  has 
the  Ciire  of  the  dead,  and  presides  over  the  conntiy  of  souls.  The  third  A^'ahasso. 
who,  as  soon  as  he  saw  liulit,  lied  to  the  Xortli,  where  li(>  was  changed  into  a  white 
rahhit,  and,  nnder  that  form,  is  considered  as  ii  great  spirit.  The  fourth  was  Clio- 
kanipok.  or  the  man  of  Hint,  or  the  lire-stone. 

The  first  thing  Manaho/ho  did.  when  he  grew  uj).  was  to  go  to  war  against  Cho 
kanipok.  whom  he  accused  of  his  mother's  death.  The  cimtests  between  them  were 
frightful  iiiid  long  continued,  and  wherever  they  had  a  combat  the  face  of  nature  still 
shows  signs  of  it.  Fragments  wi'iv  cut  from  !iis  llesli.  which  were  transformed  into 
stones,  and  he  liually  destroyed  Chokanipok  by  ti'uring  out  his  entrails,  which  were 
changeil  into  vines.  All  the  llint-stoues  which  are  scattered  over  the  ciirtli  were 
produced  in   this  way,  and  they  supplied  men   with   the  principle  of  lire. 

Miuiiibo/.ho  was  the  iiuthor  of  jtrts  and  improvements.  Ho  taught  men  how  to 
niiike  agakwnts.'  lances,  and  arrow-points,  and  all  iniplements  of  bone  and  stone,  and 
also  how  to  make  snares,  and  trajis.  ;md  nets,  to  tidvc  animals,  ami  birds,  luid  lislies. 
He  and  his  brother  Chibiidias  li\ed  retired,  and  were  very  intimate,  planning  th-inus 
lor  the  good  of  men.  aiul  wi'ie  of  superior  and  .surpassing  powers  of  mind  and  body. 

The  Maiiitos  who  live  in  the  air,  the  earth,  and  the  water,  became  jealous  of  their 


V- 


Axes. 


,  ■;l 


I    i 


if 


lis 


1 N  '1'  !•;  L  r-  K  ( '  T  i:  a  i-  c  a  p  a  c  i  t  \  and 


I  ,  ■  ■!  1 


\)  1 


^r 


gri'iit  power,  1111(1  ('(Hispiivil  aniiiiist  tliciii.  Miiiiiiho/.lio  had  wnnifil  liis  KiotluT  aj^uiiist 
tlicir  iiiiic-liiniitiiiiis,  miil  ciiiitioiicd  liiin  not  to  scpunitc  liiiiir^clt'  IVoiii  his  side;  liiit  one 
(liiy  Cliiliialms  vciitiircil  uloiic  on  one  of  tlii'  ((I'ciil  liuki's.  It  was  winter,  iiinl  the 
whole  siirliU'c  wiis  covered  witli  ice.  Ah  soon  iis  he  hiul  reached  the  centre  tlie  mali- 
cious Miiiiitiis  hroUe  the  ice,  and  pliiii^jed  liiiii  to  the  hottoiii,  where  they  hid  his  hody. 
iMuiiahozlio  waih'd  along  the  fliori's.  He  wa<^eil  a  war  against  all  tlie  Manitos,  ami 
jirecipitati'd  niinihers  of  them  to  the  deepest  abyss.  He  called  on  the  dead  l)od\'  of 
his  hrother.  lie  put  the  whole  country  in  dread  hy  his  lamentations.  lie  then 
besmeared  his  face  with  blacU,  and  sat  down  six  years  to  lament,  utterim;-  the  name 
of  Chibialiiis.  The  .Manitos  consultt'd  what  to  do  to  appease  iiis  melancholy  and  his 
wrath.  The  oldest  and  wisest  of  thi'in,  who  had  had  no  hand  in  the  "leath  of 
Chibiabos.  oll'ei'ed  to  nndcrtake  the  ti.sk  of  recniiciliation.  They  built  a  sacred  lodge 
close  to  that  of  Maiiabo/iio.  and  ])reparcd  a  sumptuous  feast.  Tiiey  pnicuivd  the  most 
(U'licioiis  tobacco,  and  lilled  a  pipe.  They  then  ass<'nibled  in  order,  one  Ixdiind  the 
other,  anil  each  carrying  under  iiis  arm  a  sack  formed  of  tlu!  .skin  of  some  favorite 
animal,  a.s  a  beaver,  an  otter,  or  a  lynx,  and  filled  with  precious  and  curious  medicines, 
cnlied  from  all  i]lants.  Tiiese  tiiey  exhibited,  and  imiteil  him  to  the  feast  with 
pleasing  words  and  ceremonies.  He  immediately  raised  his  head,  uncovered  it.  and 
washe(|  oil"  his  mourning  colors  and  besiiiennnents,  and  then  followed  them.  When 
lhe\  had  reached  the  lodge,  they  olVered  him  a  cup  ol'  liipior  ])repared  from  the  choicest 
iiieiliciiu's.  a-i.  at  oih  e,  a  propitiation,  and  an  iiiitiati\-e  rite,  lie  drank  it  at  a  single 
draugiit.  lie  found  his  melancholy  departed,  and  felt  the  most  inspiring  elli'ds. 
'i"lie\-  tiien  commenced  their  dances  and  songs,  united  with  \arious  cen'inonies.  Some 
shook  tlK'ir  bags  at  him  as  a  token  of  skill.  Some  exhil)ited  the  skins  of  birds  Idled 
with  smaller  iiirds,  which,  by  some  art.  would  hop  out  of  tin'  throat  of  the  bag. 
Otliers  slioweil  curious  tricks  with  tlieir  drums.  All  danced,  all  sang,  all  acted  witli 
the  utmost  gra\ity.  and  earnestness  of  gestures;  but  with  exactness  of  time,  motion, 
and  \iiice.  Manabo/ho  was  cured;  iii^  ate,  danced,  sung,  and  smoked  the  saereil  pipe. 
in  this  manner  the  mysteries  of  the  flrand  Medicine  Dance  were  introduct'd. 

'i'he  jicf'i't'  recreant  .Manitot's  now  all  unitt'd  their  powers,  to  bring  Chibiabos  to 
lite.  'I'iii'v  ilid  so.  and  l)r(juglit  him  to  life,  but  it  was  ibrbidden  him  to  enter  the 
lodge.  They  gave  him,  through  a  chink,  a  burning  coal,  and  told  liim  to  go  and 
preside  over  tlie  country  of  souls,  and  reign  over  the  land  of  the  dead.  They  lild  him 
with  the  coal  to  kimlie  a  fn'e  for  his  aunts  and  uncles,  u  term  by  which  is  meant  all 
men  who  should  ilie  thereafter,  and  make  them  hajipy,  and  let  it  be  an  everlast- 
ing lire. 

Manabozho  went  to  the  (ireut  Spirit  after  these  things.  He  then  desciMided  to  the 
earth,  and  condrmeil  the  mysteries  of  the  medicinc-dancc,  and  supplied  all  whom  lie 
initiated  with  medicines  for  the  cure  of  all  diseases.  It  is  to  him  that  we  owe  the 
i:rowth  of  all  the  medical  roots,  and  antidotes  to  evoiy  disea.se  and  poison.      He  coni- 


('II  \  I!  A  err,  I!    ((K   Til  K    I  N  l»l  A  N    |;  \ 


mils  111!'  ;jrip\Mli  III'  llicsc   lo   .Misiikmiii'';ik\v;i,  or   lli 


I'    limllirr    ..I    rl 


ic   iiiiikcs  (illi'i'iims 


M,i 


iiiaiiDzJH)  tiaviTMcs  the  wliulf  I'lirtii.      lie   is  tiu'   iVicinl  nl' 


mail 


irll,  .  I. 


n-  Uilhfi 


iiiicit'iit  monstci'H  wlioso  l)()iK's  \vi' now  sec  imdfr  tlic  ciirlli ;  niiil  clfaifd   tlic  sti 
iiikI  f'oi 


our  rosKiciicc 


of  many  obstructions  wliicli  tlic  IJad  Spirit    iiad   put    tiicrc.  to  lit  llinii  lor 
lit"  has  ])I)u;(mI  lonr  ^ood  Spirits  at   tlic   lour  cardinal  points,  to  wliidi 


we  i)oint  in  our  ceremonies.     The  Spirit  at   the  Xortli  liiv 


es  snow  and   ice.  to  eiialile 


men   lo  pursue  ^iiiiiie  and 
'I'l 


'lie  Spirit  of  the  Soiit 


nicl 


ons,   niai/c.  am 


toiiaceo.      I'he  Spirit  of  the  West  ^iscs  rain,  and  the  Spirit  of  the  Kasl.  li^ilit 
cominands  the  sun  to  make  his  daily  walks  around   the  earth.      Tli 


I  h 


ami  III 


umler  IS  Ih 


e   V'OK'C 


til 


rits.  to  wiiom  we  olUu-  the  smoke  ol' sa-maii  (tolmceo). 


Ill  an  immense  Hake  ol  lee  in  the 


Or, 


can. 


Manaho/ho,  it  is  Ixdicved,  yet  lives  i 
We  fear  tiie  white  race  will  .some  day  discover  his  retreat,  ami  drive  him  oil',      'I'licii 


uid 


ill  lak 


ol   the  wor 
d 


(1  is  at 
\-  1 


ind,  for  as  .soon   as  he  puts  his  loot  on  the  earili  a.-ain,  it 
h 


i\e  :irc.  and  every  liviii;;-  creature  jicrisli  iii  the  llames 


3.     A  I.I,  i;  (J  OH  V   or   tiik   O  h  i  t;  i  .\    a  s  i>    Ifi,^ 
TiiK  lollowin^-  tradition  is  taken  from   the  nlll 


ro  u  v   o  I'   T  n  ]■:    Os  .\  a  i;s. 


St.  r 


louis  Suiicrin- 


ne  niiicial   records  ol 
tendency. 

The  Osajics  believe  that  the  llrst  man  of  their  nation  came  out  of  a  ,<liell.  and  that 
this  man,  when  walking  on  earth,  met  with  the  (Ireat  S|)irit,  who  asked  him  where 
he  resided,  and  what  lie  eat.  The  Osage  answered,  that  he  had  no  place  of  residence, 
and  that  he  eat  notliin-;-.  Tlie  Great  Sjiirit  gave  him  a  bow  and  arrows,  and  told  him 
to  go  a-huiiting.  So  soon  as  the  Groat  Spirit  left  him,  he  killed  a  deer.  The  Great 
Spirit  gave  him  lire,  and  told  liiin  to  cook  his  meat,  and  to  eat.  lie  also  told  him  to 
take  the  skin  and  cover  himself  with  it.  and  al.so  the  skins  of  other  animals  that  he 
would  kill. 

One  day,  as  the  Osage  was  hunting,  ho  came  to  a  small  river  to  drink.  Ho  saw  in 
the  river  a  beaver  hut.  on  which  was  sitting  the  chief  of  the  family,  lie  asked  the 
Osage  what  he  was  looking  for,  so  near  his  lodge.  The  Osago  answered  that,  being 
thirsty,  he  was  forced  to  come  and  drink  at  that  place.  The  boavor  then  asked  him 
who  he  was.  and  from  whence  he  came.  Tho  Osago  answered,  that  ho  had  oonio  from 
hunting,  and  that  he  had  no  place  of  residence.  "•  Well,  then,"  said  tiio  beaver,  '-you 
api)oar  to  be  a  rea.sonable  man.  1  wish  you  to  come  jind  live  with  me.  I  have  a 
large  family,  consisting  of  many  daughters,  and  if  any  of  thorn  should  bo  agreeable  to 
yon,  yon  may  marry."  Tho  Osage  accoptod  tho  oflbr,  and,  sometime  after,  married 
one  of  the  bcavor'.s  daughters,  with  whom  ho  had  many  children.  Those  children 
have  Ibrmed  the  Osago  i)eoplo.    This  marriage  of  the  Osago  with  tho  boavor,  ha.s  boon 


!l 


t     ■'! 


>i 


It 


i 

.1  I 


;, 


l\ 


M 


l 


'if 


M 


[r^ ! 


i!     '^^ 

!  '1 

■.\2() 


INTi:i,l,K('TI   A  I-    (A  I'ACIT  V    A  N  h 


tlio  (inline   iIimI    iIic  (Nii^'ci^  tin  mil    kill   lln'  Kcinrr.     'riir\  iilwiivs  ^4U|i|I(ini'iI   tliiil    liv 
killing  llic  liiMVcr,  lli('_\   wi'ic  kiiiiii;;  llif  (K-^ii;ii'H. 


•I.       I'liTT  A  \V  A  T(IM  IK    T  11  K  ()  l,l)(i  V. 

It  is  liflit'vi'd  liy  llic  I'littMwatoiiiics.  tliiit  tlicro  arc  two  (Irciit  S|iii'its,  wlio  f.'(>\i'i'ii  tin' 
workl.     OiR'  is  ciillt'd  Kitrlu'iiioiit'ilo,  ui'  (lie  (Jrcat  Sjiiiit,  llic  iitlicr  Matcln'iiKairilc),  (ir 

tlio  Evil  S[)irit.     Till'  lirst  is  pidil  and  liciit'fu'cnt  ;  tl liicr  wickiMl.     Siiiiic  IjciicM' 

that  tlii'v  aiv  ('((uallv  iiuwoii'iii.  and  they  nH'cr  tlu'in  Imiiiagc  and  adoratiitii  tliroiiuh 
li'ar.  OtluT.s  doiilit  which  of  the  twi)  is  most  iiowcri'iil,  uiiil  ciidca\()r  to  |iri)|)itiat(! 
Iidtli.  The  j.n'catcr  part,  however,  believe  as  I,  /U/dJa/.m/  do,  that  Kitchciiumcdo  is 
the  tine  (ii'cat  S|iii'it,  who  made  the  world,  and  called  all  things  into  heing;  and  thai 
Matchemonedo  oiiirht  to  ho  di'spiscd. 

When  Kitcheiiionedo  (irst  iiiaile  the  world,  he  (illed  it  witii  a  class  of  hciiij^s  who 
(inly  liKihil  like  men,  lait  they  were  perverse,  niiuratel'id,  wicked  dous.  who  ne\cr 
raiscil  tiieir  eyes  I'roiu  the  <rronnd  to  thank  him  for  anything'.  Seeiiii!;  this,  the 
(ireat  Spirit  piuiijred  them,  with  the  world  itself,  into  a  j,'reat  lake,  and  drowned 
tiiem.  lie  then  withdrew  it  IVtuii  the  water,  and  made  a  single  man.  a  very  luindsoiiK! 
yonii;,'  man.  who.  as  he  was  lonesome,  appeareil  sad.  Kitcliemoiu  ilo  took  |iity  on 
him,  iind  sent  him  a  sister  to  elieer  him  in  his  Imiermess. 

After  many  years  tlu'  yminj;'  man  had  a  dream  which  he  told  to  his  sister.  Five 
young  men,  said  he,  will  come  to  your  loduc  door  this  niiiht.  to  visit  yon.  The  (!reat 
Si)irit  forbids  you  to  answer  or  even  look  np  ami  smile  at  the  first  four;  but  when  the 
fifth  comes,  you  may  s|)eak  and  laugh  and  show  tiiat  you  are  pK'ased.  She  acted 
accordingly.  The  (irst  of  the  live  strangers  that  called  was  I'sania,  or  tobacco,  and 
having  been  re]>ulsed  he  fell  down  and  died  ;  the  second,  Wapako,  or  a  iiumpkin, 
shared  the  same  fate;  the  third,  Eshkossimin,  or  melon,  and  the  fourth,  Kokees,  or 
the  bean,  met  the  same  fate.  Hut  when  Tamiii,  or  Moiitamin,  which  is  iiuii::i\  presented 
himself,  she  opened  the  skin  tapestry  door  of  her  lodge,  and  laughed  very  heartily,  and 
gave  him  a  friendly  reception.  They  were  immediately  married,  and  from  this  union 
the  Indians  sprung.  Tainin  forthwith  buried  the  four  unsuccessful  suitors,  and  from 
their  graves  there  grow  tobacco,  melons  of  all  sorts,  and  beans;  and  in  this  manner 
the  Great  Spirit  provided  that  the  race  which  he  had  made,  should  have  something  to 
offer  him  as  a  gift  in  their  feasts  and  ceremonies,  and  also  something  to  put  into  their 
((/ivr/'.v  or  kettles,  along  with  their  meat. 


|!f   r4       f        I 


f    T- 


h«t, 


;  .  t 


rilA  II  .\(  TKIl    OF   TIIK    INhlAN    ltA<'|':.  il'.'l 


r».     TiiK    Isr.ANi*   OK    Tirn    Ml.  KssKii;    mi    tiik    llrNTKii's    I)  in:  am 


TiiKiiK  wiiM  (ini'c  II  iK'iiiitiriil  /\r\,  wlio  dird  .siii|i|i'iil\  mi   iln' i|;i\  .sh 


r  Wilt    III    lin\  ( 


Ik'C'M  muri'ii'ii  tn  ,i  IiuiiiIhoiiu-  vmiii^'  Iniiitcr.      Ilf  li;i<l 


il  I 


ii-o  inKM'ii  Ins  liiiiMTv  III  wiir, 


tliiit  lii>  fiij(i\.'(l  tilt'  |iiiii-ic,s  of  Ills  (rilic,  Iml    his  ImuiI  \nms   iml    pinor  n.^niiist   tli 


v  WHS  III)  iiiiiic   iii\  III 


Cir 


ll( 


loHH.     Kroin  tlic  lioiir  slic  wiis  luiiicil.  llicr 

Went  oftL'll  to  visit  the  .s|i(it  wlii'ic  tlii«  woliicii   liiiil  Imrii-I  Iht.  nml 

when,  it  was  tlinii^'lit  l)y  soiiif  ol'  his  IViriids.  hr  umiM    h;,M.  i|,,||,.   ImIIit  t<i   ||\    ami 

iiiiiiiMc  liiiiiMcli    111  ihi' chiisc,  or  liv  ili\crliny  his  thmi-ht-  in   il 


-111    iiiii-iii'j    thi'ii- 


W  lll'-|lillll. 


Iliit 


iiiiil  hunting  iiiid  lost  their  (•liiirm.i  lor  liiiii.      Hi-  jii'iirl  \\;is  ;iliciid\  drail  uiiliin  h 
111'  wholly  iK'jili'i'Icd  liutli  his  wnr-cliili  mid  I 


IIS  iiow s  ami  iirrnws. 


lie  had  hnird   ll Id    |ii'ii|ili'  sav  tlial    ihciv  was  a    |ialli    ilial    lid    In   ihr   hind 


(itlls.    and    III'   dcli'l'iniiii'd    In   liilli 


it.       II. 


dill'jK     set     mil 


Hill'    iiiiii'iilii'j,    aflff 


hasiiij:  <'mii|ilcti'd  his  iirt'iiiinilimis  I'm'  ihc  ,jmiiiii'\ .      Al    lii'-i    h.'   Iiarill\   kin'u  whirl 
wav  tn  'jn.     Ill'  was  mil\   liiiidi'd  liv  tlir  tradilimi  Ih  it  hr  miiM  ^n  smith.      Fur  a  u  liiU 


lie  cmild  SCI'  iin  cliail'ic    in    liir    Ian'   nl'  t 


ir   ('i)iintr\. 


l'"ni'r-ls.  and    hills,  and  \alli 


and  .streams,  had   the  same   lonks  wliirli    they  wore   in    his   native   |iluei',      'I'lieiv   was 

.siiow  on   the  ^rmiiid,  when   he  set   mil.  and    it   was  .snineli s   si'm    in   In.   jiilnl   and 

matted  mi  the  thick  tri'cs  and  hushes.  At  li'iiiith  it  lienaii  tn  diininisli.  and.  as  he 
walked  on.  (iiially  disiii)|iean'd.  'I'lie  liiresf  assumed  a  nmri'  cliemrid  a|i|iciiraiicc.  ihc 
leaves  iiiit  llirtli  their  luids.  and  lielnre  he  was  aware  nf  the  cmii|)leieiics<  n|'  ihe 
ehailL'e.  he  rmiiid  he  had  left  liehind  him  the  land  nl'  snow  and  ice.  The  aii  ncame 
liiire  Mild  mild  ;  the  dark  clouds  had  lolled  away  frmii  the  sky;  a  |iiire  held  nl'  Mne 
was  iihnve  him;  and,  as  he  went  liirward  in  his  jminiey,  he  saw  llnwer.s  hcside  his 
piitli.  and  heard  the  soii;^'  of  hirds.  My  these  sIlmis  he  knew  that  he  \v  is  Lioin;.;  the 
i'i,i;lit  way.  lor  tliiy  agreed  with  the  traditions  of  his  trihe.  .\t  leiiLdh  he  ^[lied  a  path. 
It  took  him  tliidii'ili  a  ;^ro\('.  then  ii|)  a  loiij;  mid  elevated  rid-e,  on  the  verv  top  nl' 
which  he  cmne  to  ii  Ind^e.  Al  the  (h)or  stood  an  old  man  with  white  hair,  whose 
eyes,  tlimii,di  deeply  sunk,  had  ii  liery  hrillimicy.  He  had  a  lon^'  robe  of  skins  thrown 
loosi'ly  iiroiiiid  his  slionldeis.  and  a  stall'  in  his  liaiuls. 

The  youn;^  man  begun  to  tell  his  story  ;  hut  the  veneraliie  chief  arrested  liim  lietlire 
ho  hiul  proceeded  to  speak  ten  words.  '•  1  have  expectcil  von,"  he  replied,  •■and  had 
just  risen  to  hid  ymi  welcome  to  my  ahodi-.  She  whom  you  seek  passed  here  hiit  a 
.diort  time  since,  and  heinu'  I'atiL'Ued  with  her  journey  rested  herself  here.  Knlcr  iii\ 
lodge  and  Ik'  seated,  ami  1  will  then  satisly  your  impiiries.  and  gixe  \oii  directions  for 
your  journey  from  this  point."  Iliiviiei  done  this,  and  refreshed  him.self  liy  rest.  I  hey 
hotli  issiieil  forth  from  the  lodge  door.  ••  Yon  see  yonder  gulf."  said  the  old  man. 
"and  the  wide-stretching  plain  heyond  :  it  is  the  laml  of  souls.  Vou  stand  upon  it.s 
holders,  and  my  lodge  is  the  gate  of  entrmiee.  But  you  cannot  take  your  body  iiloiig. 
41 


'■k 


\i: 


I- 


i  ... 
) 

1    , 


II 


it 


Ii 


\  il 


;ii 


!,i 


'  ,  1       I  :" 


; 


?nil 


322  INTKLLECTUAL    C  A  1' A  CITY    AND 

Tii-avo  it  lion-  \vitli  your  how  iiiid  arrows,  your  buiullc  and  your  dog.  You  will  (ind 
tluMU  nail-  upon  your  roturu."  So  saying  iio  ru-ontorod  tlio  lodgi'.  iiiid  the  freed 
traveller  bounded  Ibrwanl  as  if  iiis  feet  had  suddenly  been  endowed  with  tlie  power 
of  wings.  Hut  all  tilings  retained  tlieir  natural  colors  and  shai)es.  The  woods  and 
leaves,  and  streiinis  iind  lakes,  were  only  niort'  l)right  and  comely  than  he  had  ever 
witnessed.  Animals  boinided  across  iiis  patl 
seemi'u 


ith 


1  witli  a 


freed 


om  and  conlidenee  wliich 


1    to   tell    him,  then 


blood   shed   there.      Birds  of   beautiful   plumage 


inhabited  the  proves,  and  spoi'ted  in  the  waters.     There  was  but 


one 


tl 


WW. 


lich 


he  saw  a  very  unusual  elVect.      lie  noticed  that  his   passage  was  not  stopped  by  ti'ees 
or  other  objects,      lie  ap|)eared   to  walk   directly  througli   them:   they  were,   in   I'act, 


but  the  iinay;es  or  shadows  of  n\aterial  I'orms.      He  bee 


ime 


sensible  that  he  was  in  the 


I  ml  of 


ds 


When  he  had  travelled  half  a  (ia\"s   iourne\',  through   a  country  which  was  con- 


tinii 


allv 


)ecoming  more  attractiv(^  he  came  to  the  banks  of  a  broad  lake,  in  the  centre 


of  whicii  was  a  large  and  beautiful  islaml.      He  found  a  canoe  of  white  shining  stone, 
tied   to  the  shore.      He  was  no\ 
man  had  told  him  of  this.     Ther 


«ure  that  lie  hail  come  the  right  path,  for  the   aged 

He  immediatelv  entered 


■e  wi-re  a 


Iso  ,«1 


nnmu-  paudles. 


the  canoe,  and  took  the  padtlies  in  his  hands,  when,  to  his  joy  and  sur[)rise,  on  turning 
round  he  t)t>held  the  object  of  his  search  in  iinother  canoe,  exactly  its  connteri)art  in 
everything.  It  seemed  to  be  the  shadow  of  his  own.  She  had  exactly  imitated  his 
motions,  and  the}'  were  side  by  side.  They  at  once  pushed  out  from  the  shore,  and 
began  to  cross  the  lake.  Its  wa\es  seeme(l  to  l>c  rising,  and,  at  a  <iistance,  looked 
ready  to  swallow  tiiem  up;  but  just  as  tlu'\'  entered  the  whitened  edge  of  them,  they 
seemed  to  melt  away,  as  if  they  were  but  the  images  of  waves.  Hut  no  sooner  was 
one  wreath  vl'  I'mun  passed,  than  another,  more  threatening  still,  rose  ui>.  Thus  they 
were  in  perpetual  fciir;  but  what  added  to  it  was  the  clearness  of  the  water,  througli 
which  they  could  .see  heaps  of  the  Ixmes  ol'  beings  who  had  i)erished  before. 

The  Master  of  Life  had,  however,  decreed  to  let  them  pass,  for  the  thoughts  and  acts 
of  neither  of  them  had  Ijeen  bad.  But  they  .saw  many  others  struggling  and  siidving 
in  the  waves.  Old  men  imd  ^oung  men,  males  and  females,  of  all  ages  and  ranks 
were  there  :  some  passed  and  some  sunk.  It  was  only  the  little  children,  wlios(> 
canoes  seemed  to  meet  no  waves.  At  length  every  difTicult^'  was  gone,  as  in  a 
moment,  and  they  both  leaped  out  on  the  happy  island.  They  felt  that  the  very  aii' 
was  l()()d.  It  strengthened  and  nourished  them.  They  wandered  together  over  the 
blis.sful  (lelds,  where  everything  was   formed   to  please  the  e\e  and   the  ear.     There 


were  no  tempe 


<ts;   tl 


lere  was  no  ice,  nor  c 


hilly 


wm 


ds ;  no  oiu'  shiveri'd  for  the  want 


of  warm  clothes;  no  one  sulfered  for  hunger;  no  one  mourned  fin*  tl 


le  (lead. 


1.     T 


saw  no 


graves.     They   heard  of  no  wars.      Animals  ran  freely  about,  but  then 


no  blood  spilled  in  hunting  them:   for  the  air  itself  nourished  them,     (liadly  would 
the  young  warrior  have  remained  there  for  ever,  but  he  was  obliged  to  go  back  for  his 


.:i 


CHARACTER   OF   THE    INDIAN    RACE. 


323 


Ixnlv.  llo  (lid  not  see  the  Master  of  Lilo,  l)iit  he  lieanl  Iiis  voice,  as  if  it  were  a  sol't 
l)ree/e.  "(io  hiick,"  said  tliis  voice,  '"to  the  hind  IVoni  wlieiice  you  came.  Your  time 
has  not  yet  come.  The  (hities  lor  which  1  made  you.  and  which  you  are  to  perform, 
are  not  yet  liiiished.  Keturn  to  your  j)eoi)le,  and  accom])lish  the  acts  of  a  g(H)d  man. 
You  will  be  the  ruler  of  your  tribe  for  many  days.  The  rules  you  will  oli.serve  will 
he  told  you  b}-  my  messenger,  who  keeps  the  gate.  When  he  surrenders  l)ack  your 
body,  he  will  tell  you  what  to  do.  Listen  to  him,  and  you  sliiiU  afterwards  rejoin  the 
s])irit  which  you  have  followed,  but  whom  3"ou  must  now  leave  behind.  She  is  ac- 
cepted, and  will  be  ever  here,  as  joung  and  as  ha})py  as  she  was  when  I  first  called 
lier  from  the  land  of  snows." 

When  this  voice  ceased,  the  nari-.tor  awoke.     It  was   the  fancy  Mork  of  a  dream, 
and  he  was  still  in  the  bitter  land  of  snows  and  hunuei',  death  and  tears. 


0.     The   Fatk  of  tiik   Red-TIkaiikd   Magician. 

Indian  life  is  a  life  of  vi(>issitudes  the  year  ror.nd.  As  spring  returns,  the  Indians 
who  have  been  out  during  the  winter,  in  tlie  iiunting-grounds.  come  bacl<  to  their 
villages  in  great  nnmbeis.  and,  in  a  siiort  time,  tliey  have  notiiing  to  eat.  Among 
them,  however,  there  are  always  several  who  an^  willing  to  glean  tiie  neighboring 
woods  for  game  ;  these  remove  from  the  large  villages,  and  usually  go  olf  in  separate 
families  to  su})port  themselves. 

One  of  these  families  was  composed  of  a  man,  his  wife,  and  one  son.  wlio  is  called 
Odkshedoaph  Waucheentonoah,  which  signifies  The  ('hild  of  Strong  l)esir(>s.  Tii(> 
latter  was  about  fifteen  years  old. 

They  arrived,  tlie  first  day,  at  a  [)lace  which  they  thouglit  suitable  to  encamp  at. 
Tiie  wife  li.wd  the  lodge  —  tlie  husband  went  to  hunt.  Karly  in  the  evening  ii(> 
returned  with  a  deer.  He  and  his  wife  being  tired,  he  requested  his  son  to  go  after 
some  water,  to  the  river  near  l)y.  He  replied  that  it  was  dark,  and  he  dared  not  go. 
No  persuasion  availing,  tlie  fatliev  ijrouglit  it.  There  was  a  village  in  the  \icinity  of 
this  i)lace.  in  which  was  a  warrior  of  another  tribe,  called  the  Hed-llead,  who  was 
celebrated  for  his  braveiy  and  his  warlike  deeds.  The  young  men  of  the  neigh!)oring 
villages  had  attempted,  in  vain,  to  take  his  scalji  —  lie  was  too  powerful  and  subtle 
for  tiieir  valor  or  cunning.      He  lived  on  an  island  in  the  middle  of  a  lake. 

The  father  told  the  son  tiiat,  if  he  wa.s  afraid  to  go  to  the  river  for  water  after  dark, 
lie  would  never  kill  the  Reil-Head.  The  young  man  was  greatly  mortified  at  these 
olt.servations  —  he  would  eat  nothing,  neither  would  he  speak. 

The  next  day  he  asked  his  mother  to  dress  the  skin  of  the  deer,  and  make  it  into 
mocca-sins  lor  him  —  while  lie  busied  himself  in  making  a  bow  and  four  arrows. 
Without  speaking  to  his  father  or  motiier,  he  departed  at  sunrise  in  the  morning,  and 


" 

■    ) 

]    ; 

:■  1    1 

I 


,111 


ii'i 


;  \ 


!:.'■ 


ai 


•!  :M 


:^v,r 


H24 


INTELLECTUAL    ('AI'Af'ITY    AND 


-I 


Hi  ..ii't! 


Ut 


.1}         *? 

■lib  ft 


;;!? 


lirt'il  Olio  ol'liis  iirrows.  which  IMI  towiirds  tlic  west,  wliich  lie  tuok  lor  hix  course.  At 
niirht  Ik^  raiiic  to  tlic  jilaco  wln're  liis  nrrow  liiiil  I'mUcii.  ami,  to  his  joy.  lio  foiinil  it  in 
a  ilorr.  ( )ii  !i  piiM^o  of  this  he  I'castcd.  'I'li'  next  iiioniinu' he  llrcd  nnothor.  and  at 
u\'j.\\t  iio  round  it  ill  another  deer.  In  this  uianiicr  he  lircd  the  Innr,  and  was  t'([ually 
lortuiiatc^  wiliiall;  and  what  was  \('ry  sinuiilar.  hr  carclcssiy  K'ft  all  of  his  arrows 
stickini;-  in  tin- (•ar(>assc's  of  the  divrs  ho  had  killod. 

Duriiii;'  tho  lil'th  day  ho  was  in  ureat  distress  —  having-  nothinjr  to  cat.  nor  aiiythini^ 
to  ohtain  food  with.  Towards  ninht  ho  throw  himself  upon  the  ground  in  utter  des- 
|iair.  coiK'lnding  that  ho  niiglit  as  well  ])orish  tlioro.  as  go  farther  and  iiiei't  with  the 
same  end.  lint  soon  lie  heard  a  hollow  ruinhling  noise  in  the  ground  Ijoneath  him — 
he  sprang  u]).  and  disoo\ored  at  a  di.-tanee  a  figure  like  that  t)f  a  hiiniaii  lieing,  afar  oil', 
walking  witii  a  stick,  in  a  wide  hard  path  leading  from  a  lake  to  a  cahin.  in  the  middle 
of  a  largo  prairie.  To  his  sm-priso  this  c;d)in  was  near  to  him.  He  aiiproachcd  a 
little  nearer,  and  cdncoalod  himself.  lie  sdon  discos  tacd  that  the  figure  was  no 
nihor  than  that  terrihlo  witch  Wokoidxaldohn  /ooeyah'pee  Kahhaitchee — or  the  Little 
<>li|  Wiiman  who  makes  War.  Ilor  path  to  the  lake  was  ])erfectly  solid,  from  her 
frocpicnt  \isits  to  tho  water:  and  th(>  noise  our  adwnturer  had  heard  was  occasioned 
hy  her  striking  her  walking-stick  upnn  the  ground.  On  tiie  top  of  this  cane  were 
tied  hy  the  toes  i)irds  of  every  leather  —  who,  whonovor  the  stick  struck  the  earth. 
Ihittered  and  sang  in  concert  their  various  songs. 

She  entered  tlie  cahin,  and  (nnperceived  hy  him)  laid  oil'  her  mantle,  which  was 
entirely  made  nf  the  scalps  (if  women,  liofuro  folding  it  slu!  shook  it  se\i'ral  times, 
and  vvi'vy  time  thos'  scalps  uttered  loud  and  repeated  shouts  of  laughter,  in  which 
the  old  hag  jdinod.  Ndlhin'.:  could  iiave  frightened  iiim  more  than  these  sounds, 
which  he  coidd  in  no  mauMor  account  for.  Al'ti'r  she  had  laid  hy  the  cloak,  she 
i-nne  directly  oi  him:  she  iuiviug  known  wherc^  lie  was  all  tho  while.  She  told  him 
neither  to  li'ar  nor  despair,  for  she  would  !)(>  his  friend  ami  protector.  She  took 
him  into  lii'r  cahin,  and  gave  him  a  supper.  She  iiKpiired  his  motives  for  visiting 
her.  He  gave  her  his  history,  and  stated  his  diUlculties.  and  tlie  manner  he  had 
heeu  disgraced.     She  cheered  him,  and  assured  him  he  would  he  a  l)rave  inuii  yet. 

His  hair  lieing  wvy  short,  she  took  a  largo  leaden  c((ndi.  and  after  drawing  it 
through  several  times,  his  haii'  hecame  \er\-  long.  She  then  |)rocoeded  to  dress  him 
as  a  female,  furnishing  him  with  the  iiccessai'y  garments,  painting  his  face  in  a 
heautiful  nnmner.  and  presented  him  with  a  hasin  of  shining  motai.  She  directed 
him  to  jnil  in  his  girdle  a  hlade  of  that  wide  grass,  tho  edge  of  wliich  is  very  sliar|i, 
and  to  go  in  the  mnrning  tn  the  hank"  of  tho  lake,  which  was  no  other  than  that 
where  I'ed-Head  reigned.  Slit^  ad\isod  him  that  there  would  he  many  Indians  on 
the  island,  who,  when  he  used  his  hasin  to  drink  with,  would  discovcu'  him,  and 
come  to  him  to  solicit  him  to  he  their  wife,  and  to  take  him  across  to  the  island. 
Thi.s  lio  was  to  rofu.se.  and  say   that    he  had  come  a  great  way   to   he   the  wile  of 


:    !    t 


CHARACTER   OF    THE    TXDTAN    RACE. 


ST. 


Ki'(l-II('ii(l ;    iiiid   tliat  if  lio  ooiild   ii(,t  cross  witli   his  own  ctiiioe   for  her.  lu'  sliould 


return 


to  I 


us  villa'ic, 


Soon   lii'd-II 


I'  III  won 


Id 


coiiic   111  Ills  o\vn  canoe,   in   which  h( 


h 


was  to  cross  to  consent  to  hecoinc  iii     wile;   and  in  the  evening;'  hi;  iiiiist  iiuhic''  iiini  t( 


wallv,  wiien  iii'  was  to  take  tlio  first  convenient  opportunity 


:)ir 


iiead 


Wltll 


the  blade  of  uras 


Sir 


;ave   him   also 


I'lieral 


aiuice  ol 


le   manner  lie   was   to 


duct   liinisell",    to  sustain   the  assumed  characler   of  a  woiiian.      11  is    fears   would 


scarcely  i>i 


rmit  hiiii  to  accede  to  tiiis  ])Ian  ;   hut  tiie  recollection  ol'  ids  lathe 


and  looks  decided  him. 
Karly  the  ne.\t  morn 
the   hank  of  the  lake. 


lie  left  the  ca 


iin  ol   the  o 


Id  w 


omaii.  aiK 


took 


k  his  wa\-  to 


II 


e  arri\ed  at  a  i)laci'  directly  oppo: 


ite  th 


Head.      It  was  a  heautiful  day;   the  lu'avens  weic  clear,  and  the  sun  shone  with  ,ureat 
radiance. 

J le  had  not  sauntered  loii.u'  upon   the  beach,  display  iiiij;  his  basin   (which  ii'listeiied 


astonishingly)  to  those  on   the  island 
therefrom,  before  ma 


liv  h 


■eipiently  dipping-  the  water  and  drink 


ny  came  to  see  him  ;  am 


all  wl 


lo  saw,  ailnurm^ 


his  dres 


:s  and 


]iersonal  charms,  becanio  suitors 


and 


I" 


■oDoseil   marriatic 


All  oilers  were  reiected. 


as 


the  witch  had  advised.     At  leuiith  the  Hed-ilead.  heariiiL;  of  tl 


le  speech  ot  this  won 


if  th 


derful   u'irl,  en 


d 


■ossed    m    his   own    canoe,   which   was  manned    bv    his    own  men 


and 


the  ribs  of  which  were  made  of  living  rattlesnakes,  who  were  to  warn  him  of  all 
treachery  and  defend  him  from  his  enemies.     Our  adventurer  had  no  sooner  stepped 


111 


to  the  canoe,  than  they  commenced  a  terrible  liissiim-  and  rattl 


llii'.  w 


hid 


1  nearly 


■Iv 


frightened  him  out  of  his  wits.  They  were  pacified  and  finally  (juieti'd  by  Ht'd-IIoad. 
whose  proposals  were  accepted.  The  fancied  bride  immediately  emlxirked  with  him, 
and,  after  landing  upon  the  island,  the  inarriag(>  took  place,  and  the  bride  made 
various  valuable  presents  to  Red-Head,  which  had  been  furnished  by  the  hag. 


As  th 


>y  were  sitting;  in  the 


ibiii  of  Ued-IIead,  around  whom  w 


as  CO 


numerous 


relations,  the  mother  of  Hed-IIead  reiianU'd  with   an  atteiit 


lected   his 


ive  ev'c.  for  a 


long  time,  the  face  of  her  new  danghti'i'-in-law.  From  this  scrutiny,  she  was  (irmly 
convinced  that  this  singular  marriage  augured  no  good  to  her  son.  She  drew  her 
husband  to  anotln'r  part  of  the  lodge,  and  disclosed   to  liiin  lier  susi)icions.     "This 


can  be  no  k 


inali 


(aid 


sh 


Th 


le  liiiim!  and  maniu'rs,  the  coiintenanci 


spe 


iallv,  the  e.\|iressi( 


and,  more 
Her  bus- 


Ill  of  the  eyes,  are,  beyond  donbi,  those  of  a  man. 
band  immediately  I'ejected  her  sus|)icions,  and  rebuked  her  se\erely  for  the  indignity 
olVered  her  daughter-in-law.  lie  became  so  angry,  that,  seizing  the  hrst  thing  which 
came  to  hand,  which  hapi)eiicd  to  be  his  [lipe-stem,  and  one  of  a  good  si/e.  he  beat 
his  wife  in  a  most  unmen'iful  manner. 

Upon  incpiiry,  the  s|:)ectators  wen    informed  of  the  cau.se  of  the  diflicnlty;  soon 


niii'  so  uross  am 


after  which  our  ad\enturer,  rising,  told  Hed-Head  that,  after  receiv 
outra'ieous  an  insult  from  his  relations,  he  could  not  think  of  remaininu;  with  1 


nil  as 


his  wife,  but  should  return  at  once  to  his  own  vill 


[iw  am 


I  friends.      He  left  tlie  lodui 


}      1 


.    |! 


326 


INTELLECTUAL  CATACITY  AND 


followed  by  Rod-TTead,  and  walked  until  lie  eiime  upon  tlio  l)eacli  of  the  island,  near 
tlie  plaee  where  he  lirst  landed.  Red-Head  entresited  hiui  to  remain,  lie  uracil 
every  argument  and  every  motive  which  he  thoujiht  enuld  have  wei,i;ht,  hut  they 
were  all  rejected.  Diirinn'  this  conference,  they  had  .seated  themscdves  upon  the 
jiround,  and  Ked-Jlead.  in  irivat  sorrow,  had  I'eclined  himself  ui)on  our  adventurer's 
laj),  who  used  various  means  to  soothe  him.  and  oecasioiialiy  yielded  ajiparently  to 
liis  desiri'  to  havi>  him  remain.  Finally,  after  one  of  these  pronuses.  his  feelim;s 
havinii'  become  calm.  IJed-lleail  I'ell  into  a  dee[)  sleep,  liiunediately  our  adventurer 
seized  his  lilade  of  urass.  and  ap[)lying  it  to  the  neck  of  iJed-Head,  drew  it  across  and 
severed  the  head  fiom  the  body.  Strii)[)inj;-  himself  of  his  dress,  he  caught  the  head, 
and,  jilinigiug  into  the  lake,  just  reached  the  other  shore  when  he  discovered  in  the 
darkness  of  the  night  the  torches  of  those  who  were  searching  lor  the  new-married 
couple.  lie  listened  until  they  had  found  the  headless  body,  and  heard  their  piercing 
shrieks  of  sorrow,  when  he  took  his  way  to  the  cabin  of  his  adviser. 

When  he  readied  tlie  cabin,  how  nuich  did  the  Witch  rejoice  at  his  success!  She 
admired  his  prudence,  and  told  him  his  bravery  could  never  be  (piestioned  again. 

Taking  the  iiead.  slie  saiil  he  need  only  have  brought  the  scalp;  then  cutting  off  a 
small  pii'ct^  for  herself,  she  informed  him  he  might  now  return  home  with  the  head 
which  would  lie  an  evidence  of  an  achievement,  that  would  can.se  him  to  be  respected 
among  all  Imlians.  ••  In  your  way  home  you  will  meet  with  but  one  difficulty.  The 
(rtii/  (if  the  Emili.  Maunkahkeeslnvoccaung,  recpiires  an  offering  from  those  who  jier- 
form  the  most  extraordinary  achievements.  As  ym  walk  along  in  a  prairie  there 
will  lie  an  earth(juake  —  the  earth  will  oiien  and  divide  the  prairie  in  the  middle. 
Take  this  /i(irtr!</i/r  and  throw  it  into  the  opening,  and  instantly  sjn'iiig  over  it."  All 
this  happened  precistdy  as  she  had  i'orctold.  and  he  reacdied  a  ])lace  near  his  village  in 
safety  where  he  secreted  the  head  of  Itnl-llead.  On  entering  tiie  village  he  ibund 
that  his  parents  had  retiiined  to  that  |)lace.  and  that  they  were  in  great  sorrow  and 
distress  lor  the  loss  of  their  son.  One  and  another  of  the  young  men  had  presented 
themselves  to  the  disconsolate  parents,  and  said.  "Look  nj),  I  am  your  son." 
Having  been  ol'ten  deceived  in  this  manner,  when  their  own  son  presented  liimself 
they  sat  with  their  heads  ilowii  and  with  their  eyes  nearly  blinded  with  weeping.  It 
was  long  before  they  could  be  inevailed  upon  to  bestow  a  glance  upon  him.  It  was 
yet  longer  before  they  recognised  him  lor  their  son  ;  but  when  he  recounted  his  adven- 
tures they  believed  him  mad — tiie  young  men  laughed  at  him.  He  left  the  lodg(>,  and 
returned  after  a  short  absence  with  the  Red  Head.  That  well-known  head  was  soon 
recognised,  and  our  adventurer  was  immediately  placed  among  the  first  warriors  of 
the  nation,  and  himself  and  family  were  ever  after  greatly  respected  and  esteemed. 


s    Vi'- 


I  I' 


h  W 


CHARACTER   OF   THE    INDIAN    RACE.  327 


7.  TiiK   Magic   Chicle   i  .v   thk  Puaiiuk.  —  Ax   A  i.  lkuou  v. 

A  YOUNG  Iiiintor  found  a  circular  path  one  day  in  a  prairie,  witliout  any  trail  lead- 
ing to,  or  IVom  it.  It  was  smooth  and  well-heaten.  and  looived  as  il'  I'ootsteiis  liad  trod 
in  it  recently.  Tiiis  puzzled  and  amazed  liiin.  lie  hid  himseH'  in  tlie  grass  near  hy, 
to  see  what  this  wonder  slionld  betoken.  After  waiting  a  sliort  time,  he  thought  lie 
lieard  nnisic  in  the  air.  Tie  listened  more  attentively  and  could  clearly  distinguisii  the 
■sound,  hut  nothing  could  ho  seen  hut  a  mere  s[)eck,  like  .something  idmost  out  of 
sight.  In  a  .short  time  it  hecMuie  plainer  and  plainer,  and  the  nuisic  sweeter  and 
sweeter.  The  ohject  (U'sceuded  rapidly,  and  when  it  came  near  it  proved  to  lie  a  ear 
or  basket  of  ozier  containing  twelve  beautiful  girls,  who  ciicli  had  a  kind  of  little  drinn 
which  was  struck  with  the  grace  of  an  angel.  It  came  down  in  the  centre  of  the 
ring,  and  the  instant  it  touched  the  ground  they  leapt  out  and  began  to  dance  in  the 
circle,  at  the  same  time  striking  a  shining  hull. 

The  young  hmiter  had  seen  many  a  dance,  but  none  that  equalled  this.  The  music 
was  sweeter  than  ever  he  had  heard.  Hut  nothing  could  e(pi;d  the  beauty  of  the 
girls.  He  admired  them  all,  hut  was  most  struck  with  the  youngest.  He  determined 
to  seize  her,  and  after  getting  neiir  the  circle  without  giving  alarm  made  the  attempt ; 
but  the  moment  they  spied  a  nnin,  they  all  nimbly  leapt  into  the  basket  and  were 
drawn   back  to  the  skies. 

Poor  Algon  the  hunter  was  completely  foiled.  He  stood  gazing  upward  a.s  they 
withdrew  till  there  was  notiiiug  left,  and  then  began  to  bewail  his  fate.  "They  are 
"■one  for  ever,  and  I  shall  see  them  no  more."  He  returned  to  his  lodge,  but  he  could 
not  forget  this  wonder.  His  mind  preyed  upon  it  all  night,  and  the  next  d;iy  he  went 
back  to  the  prairie,  but  in  order  to  conceal  his  design  he  turned  himself  into  an 
opossum.  He  had  not  waited  long  when  he  saw  the  wicker  car  descend,  and  heard 
the  same  sweet  music.  They  commenced  the  same  sportive  dance,  and  .seemed  even 
more  heautifid  and  graceful  than  hef()re.  Ho  cre[)t  slowly  towards  the  ring,  but  the 
instant  the  sisters  saw  him  they  were  startled,  and  sprang  into  their  car.  It  rose  but 
a  shor'  distance  when  one  of  the  elder  sisters  spoke.  "  Perhaps,"  said  she,  "  it  is  come 
to  slit  us  how  the  game  is  i)liiyed  by  mortals."  "Oh  no!"  the  youngest  replied, 
'•(jnick,  let  us  ascend."     And  all  joining  in  a  chant,  they  rose  out  of  sight. 

Algon  returned  to  his  own  lodge  again;  hut  the  night  .seemed  a  very  long  one,  and 
he  wont  back  betimes  the  next  day.  He  retlected  upon  the  plan  to  Ibllow  to  secure 
success.  IIo  fcuuid  an  old  stump  near  by  in  which  there  were  a  number  of  mice  :  he 
thought  their  small  form  would  not  create  alarm,  and  accordingly  assumed  the  sha[ie 
of  a  mou.se.  He  first  brought  the  stump  and  set  it  up  near  the  ring.  The  sisters 
came  down  and  resumeil  their  sport.  •'  But  see,"  cried  the  younger  sister,  "that  stump 
was  not  there  belbre."     .She  ran  tifirighted  towards  the  car.     They  only  smiled,  and 


\^i 


I  \  ] 


! 


^  'i 


u.n 


'f  * 


.;  J 


i| 


h 


J.I 


"I 


i' 


I 


\-  ( 


i    i;  t 


n. 


•U 


^ 


!illl 


I 


i 


I, 


I 


ill 


828 


intI':i,lk(;ti'al  cai-acitv  ani> 


iath(M"in,ii'  rumid  tlic  stiiin|).  struck  it  in  jcbt.  wlicii  nut  laii  tlic  mice,  mid  Al,i:iiii  auion.u 


tl 


10  rest. 


'I'l 


li'\-    KlIIlM 


I  tl 


ICIll 


nil  but   (iiic,  wiiicli  Wi's  piirsiUMl   hy  the  ymiiiLi'est  sistei 


but  just   as  slie   liad  raised  lier  sticlv   to  Isill  it,  the  liiriu  dI'  tiie  hunter  arose 


aiK 


I  h' 


chisped  liis  |iiT/,e  in  liis  amis.      The  other  eK'\en  spraiiji  to  thi'ir 


o/.ier  i)askt 


t  and  were 


drawn  up 


to  the  sjv 


He  exerted  all  liis  skill   t 


o   jilease 


his   bride  and  win   her  ail'ections.      lli 


d  tl 


ic 


tears  from   her  eve: 


1!( 


dated   his  adventures  in  the  chase.      He  dwelt  upon  tli 
cluirins  of  lii'e  on  thi'  earth.      He  was  incessant  in  liis  attentions,  and  picked  out  tli 


av  for  her  to  walk  as  he  led  her  nenth'  towards  his  lodue.      IFe  felt  his  heart  ul 


ow 


with  joy  as  she  entered  it,  and  from  that  nioiiieiit  he  was  one  of  the  Inqipiest  of  men. 
Winter  and  summer  jiassed  rapidly  away,  and  their  hap[)iness  was  increased  by  the 
addition  of  a  beautiful  boy  to  their  lodue  circle.  She  was  in  truth  the  daiiiihter  of  one 
uf  the  stars,  and  as  the  scenes  of  earth  beiran  to  pall  ii[ion  her  .sitiht,  she  siiiiied  to 
revi.sit  her  father.  But  she  was  obliged  to  hide  these  feelings  from  her  husband.  She 
remembered  the  (diarin   that  would  carry  her  iiji,  and  took  occasion  while  Aljion  was 


engaged  in  the  chase  to  construct  a  wicker  baske 
mean  time  she  collected  such  rarities  from  the  earth 


which  she  kept  concealed,      in  tl 


die  thought  would  please  hei- 
father  as  well  as  the  most  dainty  kinds  of  Ibod.  When  all  was  in  reailiness.  she  went 
out  one  day  while  Algon  was  absent  to  the  charmed  ring,  taking  her  little  son  with 
her.     As  soon  as  tlu'\'  uot  into  the  car,  she  comnu'iiced  her  smiu'  and  the  basket  rose. 


As  tl 


ic  song  wa: 


wafted 


•'}• 


tl 


le  wiiuls,  1 


t   cauii'ht   her  I 


inshiuiU 


ear. 


It 


was  a  voice 


which  he  well  knew,  and  he  instaully  ran  to  the  prairie.      Ihit  hi-  could  nut  reach  the 
riiiii'  liefore  he  sa 


iw  h 


ife  and  child  ascen 


Ih 


'ted 


U[)  Ills  voice  111  loiul  ap|)eals 


but  th 


ev  were  uiia\aninii'. 


The  b 


't  still  went  up 


uall  spec 
■ound.  ai 

Aliion  b' 


no  relic 


1  llnall\-  it  \'aiiished  in  the  skv.      He  then  bt'iit  his  h 


aiu 


was  miser 


He  wati'hed  it  till  it  became  a 
down    to  the 


abk 


hi.s  loss  throimli  a  lonu'  winter  and  a  loiiu'  sunnner.     But  he  found 


lb 


irned  his  wife's  li 


soreh',  but  his  son's  still  nuu'e.      In  the 


time,  his  wife  had  reached   her  1 


loine  in 


th 


star? 


am 


1  almost  foivot,  in  th 


nieaii- 
di.ssful 


em[)loyments  there,  that  she  had  left  a  husband  on  the  earth.  She  was  reminded  of 
this  by  the  presence  of  her  son.  who,  as  he  grow  up,  became  anxious  to  visit  the  .seeno 
of  his  birth.  His  grandfather  said  to  his  daughter  one  day,  "Go,  my  child,  and  take 
your  son  down  to  his  father,  and   isk  him  to  cmiu'  up  and  live  with  us.      But  ttdl  him 


to  liriu'. 


al 


oiig  a  s[)ecinu'n  o 


f  i-acli  kind  of  bird  and  animal  he  k 


Ills  m 


the  idiase, 


Sir 


aec'ordm 


rlv  t<; 


tl 


lok  the  hoy  aii.t  (loscc'iKloi 


Al- 


on.  who  was 


e\er  lu'ar  the  enchanted 


pot,  heard  her  v 


oice  as  she  came  ( 


lown  the  skv.      His  lu'art 


it  with  iinpationco  as 


10  saw  lu'r  lo 


rill  and  that  of  his  son.  and  they  wore 


soon  clas[ie(l  in  Ins  arms 


lie  h 


■d  tl 


10    1110.- 


20  of  the  Sti 


ir.  am 


I  b^ 


11   to  hunt  with   th 


U'oatost  activity. 


that  ho  might  collect  the  present.      Ho  spent  whole  nights,  as  widl  as  days,  in  search- 
ing for  ovoi'y  curious  and  beautiful  bird  ur  animal.     Ho  only  preserved  a  tail,  foot,  or 


CHARACTER  OF  THE  INDIAN   RACE. 


A-29 


wing  of  oaoli,  to  ick'iitiiy  tlio  apecicw;  anil,  wlioii  all  was  ready,  tlu'V  went  to  the  circle 
and  were  carried  iip. 

Groat  joy  was  manifested  on  their  arrival  at  the  starry  plains.  The  star-eiiief 
invited  all  his  peo|)lo  to  a  feast,  and,  when  they  had  assembled,  lie  proclaimed  aloud, 
that  each  one  miii'Iit  take  of  the  earthly  gifts  such  as  he  liked  best.  A  very  strange 
vonlnsion  iuiniediatcdy  arose.  Some  chose  a  foot,  some  a  wing,  some  a  tail,  and  some 
a  claw.  T lio.se  who  selected  tails  or  claws  were  changed  into  animals,  and  ran  oil'; 
the  others  assnmed  the  form  of  birds,  and  Hew  away.  Algon  chose  a  wliite  hawk's 
feather,  which  Avas  his  totem.  His  wife  and  son  Ibllowed  his  example,  when  oacii  one 
became  a  white  hawk.  He  spread  his  wings,  and,  l()llo\\ed  by  his  wife  and  sou. 
descended  to  the  earth,  where  his  species  are  still  to  be  found. 


8.    The   Histohv  of  t  ii  k   Litti.k  Ouimiam   who  cakuiks  t  ii  k   Wiiitk 
F  E  ATM  i:  K .  —  A    D  A  ( :  o  t  a    I,  v.  v  e  .\  d  . 

TiiEHE  was  an  old  nnin  with  his  grandchild,  whom  he  had  taken  when  (piite  an 
infant,  who  lived  in  the  middle  of  a  forest.  The  child  had  no  other  relative.  They 
had  all  been  destroyed  by  six  largo  giants,  and  he  was  not  iufornied  that  he  ever  had 
any  other  parent  or  i)rotector  than  his  grandfather.  The  nation  to  whom  he  belcjngeil 
had  put  up  their  children  as  a  wager  against  those  of  the  giants,  upon  a  race,  whirh 
the  giants  gained,  and  thus  destroyed  all  the  other  children.  Heing  the  sixth  ciiiid, 
lie  was  called  Cliacopeo. 

There  was  a  prediction,  tliat  there  would  be  a  groat  man  of  this  nation,  who  wo\dd 
wear  a  white  feather,  and  who  would  astonish  every  one  with  his  skill  and  ijravery. 

The  grandfather  gave  the  child  a  bow  and  some  arrows  to  play  with.  lie  went 
into  the  woods  and  saw  a  rabbit,  but  not  knowing  what  it  was.  he  came  to  his  gi'aud- 
father  and  described  it  to  him.  lie  told  him  what  it  was,  und  tiiat  it  was  good  to 
eat,  and  that  if  he  shot  one  of  his  arroM's  at  it,  he  would  probably  kill  it.  lie  did  ,so ; 
and  in  this  manner  he  continued  on  hunting  under  the  instructions  of  his  grandfather, 
aapiiring  skill  in  killing  door  and  other  large  animals,  and  he  became  an  approved 
hunter. 

His  curiosity  was  excited  to  know  -what  was  passing  in  the  world.  lie  went  one 
day  to  the  edge  of  a  prairie,  where  he  saw  ashes  like  those  at  his  home,  and  poles  of 
lodges.  He  returned  and  inquired  if  his  grandfather  made  them.  He  was  told  that 
ho  had  not,  nor  had  ho  soon  any  such  things;  that  it  was  all  his  imagination. 

Another  day  ho  wont  out  to  see  what  there  was  ciu-ious.  and  on  entering  into  the 

woods,  he  hoard  a  voice  calling  after  him — -Conie   lieri'.  you  wearer  of  the  white 

feather.     You  do  not  wear  the  white  feather  yet,  but  you  ought  to  wear  it.     Koturn 

home  and  take  a  short  nap.     When  iusleop,  you  will  hear  a  voice  which  will  tell  you 

42 


hi 


*     1 

( 


•  n 


■■  \ ' 


I  'J 


!     < 


I'    i| 


I  . 


■A. 


830 


I  N  T  K  L  L  K  ( '  T  V  A  1,    C  A  V  A  C  F  T  Y   AND 


:■'  't 


I  :S 


pIlH 


to  lir^t'  iind  Miiokc;  voii  will  SCI"  ill  voiir  ilrciiiii  a  Jiipi',  suc.U,  iind  ii  liifffc  wliitc  rciitlHT. 
Wlu'ii  vdii  iiwiikc  VOII  will  liiiil  tlicsc  urticii's.  I'lit  t\w  li'iitlicr  on  joiir  liciul,  iind 
von  will  Ijci'oiiu'  a  j^Tfiit  liiintor,  a  j:ivat  warrior,  and  a  f^rcat  inan.  capalilc  ol'  doiiij.' 
aiivtiiintr.  Am  a  proof  tliat  yon  will  ho  a  ureal  liiintiT,  wlu'ii  noii  siiioUc  tlic  f^inokc 
will  turn  into  pi;it'oii.-<."  He  then  inl'ornii'd  him  who  he  was;  of  the  fate  of  his  real 
parents,  hrotliers,  and  .sisters;  and  of  the  ini]>ositioii  his  f^randfatlier  now  practised  on 
liiiii.  I[c  gave  him  a  vine,  anil  told  him  ho  was  of  an  age  to  revenge  his  relations. 
'■Wlieii}(tn  meet  your  enein},  yon  will  run  a  raee  with  him;  he  will  not  seo  the 
vine,  it  ln-iiig  enchanted.  Wiien  \(m  ar(>  riniiiiii;r  with  iiiin.  yon  will  throw  it  over 
his  head,  and  entangle  him  .so  as  you  will  win  the  race. '  Long  ere  this  speech  was 
ended,  he  had  turned  to  the  (piarler  from  w  hence  the  voice  came,  and.  to  his  astonish- 
mout,  saw  there  was  another  man  in  tiie  world  beside  Ids  grandfatiier;  lint  wliat  most 
sur[)riseil  him  was  that  this  was  an  oiil  man,  wlio.  IVoiii  his  hreast  down,  was  inxid, 
mid  he  ajipeared  to  Ix'  immoveahly  fixed  to  the  eartl], 

Fh>  returned  home,  slept,  heard  the  voice,  awakened,  and  found  the  [ii'oinised 
articles.  His  grandfather  was  greatly  siii'|iiised  to  Iind  him  with  a  wiiite  feather, 
and  to  see  tlocks  of  pigeons  Hying  out  of  his  lodg(>.  Ik'  then  recollected  what  had 
been  ])redicted.  and  began  to  weeji  at  the  pi'os[iect  of  losing  his  charge. 

He  departe(l  the  iie.xt  morning  for  tlii'  [>ur|io.se  of  sei'king  iiis  enemies  and  re\eiiging 
himself  upon  them.  He  came  to  a  large  lodge  in  the  middle  of  a  wood,  which  wa.s 
oi'cupie(l  by  his  I'lU'inies.  the  giants,  the  inhabitants  of  whii'li  had  l)een  a[i|irised  of 
his  coining  liy  tiie  /i///<  ■•■iiiri/.i  ir/io  rarri/  tin  it(  n's.  They  came  out  and  ga\e  the  cry 
of  joy.  and  as  he  a|)|iroariied  nearer,  they  iiegan  to  make  sport  of  him  among  them- 
selves, saying,  "  Hero  comes  the  little  man  witli  tlu'  wliitt;  feather,  who  is  to  do  such 
wondei-s ;"  but  at  the  same  time  to  him  they  talki'd  veiy  fair,  telling  him  he  was  a 
bravo  man,  and  would  do  every  thing.  This  was  to  encourago  him  to  go  on  to  his 
own  destrnetion.      He  knew,  however,  what  they  were  alxiut. 

Chacopeo  went  into  the  lodge  fearlessly,  and  the}'  told  him  to  comincneo  the  race 
with  the  smallest  of  them.  The  goal,  or  stake  to  which  they  run,  was  a  peeled  tree, 
towards  the  rising  sun,  iuul  then  back  to  the  starting  place,  where  was  a  Chaniikahpee, 
or  waiM'liib,  made  of  wood  as  hard  as  iron,  which  he  who  won  the  race  was  to  use  to 
cut  oft'  the  other  8  liead  with.  They  ran  ;  —  Cliacojiee  n.sed  his  vine  and  gaineil  the 
race,  and  iinmediatelv  cut  oft'  his  competitor's  head.  In  this  niaiiiier  he  destroyed 
five  of  them.  This  was  the  work  of  live  .successive  mornings.  The  survivor  wished 
him  to  leave  the  heads  as  he  cut  them  off;  as  they  Ixdievcil  by  one  of  their  medicines 
they  could  unite  them  again  to  the  Inxlies ;  but  the  little  champion  insisteiJ  upon 
carrying  them  to  his  grandfather. 

On  tlie  sixth  morning,  fiefore  he  went  to  tlie  giant's  lodge,  he  saw  his  old  couii.sellor, 
who  was  stationary  in  the  woods,  who  told  him  that  he  was  alxiiit  to  be  deceived; 
that  he  had  never  known  any  other  so.k  than  his  own ;  that  as  he  was  on  his  way  to 


OIIAllACTER   OF   T  FI E    INDIAN    RACE. 


;i;il 


tlie  lodfft'  III'  would  iiicct  tlic  most  Ix'iuitiCiil  wotiiim  in  the  world,  to  wlioiii  lie  whm  to 
piiy  no  (ittcntioii,  hut  on  nicctiiij;'  licr  to  wish  liimscIC  to  cliiiiii;'!!  into  a.  nude  elk;  that 
tho  trniisli)niiiitii)n  would  tidic  \)\iin',  and  tlio  uninial  would  'jo  to  li'cdinu:,  and  not 
rej^ai'd   I  lie   wonum. 

He  |)roi'(.'i'ilod  towards  tliu  lodujo,  nu't  the  tiTUfjIress,  and  hccanu'  an  elk.  She 
reproached  him  (this  woman,  hy  the  way,  was  the  sixth  jiiant)  lor  having  turned  into 
an  elk  on  seeinj^  hei-,  who  had  travidli'd  a  j^reat,  distance  for  the  purpose  of  eoiirtinfi; 
him  and  hecomin;,'  his  wile.  Her  reproaches  and  heauty  alVecteil  him  so  much  that 
he  wished  himself  u  man  af^ain,  and  he  at  once  resumed  his  natural  shape.  They  sat 
down  tojfether,  and  he  heizan  to  caress  and  make  love  to  her.  and  (inally  laid  his  head 
in  her  lap  and  went  to  sleep.  She  ke|)t  pushing'  hiui  oil"  her  lap,  lor  the  |)urposi'  of 
trjing  if  he  was  sound  a.sleep,  and  when  it  awakened  him,  told  him  she  disturbed  him 
because  he  laid  too  heavy  upon  her.  Finally,  when  he  became  very  sound  asleep,  she 
took  her  a.ve  and  broke  his  liack.  She  then  assumed  her  natural  shape,  which  was 
that  of  the  sixth  K'""^  changed  ('hi'icoix'e  into  a  dog,  and  made  him  follow  her 
towards  the  loilge  in  that  ilegradiug  .shape,  lie  took  the  white  feather,  iind  stuck  it 
in   his  own  head. 

There  was  an  Indian  village  at  some  distance,  in  which  wi're  two  girls,  rival  sisters. 
the  daughters  of  a  chief,  who  were  doing  piMianct!  for  thi'  purpose  of  enticing  the 
carrier  t)f  tli<^  white  feather  to  their  villagi;.  They  each  hoped  to  make  him  their 
husband.  They  each  made  themselves  lodges  a  short  distance  from  the  village.  As 
lie  approached,  the  girl.'-'  saw  tlie  white  featlier,  and  tlu;  eldest  prejiared  her  lodge  in  a 
neat  maniu'r,  f)r  the  jiurpo.se  of  I'cceiviiig  liiui.  Tiie  other,  supposing  his  choice  would 
not  he  made  Jov  such  parade,  as  he  was  a  wise  man.  touched  notiiing  about  her  loiljc 
The  eldest  went  out  and  met  liini,  and  invited  him  in.  Ih?  accepted  the  iu\  it.ition. 
and  soon  made  her  his  wife.  The  youngest  invited  the  dog  into  her  lodge,  made  him 
a  good  bed.  and  treat(.'d  him  with  attention,  as  if  he  were  her  hesband. 

The  sixth  giant,  supposing  that  whoe\er  [lossessed  the  white  feather  possesscil  also 
all  its  virtues,  went  out  upon  the  prairie  to  hunt,  but  returned  without  anything. 
The  dog  went  (jiit  the  same  da}  hunting  upon  a  river,  and  drew  a  stone  out  of  the 
water,  which  immediately  became  a  beaver.  The  next  day  the  giant  followed  tho 
dog.  and,  hilling  hehiiul  a  ti'ee.  saw  the  dog  go  to  the  river  and  draw  out  a  stone, 
which  at  once  turned  into  a  beaver.  As  soon  as  the  dog  had  left  the  [)lace,  the  giant 
went  to  the  river,  and  jmlling  out  a  stone,  had  the  satisfaction  of  ser>ing  it  transformed 
into  a  beaver  also.  Tying  it  to  his  belt,  he  carried  it  home,  and,  as  is  customary, 
threw  it  down  by  the  door  of  his  lodge  and  entered  in.  After  he  had  been  seated  a 
short  time,  he  told  his  wife  to  bring  in  his  belt,  or  C(jllar.  She  did  so;  and  returni^d 
with  it,  tied  to  nothing  but  a  ^ifoiir. 

The  next  day,  tho  dog  finding  his  method  of  catching  beavers  was  discovered  by  the 
giant,  went  to  a  wood  at  some  distance,  and  broke  oil'  a  limb  from  a  tree  which  had 


8  t 


( 


!:■! 


if 

4   f 

'  I 
•  -1  ( 


1 


,1 


i 


•    V 


<l 


:132 


I  N  T  K  L  L  V.  ( '  'I'  r  AI.   (J  A  I'  A  ('  1  T  V ,    K  T  C . 


t  i 


iff-; 


f'E 


fr.!! 


iji; 


liccii  scdrclicd  hliick  liy  tin-  lin,  wliicli  iiiimi'iliatcly  Im'ciiiiic  ii  hour.  Tlic  giimt,  \vlii» 
liiiil  iiuiiiii  wiitclicil  liiin,  did  tlic  siiiiic.  mid  ciirriiHl  ii  hciir  homo,  hut  Ids  wilis  cindd 
find   iKithiiiii'  l)ul  ;i  hiinit  sticic  tied  to  iiis  hidt. 

'I'lu'  next  diiy,  IIk'  wife  di'tiTiiniu'd  sin'  would  uo  to  her  liitluT.  iiiid  let  luiu  Iviiow 
whitt  ii  va!ual)!t'  liuutiT  sho  li;ui  tin'  lior  huHhniid.  As  soon  us  tlicy  liud  di'piirtcd,  tln> 
dojr  niudi'  sii:ns  to  Ills  niistiH'ss,  or  will',  to  swt'iit  iiiin  id'lcr  tiie  inanuci'  ol'  tlii'  liidinus. 
Slu>  acconliii'^ly  uiudi'  ii  lodj;i'.  just  hirf^i;  ouou^h  for  iiin\  to  civcj)  into,  jint  in  hfiiti'd 
stont's  in  sucli  ii  niunniT  tinit  mIic  could  pour  water  n|)on  them,  and  iii'tcr  she  had 
swoatcd  him  thus  for  somo  timo,  ho  came  out  a  vory  handsome  man,  hut  had  not  tlu; 
power  of  spi'i'ch. 

Tho  eldest  dauuliter  went  to  her  i'ather,  and  told  him  of  the  dis;^'raceful  manner 
in  whii'h  lier  sister  lived  with  a  doji,  and  also  of  his  singular  liu'ulty  for  huntinj^. 

The  old  man  sns|ie('lin,i;'  there  was  some  ma;;ic  in  it.  sent  a  (lepntation  of  younj;; 
men  and  women  to  a>k  her  to  come  to  him,  and  to  hriuu'  her  dou;  with  her.  They 
went,  and  were  much  surprised  to  llnd  in  the  place  of  the  do^'  so  fhie  a  youn^  man. 
'I'luy  accompanied  tho  delegation  to  tho  father,  who  was  also  much  astonislied. 
Ik'  assendiled  all  the  wise  anil  a,ii;ed  men  of  the  nation,  to  sec  the  stran}j;e  exploits 
of  the  wearer  of  the  white  featJH'r.  which  it  was  understood  he  coidd  perform.  'I'lie 
,L;iant  took  his  pipe  and  tilled  it.  and  passed  it  to  the  Indians,  to  sec  if  anythin.;;' 
would  happen  when  tiiey  smokt'd.  It  passed  aroinid  to  the  doi;-.  who  made  ii  sign 
to  pa.<s  it  to  the  giant  (irst,  wiiich  was  done;  hut  he  ellecteil  nothing.  Then  the 
doi!-man  took  it.  and  made  a  sign  to  them  to  \mt  tho  white  fi'allier  upon  his  head. 
This  w.as  done — innuKliately  he  regaineil  his  speech;  he  smoke(l.  and  hehold  innuense 
Hocks  of  pigeons  rushed  from  the  smok.'. 

The  chief  demanded  of  him  his  history,  whitdi  he  r«.connti'd  to  him  faithfully. 
Tlie  chief,  after  it  was  finished,  ordered  that  the  'iant  should  lie  transformed  into 
a  dog,  and  turneil  into  the  miiidle  of  the  \  illagc.  and  that  the  boys  should  with  dubs 
pound  liiin  to  death. 

The  chief  then  ordered,  on  tho  petition  of  the  Wl  ite-Fcather,  that  all  the  young 
men  should  employ  themselves  four  days  in  making  ar.'ows,  and  gave  him  a  hulValo 
robe.  This  robe  tho  White-Feather  cut  into  small  ])ieccs,  and  sowed  in  the  prairie. 
At  the  end  of  the  four  days  he  invited  them  to  a  bufl'alo  hunt  •,  and  they  found  that 
these  pieces  of  skin  had  become  a  vt'ry  large  herd  of  buflalo.  They  killed  as  many 
as  tliey  pleased,  and  had  a  grand  feast. 

The  White-Feather  then  got  Ins  wife  to  a.sk  her  father  if  he  would  permit  her  to 
visit  White-Feather's  graudfathei-  with  him.  He  replied  to  this  solicitation  tliat 
a  woman  must  follow  her  husband  into  whatever  quarter  of  tho  world  he  nuiy 
choose  to  go. 

They  departed,  made  their  visit,  and  wore  received  with  joy. 


M. 


: :  jf  Ii 


I 


n.    INDIAN    PKrroCKAl'llY. 

OnSEUVATIONS    ON    TIIK    1' 10  T  n  (J  H  A  1' II  I  C    MktIIOD    OK    C  O  M  M  (' N  I  ("  A  T  I  N  fl 
IdKAS     II  V      SVMHOMC      AND      11  K  I' K  K  S  K  N  T  A  T  I  V  H      DkVICKS     OK      TIIK 

N  o  It  T II   A  M  E  K I  c  A  N    Indian  s. 

PiCTOORAiMiic  scrolls  1111(1  devicoH,  nuloly  cut  or  puintod  on  wood,  rooks,  or  tlic 
Hcarilk'd  tniiiks  of  trees,  and  even  hoii','m  recorded  by  tliiw  luetliod,  are  well  known 
traits  of  our  ahori^nnal  trilies.  Nolliin,!:-,  indeed,  is  more  eoinnion.  It  was  tlion-zlit 
due  to  tile  eliaraeter  of  tlie  tribes  t((  examine  tlie  subject,  witii  a  view  to  determiiie 
tiie  s3stein  of  symlxiis,  if  system  it  may  lie  ealietl ;  and  to  discover  the  rules  by 
which  the  symbols  are  to  b(!  interpreted. 

Peihitps  the  art  merits  the  term  of  picture-writiiif;'.  It  olfers,  at  least,  a  new 
point  of  comparison  and  resemlilance  between  our  wild  lumter  tribes  and  other 
barbaric  nations,  and  particularly  the  more  advanced  communities  of  Mexico  and 
P;ru.  If  wc  mistake  not,  the  system  is  radically  the  same.  Hoth  are  lurjicly 
mnemonic,  and  it  is  es.sential  to  their  exidanation  that  tiie  intei'iirete-  be  ac(nuiiiite(l, 
not  only  witii  the  cliaracteristic  points  and  customs  of  their  historv.  but  with  their 
pcculiiir  inytlioloj.'y,  idolatry,  and  mode  of  worship.  It  is  certainly  the  only  method 
these  tribes  possess  of  coiiunuiiicatinj,'  ideas.  ]5ut  whatever  rank  may  be  assijj;ned 
the  .system,  the  toi)ic  is  curious  and  important  in  considering  the  mental  capacities 
of  the   race;    and   it  could   not   well  be  omitted  in  any  enlarged  view  of  them. 


1.    Preliminary  Considerations. 

riotoiial  and  symbolical  Rcprcsentaticms  constitiito  one  of  the  earliest  obsorvcil  traits  in  tlio 
Customs  ,anil  Arts  of  the  American  ,\l)orif;inos.  —  This  Art  found  to  a,ssumo  a  systematic 
Form,  among  the  ruile  Hunter  Tribes  of  North  America,  in  tlie  year  1820,  when  it  was 
noticed  on  the  iSoureo  of  the  Mi.s3issippi.  — This  Instance  i;iven,  with  a  Drawing.  — Tlio  Hint 
pursued. 

The  practice  of  the  North  American  tribes,  of  drawing  figures  and  pictures  on  skins, 
trees,  and  various  other  substances,  has  been  noticed  by  travellers  and  writers  from 
the  earliest  times.  Among  the  more  northerly  tribes,  these  figures  are  often  oliserved 
on  that  common  substitute  for  the  ancient  piipyrus  among  these  nations,  the  bark  of 


'I  . 
.      I 


.    s 


i; 


!  1: 


m 


\  I  ■ 


i. 


:\M  INTFLT.KCTI'AI,   CAPACITY    AND 

\\\vlnliilii  /((//<//;v/(v«,  or  wliitr  liircli :  a  Hiilistiiiicc  posMfHrtin^  ii  Hiiuxith  mirfiicc,  oaHily 
iinprcsftcd,  very  Ili-xiMc.  iiml  f;i|piil)U'  of  Ik'Iiijx  pri-fiiTVi'il  in  mils,  Ol'lcn  tlicsc  di'vicoH 
arc  cut,  or  dniwii  in  iiolorH,  on  (lie  trnnkn  of  tree.-*,  niurc  rai'clv  on  ruckn  or  Wouhh'rn, 
when  tlicy  arc  called  niir/./.inal)ikH.  According?  to  CoMen  and  l-aliton,  rccordrt  of  thin 
rude  cliaracter  wci'c  i'ornicrly  to  lie  M'cn,  on  tlic  hia/cd  .snrriicc  ol'  hccn,  alon;r  tlic 
ancient  i)atlis  and  |ioi'tii;.'es  lending;  I'rnni  tlie  sources  ul'  the  riveis  ol'  New  York  and 
Pennsylvania  which  How  into  the  Atlantic,  and  in  the  \'allcy  of  the  Si.  Lawi'dice. 
I'ictoriiil  drawinirs,  ami  syniliols  of  this  kind,  are  now  to  he  limnd  only  on  the  niM'c- 
clainied  horders  of  the  ^rrcal  are;i  west  of  the  Alieiihanics  ■.\\v\  tlw  Lakes;  in  the 
wide  prairies  of  the  \V'est  ;  or  alon;;'  ihe  Missonii  and  tiie  I'jiper  Mississippi.  It  is 
known  that  such  devices  were  in  use,  to  mouic  extent,  at  the  era  of  the  discovery, 
anion;.'  most  of  the  trihes  sitiiiile(l  hetween  the  hitituiles  of  the  ci  "s  of  Klorida  and 
Hudson's  i5ay,  altluni^ih  tiie\  have  heen  consi<lered  as  more  p:ii'ticid;uly  characteristic 
of  the  trilics  ol'  the  Alironcpiin  type  In  a  few  instances,  thesi-  simple  pictorial 
inscriptions  have  heen  found  to  purtake  of  a  monumental  cast,  hy  liein;.'  painted  oi' 
stiiined  on  thi'  faces  of  rocks,  or  on  huye  luuse  stones  on  the  hunks  of  streams;  and 
still  more  rarely,  devices  wei-c  scratched  or  pcckc(l  into  the  sni'face,  as  is  flunid  on 
('Mnninuliiim's  Island,  in  Lake  i'ii'ic,  ami  in  tiie  \'alley  of  the  Alleghany,  at  \'cnan^;i). 
'riiose  who  arc  intent  on  olisersations  of  this  kind  will  lind  li;;ures  anil  rude  inscri|f- 
tions,  at  the  present  time,  on  the  ;jrriivc-posts  which  mark  lh(>  ^places  ol'  Indian 
sepulture  at  the  ^Vest  and  North.  The  triln's  who  rove  o\er  the  western  prairies, 
inscriiie  them  on  tlii'  skins  of  the  Imlfalo.  Noi'lh  of  latitude  \'l' .  the  soulhci'u  limit, 
of  the  hirch,  which  furnishes  at  once  the  material  of  canoes.  wi^wan\s.  Iuixcm,  and 
other  articles,  and  constitutes,  in  fact,  the  Indian  paper,  tahlets  of  hard-wood  are 
conlined  to  devices  which  arc  hii'ratic,  ai:d  an  employed  alone  liy  theii'  |)riests, 
prophets,  and  nicdicine-nien  ;  and  these  charactris  unili)rndy  assume  a  mystical  or 
sacred  import.  The  recent  discovci-y,  on  one  of  the  triKutaries  of  the  Susipiehanna, 
of  an  Indian  map  drawn  on  stone,  with  intei'inixed  devices,  a  copy  of  which  appears 
in  the  (irst  volume  of  the  collections  of  the  Historical  Connuittec  of  the  American 
Philosophical  Society,  Philadel|)liia.  proves,  although  it  is  thus  far  isolated,  that  stone 
was  also  cmployi'd  in  that  hranch  of  inscription.  This  discovcrv  was  in  the  area 
occupied  ly  the  Lenapees,  who  are  known  to  have  practised  the  art.  which  they 
called  Ola  Walum. 

Colden,  in  his  his  history  of  the  Five  Nations.'  informs  us  (hat  when,  in  KiDG,  the 
Count  do  Frontenac  marched  a  well-appointed  army  into  the  Inxpiois  country,  with 
artillery  and  all  other  means  of  rc;rnlar  mili(ary  olfence,  he  lliund.  on  (he  hanks  o  '  the 
Onondaura,  now  called  Oswego  River,  a  tree,  on  the  trunk  of  which  the  Indians  i  ad 
depicted  the  French  army,  and  deposited  two  bundles  of  cut  rushes  at  its  foot,  con- 


'  Ldiiiinii   Kiliiioii,  1717,  I'iigo  I'.li 


' 


C  II  A  11  A  (' T  K  II   0  V   T  II  K    I  M)  I  A  N    II  A  ('  V. 


;t;!,i 


niMtiii)^  (if  I  l.'J4  pii'Ci'n ;  im  iirl  orHymlMilicul  ilcrniiu'i' on  tin'ir  |i,irt,  ^liicli  wmm  inliiiilrij 
to  inruriii  tlii'ir  (lullic  iiiviitlfis  tliiil  tlicy  wniild  Imvc  to  iiicmiiiliT  lliis  nmiilirr  of 
warriors.  In  ,«i|i('iikiii;i-,  in  iinotlicr  luifisiiifi',  of  tjn!  ^jcncriil  triiit.t  of  the  Fi\i'  Niitions, 
lir  niciilinnH  till'  ;.'i'ni'riil  ciistuin  prcviilciit  luiioiif,'  llm  ,Moliii\vk><  ^'oin^  to  wiir,  of 
|iililltiii>f  willi  riMJ  iniiiil  on  tlic  Irnnk  of  ii  tree,  nncli  syinliuls  us  iiiijjjit  f.cr\f  to  dmot"' 
till' olijcct  of  llicir  cNiicdition.  Anionji  tiic  (It'viccs  wiim  a  I'luioo  pointfd  towiinU  tln> 
cncniy'M  country.  ( »n  llicir  rcliirn.  it  Wiis  llicir  pnirticc  to  vixit  tlic  Kiiiiif  trcf,  or 
lirccini't,  anil  (Irnotr  tin'  rrMult  |)i('tourii|tliiciilly ;  tlic  cunoc  licinjr,  in  this  cusr,  ilrawn 

ilinction.     Lalitou.  in  his  iicconnt  ofllic  Millions 


with  its  hows  in  llic  ii|i|iosili'  or  lion 

of  Ciininht.  iniikfs  ohscrMitioiis  on  this  snhjcci    whirh  (hiiolc   ih 

of  the  fusloin  ill  tliiit  ([niirtiT.    Otlirr  writers,  il:itiM'i  iis  far  hack  us  Sniitli  and  Dc  Mn 


.'<'ni'ral   prevalence 


liear  testiinon\   to  the  existence  of  this  trait   union;;'  the  N'iiyinia  Irih 


\'\'W   I 


IllVe 


(nowii 


to    h 


ftinii 


Klied  an\' 


JioweM'r,  done   more   than    notice   it,  iind    none   are 
ainoiinl   of  connected   details. 

A  sin;.de  element  in  the  .system  iittnu^ted  oiirly  iiotii-e.      I  allude   to   the   institution 
of  the  Totem,  which  lias  heen  well  known  iimoiiv  the  AliroiKiniii  trihes  from   the  sei- 


arly  missionaries  oliser\i'(l  thai  the   natives 

d  of  a   elan    into  fainili.'s,  and  the  dis- 

)led  and 


lleiiient  of  Canada.      My  this  device,  the  < 
marked  their  division  of  a  tribe   into  (d.in^ 

tiiictioii  was  thus  very  clearly  preserved.  Alliiiities  were  deiioled  and  kept  up.  Ion.;- 
after  tradition  had  failed  in  its  testimony.  This  distinction,  which  is  marked  with 
miieh  of  the  certainty  of  heraldic  l)earin,u:'t  as  known  in  the  feudal  .system,  was  seen 
to  mark  the  arms,  the  lod^c,  and  thy  trophies  of  the  North  American  tdiief  and  war- 
rior, h  was  likewise  employed  to  '/i\v  identity  to  the  clan  (tf  which  he  was  ,v 
memher,  on  his  <ii/.J,-(/ii-/li/,  or  ^rav^^-post.  This  record  wont  luit  little  farther  in 
I'ommunicatinn-  infonmition  ;  a  l\'w  .strokes  or  ^'eometric  devices  were  drawn  on  these 
simple  monumeiit.s,  to  denote  tho  number  of  men  he  had  .slain  in  battle. 

It  has  not  been  suspecte<l,  in  any  notices  to  which  I  h.ive  had  acci'ss,  that  there 
was  wliat  may  he  called  a  pictoriiil  alphabet,  or  a  sorio.s  of  hoino|ilionous  (ii;ures.  in 
which,  i)y  the  Juxtaposition  of  .symbols  repro.-ientin^  act.s,  as  widl  as  objects  of  action, 
and  by  the  introduction  of  simiile  adjunct  .signs,  a  .series  of  disjunctive,  yet  generallv 
connected  ideas,  were  denoted;  or  that  the  moHt  ])rominent  incidents  of  life  and  death 
could  be  recorded  .so  as  to  l)e  transmitted  from  one  generation  to  another,  as  Ion;;',  at, 
least,  as  the  monument  and  the  peopl(>  endured.  Above  all.  it  was  not  anticipated 
that  there  .should  have  heen  found,  as  will  he  observed  in  the  subsecpu'nt  iletaijs.  a 
system  of  symbolic  notation  for  the  songs  and  incantations  of  the  Indian  med.is  and 
liriests,  making  an  ai)])eal  to  the  memory  for  tiie  preservation  of  language  and  nnisical 
notes. 

Persons  familiar  with  the  state  of  the  western  trihes  of  this  continent,  particularlv 
in  the  higher  northern  latitudes,  have  long  been  aware  that  the  songs  of  the  Indian 
priesthood  and  wabenoes,  were  sung  from  a  kind  of  pictorial  notation,  made  on  bark. 


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INTELLECTUAL   CAPACITY    AND 


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It  i.s  a  fact  which  has  often  come  to  the  observation  of  military  oflicer.s  performing 
Unties  on  those  frontiers,  ami  of  persons  exercising  occasionul  fnnctions  in  civil  hfe, 
who  iiavc  passed  throngli  their  territories.  But  tiicre  is  no  class  of  persons  to  whom 
the  fact  of  such  notations  is  so  well  known,  as  the  class  of  Indian  traders  iind  inter- 
preters who  visit  or  reside  a  part  of  the  season  at  the  Indian  villages.  I  have  never 
conversed  with  any  of  this  latter  class  of  jjcrsons,  to  whom  the  fact  of  such  inscrij)- 
tions.  made  in  various  ways,  was  not  so  familiar  as  in  their  view  to  excite  no  surprise, 
or  seldom  to  demand  remark. 

My  attention  was  first  called  to  the  subject  hi  1820.  In  the  summer  of  that  year 
I  was  a  member  of  the  United  States  exploring  expedition  to  the  sources  of  the 
Mississippi.  At  the  mouth  of  the  small  river  Huron,  on  the  l)anks  of  the  Lake 
Superior,  there  was  an  Indian  grave  fenced  around  with  saplings,  and  protected  with 
much  care.  At  its  head  stood  a  post,  a  tabular  stick,  upon  which  was  drawn  the 
figure  of  the  animal  which  was  the  symbol  of  the  clan  to  which  the  deceased  chief 
belonged.  Strokes  of  red  paint  were  added,  to  denote  either  the  numl)er  ol'  war 
parties  in  whicli  he  had  been  engaged,  or  the  number  of  scalps  he  had  actually  taken 
from  the  enemy.  The  interpreter  who  accompanied  us,  and  who  was  himself  of  part 
Indian  l)lood,  gave  the  latter,  as  the  true  import  of  these  marks. 

On  cpiitting  the  river  St.  Louis,  which  Hows  into  the  head  of  the  lake  at  the 
Fond  du  Lac,  to  cross  the  sunnnit  dividing  its  waters  from  those  of  the  Mississippi, 
the  way  led  through  dense  and  tangled  woods  and  swamps,  and  the  weather  j)roved 
dark  and  rain\-,  .so  that,  for  a  couple  of  days  together,  we  had  scarcely  a  glimpse  of 
the  sun. 

The  party  consisted  of  si.xteen  persons,  with  two  Indian  guides;  but  the  latter, 
with  all  tiieir  adroitness  in  threading  the  mazes  of  the  wilderness,  were  completely 
lost  for  nearly  an  entire  day.  At  night,  during  the  bewilderment,  we  lay  down  on 
ground  elevated  l)ut  a  "j\v  inches  above  the  level  of  a  swamp.  The  next  morning, 
as  we  prepared  to  leave  tlie  camp,  a  snuiU  strip  of  birch  bark,  containing  devices,  was 
ob.^erved  elevateil  on  the  top  of  a  split  sapling,  .some  eight  or  ten  feet  high.  One 
end  of  this  pole  was  thrust  firmly  into  the  ground,  leaning  in  the  direction  we  were 
to  go.  On  going  up  to  this  object,  it  was  tbund,  with  the  aid  of  the  interpreter,  to  Iw 
a  symbolic  record  of  the  circumstances  of  our  crossing  this  summit,  and  of  the  night's 
encampment  at  this  spot.  Each  jierson  was  appropriately  depicted,  distinguishing  the 
soldiers  from  the  officer  in  command,  and  the  latter  from  the  savans  of  tlie  party. 
The  Indians  themselves  were  depicted  without  iiats;  a  hat  jjeing,  as  we  noticed,  the 
general  symbol  for  a  white  man  or  Kuro])ean.  The  entire  record,  of  wiiich  a  figure 
is  annexed,  (I'late  47,  fig.  D,)  accurately  symbolized  the  circumstances;  and  they 
were  so  cleai'l}-  drawn,  according  to  their  conventional  rules,  that  the  intelligence 
would  be  communicated  thereby  to  any  of  their  |)eo])li'  who  might  chance  to  wander 
this  way.     This  was  the  object  of  the  in.scription.     The  scroll  was  interpreted  thus  : — 


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CIlARACTEIl   OF   THE    INDIAN    RACE. 


837 


Fig,  No.  1  ivpiT.Koiits  the  ,«iil)iilt(i'ii  nUlciT  ill  rniiiiiiiunl  (if  till'  [);irty  of  tlie  riiitud 
Stairs  troops.  IK'  is  drawn  witli  ii  sword  to  (k'lioti'  liis  oHici;il  rank.  No.  2  dt'iiotes 
the  [iiTsoii  wlio  ofruMiitcd  ill  quality  of  socivtarv.  Ik'  is  ivprcsoiited  as  lioldinii;  ii 
liook  ;  tlie  Indians  having  understood  him  to  be  an  attorney.  No.  ;J  denotes  tlie 
geologist  and  mineralogist  of  tlie  party,  lie  is  drawn  with  a  luunmer.  Nos.  -1  and  o 
are   attaelies;    No.    d,  tlie    interpreter. 

The  group  of  figures  marked  !•,  repre.sents  ciglit  infantry  sokliers,  eaeh  of  whom,  as 
shown  in  group  No.  Id,  was  armed  with  a  musket.  No.  l-")  denotes  that  they  liad  a 
separate  fire,  and  constituted  a  sejiarute  mess.  Figs.  7  and  S  represent  the  two 
('hippewa  guides,  flie  prineipal  of  whom,  called  Cliamees,  or  the  Pouneing-hawk.  led 
the  way  over  tliis  dreary  sunnnit.  These  are  the  only  human  figures  depicted  on  this 
unique  bark-letter,  wlio  are  drawn  without  tlie  distinguishing  symbol  ol'  a  hat.  This 
was  the  characteristic,  seized  on  by  them,  and  generally  em[iloyed  by  the  tribes,  to 
distinguish  the  A'"/  from  the  \V/i!/i  race.  Figs.  11  and  \-  ivi)re.<eiit  a  prairie  hen. 
and  a  green  tortoi.se,  which  constituted  the  sum  of  the  ])recediiig  day's  chase,  which 
were  eaten  at  the  encampment.  The  inclination  of  the  pole  was  designed  to  show 
the  course  pursued  from  that  particular  spot:  there  were  three  hacks  in  it  below  tli(! 
scroll  ol'bark,  to  indicate  the  estimated  length  of  this  jiart  of  the  journey,  computing 
from  water  to  water;  tliat  is  to  say,  from  the  head  of  the  portage  Aux  Couteaux.  on 
the  .*^t.  Louis  river,  to  the  open  shores  of  Sandy  Lake,  tlu'  Ka-ma-ton-go-goiu-ag.  or 
Comtaguma  of  the  Odjibwas. 

The  storv  was  thus  brielly  and  simply  told;  and  this  memorial  was  set  up  by  the 
ue'd'-  to  advertise  anv  ol'  their  countrymen,  who  might  chance  to  wander  in  that 
,;,,..  ..  if  the  adventure  —  for  it  was  evident,  both  from  the  course  taken,  and  the 
du'  1    s  which   had   marked   the   prior  day's  wanderings,  tliat   they  regarded  our 

tra...i.  <  ver  this  broad  savannah  in  this  light. 

Before  we  had  penetrated  ipiite  to  this  siinimit.  we  came  to  another  evidence  of  their 
skill  in  this  species  of  knowledge,  consisting  of  one  of  tlio.se  contrivances  which  they 
denominate  Man-i-t(vwa-tig.  or  sacred  structures.  On  reaching  this  spot,  our  gniiles 
shouted,  whether  from  superstitious  impulse,  or  the  joy  of  having  Ibund  the  sjiot.  we 
could  not  tell:  we  judged  the  latter.  It  consisted  of  .■ight  jioles,  of  equal  length, 
shaved  smooth  and  round,  painted  with  yellow  ochre,  and  set  so  as  to  enclose  a  scpiare 
area.  It  appeared  to  have  been  one  of  tho.se  rude  temples,  or  jilaces  of  incantation  or 
worship,  known  to  the  medas  or  priests,  wdiere  certain  rites  and  ceremonies  are  per- 
formed. Hut  it  was  not  an  ordinary  medicine  lodge.  There  had  been  fir  more  care 
in   its  construction. 

On  ivaching  the  village  of  Sandy  T^ake,  on  the  upjier  Mississippi,  the  figures  of 
animals,  birds,  and  other  devices,  were  found  on  the  rude  (>ofiins  or  wrappinus  of  their 
dead,  which  were  scafl'olded  around  the  precincts  of  the  fort,  and  upon  the  open  shores 
of  the  lake.     Similar  devices  were  also  observed  here,  as  at  other  poiutn  in  this  region, 


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upuii  tliL'ir  iirius,  •,»ar-olubs,  (miiocs.  iiiul  otlior  pioL-os  of  inoNiihU'  i)n)i)t'rt\,  an  well  as 
ui)()ii    tlicir  jiiino-posts. 

Ill  till'  (k'scont  of  till'  Mississi[)|)i,  \vx'  obsorvod  pictorial  (k'vicos  paiiiti'il  on  a  voi'k. 
Ih'Iow  1111(1  near  tlii'  luoiitli  of  Elk  River,  and  at  a  rocky  island  in  the  river,  at  the 
liiltle  Falls.  In  the  course  ol'  our  descent  to  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  we  o!iser\ed 
another  hark-letter.  (A,  Plate  IS.)  as  the  part\-  now  began  to  call  these  inscriptions, 
suspended  on  a  high  pole,  on  iin  elevated  bank  of  the  river,  on  its  west  sIkhv.  At  this 
spot,  where  we  encamped  for  the  iiiulit.  and  which  is  just  opposite  a  point  of  highly 
crystallized  hornblende  rock,  which,  from  this  rude  memorial,  we  called  the  I'eace 
Hock,  there  were  left  standing  the  poles  or  skeletons  of  a  great  number  of  Sioux  lodges. 
On  inspecting  this  scroll  of  bark,  we  Ibund  it  had  reference  to  negotiations  for  bringing 
alhint  a  permanent  jieace  lx,'tween  the  Siou.x  and  Chippewus.  A  large  party  of  the 
loiiner.  I'roin  St.  Peters,  headed  liy  their  chief,  had  j)roceeded  thus  far,  in  the  hope  of 
meeting  the  Chippewa  hunti'rs,  on  their  summer  hunt.  The}'  had  been  countenanci'd 
or  directed  in  this  step  by  (.'olonel  lieaveiiworth,  the  commanding  ollicer  of  the  new 
post,  just  then  about  to  be  erected.  The  inscription,  which  was  read  oil' at  once  by 
the  Chippewa  chief  IJabesacundabee,  who  was  with  ns,  told  all  this;  it  gave  the  name 
of  the  chief  who  had  led  the  party,  and  the  niinilier  of  his  followers,  and  imparted  to 
that  chief  the  lirst  iissurance  he  had  that  his  mission,  for  the  same  purjwse,  from  the 
sources  of  the  Mississi[)[ii.  would  lie  favorably  reci'ived  by  the  Sioux.  This  scroll, 
denoting  the  same  art  to  lie  pcjssessed  by  the  Dacota  family  of  tribes,  is  described  in 
Plate    l.S. 

After  our  arrival  at  St.  .Viithony's  l-'alls.  it  was  found  that  this  system  of  picture 
writing  was  as  familiar  to  the  Dacotah.  as  we  had  llaiiid  it  among  the  Algoii(|uiii  race. 
At  1  lirie  dii  Chieii.  and  at  (ireen  I!ay.  the  same  e\idences  were  obser\ed.  in  their 
mi'inorials  of  burial,  among  the  Meiioiuonies  and  the  Winnebagoes  ;  at  Chicago 
iimoMg  the  Pottawatomirs.  and  at  .Michillimackinae.  iimong  tlii'  (,'hippewas  and  Otta- 
was  who  re.sort.  in  such  munbers.  to  that  Island.  While  at  the  latter  [ilace.  I  went 
to  \isit  the  grave  of  a  noted  chief  of  the  .Men":!ionie  trii)e.  who  Inid  been  known  il^■ 
his  French  name  of  ToM.v.  i.  e..  Thomas.  He  had  been  buried  on  the  hill  west  of 
the  vilhige  ;  and  on  looking  at  his  Ad-je-da-tig  or  grave-post,  it  bore  a  pictorial  inscrip- 
tion of  this  kind,  commemorating  .«ome  of  the  [irominent  achievements  of  his  life. 

These  hints  served  to  direct  my  attention  t(j  the  subject,  when  I  returned  to  the 
country  in  an  olllcial  capacity,  in  IS'Jl'.  It  was  observed  that  the  figures  of  a  deer,  a 
bear,  a  turtle,  and  a  crane,  according  to  this  system,  stand  respectively  for  the  names  of 
men.  and  preserve  the  language  \-ery  well,  by  yielding  to  the  person  conversant  with  it 
the  corresponding  words,  of  .\ddick.  Muckwa.  .Miekenack.  and  Adjeejauk.  .Marks, 
circles,  dots,  and  drawings  of  \arious  kinds,  were  employed  to  symbolize  the  number  of 
warlike  deeds.  Adjunct  devices  appeared  to  typify  or  explain  adjunct  acts.  The  cha- 
racter itself,  they  called  Kekkkwix.      If  the  system  went  no  farther,  the  record  would 


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880 


yield  a  kind  of  iiir..nniiticm   lioth   -ratilVin;;-  ;iiui    usrlnl  |..  i\   |mm,|i1(.   witlKnit   letter-. 
Tlicrc   wax   ahmidaiit    cviiicncc    in    my   (irst    ymr's   dlwivatinii.   to  diMiote   lliat    {\w* 
mode  of  (•(iiiiiiumication  was  in  vci-ue  -cncrally  and  well  undrrst,iod  Ky  the  ndrtiicrn 
tribesji)!-  linrial.  and  what  may  he  called  jicouTai.liieal  imrposes;   l.nt  it  liardly  seemed 
Hnseeptihle  of  a  fartlier  or  extended  nse.      A  jiersonal   ae.|nainlanee  witli  one  of  tlieir 
Medas  named  SniNi:\VAiKo.\ii;.  a  man  of  nnu'li  intelli-eiiee.  ami  well  versed    \n  their 
customs,  relij;ion.  and  iiistory.  denoted  a  more  enlar-vd  M|ipiieation  of  it.       1  ol>ser\ed 
in  the  hands  of  this  man  a  tahnlar  iiiece  of  wood,  covered  over  on  i)otli  sides  witli   a 
fierics  of  devices  cnl  between  i.arallei  lines,  wliieii  he  ref.ired  to.  as  if  they  were  the 
notes  of  iiis  medicine  and  mystical  son-s.      1  lieard  iiim  simi'  ihesi'  son-s.  and  ohserved 
that  their  snccession  was.  to  a  ureal  extent,  fixed  and  nniform.       liy  cnltivatin-  ins 
ae(|iiainlaiice,  ami  hy  snitahie  attentions  and  presents,  sucii   as  liie  oeeasion  rendered 
lirojier.  he  consented  to  ('X|)lain  tiie  nieaniivi; of  eaeli  liiiiire.  the  olijcct  .symlmli/ed.  and 
the  words  attaeiied  to  each  .symi>ol.      \\\    tiiis  revidalion.  wiiieii  was  made  with  closed 
doors.    I    became,    accordinji'  to  his  notions,  a  member  or  initiate  of    llie    Medicine 
Society,  and  also  of  tlu'  Wabeno  Society.     Care  was  taken  to  write  each  sentence  of 
the  soin.'s   and  cliants  in   the  Imlian   languii.ue,   with   its  !i|)|)ro,)riate  devices,  and   to 
subjoin  a  literal  translation  in  Knulish.      When  tiiis  imd  been  dont',  and  the  .system 
considered,  it  was  very  clear  that  the  devices  were  nnu-moiiic— that  any  person  cnnld 
sin^-    from    these  <levices,    very    accurately,    wdnit    he    had    previously  committed   to 
memory,  and  that  the  system  revealed  a  curious  scheme  of  symbolic  ...,t;'.t'oM. 

Ail  the  figures  thus  employed  as  the  initiatory  points  of  study,  related,  exclusively 
to  either  the  medieiiie  dance,  or  the  wal)eno  dam;e  ;  and  each  section  of  liuures  related, 
exclusively,  to  <me  or  the  other.  There  was  some  intermixture  or  comminglinii'  of 
characters,  as  the  class  of  subjects  was  sometimes  common  to  each.  It  was  perceived, 
suhseiiuently,  that  the  pietographic  signs  permitted  a  classification  of  symbols,  applied 
to  the  war-songs,  to  hunting,  and  to  other  specific  toiiics.  The  entire  inscriptive 
svstem,  reaching  from  its  first  rndinu'iital  characters  in  the  ad-je-da-tig,  or  grave-board, 
to  the  extended  scroll  of  l)ark.  covered  with  the  secret  arts  of  their  magicians,  jos.sa- 
keeds.  iuid  prophets,  derived  a  new  inleivst  from  tliis  feature.  Much  comparative 
precision  was  imparted  to  interpretations  in  tiie  hands  of  the  initiated,  which  before, 
..r  to  other.s,  had  very  little.  An  interest  was  thus  east  over  it  distinct  from  its 
novelty;  and,  in  truth,  the  entire  pictorial  system  was  invested  with  a  character  of 
invi'stigation.  which    promised  l)oth   interest  aiul  iiistructioii. 

It  has  been  thought  tiiat  a  simple  statement  of  tlie.se  eirciimstances  would  best 
answer  the  end  in  view,  and  might  well  oecuiiy  the  place  of  a  mor.'  tbriual  or  prolbund 
introduction.  In  bringing  forward  the  elements  of  the  system,  after  miicli  relleetion. 
it  is  thought,  howevi'r,  that  a  few  remarks  on  the  genera!  character  of  this  art  may 
m)t  he  oul  of  place  ;  for.  simple  as  it  i.s,  we  perceive  in  it  the  native  succedaiieum  for 
letters.     It  is  not  .mly  the  sole  graphic  mode  they  have  for  comiimnicating  ideas,  but 


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IN  TKM.KCTI    A  I,    (' A  I'  A  ('  ITV    AN  I) 


''     II 


it  is  tlie  iiKido  of  cuimmiiiiciiliMu  nil  classcM  ul'  iii('ii-<  ('Diiiminily  t'litcrtiiiiicil  Ity  tlicni. 
S<)  cuiisidiMH'il,  it  rcvciils  ;i  new  1111(1  iiiisii-iici'lnl  iiioilf  of  olitiiiiiiiij^  lijilit  on  llicir 
(Hiinioiis  ol'  II  (leitv,  of  tlif  striictiirc  or  cusiiuijiuiiv  of  tlir  j;i()lH',  of  iiMtroiKUny,  of  tlio 
vai'ioUH  cliVMHOH  of  iiMttHiil  olijoi'ls,  llicii'  ideas  of  iiiimortidit y  and  ii  I'ntiiic  state,  and 
the  jn'ovalent  notions  ol"  tlie  nnion  ol'  spiiitUMl  and  material  mutter.  So  wide  anil 
\'aried.  indeed,  is  tlie  ranuc  o|K'iied  liy  llic  siilijeet  ol'  pietotiraiiliy,  that  we  may  emi- 
sider  the  Indian  system  of  liuiire-\vritiii;f  as  the  thread  wliiidi  ties  up  the  scroll  of  llie 
Ued  Man's  views  of  life  and  death;  timt  it  reveals  the  true  theory  of  his  hopes  and 
fears,  mill  denotes  the  relation  he  hears,  in  the  secret  chamhers  of  his  own  thou^^hts. 
to  his  Maker.  What  a  stoic  and  suspicions  temper  would  often  hold  him  bacdv  from 
ntteriiifj;  to  another,  and  wdiut  limited  langiiaj^M-  would  sometimes  prevent  his  fully 
revealinj;.  if  he  wished,  syinlnils  and  lliiurt's  can  Ik,'  made  to  represent  niul  express. 
The  Indian  is  not  a  man  jjione  to  desciihe  his  irod,  pergonal  or  fiviieral,  hut  he  is  ready 
to  depict  him  h\'  a  .symliol.  lie  may  conceal,  umler  the  lij^ni'i's  of  a  serpent,  a  turtle, 
or  a  wolf,  wisdom,  strenirth,  or  niali,Lniity  ;  lU'  comey,  under  the  picture  of  a  .sun,  the 
idea  of  a  Supreme,  AU-seeini^  intelliiit'iice.  IJiit  he  is  not  prepareil  to  discouiNi?  upon 
these  thinirs.  What  he  helievi's  on  this  head  he  will  not  dcilnre  to  a  white  man  or 
a  stranger.  His  happiness  and  suecesH  in  life  are  thou^iht  to  depend  upon  the  Hccrecy 
of  that  kn()wlod>i,e  of  the  Creator  and  his  system,  in  th<>  Indian  view  of  lj«>nign  and 
malignant  agi-nts.  To  reveal  thi.s  to  othei-s,  even  to  liis  own  iwople,  is,  he  believes,  to 
expose  liimso!'"  tc  ihe  counleraoting  iiitUience  of  other  agents  known  to  his  subtle 
scheme  of  necromancy  and  sujxjrstition,  and  to  hazard  success  and  life  itself.  This 
conduces  to  make  the  Red  Man  eminently  a  man  of  fear,  suspicion,  and  secrecy.  But 
ho  cannot  avoid  some  of  these  dLsclo-suros  in  his  pictures  and  figures.  These  figures 
represent  ideas  —  whole  ideas,  and  their  juxtaposition  or  relation  on  a  scroll  of  bark, 
a  tree,  or  a  rock,  discloses  a  continuity  of  ideivs.     This  is  the  basis  of  the  system. 

Picture-writing  is  indeed  the  literature  of  the  Indians.  It  cannot  be  interpreted, 
however  rudely,  without  letting  one  know  what  the  Hed  Man  thinks  and  believes. 
It  shadows  forth  the  Indian  intellect,  standing  in  the  i)lace  of  letters  for  the 
iDiinhiiialMi.'  It  shows  the  Red  Man,  in  all  periods  of  our  history,  both  its  ho  law 
and  as  he  h ;  for  there  is  nothing  more  true  than  that,  save  and  except  the  compa- 
ratively few  instances  where  they  have  truly  embraced  experimental  Christianity, 
there  has  not  been,  beyond  a  few  ciistiuns.  such  as  dress  and  other  externals,  any 
appreciable  and  jiermanent  change  in  the  Indian  character  since  Coluiubus  first 
dropped  anchor  at   the   Island  of  (luauahana. 


A  gi'iiorio  ttTiii,  doiiiitiii^'  tlio  iciniiiinii  i«.iiilr  nf  tlio  Imliiin  raio. 


■H'tl! 


' 


C  II  A  11  A  ('  T  E  |{    OK  T II  K    INDIAN   H  A  C  E . 


841 


2.      KXTUKMK    AnTIiJUITV    of     I'lCTOlUAh    NOTATION. 


M 


Antwiiiity  of  tho  Art  of  I'ictoriiil  Writ  iiij; ;  — Its  fr'ncni!  use  umniig^t  the  Oricntiil  Nations;  — 
itn  coiiiiet'tion  with  Idolatry ;  — tlio  nmltipliciiy  of  its  Symbols,  ami  its  |ii'ciiliiiriti(s  iis  a 
System  of  commuiiicHtiii;^  Mens. —  Its  nilvaiicc,  in  tin-  pro^rn.ss  (,('  Nations,  into  llir  Ilicro- 
glyjiliic,  tho  rhonotio,  an>l  the  Al|ihalif!tical  Mode.  —  ('onsiilcration  of  tlie  I'Vyptian  Systems 
of  IIierogly|ihic». 


Picttirc-writiiif^  was  tlio  ciiflicst  ronn  of  tlio  iiotiitidii  of  jilcus  ailDjitcil  \,\  iiiiiiikiinl. 
Tlicro  can  Iw  litHo  (lui'stioii  that  it  was  |)riictisf(l  in  the  iiriiiiitivc  a;;cs.  mid  that  it 
proccdcd  all  attempts  hotii  at  liii'f(ioly|)lii('  and  alpliahctir  writiiij:.  It  is  iiii|i(>ssililc 
to  tiiiiik  of  a  tiiiK!  wlicu  man  liiid  not  tlio  facultv  and  disposition  to  draw  a  liniifc. 
Tho  very  power  of  imitation,  implanted  in  tlie  mind,  implies  it.  The  (ii-st  tiack  of 
nil  animal  on  the  sand,  tlie  verv  shadow  of  a  tree  on  the  plain,  would  su'j-vst  it.     The 


fiiiiire  of  an  animal  would  lie  tlio  syniho!   liir  tlie  animal;  and   tl 


lat  of  a   man.  11  ir  a 


in.     A  liow  or  a  .spear  drawn  in  the  hand  of  tlie  latter,  would  be  the  nat 


nral  s\iiii)ol 


for  an  act.     Thn.s  actual  objects,  and  actual  deeds. 


past  (M-  fntiiiv,  would  at  once  t> 


svmlioliw 


Wi 


IS  man  ever  in  a  condition  not  to  accomplish   tli 


I" 


veil  siippusin; 


that  he  was  created  a  barbarian,  and  not  a  civili/ed  or  industrial  bciiiu',  which  would 
l)e  advei'.se  to  all  Hacred   authority,  he  would   not   loiii;  wait    to  conii  iss  tl 


attainment.      Mere.  then,   i.s  the  first 


lis  simj 


(dement  ot    transmittiiio;  thoiiuht.     A  I 


low  ami 


arrow,  a  s|)car  am 


I  ( lub,  a  sword  and   ia\-e 


in.  were  no  sooner  made  than   tliev  W( 


employed  as  .symbols  of  acts:   for  next  to  action  it.self.  is  the  desire  of  per 
the  remembrance  of  the  act,  however  rudely  or  imi)erfcctly  it  may  i)c  done. 


petuatinj. 


All  arts  and  invention.s  are  but  tlie  moiuinients 


pre-existing  thou,i;ht.     Thev 


emOouy 


Iv,  in  wood,  iron. 


)tlior  materials,  forms  which   had 


li(>en  pri'-coiicei\c 


d, 


d 


thus  depict  the  involutions  and  inventions  of  the  mind.     There  is  nothino-  now  in 
general  principle  of  depicting  objects,  wdietlier  it  be  done  by  pigments,  or  reprcse 


llted 


s  natural 


n  the  solid  realities  of  wood  or  stone.  The  mind  itsidf.  .so  far  as  related  to  it 
powers,  was  as  fully  endowed  with  the  power  of  induction  and  analogy  in  the  first,  as 
in  the  last  ages;  and  those  are  ipiite  mistaken,  who.  with  resju'ct  to  the  common  aits 
and  wants  of  life,  suppo.se  that  the  earlier  ages  were  lacking  in  ingenuity.      Industrial 

.generally 


labors  were  perlbrmcd  with   far  more   perfection   at   an   early  dav  th 


osed,  as  all   must   admit  who  have  seandied   into   the   history  and  anti(|uit\ 


H. 


w  till- 


siippi 

cutting  gems,  of  mosaics,  jiottcry.  metallurgy,  and  other  early-noticed  art> 
representations  by  pictures  and  (ignres  kept  pace  with  inventions,  we  are  left  in  a 
groat  measure  to  inler.  We  only  perceive  that  some  of  the  (dements  of  ,i  pictorial 
sy.stem  were  very  ancient.      Idolatrv  it.sidf  had  its  rise  in   this  svstem.  and   it 


om  the  deiiunciatioiis  on  this  head,  contained   in   the  Scri[ 


It  lire, 


that 


Is  only 
we  are  histori- 


•  1 


Vi 


i:. 


ml 


I  > 


r- ' 


Hi 


m 


iu 


Hi 


;^ 


"I 


11 


842 


INTKI.LErTUAL  CAI'VCITY   AND 


cully  iipiiri/.i'd  of  tlu'  viirly  t'xiwU'iico  of  tlio  int.  liotli  iit  itM  liirni  of  iiimgcs  luul  of 
«ymlK»lic  (li'vici'M. 

One  (if  till'  iiKist  olivionH  (li'vii't'M  ol'  tlu'  primitive  »iH'K,  in  piitin't'-wrilin^',  would 
np]>ciir  to  liiivc  Ik'i'm  to  loiivi'  a  piTHoniil  di'vifc  or  imirk,  to  Hliiiid  us  tlu-  t>'v^i\  of  ii 
luiiiii' ;  and  liciicf  wo  hoc  Unit  moiiIh  and  "nignotH"  wi-ri-  n.-^cd  lonjr  lioforo  letters.'  To 
mark  puldii'  triinsui'tions,  heaps  of  stones  were  erect«Ml.  'I'liis  was  proliaMy  the  type 
anil  orijrin  of  the  riiK>'  tt>r  pyramids,  to  whieli  the  early  nations  so  lonj;  directed  their 
ell'orts,  and  iiy  which  they  sought  to  peri)etnate  liieir  fame  and  the  irieniory  of  their 
power.  It  Ib  owing,  indeed,  to  this  trait  of  raising  nnissive  strnctincs  of  enrth  and  stone, 
towering  to  the  skies,  tlnit  we  owe  (he  preservation  of  oiir  In-st  luid  most  ancient 
(>vidences  of  the  pictorial,  hiero;.dyphic,  am!  inscriptive  arts.  Truces  of  these  arts  are 
foinid  on  till'  oldest  e.visting  moiuinients  in  the  world.  Outlines  of  animals,  and 
tilings  rudely  di'awn,  are  yet  to  he  seen  on  the  hrieks  of  Hahylon.  The  valley  of  the 
Nile  is  replete  with  evidences  of  the  moi'e  advanced  staiics  of  this  art,  in  which  the 
simple  i)i<'torial  gave  way  to  the  true  hieroglyphic,  and  (imUly  to  the  phonetic. 
Among  the  most  ancient  forms  of  inscri[)tioii,  which  are  now  proved  to  have  iK'cn 
|)rovi(led  with  an  al|ihal)etic  key,  the  ancient  arrow-headed  character  of  Persia  may 
1)1'  adduced,  (ievmaii  research  has  niastored,  so  far  as  the  suhjeet  jiermits.  the  inscrip- 
tions of  the  .Mokah-Wadey,  ni'ar  Mtaint  .*^inai.  important  advaiu;ea  have  lx;en  made 
ill  tlu-  recovery  of  the  Ktniscan  language  and  alphahet.  The  griulation  hetweeii  a 
heap  ol"  stones,  a  liarrow.  a  mound,  a  teocalli.  and  a  pyramid,  are  not  more  marked  as 
connected  links  in  the  rise  of  architecture,  than  are  a  represontativo  figure,  an  ideo- 
graiihic  symliol.  a  phonetic  sijrn.  and  an  alphahctical  symlnil,  in  the  onward  train  of 
letters. 

IJut  however  symbols  and  figures  may  have  connected  their  existi'iice  with  the  early 
monuments  of  mankind,  there  is  no  liraiadi  of  the  representative  or  i)ictorial  art  in 
which  they  led  to  such  deplorahle  moral  results,  as  in  the  form  and  expression  which 
these  fignres  anciently  gave  to  iilolatry.  If  letters  may  he  called  tin-  language  of 
Christianity,  picture-writing  is  I'mplialically  the  language  of  idolatry.  It  (ilU  d  the 
human  mind  with  gross  mati'rial  ohjects  of  veneration.  It  put  the  shadow  for  the 
snhstance  ;  and  having  given  distinct  form  to  the  idea  of  a  deity,  the  devotee  was  not 
long  in  attributing  to  the  form  all  power  and  honor  that  jjcrtained  to  the  deity  it.self 
Kvery  class  of  nature  put  in  its  claims  as  the  repri'sentative  of  (!od  ;  and  it  is  no 
wonder  that  a  calf,  a  plant,  an  insect,  a  bird,  and  other  images  were  employed.  Two 
of  the  most  ancient  forms  of  this  kind  arc  found  in  the  following  representations  of 
15aal,  and  the  Egyptian  Fly-God,  both  of  which  are  taken  from  ancient  coins.  (See 
Plate  GO,  Figures  3  and  5.) 

Man  had  but  just  emerged  from  the  hands  of  his  Creator — he  had  scarcely  passed 


GencsiM. 


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C  H  A  H  A  ('  T  K  U   0  V   T  III'.    I  M »  I  A  N    H  A  C  K 


848 


from  liiscarlv  imstoiiil  snils.  wlii'ii  Ik;  Iioj,mii  to  iniiU'iiiili/.c  tlic  divine  iik'ii.  Wliat 
lu'  could  not  sec,  vyv  to  i-y,  lie  did  not  loiijr  ludifvc.  Svuiljols  and  iiiKi,L;('s  wi'ic  sidi- 
htitiitcd,  and  IHIlmI  tin-  I'aiian  world.  All  Unowk'dw  of  the  tnii'  (lod  was  I'ovgotti'n. 
And  (iod  found  liinisidf  in  a  position  n'i|iiiring  a  new  rcvclatioa  of  liimsclf  to  men. 
Is  tlicif  anv  licttcr  proof  lliat  idolatry  liad  fdlcd  tiic  world  and  corruiitcd  tin'  race".'  in 
this  ({('(dcnsion  what  a'^i'nt  can  wc  name  so  powerfn 
and   ima"es  o 


1  in  its  inliiicnces  as  tin-  rnde  s\  ndxils 


f  anti(|nil\  V  'I'liat  the  ail  thus  hccanic.  very  early,  one  of  the  chief 
means  of  |)ro|)a;iatin,ir  idolatry,  we  may  infer  from  the  solemn  prohihition  of  il  in  the 
decalo.iiiie.  'i'he  early  empliyments  and  anuisements  of  niaid<ind. —  perhaps  the  very 
circumstances  of  the  fnie  climate,  soil,  and  s|inntaneons  productions  of  the  latitudes  of 
the  hunuui  family,  led  them  to  the  adoption  of  iiross  material  hahits  (d'  thinUinii. 
Accustomed  onlv  to  see  ami  hear  tiie  jireat  phenomena  of  tlu'  idemeutal  world,  they 
pictured  o'lt  the  fancied  forms  of  (he  supernatural  ptjwer  under  a  tiinusaud  slia|ies. 
Inlinitv  itself  was  soon  the  only  limit  to  those  fanciful  creations.  \\\r\\  idass  of 
priests  aiul  nmjiii  llirmcd  a  pid  of  its  own.  Nor  were  tlie\  limitc(|  to  i;(ids  of  a 
general  character. 

Not  satisfied  with  li.xin.i;'  the  c\liiliitiou  of  divine  power  in  the  image  of  an  ox.  an 
iliis,  or  a  cat.  the  oriental  nations  at  once  assigned  to  its  operations  a  locality:  and 
thu.s  everv  mition  and  every  country  was  furnished  with  a  local  god.  and  each  country 
with  its  own  god.  How  ahsorliing.  degrading,  and  mentally  hesotting  this  idea 
1h.,..„„(.  —  how  completely  it  took  away  from  the  Creator  the  ascri|)tion  of  [lower  to 
liimself.  while  il  placed  it  in  material  or  hrutal  ohjects.  and  thus  destroyed  the 
responsihiliU  of  man  to  his  .Maker,  the  tremendous  denunciations  of  Sinai  may  satis- 
factorily serve  to  e.xjilain.  We  allude  to  this  i)assage  in  the  Pentateuch,  as  the  oidy 
authentic  iiistorical  proof  of  so  early  a  date.  Hut  it  is  corrohorated  ly  the  iniiversality 
of  the  praclit'e.  as  proveil  hy  ancient  moiunneuts.  and  as  traced  aninm:  liarharous 
Irihes.  at  the  present  day.  If  all  Asia  and  all  .Vfrica  were  overrun  hy  it.  so  was  all 
America  when  llrst  disi'overed.  .\ml  in  every  place  wheie  the  art  exists,  hetween 
the  Arctic  and  .\idarctie  poles,  we  see  it  einployi'd  agree, dily  to  the  ancient  notion-: 
not  to  sustain  and  uphold,  hut  to  undermine  and  destroy  the  true  idea  of  the  Divinity. 

It  is  thus  iiereeived.  that  the  mode  of  conununicaling  idi'as.  ly  the  u.-o  of  .-yudiols 
of  some  sort,  and  wi^'  a  mori'  or  less  degree  of  [lerfection.  was  an  early  and  a  cominun 
tniit  of  the  human  race.  .Mphahetic  characters,  it  is  thought,  were  known  in  .\sia 
aho\it  olilT  years  hefore  the  discovery  of  Anu'rica.  We  must  assign  much  of  the 
prior  era  of  the  world  to  |)ictnrc-writing  and  hieroglyphics.  It  is  proposed  to  impiin' 
how  far,  and  to  what  extent,  the  [lii'tographic  art  was  known  to.  or  prai'ti>e(|  hy.  the 
American  trilx's. 

Idle,  indeed,  woulil  he  the  attempt,  at  this  day.  to  look  lor  the  oii-in  of  the 
American  race  in  iuiy  other  generic  quarter  than  the  eastern  coulimnt.  117/- ,-  llie\ 
ctmu-  hither'.'  /loir  they  came  V  and  (rA// they  <'ame  V   have  heeii  vainlv  impnred.      liut 


M'; 

t  ;i 

1    *       ■ 

5 

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jji 


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:?44 


1  N  T  K  I ,  L  !•;  ( "P  r  A  1,  CAP  A  f  I  T  Y   A  N  I) 


?  t 


1  tJ 


w 


lit 


^■f 


k    I 


we  iiiiiv.  Il  i'^  coiicrixcd.  cmiiloy  the  |>i('toriiil  iiii  to  iiid  in  dcnotiiii;-  iiiti'niiitii>iialisiii. 
ir  \\r  tiikc  llu'  invciitioii  (if  Iftti'fs,  as  tlic  cva  oftlicir  (K'liaflurc  IVoiii  tlic  Kast.  either 
willi  its  l!.;\|itiaii  oi-  (ircciaii  date,  tlic  Ucil  Man  caiiic  liitlicr  Ik'Ioi'c  tliis  era.  or, 
at  least.  Iirlinc  liis  ain'istors  wcro  participaiits  in  tiic  i(no\vli'(lj.''»'.  Lt'ttcrs  were  nscd 
ahoiit     iS-Jii    to    "JdlKI    vi'ars    bd'oi-c    tlic    Christian    cr 


I.       As    lie    M'oii 


;;ht    no    sncli 

UnowlcdL'c.  it  is  iiii'crahic  that  lie  departed  hetbri'  t'lat  era.  15iit  he  had  the  jiietorial 
s\steu) — he  could  iiiscrihe  (iLmres  and  devices,  in  vai'ions  ways,  and  tiiis  at  least,  is 
known,  ttiat  lie  early  develoiied  tlie  art  in  the  A/tec  race,  and  carried  it  to  its 
ntiiKist   |icrlcctioii. 

In  what  rc^iiccls,  we  may  in(|uire,  was  tiiis  ancient  Toltecan  art  superior  to.  or 
(litl'ereiit  IV.  11 II.  the  pictoj;rapliy  of  the  I'nited  States'  tri lies  ?  Iiutli  are  ideoi^raphic. 
M'llli  are  nineinoiiic  to  a  larj^c  extent.  Hoth  appeal  sti'oii,i:ly  to  tiie  power  of  the 
assdciation  of  ideas  li_\  symliols.  Hoth  re((uire  interpri'tation  hy  the  system  ol" 
ideo'jraphv .  Neither  presents  a  iiietlioii  liir  tlii'  presei'\ation  of  sounds.  Proper 
names  ot'  men  and  animals  ari'  preser\ed  hy  ri'preseiitati\i'  (iiiiires  and  drawiiiirs,  and 


1'. 


ma\'  lie  reeal'eii  so  Ion;;'  a 


the  laiiL'mi'.'e  itself  is  not  extinct. 


With  respect  to  the  Xoriii  .\iiierican  iiiet()j;rai)hy.  itma\  he  impiired,  is  it  niiiversal, 
or  coiiliiicd  til  particular  trihes  '.' 

What  is  the  character  of  these  devices,  compared  with  analogous  inscriptions, 
aiiioii'j'  the  .Mcai'.io!ian  and  the  wild  'I'arlar.  anil  the  Nomadic  races  of  Asia,  and  other 


iiai 


ts  of  the  Ld( 


A IV  I' 


ley    mere    reprcseiil.-itixc   sym 


hols 


ieroLilyphics?     Is 


llii'i'c  more  than    one  kind   of  iilco^rapliic  de\  ice.   or  do 


the    Ir.dian   priests  and  tli 


I'oiiiiiioii    jicople    use  the   s.iiiie'.'      .\ re   there    any    characters    that    may   lie  deemed 


lll"r:ilic 


if  the  iiat 


i\c  |ossakee(i>.  or 


mediiine-iiieii.  use  a  moi'e  msstical  method. 


recorihiiL:'  their  snii^s.  or  arts,  how  is  tins  deiidieil 


Kinalh.  is  tl 


illicient  lixits 


and  uniliiriiiity  in  the  application    and  connection   of  the  symhols,  amonji'  our  fori'st 
Irilies.  to  permit  the  system  to  lie  exjilaiiieil  '.' 

Il  will  hi'  exideiit.  from  these  sii^'j-estions.  that  a  new.  and  hitherto  untrodd;'U  field 
of  iiiipiiry.  with  respect  to  these  trilies.  is  hereliy  opened.  'I'iie  early  liistory  of  the 
race    i<    such  a   lilaiik  —  we   are.   in   truth,  so  completel\-  at   a   loss,   for  an\thinir  of 


a    satisfactorv    cliaracter 


eacliiiej    lie\oni|     tlie    close    ( 


tlr 


of  tlie    loth   centurv.   that    it 


liehooves  us.  in  the  sjiirit  of  rauli<ius  research,  to  scrutinize  (>very  possihle  source  of 
information.  The  ohlivioii  of  centuries  re<ts  upon  tliis  hraiicli  of  the  human  familv. 
P>y  their  ])hysical  traits  they  are  cleai'ly  ideiitilieil  with  some  of  the  an(  'nt  leadiiiL' 
storks  of  .Asia.  P>ut  they  ajijiear  to  have  hrokeii  olV.  and  found  their  wav  hither. 
iiefore  the  dawii  of  authentic  ]irofane  history.'   prolialily.  as  we  have  indicated.  lii'I'ore 


th 


ilioii   ol"  letters.      A    few   incidental   iiotic(>s  in   the  eiirh'  annals  of  Grecian 


literature,  are  all  that  remain,  of  ancient   tradition,  prior  to  Herodotus,  to  denote  the 


(if  IlriM,i„tn.i  i-  li:;  U.V 


af  .  I 


CIIAllACTEK    OK   TUK    INDIAN    UACK 


845 


])r((l)al)ility  <>l"  .'<iicli  ii  Hcpiiration.  at  a  rcmntc  ('|)i)cli.      IJiil  is  iliii  oli.sciirit  v  dcsiiiu'il  to 


pcriH'tiial  V     Can   it  not,  at   least,  lie  iiiilit;at( 


l)\  a  stiiil\    (if  tiiis  an 


U'-n\\)h 


ilu'tic 


Ijrancli  oi"  tlicir  aiitii(iiiti('s  ?  Arc  llicrt'  no  .stroiir;'  and  iiinlcniaMc  I'liinciilcmH  s,  wliicli 
ai'i'  ivconlt'd  in  tlu'so  i)ii;t()jjra|iliic  s_\nil)(ils.  iK'twi'cn  llic  nivtli()lcij;_y  of  tlio  t'ltstcni  and 
wo.Htorn  iRMnispliures  V  Is  tliciv  not,  ut  luiint,  lui  identity  in  tlio  mode  of  rooordinj; 
idoliitronrt  Iwliof? 


Are  wo  prepared  to  conchuU'  tliat  tlie  cxaniinalion  of  tlii'ir  monuinen 


tal 


nuns,  iii 


both  divisionn  of  the  continent,  does  not  furnisii  satisfactors  evidences  of  identity  in  tlio 
jicneral  cliaructer  of  .some  elements  of  their  astronouiical  lvno\vleilL''e,  urilliinctic.  and 


freonietry,  a.s  .shadowed  out  in  tlie  Tolteo  ami  A/ti-c  r; 


So  in  their  physioioLr\  and 


cast  of  mind  we  perceive  very  strikinjr  points  of  siinil.ii'ity.  from  sonth  to  nurtli,  not 
only  in  their  personal  generic  features  and  external  traits,  lait  al.s(j  in  [iroportion  as  we 
scrutinize  the  facts,  in  tho  mental  hahits  and  the  intellectual  structure  of  the  lied  Men 
of  Asia  ami  America.  There  i.s,  in  hoth,  a  well-(ii'\('lii|icil  cast  of  character,  \vliicli  is 
oriental,  relates  to  the  earh'  sc!it  of  huniaii  origin,  ami  caiiu  it  lie  rel'crred  to  the 


-ecdli- 


id    re-|)rodu 


stoc 


K 


T\ 


lerc   IS   iiotliiiiL:'   ni    the  manner  ni  winch 


this    race    met  and    opposed   the  eaily  colonists.  (M'  ha\e.   sul)se(picntly,   prepai't 


to 


encounter  then' 


fate. 


which   admits   a   serious  comparison   with   the 


jiurpi 


scNcranec 


which  mark  the  .M; 


u'  an\   \  ariel\(if  the  man  of  Kurt 


oi'cca'-t. 
f.      We 


nuist  look  to  another  (piarter  of  the  iilohe  tor  our  points  of  mental  a 


tliliat 


ition. 


One  of  tho  liitlicrto  unu.sed  evidences  of  this  has  heen   hrouiiht  to  our  notice,  a.s  we 
iprchend,  in   tho  .specimens  sidnnitted   in    IS'J."),  and    in    l.'^.'SK,  of   their  oral   imaiii- 


nativo  propensities 


and   li 


odu'e  lore,  con.sistiui:   of  extravagant   llclion 


its(df  in   their  domestic  oral   tales   an 


ICiTCIK 


W 


it   III 


winch   reveals 
■<ure   that,  where 


(hero  are  so  many  points  of  .similaiity  in  the  matters  noticed,  others  may  not  hi'  Hmnd, 


liavintr  still  liij.'her  claims  to  attention, 
from  their  toocal.'i  and  simi 


it 


•veil  that  there  is.  \et  ini-e\hi.nied 


cemeterii 


nd  isolateil  "raves,  olijects  of  art  an 


il  nnre- 


nuity,  containing;  evidence.'^  which  will  shed  important  liLiht  on  the  era.  or  eras,  ol" 
tlu'ir  prinniry  se[)aration  from  the  .\siatic  continent,  and  the  islands  of  Oceanica.  If 
they  hroujilit  to  the  western  hemisphere  the  knowledLH'  of  ohserviiiL'  the  solar  cvcli's, 
and  of  measurini^  their  time  and  adjustinjr  their  year  thereliy,  as  discoveries  in 
Mexico  and  Peru  denote,  it  is  hardly  proliahle  the\-  were  hehind-hand  in  other 
attainmonts  of  the  same  epoch.  How  is  it  that  they  had  a  cycle  of  (10  years,  or  a 
(lo\d)lo  cycle  of  I'JU  year.s,  corresponding  to  the  Chint'se?  How  did  the  .Mexicans 
adjust  their  year  to  exaetl\  ."ili-"i  days  and  (1  hours?  Wo  may.  at  least.  su|ii)ose  them 
to  inivo  l)oi'n  iMinversant  with  the  ancient  pictorial  signs  of  the  Zodiac,  if  not  witli  the 


ear 


ly  (Jhinose  mixed,  or  impure  hieroglyphic,  method  of  notation. 
15ut  if  oral  llction  bo  a  test  of  mind  in  barbarous  nati<ins,  pictography  appears  to  U^ 


'   Viilu   Algiv   l!r.«i';iiflies. 


44 


t[ 


f 


I 


1     .1 


I 


•i; 


'  1 


;t|i; 


I  N  T  K  1. 1,  K  (    T  r  A  I-    C  A  I'  A  CI  T  V   AND 


%.:}m. 


!    t 


.  ;i 


i 


r 


Df  ;. 


'•qiii'ily  HO.  Ill  nnliT  to  fix  ii  stiiiidanl  ol'  (•om|iiiii.-'tiii  for  tlic  Amcrii'Mii  idco^riipliic 
.  ..iliols,  it  will  1m'  proiicr  tu  ailvcrt  to  the  rotate  ul' llicsc  arts,  as  llicv  cxisti'tl  in  otlicr 
|)arls()ftlie  gloln',  ami  iiarticularly  in  K^'y|)t — where  liiern^'lypliie  literature  was  so 
extensively  <'iiltivate(l.  and  lirou^rlit  to  a  iii;j:li  decree  of  perl'ection.  at  an  early  e|io('li. 
and  U'lbri^  the  invention  of  letters,  [jctters,  if  we  take  tlu-  ordinary  elironoloj^^iical 
aeeoiiutH,  were  inventeil  in  Kjr_\  |)t.  in  iSUii.  M.  (".  This  is  assiniiiiiit  tlii'  truth  of  their 
discovi'ry  hy  .Meiiinon.  an'l  jilaees  the  event  .'(■">l  years  liefore  the  era  of  the  K\odiis. 
As  twt)  cystenis  of  recording'  ideas,  of  xcry  iliU'erent  merit  and  prinei|>les,  cannot  he 
supposed  to  have  existed  loiiir  toirether.  in  a  stale  of  ecpial  |>rosperity.  hut  the  hetter 
would  alisorh  and  siip|)!aiit  the  poorer,  it  may  1h'  aliirmeil  that  hieroulyphics  lieiran  t(» 
deeliiie  for  iiiaiiv  eenturies  hefore  the  Christian  era.  This,  at  le;ist.  is  certain,  that 
Moses,  say  ill  the  year  1  I'.'l  It.C.  was  well  \crsed  in  the  use  of  an  al|)halK't  of  sixteen 
coiisoiiants.  so  that  he  vecorded,  as  with  the  "  jH'n  of  a  ready  writer,"  the  eveiit.s 
whit'li  we  ascriU'  to  him.  Theoloj^ical  critics  lia\e  deiiie(l  that  the  use  of  letters  can 
be  traced  to  an  i'arlier  date  :'  others  eonti'ud  for  the  eldi'r  theory  of  an  uninspired  in- 
vention. 

IVL'ypt  was  the  ;.'reat  theatre  of  the  iiieroi:lypliic  art ;  hut  it  was  an  art  di'slined  to 
he  i'ori;otteii.  .\s  if  the  physical  darkness  which  once  shrouded  it  at  noon-day  had 
been  a  ty|ie  of  its  subse(pient  intellectual  and  moral  degradation,  the  very  knowledfic 
ol'  the  s\  stem  that  once  recorded  thoiii:lits  in  hiei'ojily pilic  laiiL'ua,i.'i'  was  obliterated 
Ibr  tit'teen  ct'iituries.  Ijctters.  if  they  existed  in  Kuypt  at  this  e|)ocli.  appear  to  have 
taken  their  tlij;ht  with  the  Hebrews.  Kiiowlediie  was  destiiie(l  to  be,  in  the  end. 
inseparable  from  revi'lalioii.  .\iid  when,  after  the  rest  of  the  world  was  j:enerail\ 
enii,Ldileiieil,  inc  s|)irit  of  resear<'h  returiie(l.  with  the  Krench  expedition  to  Kirypt. 
ill  IT'.'S.  to  the  valle\  of  the  Xile.  it  Ibund  a  land  coverecl  with  monuments  of 
|l>rj;cptlen  >rreatuess.  and  a  p4'ople  sunk  in  de;>tlis  of  comparative  iirnoraiice.  It  is 
su|)po,sed  the  mode  of  hierojils  phic  writinir  was  not  laid  asidi'  until  the  thiril  ei'iitiiry. 
.\.  I).  An  earlier  oj)iiiioii.  j^enerally  allirms  that  the  hiero,trly|)liic  enchorial  characters 
had  cea.sed  to  he  employed  al'fer  the  Persian  coiKpiest  of  ("aininses.  in  ;VJ"i  15.  ('.  If 
the  K{ry|)tians,  on  the  invasion  of  tlii'  French,  weit'  found  to  have  substituted  the  Arabic 
alphabet  in  jilace  of  the  iplionetic-hieiOLdyphic.  and  installed  Mahomet's  .system  in 
|)!ace  of  tlie  ibis,  the  calf,  and  the  cat.  they  hail  completely  forj:otten  the  event  of 
this  imitation  in  thi'ir  literature,  or  that  the  phonetic  symlM)ls  had  ovi-r  been  employed 
by  them.  The  disco\ery  was  iiiadi'  hy  Europeans,  and  made  alone  throu^di  the  per- 
|)etuatinfj  |)ower  of  the  Cireek  and   Homan  alphabet. 

The  first  travellers  who  went  to  K^'ypt,  during'  the  latter  half  of  the  ejerhtei'iith 
century,  did  little  .nore  than  'vonder.  They  told  us  of  pyramids,  and  ruined  cities, 
and  monuments  covered  with  hieroglyphics;  but  the  latter  remained  unread.      Volney, 


[ :  i 


'  Sif   I)r.  Spring'."  Otpjigalions  to  tlio  Hilile. 


'  I 


CHARACTER  OF  TFIE  INDIAN  RACE. 


347 


Pocncko,  ('larUe,  aixl  Hiih'c.  impjirtcd  no  otluT  iiiliiiinii(ii)n.  Kiiclici'.  wlio  imdi'rtiidU 
it,  ill  ii  work  of  I'lalxn'iitf  pri'tciicc,  wrote  ii  liiorojjls  |ilii('  romiiiici'.  It  has  ]im;r  licrn 
coiiili'iiiiu'd.  Till'  llrst  ti-iivclicr  of  a  (lill't'i't'iit  stiiiiip  was  Mcl/oni.  IJiit  it,  is  not  my 
(li'xigii  to  rc'citt',  in  dii  lii,  tlic  discovt'rics  ol"  tlic  most  distinirnislit'd  visitors  to  tlic 
Iiiinks  of  tlio  Nile.  It  rciuiiiiied  for  tiic  scicntilic  corjis  wlio  attrndcd  Monapiirtc  in 
liis  invasion  of  E;rj|)t,  to  take  tlic  (Irst  st('|)s,  and  |)rcparf  tiic  way  ti>i'  lln'  present, 
discoveries.  AnionL'st  tlie  monuments  wiiieli  were  H;jiinMl  in  •■  Deiion's  Description 
of  Isjivpt."  was  the  IJosettii  stone.  Tliis  l'ra,i.'ment.  wliicii  1  examined  in  tlie  IJritisli 
Museum  in  ISI'J,  was  dii;:  up  on  the  l)anks  of  tlie  Nile  liy  the  Krench,  in  ercctint;  a 
fort,  in  IT'.I'.I.  It  is  a  sculptured  mass  of  l)la(d<  liasalt.  iH'ariuL'-  trilinuiual  inscriptions 
in  the  hieroLdyphic,  the  demotic,  and  tlm  aiicit-iit  (Jreck  characters.  Copies  of  it, 
were  multiplied,  iiiid  spread  hefore  the  scientific  minds  of  KiiLdand  ami  the  (^lntiuellt, 
for  about  twent}'  years  hefori'  the  respectivi;  inscriptions  were  siitisfartorily  reid,  it 
would  tran.scciid  my  pur|)ose  to  j;ive  the  iletails  of  the  history  of  its  interpretation  ; 
hut  as  it  has  furnished  the  key  to  tlie  suli.seipieiil  discoveries,  and  ser\-es  to  denote 
the  patience  with  which  laliors  of  this  kind  are  to  lie  met.  a,  hrief  notice  of  the  siihject 
will  he  added.  The  (Ireek  inscription,  wdiich  is  the  lowermost,  in  position,  and.  like 
the  others,  imperfect,  was  the  first  made  out  hy  the  hihors  of  Dr.  Ileyne  of  (lermany. 
Professor  I'orson  of  F,ondon.  and  hy  the  iiieinhers  of  the  French  Institute.  'JMie\-,  at 
the  same  time,  demonstrated  it  to  hi'  a  fniiis/ntioii. 

The  chief  attention  of  the  impiirers  was  ne.vt  directed  to  the  middle  inscription, 
which  is  the  most  entire,  and  consists  of  the  demotic,  or  enchorial  characti'i'.  The 
first  advance  was  made  hy  De  liUcy,  in  ISdli,  who  found,  in  the  irroiips  of  proper 
names,  those  of  Ptolemy,  Arsinoe,  and  others.  Tiiis  was  more  satisfactorily  deiiioii- 
strateil  hy  Dr.  Yoinij:'.  in  1S14,  when  he  piihlished  the  result  of  his  hilxirs  on  the 
demotic  text.  These  lahors  were  fni'ther  extended,  and  hroiii:lit  .o'-ward  in  separate 
jiapers.  |)ul)lished  hy  him  in  IS  IS  and  ISIH,  in  which  lie  is  helieved  to  have  slieil 
the  earliest  iiciiiii  of  true  liirlit  on  the  mode  of  annotation.  He  was  not  ahlc,  how- 
ever, to  apply  his  principles  fully,  or  at  least  without  error,  from  an  opinion  that  a 
sijl/iil'ir  principle  pei'vaiU'd  the  system.  He  carried  his  interpretations,  however, 
iniich  heyond  the  decypheriiiii'  of  the  proper  names.  It  was  the  idea  of  this  coin- 
])ound  character  of  tlix-  phonetic  hierof^lypliics,  that  proved  the  only  liar  to  his  full 
and  comiilete  success;  an  opinion  to  which  he  adhered  in  1S"J">,  in  a  jiajier  in  which 
he  maintains,  that  the  Kiryptians  did  im/  make  ii.se  of  an  iiliiluihet  to  represent 
eleineiitary  sounds  and  their  coniu'ction,  prior  to  the  era  of  the  (Irecian  and  Ihimaii 
domination.  ('hain|iollioii  the  Yoiinjicr,  himself  entertained  very  much  the  same 
opinion,  .so  far.  at  least,  as  relates  to  the  phonetic  siuns.  in  ISI:i.  In  ISIf,  in  his 
"  Kirvpt  under  the  Pharaohs."  he  first  exjiressi's  a  dilU-rent  opinion,  ami  throws  out 
the  hoiie.  that  '' .sounds  of  laiijiiiiijj'e  and  the  expressions  of  tlioiii:;lit,"  would  \et  he 
disclosed  under  the  garb  of  '•  material  iiicture.s.""     This  wits,  indeed,  the  gerin  in  the 


■    "  I 


;  i 


.  1 


.; 


I  j 


!■  ill; 


If.  i 


1  _.  . 


.H8 


INTELLKCTIA  I,  CAI'ACITY    AND 


tliDiijflit-wiirk  of  till'  ri'iil  ilisntxi'i'v,  wliirli  lir  iimioimccil  to  lln'  iJoyiil  Ariidi'iiiy  of 
lli'lU'H  Li'ltoi'M  at  Paris,  in  ScptiMiiliiT,  \S'2'1.  I!\  iliis  iliscoMTv,  of  wliicli  Dr.  Youn;; 
riaiiii."!  priority,  in  ilctrriiiiiiiii;;  tlic  fiiNt  iiim-  Myiiiltnl."*.  a  ni'w  liiil<  \>*  mlili'il  in  tin- 
rotniniinirntion  of  tlion^'lit  \>y  .>*i,t;'iis,  wliicli  coiiiiri'ts  |iii'tiirr  iiiiil  al|)li(ilj<'t  wiiliiijr. 
I'lioni'tio  liifii)jrly]>liics,  nx  tinis  ilisi'liwi'il,  ronsi.-^t  of  Hyinlmis  n'|iii'Si'ntinii  tlio  .-oiiiiils 
of  firnt  lottors  of  woriln.  Tlu-si'  syinlM)l,-<  liiivi-  tliin  pi'i-nliaiity,  ami  an- roctrirti'il  to 
lliis  prorisc  n.sc :  tliat  wliili'  tlii'y  ilcpict  tlio  ideas  of  wliolc  olijiTts,  as  Mnl.s,  Sn'.,  tlicy 
ri'pri'si'iit  only  the  alpiialii'tii'  valiii'  of  tin-  initinl  IcttiT  of  tiif  naiiir  of  tiii'si-  ohjrrt.s. 
TliiiH  till'  ])irtiiri'  niiiy.  to  ;.n\i'  an  cxanipli'  in  Kn^rli.sli,  ili-not"  a  man,  an  ox,  an  cajrli', 
or  a  lotus;  Imf  tlu'ir  alplialii'tical  valiio.  if  these  1)C  the  wonis  iiiserihcil  on  a  column, 
woiilil  1)1'  n'.-pi'i'tively,  the  letters  M.  ().  K.  \,.  'I'hese  are  the  phonetii'  sifiiis.  or  ei|iii- 
valontH  for  the  wonls.  It  is  eviiliMit  that  an  insi'ri|)tioii  eoulil  thus  l)C'  niaile,  with 
eonsiilorahle  preeision,  hut  not  iinorrinL'  exiietituile,  ami  it  is  hy  the  iliscoverv  of  this 
key,  that  so  nuieh  li^ht  has  heen,  within  lute  yeai-s,  evolved  from  the  Kgyptian 
monuments. 

It  may  1m>  useful,  in  this  eoiinection.  to  liear  in  mind  two  fiicts.  rinmely,  that  the 
discovery  aims  at  irreater  aeeiiraey  ■md  precision,  tlian  it  has  attained  ;  and  that,  the 
result,  striking'  and  liriiliaut  as  it  confessedly  is.  is  the  aecunuilation  of  the  jtatient 
research  of  many  years,  and  a  plurality  of  intellects.  Without  the  acridental  ilis- 
cuvery  of  the  Hosetta  stone,  contjiininir  the  trilinjrnal  inscription,  it  is  doiililfid 
whether  the  system  would  lia\e  ever  In^en  iiuessed  at.  .\nd  here  is  one,  and  we 
think  hy  far  the  ^jrreatest  lienelit.  which  the  world  owes  to  the  Freiu'h  iuxasioii  of 
Kirypt.  It  has  heen  seen,  that  the  (irst  step  to  an  inteipirtalioii.  was  the  detection 
of  the  juiiijor  names,  as  disidosed  liy  the  (lieek  copy,  coupled  with  tin'  limiuistical 
conclusion  arrived  at  l>y  He\iie.  Schoiai's  |)erceived  that  thistireek  text  must  he  a 
'•  fninsldtliiii."  This  hint  uave  the  impulse  to  research.  What  was  translated  must 
necessarily  have  had  an  oriizinal. 

The  next  step  was  taken  h_\'  (Juatreinere,  who  proved  the  present  Coptic  to  In- 
identical  with  the  ancient  lvi:yi)tian.  To  find  tins  hin,t;uaj;e,  then,  recorded  in  the 
hierojilyphics,  was  tlie  <rreat  ohjei't.  It  is  here  that  the  xounjri'r  ('Ii:inipol1ion  exer- 
cised his  power  of  definition  and  comparison.  I5y  the  pre-coui'e|)tion  of  a  ])honelie 
liierotih'phieal  alphidK't.  iis  aliove  denoted,  he  had  L'riispe(l  the  truth,  which  yet  lay 
concealed,  and  he  lalxiied  iit  it  until  he  verified  his  conceplions.  It  is  thus  thiit  a 
tlioorv  frivos  encrjry  to  research;  nor  is  there  much  hope  of  success  without  one.  in 
the  investitration  of  the  unknown.  Cidumlius  had  ne\er  reacheil  America,  without  a 
theory.  Nor  did  this  investi;:ation  want  the  additional  stimulus  of  ri\.ili-v.  The 
discoveries  of  Dr.  Younjr.  and  the  injudicious  criticisms  and  wholesale  ])rai.ses  of  liic 
Hritish  press,  (particularly  the  [joudoii  Quarterly.)  of  his  papers  on  the  hierofrlypliie 
literature  of  E.L'ypt,  were  calculated  to  arouse  in  France  and  tlermany  n  ilouhle  feeliu_' 
of  rivalry.     It  was  not  only  a  iiuestion  hetweon  the  res|»ective  archufulogieal  merits 


M  r 


•Si- 

f  I 
i  \ 

;■  ■  i  ; 

yjii 

1     : 

Ill 


CIIAIIACTER   OF  TIIK   INM)IAN   RACE. 


840 


of  Dr.  Yitiui}.' mill  M.  ('liiuu|n>Hi()ii ;  il  wiin  also  ii  qiioHtioii  of  iiatioiml  |)riilf  Ih-Iwicii 
KiikIiihiI,  Knuu'o,  ami  (icnaany.  Ami.  for  tlic  first  tiiiic  in  tlii-ir  licivc  ami  sanpiinary 
Iiistorv,  lii('r(if:l\|)liicM  wcri'  tlii'  '.iiissixi's  wielded.  V'i<'toiT  decided  in  favor  of  Clnim- 
pollion.  as  displayeil  in  tlio  triumph  of  the  pure  phonetie  method  ehu-idated  in  hin 
'•  IMY'i-is  (In  (tystiime  hiurof;;lyphii|nes  dew  anciens  Kjrvptiens."  puMishcd  in  !8"J4. 

It  it*  a  striking  feature  in  hiero;ilyphical  piionetie  writinjr.  and  me  f^reat  eanse  of 
imprecision,  that  itH  sijins  are  multiform,  often  arliitrary.  nnd  mii-t  Im'  constiintls 
interpreted,  not  only  with  an  entire  familiarity  with  the  lani-uajie  of  the  people 
emplo\inj;  them,  Imt  with  their  customs,  haliits.  arts,  maimers,  mid  hislnrv.  All  wlm 
have  Mtiidiod  the  Egyptian  hierot.dyphic  literature,  have  experii'Mced  this.  The  iiiiiii- 
her  of  phonetic  synonyms,  or  liiiiiiiiiiliannim  xii/ns,  in  the  phonetic  alphaliet,  hiis  liren 
increased,  at  the  last  dates,  to  S(il.  Of  this  luimlper,  I'JH  are  ilevoteil  to  the  Iniiiniii 
(ijriire,  in  various  positions,  mid  lUt  to  separate  parts  of  the  hudy.  Ill  re|>resent  ceii's- 
tial  hodies;  *Jl,  wild,  and    In,  doniestie  (piadrupeds  ;   Uij,  limlis  of  aniimil 


)ll 


iiiril 


UK 


1  jiarts  of  liirds;    10,  fishes;   .'ID,  reptiles,  ami   poiti<ms  uf  rejilili's; 


II. 


insects  ;   I'll  I 


\ej;('tahli's,  plants,  llowers,  and  fruits;  "lO,  fantastic,  arliitrary  t<>rms;  ami  the  remain- 
inj:  401,  artiticial  ohjeets.  Nor  is  it  siipjiosed  that  this  is  the  full  e.\tent  of  the 
phonetie  si^ns. 

Ilomophons    ha\(;   iieen    added    to   the  list    hy  e\i'ry   new   discoverer,  anil    the   liest 
results  which  are  now  predicted  for  the  alphaliet.  deiiute   that    the   round   numlM'i-  of 


<)()() 


is  exi)ecti'(l  to  compri.se 


all  tl 


le  various  spju.- 


W 


lere 


an   alphaliet 


ill'u-.. 


there  must   he  danjrer  of  error  and   imprecisinii.     We  do  not   fall    in  with   the   loo- 


HweepiiiiT  ronchisions  of  some  ermlite  critics,  auainst  the  ;j;fiieia 


1  vah 


f  the   p 


lit 


h 


])les  and  results;   wliieli,  Imwever,  must  lie  receivei 


1  will 


I  aliatenu'iits. 


It 


ullirieilt 


to  iM'ar  in  mind,  as  a  ri'a.soii  for  caution,  that  the  iiiteipretations  of  dilVeniit  minds 


lere  is  a   manifest 


vary;    ami  that    Kossoliiii  and  Champollioii  di<l  not  eoinciile.     Tl 

tendencv.  at  the  present  ihiy.  to  over-estimate  the  civili/atioii,  learnimj;,  and  philosopli 


)f  the    l\L;ypliai 


d    I'ersians   in   these  departments,  eliielly  from   liieiOLilv  [ 


line   and 


])1C 


torial  reconls.      If  1  mistake  not,  we  are  in  some  dani^er  of  falliiiir  into  this  erinr. 


on  this  side  ol'  the  water,  in  relation  to  tiie  character  ol'  the  ancient  .Mexican  ci\  ili/a- 
lioii.     Till'   iniiiulsive  tilow  of  one  of  our  mo>t  chaste   and  eioipieiit  hi>toriaiis 


ilVC, 


this  iiatnrai  tendencv   to  our  cuiieciitiou.-i 


Tl 


A/ti 


■mi-ci\  ili/,ati(iii  was  an   iiidiis 


trial    civ  ili/.aliou  ;    tin 


iviii"'  nil  of   hiintiu';-   and    luviii;:    for   ai:riiuitiire   and    lixi 


dwellinjis.      Uul   we  must   not  uiislake  it.      Tliev  Imilt  teocalli.  temples,  paliices.  an 


iranleiis ; 


hut  the  people  liv"(l  in  mere  huts.      The 


V   \\-ere 


^tiU  d 


I'liased 


W 


oman  was 


dreadfully  so.  The  mind  of  the  A/.tecs,  while  the  hand  had  olitained  skill  and 
imUistry,  was  still  harharic.  The  horrilic  chai'Mcter  of  their  religion  made  it  iiii|ios- 
sihle  it  should  lie  otherwise.     Civilization   had   hut    little   afl'ected   the   intellect,  the 

kint;'  system   of  picliire- 


nioials 


not   at   all.     Tliev  coiumemorateil  events  hv    the 


writing;  hut  there  is  strung  reason  to  sus|iect,  since  e.xainining  the  princiides  of  the 


i  i 


;.' , 


U 


I  f 


1 

1 

4 

1 

1 

j 


\i\:  \: 


i' 


flfiO 


INTKIJ.KrTf  AI,    CArArlTY    AND 


Niirth  Aiiiorican  nvHtt'in.  ii.x  |)iiirli,''i'il  l>\  our  iiiftluf*  miil  joMMiikci'ilH,  llmt  llu-  Mcxiniii 
iniiniii'ci'iplH  wiTi'  iiIho  coiiKtiiictfil  mi  tin*  nun  niniiir  /uiinyi/,,  iinil  mIwiinm  owed  iniuli 
III'  llu'ir  viiliii' iinil  |iri'i'isiiin  lo  llu-  tnciiKH'^  nl'  tlir  tr;iin<'i|  wi'ilcis  iiinl  iiiiiiitciM.  IT 
tlicxc  (H'Cll|iii'(l,  lii'liil'*'  till'  law-rliii-ls  ul'  Mulilr/Hniil,  tln'  I'rlillisf  linr^itiull  iil'  rlrl'kM  iil' 
I'liiii'tH  mill  ivconliTH.  ii.><  Mimi'  ul"  llir  |iirtiirr-\vrilinji>i  pri'siTsril  i»y  Iliii'kln\(  ili'iinli', 
tlii'Kt'  iiitt'i'iirrliTM  nl'  till"  iiMti(>ii;ii  iiiIIh  ri'lini  miihiIv  on  iih'inorv.  ('i>n\rii(i(Pii;il  rtiitiis 
liiiii  iliiiic  iniirli,  liiit  tlir  paiiitfil  rcrnnl  .itill  rri|iiirril  llir^i'  \'i'rli:il  i'N|ihiii:iliiiiiM  wliii'li 
II  kiiiiwlcilp'  III'  till-  .is.xti'in  iiiilv  riiiilil  .xii|i|ilv. 


.'!.      K  I.K  M  K  N  IS    I  IK    Till:     I' I  c  TO  H  I  A  I,     S  V  S  T  i:  M  , 


Tlif  Tullrr  mill  A/.li'C  ^vsli'iii  !)'■  l'irtinr-\V;itlnj»,  rMiii|i;iiri|  willi  tlir  Nmlli  Ainriiciin  :~  its 
jicin'riil  njin'riiii'iil  —  its  pi'i'iiliar  Iriiilx  iiini  riiiiiinon  lij;iiiiiliM'  M'slriii  I'f  tlii'  I'liilnl 
Sinter  Tl'iln'!*. —  l>i'\iri's  fiiiiii  a  Tirr  "ii  llir  Miiiii:ikii;;iin  Kivrr,  Wisciiii-in,  —  Driiwin^  IVmii 
tlir  rpluT  Mis^is«i|i|ii.  (Iciintiiij:  :i  I'ciiri'-MisMioii. —  Si^iis  iliiiHti  oil  ( iniU'I'ditlH. —  Si>|mlrliriil 
ii<iiiMl'H  ut'  tlic   (.'liirli   Wuliiijcc):,   ami    ilalia.'«'kiiii<lulii'<'. 


TiiKHK   lia.x    Ucii   iiii  (•\|ilaiiutiiiii  of  the  Mi'xli'aii   sysfi<iii  of  Piitiiri'-Wiitiiij;.   hv 

wliii'li  it  can  Ih'  iiiiilri>t I  a^  a  sv>ti'iii.  if  \vi-  I'Xi'i'pt  the  iiinilc  iif  (iistiii'.'nisliiiii;  tlio 

ilav.  till'  (lisi.siiHi  111'  lie  I'M'Ii'  I'alii'ij  'I'lalpilli,  ami  llio  cvrii'  itccH'.  l\v  llii'  ilcvicrs 
liir  what  iiia\  lir  ili'.<i^iiatri|  tin'  Miiiiaiiii's  of  ramilics  up  rians.  wli'uli  mil'  ri.ili'ii 
Slati'.i  Iriiii's  oall  'I'nii.Ms.  tlu'  iiaiiii's  ul'  rciiiiiiii;;  cariipics  anil  ilvnaHticK  wvw  also 
pii'si'i'vctl.  Fi^'uiatixr  or  irpri'M'titalivi'  si;:ii-  licsi'i  ilifil  events.  'I'lie  (li'oxMiin;;  of 
ilisliiiiiiiislicil  inrii  was  rcpri'si'iiliil  liv  a  loal  iipsrllinu mi  tin'  water.  .Maces,  arrows, 
tlowers.  i{nailrupi'ils.  Iiiiils.  ami  other  aniiMatc  ami  inaiiiiiiate  olijects.  were  eniploM'd 
as  .s_\  111  hols.  ( 'oiiiparlnieiiis  ami  colias  L'a\i'  iiiiirciiiiiit\  ami  attraction  to  the  series  ol' 
sii:ns.  iiiaiiv  of  whii'li  were  ileri\cil  Irmii  their  line  tropical  \('i;elalimi  iiml  phenoiiiena. 
in  this  i'es|M'ct.  ami  in  the  iiioile  of  ileiiotiii;:  clii'(inoloi.'\.  the  Mexican  picture-w  ritiiif^ 
was  in  aiKanee  of  the  rmler  roriii  ol'  oi:;  |iii'lo^rapiiv.  The  latter  i.s  excliisi\els- 
iileoi^raphic — cmisistiiiii  of  a  series  of  sinns   for  whole  iilcas  anil   scnteiiees — the   chief 


tnrnini:  words  of  which  are  t\  pilieil,  a.s  an'onlini.;   aid   to   tl 


le   nieiiior\'. 


'I'll 


:ns 


are  drawn  from  e\er\  department  of  naliire  —  from  the  earth,  the  waters,  and  the 
atmosphere.  With  a  spiritual  aL;em'\ — a  siihtle  pii|_\  ijieisin  per\adin^Mill  space,  these 
siiiiis  are  supposed  to  eircct  and  inainlain  relalimis  to  these  ohjects  of  a  inxstcrimis 
and  iniraciiloiis  character.  .\  hniitcr  h.is  selcclcd  his  personal  sjiirit  or  inanito  from 
the  animal  creation,  and  wlieiievfr  he  eiicounteis  that  ohjeet.  he  it  liird  or  In'ast.  in 
the  forest,  he  re;:ari!s  it  in  tlie  liiiht  of  a  protector,  or  harhin^'er  of  luck.  K\en  its 
tracks,  if  it  he  a  ipiadrn|.cil.  or  its  llijiht.  if  it  he  a  hird,  arc  Hiill'u'ient  to  aiiiiiiali'  hi.s 


('II  All  ACT  F,  II   o|.'   TIIK    INIMAN    HACK 


Rfil 


lii>{lu'Mt  Imi|h'h  or  rciirH.  A  iiii'tii  nr  prifHl,  iiml  ii  Jtii»-.iiki'r(l.  nr  ii  iiinlii'iil  iiiuii.  liclicvcK 
liiiiiwll'  to  Imvi-  lriimi|iluMl  liv  liin  nkill.  ami  in  do-iions,  liv  IiIm  li>niriilivf  or  n|iri'siiilii- 
tivc  fiiriiM.  to  |«'r|i('tiiiit»'  till-  kiiowli'tl^'c  of  lii-  micn'Ms  iiiiioii^'  liin  cotinh  mih-ii.  Kiiiih' 
'm*  IIS  jiowi  iriil  II  motisf  to  liiiM  iiM  to  (In-  IIIUII  of  (icii'iu'c,  litters,  or  ivlinioii,  in  i-isii 
lir«'.      lie   liclii'vcH  ill   till'  Initli   iinil  cllliiirv  of  liis  syxtiin  ol'  |iol\  liirisin.  of  fpiiil- 

jMiwi'i'.  of  iiiciuitiiliiiiiH,  of  int'ilii'iil  iiiiijjii'.  of  iiivtiiolo^rv,  of  liis   wilil   fonst    reli^; 

Ami  lliat  llic  ol)Kfrviim'f  of  llirse  riles.  olVeiiie.-.  iiml  eeniiinnies,  in  emli  (le|iiiitiiieiil, 

is  iinlissnliiMv  ei eeted  witli  tile  i-siies  of  life  ami  ileatli.      Slioiicrer  motives  eivili/a- 

lion  1111(1  Cliristiaii  hope  eoiilil  not  sii|ipl_v.  'I'liis  will  ileiinle  the  failli  with  wliieliiie 
praetises  his  pietojrra|ili_v.     l''or  tiieii  |iielo!rra|iliie  (le\ieestlii'  Nmlli  Ameriimi  ImliaiiH 

lllise   two   telins.   MM 


tniH';  mil 


1  AW, 


iiielv,  /»''/,/»/(■///.  or  siieli  tliiiiirs  as  are  ^reiieiMJIv  iimlerslood   li\    the 

■i,  niiiiiii,  or  teiwllill^'S  of  llie  /iimAiv  or  priests. 1    jus.-itl,;  i  ,1s  or  prophets. 

The  kiiowleiluc  of  the   latter  is   ehiellv  eoiillneil    to   peixnis   who  iiie   \er>eil    in    their 

if  their  religion,  ami  mav  he  deeineil  hiemiie.     Tln'  Inriiier 
llu;iinitive  sifilis.  slieli  as  are   eillploxed   al    plaees  ol'  sepulture. 


«telii  of  ma"ie  liieilieine,  i 


eolisisls  ol    the  eolllllion  tl^ 

or  hv  liiintin;;  or  travelliiif;  imrt 


les. 


It 


is  also  eliiploN  I 


111  ll 


le  iiiii .  .tmi 


lull's,  or  roek 


wri 


tiiius.      Maii\'  of  the  fi^'iires   are  common   to   IkiIIi.  ami    are    >vv\\    in    the  drawiii;.'s 


fj^eiieiall} 


hut  it  is  to  1h'  understood  that    tiiis  results  fioin    the  lijjiire-alphahet    heiii 


ireeis* 


Iv  tl 


le  same  111  i)o 


ill.   while   the  de\iees  of   the   llll^jamoolis.  or    liledieiur.   waliil 


liiiiiliiii;,  and  war  soii'js.  are 


known   solel\   to   the   iiiiliales   who   have   learned   ihein, 


ind  who  alwiivs  pa\  hi'^li 
)r  the  Sonth-hiid,  a  mem 


to  the  native  iirolissors  for  this  kiiowlei|j.;e.     ."shaw  iiiiipeiiais. 
her  of  the  Chippewa  Irihe.  told  iiie.  (aflir   lie   had    heeoiue  a 


ineinhi'i'  o 


f  the  MaplisI  Chnreh.)  that  he  had  paid  eMahitaiil,  prir 


ees, —  such   as   a   ;;iiii 


lor  a  soli'',  in  learnin^t  the   ina^riea 


1   liniitiiiL'  soiiiis.     Thes   wi-re   lanj;ht    to   him    Iron 


the  d 


e\  lees  on  sero 


llsofhark.      He  milled,  that  lie  liiid    heeii   a    lon^r   ti 


le  in    learniii': 


them;    that    the  informatioii   was  eomminiu' 


ated    secrelU  ;    and    that,    whenever  lie 


had  mastered  the   soiijrs.  w 


liieli  contained  iiiysterions  allnsions,  lie   fully  nmlerstixMl, 


d    eoilld    draw    the    deviees. 

The  snhieets  to  which   the   North  Anieriean   Iiidiiin  applies  his  pietograpliii;  skill, 


mas 


he  rejiarded  as  follows,  namely  ; 


1.  Ki;kkk\mn. 

A.  Common  sifins Trivvellinj,'. 

1$.  Ad.iidiitif,'\vim S«"piilturo. 

2.  KekkI'^nowin. 

C.  Mi'di'iwin Medicine. 

T).  Minor  .le.sukiiwin Necromancy. 

K.  Wahino Hevelry. 

F.  Keossawiii liniitiiiK. 


\ 


i 

ailL 


I) 


H 


T"7       I" 


I        ; 


|v 


'11-1 
;,4l! 


'     •   ■• 


^i 


X,2  I  N  T  F.  1,  L  E  ('  T  V  A  L   C  A  I'  A  ('  I  T  Y    A  N  I) 

fl.   IliL'lit'r  .Ft'sukiiwin I'roplioi'y. 

II.   NiiiidolicwiiiH'wiin War. 

I.    Siiiri'i'iwiii fiovc. 

K.  .Mii/./.iiii'il)ikon History. 

ikimv  i)l)soisatioii8  on  ciicli  of  thoso  topics  may  bu  niade. 

1.     CuMMilN    K  i:  K  K  K  w  I  y,   oil    MoDK    (»K    Wkitin(;    IIY    Kki'Iiesentative 

A  N  I)     S  V  M  II  0  L  I  V  A  L     I*  1  V  T  V  U  E  S  . 

A.  The-  foliowiug  pictofirnph  is  transcrilwd  from  the  sidc.x  of  a  lilazcnl  tree,  of  tlio 
sj)ocies  Piiiiii  n^hiuKO,  foiiinl  on  tlic  lianks  of  tlii'  NaniakiiLMin,  a  tiilnitarv  of  tlio 
River  St.  ('roi\.  of  tlio  r|i|>cr  Missi.-<sip|)i,  at  a  s[)ot  wlu'rc  I  landi'd  in  tlic  niontli  of 
Aiigii.-<t.  ISI'.I.      (Sec  A.  i'lalr  r.).l 

Tlu'  piir|ii>rt.  as  cNplainc  1  Kv  an  int('ri)n  tcr  well  xcix-d  in  IkjIIi  tiii.s  art  and  .in- 
lan^rua;.^'  and  ciistiinis  of  the  Chippewas.  niav  1m'  j,'i\en  in  fi'w  words,  Fifinro  ^l.  on 
tiie  riiilit,  is  tiie  totem  of  a  iinnter.  wlici  liad  eneani|ieil  at  tiiat  spot.  It  i-e!)res<'nts  a 
falinloiis  aiiiniai.  called  the  copper-tailed  hear.  'I'he  two  pai'ailel  lines  iM'neatli  it, 
(linnre  I.)  ciiivi'd  at  eacii  end.  repi'esent  the  hunter's  canoe.  Tlie  ne.xtsigti,  (fiijuri'  1.) 
on  tiit>  same  side,  helnw.  is  the  tiiten\  (if  iiis  ((anpanion.  the  ini/i.  or  cat-fish,  tla^ 
jiarallel  lines  heneath  (fijiui'e  '-)  also  repii'si'ntinir  his  canoe.  Thi'  upper  (iiznre,  o, 
on  the  left.  re|)resents  the  ci)in"'on  hlaeU  l.'ar;  the  six  lower  de\  ices,  fiirnrv's  (i.  7.  S, 
'••,  1(1.  and  II.  denote  six  (ish  of  the  cat-fish  s|K'cies.  'I'he  interpretation  is  this  :  The 
two  hunters,  whose  totems  wer<'  cat-li>h  ai  1  eopper-tuiled  iii'ar.  while  eucamited  at 
the  spot,  killed  a  hear,  and  captincd  the  expressed  nuiulier  of  cat-lish  in  the  liver. 
The  record  was  deslLined  to  coiiNev  this  piece  iif  information  to  their  people  and  kins- 
I'dlk  who  should  |iass  the  lucalitv.  The  state  ef  societ}  amon^r  them  rendered  such 
information  interesting:;  it  wa.s  as  much  su  to  them,  perhaps,  as  the  liciierality  of  the 
information  ol'  a  personal  character  which  is  circulated  \>y  our  diurnal  press;  ami  the 
fact  of  the  let'onl  itself  imvy  1j(!  regarded  as  a  pr(M)f  that  the  system  of  llu-  Kekeewin 
was  |.'eiierally   iinderstiMxi. 

The  scroll  containing  this  inscription  (S'c  A.  IMate  IS.)  was  olitaineil  alnive  St. 
.\nthony's  l*"alls.  ou  a  |iulilic  expei'iiiun  in  iMitl.  which  iias  heen  alluded  to  in  a  prior 
place,  it  consisted  of  white  iiindi  hark,  ami  the  tiirures  had  Immui  cariTully  <liawn. 
NumlM'r  1.  deiioti  s  the  tlag  of  the  Iniou  ;  Nuiuher  li.  the  cantonment,  then  recently 
I'stahlislii'd  at  < 'old  .'^piinii,  on  the  western  side  of  the  cliifs.  aliove  tlie  iiitlux  of  the 
St.  I'.iers.  NumU'r  I  is  ihe  symhol  of  ihe  coniiuaiidiiiLr  olllcer.  (Colonel  II.  ri<'avi'n- 
worth.)  iindir  w  iiose  authority  a  mission  of  peace  hail  heen  sent  into  the  ( 'hippcwa 
country.  Nnmlier  1  1  is  the  .symhol  of  Chakope.  or  the  Six,  the  leading  Sioux  chi<'f, 
under  whose  orders  the  party  moved.  Xumher  S  is  the  se(;ond  (iliief,  called  Waheda- 
Innka,  or  the  Mlack  Dug.     The  syinUil  of  Ins  name  is  Nuinlxr  10.      lie  has  II  lodges. 


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CHAUACTKH   (>F   THE   INDIAN    HACK 


:i.-);l 


Ciiptiiiu  Doiigliis,  will)  had  l«'j;iiii  tlic  study  of  tliis  "  hiirk-lcttor,"  as  it  was  cdlcd. 
flioiifrlit  tliis  symbol  dciintcd  his  di'scciit  tVniii  Cliakopi'.  Niitiilii-r  7  is  a  chiof,  siihur- 
(liiialc  to  ChakoiM',  with  !•')  lodjjrcs,  and  a  l)al('  of  p«nls  (Nmnlx'i'  '•),  wliicii  was 
lU'votfd.  l)y  tlic  public,  to  the  olijccts  of  tho  pt>ae'(>.     The  iiamo  of  NiimhiT  0,  wiiosi- 


L'wam  is  NuiiiIm-T  o,  with    l.'l  sul)ordinato  lodyfcs. 


was   not  jrivcii. 


The  franio,  or 


wi 

crossi'il  poll's  111'  tht>  (Mitirt!  •">(!  loilircs  coinjHJsin;!  this  party,  had  lifi-n  li'ft  standing'  on 
ill"  liiLdi,  opi'ii  ])rairii'  on  tin-  wi-st  hank  of  tli<^  Mississippi.  al)o\('  Sank  Hivcr,  and 
iinnii'diati'ly  opposite  the  point  of  llornlili-ndc  Hocks,  which  the  French  call  the 
'l"wo  Itocks.  A  liijih  [)ole,  split  so  as  to  receive  the  scroll,  was  placed  at  the  head  of 
the  camp,  conspicuous  to  all  who  should  pass;  and  its  sijrlit  actually  prodnced  a  nhout 
from  iJahesacnndalM'  and  a  dele>ration  of  ( 'li-ppowas,  who  accompanied  liiin  on  an 
errand  of  jieace  from  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi. 

To  these  examples  of  the  use  of  pictoi;raphi,'  writing  to  subserve  the  pnr|)osu  of 
information,  in  travclliiii.'  and  in  Imntiii'.'.  I  add  the  followinjr  jiictoirraph  respecting 
known  liistorical  events.  It  was  tr.insciibeil  t'rom  a  tree  on  tin-  banks  of  the  .Mns- 
kiiiL'nm  Hiver.  Ohio,  about  17mi.'  Tbc  biirk  of  tlie  tree  had  been  vemoved  about 
twch'e  inihi's  sipiare.  to  admit  the  inscri]itioii.  The  ebarartcrs  were  drawn  with 
ciiarcoal   and   bear's  oil.    (See  M.  Plate  17) 

It  is  known,  historically,  that,  after  the  conipiest  of  ('aiiada.  17')S— V,i.  the  western 
Indians,  who  adhereil  to  tlie  Kri'iich  interest,  formed  an  extensive  confederacy  for 
rctakin;.'.  simnltaneonsly,  all  the  military  posts  west  of  the  Alle;;hani("s.  'I'liis  coii- 
fedcracy,  which  was  heaih-il  by  the  celebrated  cliiet'  I'ontiae.  was  so  well  ordered  and 
planned  that  nine  out  of  the  twelve  small  stockaded  'garrisons,  held  by  the  Mn^dish 
troop-',  were  actnall}'  surprised  and  taken;  and  they  were  only  resisted  by  the  su|)eriiir 
works  of  I'ittsburi:  and  Detroit.  It  was  not  till  the  \ear  I7li:!-(>1  that  these  formidable 
disturbances  were  ipudled,  and  the  authority  of  the  Mrilish  ci'own  (inally  established 
among  the  dissatislied  tn^ies. 

'i'lio  inscription  relates  to  these  eventii.  It  depicts  the  part  Uirne  in  this  confederate 
^var  by  the  Delawares  of  the  Muskingum,  under  the  conduct  of  the  noted  chief 
Wiiigenund. 

Number  1  represents  tlie  eldest  ami  main  biiinch  of  the  Delaware  trilu",  by  its 
ancient   symbol,  the  tnttnj-ic. 

Number  'J  is  the  ioieni.  or  armorial  b,iii:^i'  of  Wiimei.nnd,  denoting  liiiii  to  tie  the 
actor. 

Num!  i  I  is  the  sun.  The  ten  hori/o;i(.d  strokes  beneath  it  ("cnote  the  numlH'r  of 
war-partii's  in  which  this  chief  had  parli.'ipated. 

NnmlM'r  ■\  are  men's  scalps. 

'  .\nli!ri'l";.'i;i,  i.r  Mi»i'rlliiii.'i>iis  Tnirl.'*  ri'lalinK  to  Aiilii|iii(y ;  |mlii>hi''l  liy  tim  Sin-ii'ly  nf  Aiitii|Uarinii!t  of 
l...i„l..n.  Vol  \i.,  1T>^J,  \y.iff    iMI. 

4.') 


\  II 


:•■  'i 


i  '! 


!l 


I  u 


ij 


i 


!l!i 


be    > 


3ol 


I  N  T  !•;  I,  L  K  ('  T  UAL    < '  A  1'  A  (,'  1  T  V    A  N  1) 


!« 


fi' 


NmiiiIict  ■"),  womcM'f*  scalps. 

NiiiiiIm  r  (i.  mull'  jprisoiuM's. 

Niiiiilicr  7,  I'l'iiialc  [)ris<)iu'i's. 

NiiiiiImt  S.  a  small  fort  situated  on  tin.  haiiUs  of  Laki-  Immc.  wiiicli  was  taken  l>_\  iIk 
Inilians  in  I  Tiili.  I>v  a  surjui-^i'. 

Niunlicr '.•  ri'|H'i'srnts  tlic  lurt  at  Oclroit,  wliii-li.  in  ITii'!,  resisted  a  sicL'e  of  tliici 
Jiiontlis.  under  the  eoniniand  of  Major  (iladwvn. 

Niinilier  In  is  l'"ort  I'itt.  deiiott'd  liy  its  striKinij:  jiosition  on  the  estrenie  point  ol 


ami  at  the  eon 


hience  of  the  Aliejhanv  and  the  Mon 


oULialiela  incrs. 


Nninlier    II    denotes   the   inripient    tmvn    near  it.     The  eleven   crosses   or   fiirun 


arran 


ni'd   helow  the  tortoise,  denote  the  ninnher  of  pci'sens  w 


lo  were  either  killed  or 


taken  prisoners  hv  this  chief.  The  pris')ners  are  dislin^inished  from  the  slain  h\  thi 
liirnre  of  a  hall  or  circle  aliov(>  tiie  cross-IJLMire  denotinL;  a  head.  Tho>e  devices  willi 
out  this  circle  are  syndiois  of  the  slmi.  I'liit  four,  out  of  the  ele\t'n.  appear  to  ha\i 
men,  and  of  these,  two  were  rt'taineil  as  prisoni'rs.      It  aj)peais   that    but  Iw' 


been  wo 


of  tiie  si.\  men  \vere  led  into  capti\il\ .  The  twenty-three  nearly  \crtical  stroke^,  at 
the  liiot  ol'llie  insci'iption,  indieuto  the  strenirtii  of  the  (hicflain's  pai'ty.  The  inidina- 
.:i-"  ilie,  uiarclied  to  I'cneh  the  scene  of  conliict.  Tills  coni'M',  id 
i-itiiri  .  i'  ilie  trilie,  and  of  the  side  of  the  tree  chosen  to  depict  i*  \i,l-^ 
.\s      1      1.1    ihe   e\ideives  which   .-ilow  tlui   ol'der  anil  exactitude  of  tlliv-e 


tioii    denotes   til 


tile    actual    I  ( 
iiortiiw  aid. 
riiil.-     lb 
captuiv  I  -ij'  !■..! 

CXMCIIn        'ij'      \\' 

he   took       itliui 


il       r    I. •■on 


lin;,'  facts,  it  is  to  U;  oIisci'VimI  that  the  niiiuher  of  peisoiis 
■i.  !■!  iii'li  eNpedition  of  the  chief,  is  m'I  on  the  left  of  the  pictui'i'. 
;!'■'  '.aiholical  iiiarl^  ol'  the  e\|iedition.  Thus,  in  his  lir-!  \var-parl\. 
;     "    '!c'   second,  he  killed   one  man,  and  took  In--  scalp  —  the  ^iju  is 


deo-rapl 


li!      ei    one 


the   thin 


ille.l 


a    mall'   ami    lrm<ie.   a 


nd   U 


|irisoner;   in  the  liiuitli.  iie  too!<  a  male  |irisoner:   tiie   lilt! 


:      female 
:ie  accompli-lied  uolhili'j  ; 
Iietween  this  and  hi>   lle\l  e.Npeililion  some  \eais 
elapM'd.  as  denoted   lythe   space.      In    tip'  sesfntli.  he    took   a   feniale   luisoner;   the 


the  M\tli.  |i-    took  a  male  pri-one 


ei'jhlh.  lie  killeil  a  ma 


111 ;  the  ninth,  a  wmiian  ;  the  t<'nth.  ii  man. 


Ill  re  is  a  larje  aiuuniii   of  iiiform;ition  comcseil  hv  -"il  ssinholic  or  repre>eiitati\i 


character^ 


lis   inlerpretalioii  is  due  to  a  f"llo\\-tri!ie>iii  in   of  tlu' 


■•iiccessl'iil  warrioi 


ihe  ii(i|<  d  DIaware  cliirl'.  ('aplaiii  White  l\\  es  who  -.vas  aeipiaililcil  wilii  the  circiim- 
slaiiii-.  kiii'W  W'iiijeiiuii  I.  had  parlicipal.  1  in  ihe  iiicideiits  of  tin'  war.  and  was  \ull 
\i  i-rd  in  tlii^   mod.'   I  I    |iictoii  il  wriliiif 


T 


I.    as     delioti 


Ids    li.i\e    lieeii    "loULihl    loiwunl.   as    (leiiotiu;:;    a    stalling    iioint    in    tli 


llll|UIIA  . 

|i.      Vli.MuMH.WI   \. 


laiioii    of  the    liidi.an    trihes    for   their  tiead.  is   v.i'll 


'  Til.-  ini. 
.ji.lj,  I.I  r.\,r- 


i-t  •■{  iiii  ill  ■>i,-iii .  r  'I  i  I. 


11  I    1-   L'^i'll 


l.\  III. 


''V 


rk.       Il 


.1   flMllI    111,     VmI. 


Ill'   ilMllf.'  lll^it   lli.    I'UlU  u!   lllr    [H'lniill    iulilKl    1-    lu\rl.-i   !        .V.'i    till.-'    I.itilll    i>  llll-  ^Vllllml  ,i( 


CIl  A  l{  \«'Tr,lt    nl'    Til  K    I  N  l»l  A  N    it  ACK 


86fi 


known.      I'icty  and   iilli'clioii,  n'sj t    an 

liiliili 


MiiJcnilKl  inixlrs  (il  i)liiliiai'\  <'\liiliilii)n   in  ci 


1   rciiii  iiilirancc.  iMa\    lia\c  imiiT  iMistly  anil 
i\ili/.ii|  iil'i' ;   Im!  il  is  iint'sliiinalili'   if  tlicrc 


he  ninrc  sinccrily.  ninrc  Inu'  rc;.'rct,  nioic  unalUctcil   sorniw,  than  there  is  uflen  rmniil 
teemed  indiviihials  uf  tliese  r.iMipie  hands.      .\nd  if  there  he  imvlliinL'  saered. 


aniontr  c' 


'1 
iliiili'.  ami  leniiilalion   to  deuiadaliun.  as   liie\   Iimv 


III  a  lite  111  so  iniieli  cliaiiiic,  \iei<si 
HiitVered,  il  is  a  sentiment  (if  \eiieiatiiiii  I'ur  their  dead.  'I'his  is  a  |iiihlie  sentiment, 
which  ha.s  (ilteii  lieeii  evinced,  and  is  known  to  have  had  Inici'  when  liiey  ha\e  |iaiied 
willl  every  species  nl'  hllldcd  possessiiili.  and  even  teiritiiiy  culilaillill'i  llie  last  cher- 
ished   spdl   III"   their  simple   .sepulture.      In   siicli   cin     m-la s   they   have   nnir.i|-|iily 

solicited  mucii  i-ei;ard.  and  an  iindi-tnrhed  lepusc.  Inr  the  liuiie>  nl'  llieirdead  One 
of  tiie  ^;ie;il  merils  ascrihed  hy  the  moilern  Indians  \<>  tin'  era  nl'  the  I'lvncji  siiprein- 
iicv  in  the  hiiiil  is.  that  Krenciiiiieii  never  distnrhed  tise  plai'cs  ,,r  iheir  de:id.'  The 
ceini'leiies  of  the  Indian  dead  were  always  phiced  in  the  chiiiic-l  scenic  -iiu;ii,.ins 
their  vicinage  alli'i'deij  ;  —  on  snme  crdwnin^;  hill,  nr  ;:viitlc  eiiiiiien"c  in  a  secluded 
valle\  .  Aiivcr  .s_\  Ivan  sill's  were  ;ilwass  sidcclcd.  Their  lasle  in  liiis  ic-ipecl  has 
iil'len  Ikcii  iiiiticeil  Mini  admired.  Tlicy  were  delicielll  ill  niechaiiic.d  skill,  ill  wnixl 
and  slolle.  Iilll  tlie\  lia\e  raii'l\  heel  evieedeil.  pi'lhaps  never.  Ii\  ellMtic  tlilies.  ill 
llie  kind  care  and  dcceiil  eiiwrapiiu'iit  and  iiileinii'iil  ot' ihcir  d.  {•.•;i-ci|.      Ndlhiii'^  that 

the  (lend   posse-sed   has  I'Ver  hecll   ilecnicd    ti"i   \alllalile    III    he    inlenvd    willl    ihe    lii.dy. 

The  must  c'i>il\  dress.  Mi-ins.  nrnanieiits.  :ind  implements,  are  ilepn>iled  in  llie  'jiiiM'. 
Where  the  low  stale  III'  ihoe  ;Ml-  peniiilli'd  no  architeiiiiral  di~pla\  in  their  simple 
tniiihs  and  Imrk-ceiiiitaph-.  imthiii-  was  more  nalnral  than  thai  tiiey  shuiild  heap  piles 
111'  earth  liver  the  remains.  In  this  manner,  the  spot  eoiild  he  marked  and  kepi  in 
rememhrance  lull-  alter  their  Trail  memorials  iif  wnoil  and  hark,  with  their  pictorial 
devices,  had  pt'rished.  This,  it  is  tlimiLiht.  was  the  ori-iii  and  canse  nl'  hy  I'ar  the 
hiriiest  numher  nt'  the  miiiinds  and  harrows  which  extend  over  so  lai'L'e  an  area  nl"  the 

wcslerii  coiintr\.  and  which  have  I ii.  I'roni   time   tn   time,  the   Mihject   of  much,  and 

(niavweiiol  add '.'I  some  very  lam  il'ul  oli>er\  atimi.  Thai  reli,L;ions  riles  should  cniinecl 
ihemscUi^  Willi  these  rude  liiair-oleii.  and  iie  ell'ered  oil  their  sllllimils.  was  a  not  less 
natural  ihan  simple  jiroccs.  anion-  such  a  people.      It   caniiol  he  a  snhjcct  nl"  wninler. 

that,  willionl  ,1  revelallnn  nl'  the  •■more  pelfecl  way"  spoken  nl'  Ity  the  .\poslle.  these 
Irihes  should  coiuerl  llie  altars  ol'  r.-iiicmlirance  ol'  llieir  dead  into  allars  oC  propiiialmn 
\\><:  the  piosperitv  of  the  livim  The  mo>i  perlii^'iil  poiiil  ol'  the  impiiry  here  i-. 
wheiher.  in  tleir  eH'oii,  lo  perpeniatc  llie  memory  of    he   ii.ime  and  ads  of  the  dead. 

llir  |...i-.li.  tlir  i>lr..-i-:i],|,i.  iln|..  ll  I-.  llill  Uh  .|,c.il.-..l  li:.-  1..  .11  r.lliril  •!  Im  ill.'  nirlll  .\lij.'  i^  lli"  11. .1111  li. 
llii,  i|...!ii,.|,  .1.  U..I1II;;'   \  tr..-.  ^li'K,  i...:a'l,  "T  |.—'       'i'!i.    |.;iiiiili:ili..ii  in  ic'//i,  i»  llii'  |.|iir;il. 

Tlir  ^liik.  "i-  I;il.i.l:ii   )'»■.■.■  ..!'  " 1  -'I  :i<  'li'    11'  "l  "l' :>  L'cu.,  i-  :il-.  s..iii.  hiiM-  i  ;ili.  .1  ;iiiii:ilii.Mttiii.  "V  ;.r./v.  r 

shrL.  :i  iniii  »lii.li  li;i.-  l.i.u  111  ll,-.-  ..nl\  -ih.r  llii'  iiite..lii.ll..ii  ..f  ('liri-ii:iiiii v  'I'lii-  Iniii  i-  ill.].!!..!  i.iil\  i.. 
llio   <-|-..>s. 

'    ili-l..ri.:il   Mil. I    .-.  i.iilili,     ^k.'t.li.  ^   ,.!'   Nli.lii'.'iii        |l.l|-..il.   I^.;l        1  v. I    I'l'    'i'' 


I  ■        I 


I 


11 


!         ! 


!'         I 


3:.c 


1  N  T  K  L  I,  K  ("I"  t   A  I,    (•  A  1' A  ('  I  T  V    AND 


li 


tlu'v  may  not  in  soiiu'  ('asi'."  Iiiivt'  inscrilK'il   llicir  "  lii»'r(ii,'ly|iliii:.s"  (a.s  tlii'v  an'  iiii|in>- 


IM-ily 


CUlU'l 


am 


I  liK 


IIIVM   lipull    llll'lll 


Till*  iiioNt  ooiiiinon  and  Himplt'  nuidi-  ot'  (lie  (lir«|i()Mitioii  dI'  ii  <l('a(l  IhkIv  iuiioii^  tlioi^o 
trilioH,  wrtH,  oflor  wni|i|>inf,'  it  in  llio  Ih'hI  naiim-iitH,  to  inclitsc  it,  willi  every  atljinict 
nxMuorial,  in  oiitiT  wrapiMTs  nfukiiis  and  liai'k,  and.  if  iiussililc.  a  wtHidcn  mIicII,  \  arii>iisly 
made,  and  tlnis  to  inter  it.  Aim>n;i  tlio  Sitiux  and  wf.xttTn  ('lii|)|K'\vas.  after  the  liody 
linH  Ik'oii  wra])])ed  in  its  U-st  (dotlies  and  ornamonlH,  it  is  tlien  (ilaced  on  t\  sealt'old,  or 
in  a  tree,  where  it  lemains  nntil  tlie  lleHh  is  entindy  (h-ea^ed  ;  after  whieh  the  hones 
are  hnried.  and  the  f?rave-i)o>>ts  llxed.  At  tlie  head  of  the  j;ra\e  a  tahnhn'  piece  of 
eethir,  or  otlier  wood,  eailed  the  adjethiti}.'.  is  set.  'I'his  grave-lioard  contains  tlie 
syndH)iic  or  representative  li;.nn'es  whieli  record,  if  it  lie  a  warrior,  his  totem;  that  is 
to  say,  the  .-iyml)oi  of  liis  family,  or  snrnaine,  and  sutdi  aritiimelicai  or  otiier  devici'S 
as  ."erve  to  denote  liow  many  times  llie  deceased  has  lieen  in  war  parties,  and  how 
nnmy  .scalps  he  lias  taken  from  the  eniiny  ;  two  facts,  from  which  his  repntation  is 
to  1m' essentially  derived.  It  is  seldom  that  more  is  attiinptrd  in  the  way  of  inscriii- 
tion.  Often,  however,  distinguished  eiiiefs  lia\e  their  w  ar-liajr.  oi'.  ii;  modern  da\-, 
ensign  of  .Vmi'rican  I'aKric,  displayed  on  a  standard  at  the  head  of  their  graves. 


a  smal 


which  is  left  to  lly  over  the  deceased  till  it  is  wasted  liv  the  elements.  Scalps  of  their 
enemies,  feathers  of  the  liald  or  Mack  eagle,  the  swallow-tailed  falcon,  or  .some  carni- 
vorous liird,  are  also  placed,  in  such  instances,  on  the  ailjetlatig,  or  suspended,  with 
oll'crin'^s  of  various  kinds,  on  a  separate  stall',      lint  the  latter  are  super-additions  of  a 


relii 


.'ions  <diaracter,  and 


l.el 


on; 


to  the  class  of  the  ke-ke-vva-o-vvin-aii-ti 


(ante, 


>umiK-r 


4.)     'IMie  liuilding  of  a  fimeral  fnc  on  recent  graves,  is  also  a  rite  which  helongs  to  th 


consideration  of  theii 


reli 


faith 


The  following  ligures  (Plate  "ill)  will  convey  a  just  idea  of  this  ki.id  of  pietograpliie 


record. 


NundNi'  I  is  the  adjedatig  of  WnlHijeeg,  a  rtdi'lirated  wai'-ehief  anil  rider  of  his  trilie, 
who  died  on  l^ake  .Superior,  aliout  I  T'.Ki.  He  was  of  the  family  or  elan  ol'  thi'  iiddik, 
or  .American  reindeer.     This  fact  is  symUili/ed  liy  the  figure  of  tlii"  dei'r.     'I'he  leverse 


msitioii  denotes  death. 


11 


IS  own  iier.so 


inal 


laiiie.  winch  wa^ 


the  White  Fisher,  is  not 


noticed.  The  seven  transveisi'  marks  on  the  left  ileiiote  that  he  had  led  seven  war 
parlies.  The  threi'  perpendicular  lines  ixdow  the  totem,  represent  three  vMninds 
received  ill  liatlle.  The  figure  of  a  moo.se'>  head,  relates  to  a  des|iciale  eonllict  with 
an  enraged  animal  of  this  kind.  'I'he  sviiiliols  of  ihe  arrow  and  )iipe,  are  drawn  to 
indicate   his   inlliieiice   in   war  and  |ieace. 

.NuuiIkm'  -  is  the  record  of  a  hunter  of  the  .Miikviau  or  hear  cl.in,  who  had  Ih'cu  a 
ineiiilK'r  nf  three  .separate   war  parties. 

NumlM'r  .'!  represents  a  chii-f  who  vva.M  of  the  tortoise  totem,  ami  has  three  ni.'irks  of 

an    emhieni    of  death  ;    Ihe    totem   heini.'  drawn 


honor.     The  closed   cross    is    here 
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CHARACTER   OF   THE    INDIAN    RACE. 


357 


No.  4  is  the  record  of  a  noted  chief  ol"  the  St.  Mary'n  band,  called  Shin-ga-ba-was-sin, 
or  the  Image-stone,  who  died  on  Lake  Superior,  in  18:28.  lie  was  of  the  totem  of  the 
crane,  which  is  alone  figured.  Si.K  marks  of  honor  are  awarded  to  him  on  the  right, 
and  tiirec  on  the  left.  The  latter  represent  three  important  general  treaties  of  peace 
which  he  had  attended  iit  various  times.'  Among  the  former  marks  are  included  his 
presence  under  Tecumseh,  at  the  battle  of  Moraviantown,  where  he  lost  a  Ijrothor. 

A  few  years  ago,  Ba  bc-sa-kun-dib-a  (man  with  curled  hair),  the  ruling  chief  of 
Sandy  Lake  l)and,  on  the  Upper  Mississippi,  died  and  was  committed  to  his  grave, 
after  a  long  life  of  usefulness  and  honor,  lie  was  buried  on  a  conspicuous  elevation. 
on  the  east  bank  of  the  river,  where  his  grave,  and  tlie  ensign  which  waved  over  it, 
were  conspicuous  to  all  who  navigated  the  stream.  The  following  inscriptions, 
(Figure  5)  and  decorations,  were  set  up.     They  are  thus  explained : 

The  reversed  bird  denotes  his  family  name,  or  clan,  the  crano.  Four  transverse 
lines  above  it,  signify  that  he  had  killed  four  of  his  enemies  in  battle.  This  fact  was 
declared,  I  was  informed,  by  the  funeral  orator,  at  the  time  of  his  interment.  At  the 
same  moment,  the  orator  dedicated  the  ghosts  of  these  four  men,  who  had  been  killed 
by  him  in  battle,  and  presented  them  to  the  deceased  chief,  to  accompany  him  to  the 
land  of  spirits.  The  four  lines  to  the  right,  and  four  corresponding  lines  on  the  left 
of  these  central  marks,  represent  eight  eagles'  feathers,  and  are  commemorative  of  his 
bravery.  Eight  marks,  made  across  the  edge  of  the  inscription-board,  signify  that 
he  had  been  a  member  of  eight  war  parties.  The  nine  transverse  marks  below  the 
totem,  signify  that  the  orator  who  oificiated  at  the  funeral,  and  drew  the  inscription, 
had  participated  himself  in  nine  war  parties. 

Figure  6  is  a  grave-post  of  a  Dacota.  It  was  taken  in  a  grove  near  Fort  Snelling, 
about  seven  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Peters.  The  inscription  denotes,  that 
the  deceased  had  killed,  during  his  life,  seven  men,  five  women,  and  four  children. 
The  figures  being  represented  without  heads,  signify  that  they  were  slain. 


*  Thcso  trciitios,  nnd  liis  attonJiinec  at  tlipm,  are  facts  within  my  personal  knowledge.  They  wore  held 
at  Prairie  du  Chien  in  1825,  at  Fond  du  Lac  in  1820,  and  at  Buttes  des  Morts,  on  Vox  River,  in  1827, 
all  convened  under  the  auspices  of  the  American  Government. 


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358 


I N  T  E  L  L  E  C  'I'  L'  A  L   C  A  P  A  ( ;  1 1'  Y   A  N  D 


4.      K  F,  K  E?:XOWIN,    OK     II  I  KH  A  TIC    SiGNS    OF    THE     M  E  I)  A  W  I  N     AND 

J  E  E  S  U  K  A  W  I  N. 

Dcniiltioii  of  the  Ti'i'iiis  and  Principles  of  the  Meilawin  ami  the  Jeesukawiii ;  —  Their  Inniiciu'o  on 
the  general  Ineidents  of  Inilian  Society;  —  Thi.s  iMfliicnoc  exerted  liy  pictorial  Signs;  — 
Its  Application  through  the  Syndjolical  pictorial  Signs  of  the  Medawin  ;  —  The  division  of  the 
liatter,  into  the  Pure,  or  Original  Meda  and  the  AVabeno ;  —  Transcri]>t  of  au  Indian  Music 
Hoard;  —  Songs  and  Incantations,  dcpicteil  in  Miienionic  Signs;  —  Examples  of  the  Mcda, 
Ke-kee-no-win,  with  their  Interpretation. 

2.    Kkkkexowix. — Tliis  class  of  .signs  is  devutcd  to  the  forest  priesthood. 

There  are  two  institutions  among  the  North  American  Indians,  which  will  be  found 
to  jjcrvade  the  wliole  body  of  the  tribes  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  and  from 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  liowever  the  terms  by  which  they  are 
denoted  differ,  or  the  minor  rites  of  the  institutions  themselves  may  be  modified. 
They  are  called  in  the  language  from  which  wo  adopt  most  of  the  aboriginal  terms 
in  this  treatise,  the  Medtiwin,  and  the  Jeesukt'iwin.  In  other  terms,  they  are  the  art 
of  medical  magic,  and  of  prophecy.  Both  are  very  ancient  in  their  origin,  and  very 
generally  difluscd,  practised,  and  bel.  ved  in.  It  is  impt)ssible  duly  to  consider  the 
pictorial  art  as  existing  among  tiiem,  without  some  prior  notice  of  these  leading  and 
characteristic  institutions.  For,  a  very  large  jiroportion  of  botii  tlie  simple  represent- 
ative and  symbolic  signs  they  employ,  derive  their  force  and  significancy  from  the 
relation  they  bear  to  these  institutions. 

C.  The  term  meda,'  in  Ottowa  meta,  is  one  of  long  standing  in  their  vocabulary, 
although,  as  in  many  other  words,  its  vowel  sounds  have  probably  undergone  com- 
plete changes  in  ancient  periods,  wliile  the  consonants  m  and  d  have  been  interchanged 
according  to  the  generally  understood  laws  of  human  utterance.^  Its  original  signifi- 
cance is  obscured  by  its  present  application  to  medical  influences,  supposed  to  bo 
exercised  by  certain  mineral  or  animal  matter,  as  small  bits  of  metals,  bones,  feathers, 
and  other  objects  kept  in  the  arcanum  of  the  sacred  gush-ke-pe-tti-gun,  or  medicine- 
sack.  But  it  is  quite  obvious  that  no  physical  application  of  tlie.se  articles  is  even 
pretended  by  the  operators,  but  that  they  rely  wholly  on  a  subtle,  invisible,  necro- 
mantic influence,  to  bo  exerted  in  secret,  and  at  distant  as  well  as  contiguous  points. 
The  meda,  or  medawininee,  is  in  all  respects  a  magician.     He  is  distinct  from  the 

'  The  sound  of  the  c,  in  this  word,  is  long,  a.s  in  nie ;  of  a,  .as  heard  in  futi\ 

'  To  denote  how  these  changes  would  affect  the  sound,  the  following  niodific.-.tions  of  the  five  vowels  will 
Buffiee :  first  vowel  sound,  iiiata,  nicda,  niida,  inoda,  nuida;  second  vowel  sound,  uiata,  mate,  niadi,  niado,  inadu. 


U\^ 

ft 

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CHARACTER   OF   THE   INDIAN   RACE. 


SV.) 


muskekcwinineo,  or  medical  practitioner,  wlio  adniini.sters  both  liquid  and  dry  medicines, 
lileed.-i,  cups  with  a  horn,  and  operates  on  ulcers,  swellinffs,  and  fresh  wounds.  Tin; 
latter  takes  his  denomination  from  nui.s-ke-ke,  a  licpiid  dose.  The  former  from  mcda, 
a  mysterious  principle.  The  one  is  a  physician,  the  other  a  priest.  Meda  is  clearly 
a  verb,  which  is  shown  l)y  its  taking;  the  inflection  tchi,  to  form  a  substantive.  To 
meda,  is  therefore  to  perform  magic,  to  trick  by  magic.  iSIedawin  is  the  art  of  magic. 
Its  professors  are,  simply  and  definitely,  inagii  or  magicians.  Men  who  profess  this 
art  are  formed  into  societies,  or  associations.  They  are  admitted  by  a  pul>lic  cere- 
mony, after  having  been  instructed  in  private,  and  given  evidence  of  their  skill  or 
fitness.  There  is  no  order  of  descent.  The  thing  is  perfectly  voluntary.  Any  one 
may  become  a  follower  and  practisor  of  the  mcda.  All  that  is  necessary  is  to  adduce 
proofs  of  his  skill ;  but  it  results  that  none  but  those  possessed  of  somewhat  more 
than  the  ordinary  shrewdness,  art,  or  foresight,  either  assume  or  attain  eminence  in 
this  art. 

D.  The  art  of  prophecy,  or  the  Jeesukawin,  difiers  fi'on  the  medawin  in  its  being 
practised  alone,  by  distinct  and  solitary  individuals,  who  have  no  associates;  who  at 
least  do  not  exist,  and  are  never  known  as  societies.  Prophets  start  up  at  long 
intervals,  and  far  apart,  among  the  Indian  tribes.  They  profess  to  be  under  super- 
natural power,  and  to  be  filled  with  a  divine  alllatus.  It  is,  however,  an  art  resem- 
Ijling  that  of  the  meduwin,  and  founded  on  a  similar  principle  of  reliance,  dilTering 
chiefly  in  the  o/y'ivt  xoixjlit.  The  meta  seeks  to  pnipitlatc  events;  the  jossakeed  aims 
to  prcdkt  them.  Both  appeal  to  spirits  for  their  power.  Both  exhibit  material 
substances,  as  stufled  birds,  bones,  &c.  as  objects  by  or  through  which  the  secret 
energy  is  to  be  exercised.  The  general  modes  of  operation  are  similar,  but  vary. 
The  drum  is  used  in  both,  but  the  songs  and  incantations  difier.  The  rattle  is  con- 
fined to  the  ceremonies  of  the  meda  and  the  wabeno.  The  jossakeed  addresses 
himself  exclusively  to  the  Great  Spirit.'  Ilis  office,  and  his  mode  of  address,  arc 
regarded  with  greater  .solemnity  and  awe.  His  choruses  are  peculiar,  and  deemed  by 
the  people  to  carry  an  air  of  higher  reverence  and  devotion. 

To  Jee-suk-a,  is  to  prophesy.  The  Avord  is  a  verb,  and  can  be  conjugated  through 
the  ordinary  moods  and  tenses.  The  infinitive  is  converted  into  a  substantive  by 
adding  the  particle  ^oln.  It  is  often  prefixed  to  the  word  man,  making  the  sense 
prophecy-man,  a  vulgar  mode  of  using  the  principles  of  a  very  flexible  transpositive 
language.     The  term,  when  thus  compounded,  is  Jee-suk-a-win-in-ee. 

E.  There  is  a  third  form,  or  rather  a  modification  of  the  medawin,  which  I  have 
just  alluded  to.  It  is  the  Wabeno ;  a  term  denoting  a  kind  of  midnight  orgies,  which 
is  regarded  as  a  corruption  of  the  meda.     Its  rites  and  ceremonies  will  be  particularly 


'  Tiiis,  it  will  bo  recollected,  is  an  intlcfinitc  phrase.     It  may  equally  mean  the  great  GooJ,  or  great  IBad 
Spirit.     Tlio  latter  must,  as  a  general  rule,  bo  inferred,  when  the  term  gczlia  is  not  prefixed. 


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INTELLECTUAL   CAPACITY  AND 


noticed  horoal'tor.  Siiflicie'iit,  it  is  believed,  has  l)eon  advanced  to  show  tiio  influences 
which  are  exerted  by  these  two  leadiii<j;  institutions,  on  the  general  labors  and 
exertions  of  the  race,  ])oth  in  peace  and  war.  IIow  this  iniluence  is  exerted  througli 
the  art  of  fi;^urativc  and  sjnil)olic  signs  and  pictures,  so  as  to  bo  felt  and  understood 
in  the  remotest  part  of  the  tribe,  will  be  perceived  in  tlio  ensuing  examples. 

C.  Mr.DAWiN',  or  To  Mkda  : — To  exhil)it  the  power  of  the  operator,  or  ofTiciating 
priest,  in  the  curative  art,  an  elongated  lodge  is  expressly  erected  from  poles  and 
foliage  newly  cut,  and  particularly  prepared  fur  this  purpo.«e.  This  work  is  done  by 
assistants  of  the  society,  who  obey  specific  directions,  but  are  careful  to  exclude  such 
species  of  wood  or  shrubbery  as  may  bo  doomed  detrimental  to  the  patient.  The 
highest  importance  is  attached  to  this  particular,  as  well  as  to  other  minor  points,  in 
the  shape,  position,  or  interior  arrangements  of  the  lodge.  For  to  discover  any  over- 
sight of  this  kind  after  the  ceremony  is  past,  is  a  sufTicient,  and,  generally,  satisfactory 
cause  of  failure.  When  the  lodge  is  prepared,  the  master  of  the  ceremonies,  who  has 
been  applied  to  b^  the  relatives  of  a  sick  person,  proceeds  to  it,  taking  his  drum, 
rattles,  and  other  instruments  of  his  art.  lie  is  mot  l)y  other  members  of  the  medi'i 
wht)  have  boon  invited  to  be  present  and  participate  in  the  rites.  Having  gone 
through  some  of  the  j)roliminary  ceremonies,  and  chanted  some  of  the  songs,  the 
patient  is  introduced.  If  too  weak  to  walk,  the  individual  is  carried  in  on  a  bed  or 
])allft,  and  laid  down  in  the  designated  positicm.  The  exactness  and  order  which 
attend  every  movement,  is  one  of  its  peculiarities.  No  one  may  enter  who  has  not 
been  invited,  but  spectators  are  permitted  to  look  on  from  without.  Having  entered 
tho  arcanum,  and  all  being  seated,  a  mysterious  silence  is  observed  for  some  time. 
Importance  is  attached  to  the  course  of  the  winds,  the  state  of  the  clouds,  and  other 
phenomena  of  the  heavens ;  for  it  is  to  be  observed  that  these  ceremonies  are  conducted 
on  open  elevated  places,  and  the  lodge  is  built  without  a  roof,  so  that  the  minutest 
changes  can  be  observed.  It  is  a  fact  worthy  of  notice,  tliat  attempts  of  the  medas  to 
Ileal  the  sick  are  only  made  when  the  patients  have  been  given  over,  or  failed  to 
obtain  relief  from  the  muske-kc-win-in-ee,  or  jihysician.  If  success  crown  the  efTort, 
the  I)3'standers  are  ready  to  attribute  it  to  superhuman  power ;  and  if  lie  fail,  there  is 
the  less  ground  to  marvel  at  it,  and  the  friends  are  at  lea.st  satisfied  that  they  have 
done  all  in  their  power.  And  in  this  way  private  affection  is  soothed,  and  public 
opinion  satisfied.     Such   <ire  the  feelings  that  operate  in  an  Indian  village. 

Adini.«sious  to  the  society  of  the  Mcda  are  always  made  in  public,  with  every 
ceremonial  demonstration.  To  prepare  a  candidate  for  admission,  his  chief  reliance 
for  success  is  upon  his  early  dreams  and  fasts.  If  these  bode  good,  he  is  induced  to 
per.severe  in  his  preparations,  and  to  make  known  to  the  leading  men  of  the  institu- 
tion, from  time  to  time,  the  results.  If  those  are  approved,  he  is  further  prepared 
by  resorting  to  the  process  of  the  steam-bath.  In  this  situation  he  is  met  by  older 
profes.sors,   ,vbo  are  in  the  habit  of  here  exchanging  objects  of  supposed  magical  or 


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'I  I 


li'M 


I 


I;  J 


i  !|» 


I  ( 


b'-i!   :     IJ 


i'l 


a 


I  m 


III, 


lii 


li 


ill 


L  '«>: 


CHARACTKU   OK   T  II  K    INDIAN    HACK. 


861 


itipdiriniil  virtue.  Tlit'  ('Miuliiliilf  is  riiitlu'r  inidatcd  in  such  priiiii'  focrcts  as  aro 
dfi'ini'd  iiifiilliltlo  ill  tlie  lU'ts  of  liculin;;'  or  iiuiitiiiL:',  or  ivsiHtin;:'  (lie  powir  of  I'licliiint- 
meiit  or  witcliciiift  in  others.  Thi'  hitttT  is  iiiiown,  in  coinujon  piirliincc,  in  tho 
Indian  country,  a.s  tho  power  of  throwing,  or  resisting  the  power  to  throw,  Itiid 
lueilii'ine. 

I  had  observed  tho  oxiiihitions  of  the  Medawin.  and  thu  t'xaetness  and  studioiiH 
ceremony  witli  whieh  it.s  rites  were  performed,  in  iSliO,  in  the  region  of  fjaUe  Siiperii)i. 
and  dotcrminod  to  avail  my.self  of  the  advantages  of  my  olVuMal  ponition.  in  18'J'J, 
wlien  I  returned  aH  a  Government  Agent  for  the  tril)es,  to  maito  further  iiupiiries  into 
itH  principles  and  mode  of  proceeding.  And  for  tliis  purpose.  1  jiud  its  cereinonies 
repeati'ii,  in  my  ollice,  under  the  secrecy  of  closed  doors,  wilh  escry  iiumms  of  Idth 
correct  interpretation  and  of  recording  the  result.  I'rior  to  this  d'aiisacliou.  I  imd 
ohserveil,  in  the  hands  of  an  Indian  of  the  Ocljibwa  Irihe.  one  of  tiio>e  .s\  luholii; 
tablets  of  pictorial  notation,  which  liave  been  sometimes  called  Music  IJoanls,  from 
tiic  fact  of  their  devices  being  Kung  off,  by  tho  inilii  tod  of  tho  Moda  Society.  Thi.s 
constituted  the  object  of  the  e\planation,s,  which,  in  accordance  with  tho  positive 
requisitions  of  the  loader  of  the  Society,  and  three  other  initiates,  was  thus  ceremo- 
niously made.  The  following  plate,  51,  is  an  exact  fac  simile  of  it,  the  original 
tablet  having  been  run  by  Mr.  Peter  Mavoric  through  his  rolling  pro.^.s,  in  tho  city 
of  Now  York,  in  1825. 

It  is  to  those  liguros  that  the  term  Mnemonic  symbols  is  applied.  They  arc 
called  Nugamoon-un  by  the  natives,  that  is  to  say,  songs.  They  are  the  second  grade 
of  .symbolic  pictures  of  the  character  of  Ke-ke-no-win,  or  instructions.  They  arc 
merely  suggestive  to  tho  memory,  of  the  words  of  the  particular  song  or  chant,  of 
which  each  figure  is  the  typo.  The  words  of  these  songs  are  fixed,  ami  not  variable, 
as  well  as  tho  notes  to  which  they  aro  sung.  But  those  words,  to  1)0  repeated,  must 
have  been  previously  learned  by,  and  known  to,  tho  singer.  Otherwise,  altliough 
their  ideographic  character  and  value  would  be  a})paront,  and  would  not  be  mistaken, 
he  would  not  bo  able  to  sing  the  words  of  the  song.  Sounds  are  no  further  preserved 
by  these  mnemonic  signs,  than  is  incident,  more  or  less,  to  all  pure  figurative  or  repre- 
sentative pictures.  The  simple  figure  of  a  quadruped,  a  man  or  a  bird,  recalls  the 
iKniie  of  a  quadruped,  a  man  or  a  bii'd.  It  recalls  to  the  Indian's  mind  the  corre- 
sponding sounds,  in  his  vocabulary  of  awaysce,  inineo,  peuay.scc.  This  is  of  some 
value,  in  tho  interpretation  of  the  historical  inscriptions,  or  that  class  of  them,  for 
wliich  their  vocabulary  provides  tho  term  of  Muz-zin-au-bik-oan,  or  rock-writings.  It 
conveys  the  navies  of  tho  actors,  with  their  respective  tribes,  and  the  clans  or  loading 
families  of  the  tribes.  We  may  thus  recall  something  of  the  living  language  from 
the  oblivion  of  the  past,  by  the  pictorial  method.  Mnemonic  symbols  are  thus  at  tho 
threshold  of  the  hieroglyphic.  I  suspect  that  each  chant  has  a  key  symbol  and  that 
it  is  the  character  of  this  particular  symbol,  which  operates  to  direct  the  memory,  as  to 
46 


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! 

1 
i 

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1 

,    I 


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1  .: 


i  ! 


M 


U02 


INTKM-KC'I'I  Al,   ('  A  l'.\r  IT  V    A  N  l> 


\\l 


'ill 


n 


Ji^ 


t" 


{!'  i 


I    I 


.^    '' 


Hi  ' 


il 


^i 


^■::^-^'i 


iitijl 


^.1! 


i'  ! 


\ 


fc^i 


;;» 


till"  numlior.  lociilitv,  cnlor  of  |iii|ii'r  or  tvpr.  or  ntlicr  piiitiiulur  ciivmiifttanccH,  un  tliu 
pii^c  dl'  ii  |iriiiU'<l  liiM)k,  lire  Uiuiwn,  in  .'^oiiic  tMsc.t,  Id  icciiII,  or  fiuTfji/u  tliu  iiioinui'it'x 
of  Ifiinicrs. 

Tlic  IMiiti'  luiinlMT  "il.  fiiiUnu'i'M  two  piiil.x.  I.  'I'lu'  r<oiiirs  of  tin'  Mcilii  proiicr, 
wliicli  iiri'  ri'jiiinli'd  iis  luo.st  niicnMl.  'J,.  Sonus  of  tin-  Wiiln-no.  We  will  i-oninK'ncc 
witli  tlu'  fonncr.  wliich  consists  of  twenty-two  ki'}-HvnilK)ls,  donotin;?  tlii>  sainc  nniul»r 
of  iiii|t'|ii'ii(lrnt   cliiiiits. 

Fiunif  I.  A  nicilicinc  ioil;j;i'  iiiji'd  with  tlio  pirscnco  of  flio  Great  Spirit,  wlio.  it  is 
nlVirincd.  canii'  down  with  win.L's.  to  instruct  the  Imliiins  in  these  ceremonies.  Tho 
iiu'da,  or  priest,  sinjfs  — 

Moil  e  do 

We   fiuni   ijj; 

Ah  to  dnin  iiii< 

\e   we  ]icen  dt,'  Jiav.' 
The  (ir<'at   Spirit's  lodjic  —  yon   have  iicard  of  it.      1   will  enter  it. 

Wliile  tiiis  is  snni;.  and  i^ejieated.  the  priest  shakes  his  shi-slii-j.;wnn.  and  eaidi 
ineniher  of  the  society  holds  up  one  hand  in  a  l)e.seechin,j;  manner.  All  staml,  without 
dancinir.     The  drum  is  not  struck  durinj;  this  introductory  chant. 

Figure  L'.  A  candidate  for  admission  crowned  with  feathers,  and  holdiuir.  suspended 
to  his  arm.  an  olter->kin  pouch,  with  tlic  wind  ri'presented  as  liushiuLf  out  of  one  end. 
Mo  sini!s,  rcpi'atiiiM'  after  the  prie>l.  all  dauciu;.;'.  wilii  the  acconn)animent  of  the  diinii 
and  rattle : 

Ne  sail   moo  y.liui!; 

We   au   ne  na\' 

(>/,li    ke   liu;.'   i;t'   /e 

W'o  p:o  waum 

Ne   peen   de  j:ay. 
1   lia\('  always  loved   that   that    1   seel^.      1    no  into  the  new  f^reiMi   leaf  lodge. 

Kimiic  .")  marks  a  [lanse,  during  \vhicli  the  victuids  prepared  for  the  feast  are 
introduceil. 

Figure  (.  .V  man  holding  a  dish  in  his  hand,  and  decorated  with  magic  featliers  on 
his  w  rists,  indicating  his  character  as  master  of  the  least.     All  sing, 

Ne  man  tan 

0  ne  go 

Ne  kaun. 
I  .shall  give  \ou  a  share,  my  friend. 

Figure  5.  A  lodge  apart  from  tiiat  in  which  the  meda-men  are  a.ssomhled.  liaving  a 
vapor-hath  within  it.  The  older  men  go  into  this  lodge,  and  during  the  time  of  their 
taking  tho  hath,  or  immediately  preceding  it,  tell  each  other  certain  secrets  relative 


The  initial  k'ttor  of  each  line  is  printed  in  capitalK  to  fncilitate  the  reading. 


('  II  A  II  A  CT  !•:  U    (»  I'    r  il  K    I  N  l»  I  A  N    II  A  C  K 


:!il:l 


til  the  iirlH  thcv  t'm|ploy  in  tlic  .Mfd.iwiii,  'riic  ^i\  liciivy  iiiiirkM  iil  llic  top  i,\'  tin- 
itxlfj;!'  iiKJiciitt?  the  .stciim  I'scuiiiri^,'  iVinii  the  l);itli.  'riicic  iii'c  tlnvc  orilcrH  of  mcii  in 
thin  HiK'icty,  calliil  I.  iiumIu;  li.  (miii^'.-iiiaii ;  and  .!.  o'.^cimiii.  Ami  it  in  in  tlicsc  Hccrct 
cxiiliiuigi's  III'  iirtx,  (ir  rntlicr  llu'  (•uiiiiniiniciitioii  tif  inikiiowii  M'crclM  Ircjni  (lie  liii^hcr 
til  till'  idwi'P  lU'ili'i'M,  tlmt  tlii'y  an-  I'Xiilti'd  iVom  ihic  tn  iimilju'r  di'^ici'. 

'I'lii'  prii'st  xiiiKs  id!  I'iilli)win;j;  mid  liiMtiiij,'  tiiiu"  tin  tlu'ir  druiiiH  witli  ^nndl  stii-ks, 
wliili'  tlii'y  iniivi'  round  tliu  lodno  with  a  mi'iisurod  trend; 


W 


I'  p'  wiiurn 


ocM  ill'  fray 


Ki"  k 


aim 


iiiiiin 


[  gi)  into  tlu>  bath  —  I  M 


Sain   piim   aii   wan, 
ow  my  hrolhiT  stroiif^. 


[•'iiinro  fi.  Till'  arm  ol'  liii'  prii'st.  or  masirr  of  ri'i'i'inoiiji's.  who  nindiicls  1 1 


II'  I'an- 


didati'.  rt'|in'.-;i 


nti'd 


III  coniici'lion   wi 


th  ti 


II'  iii'\t  li'^nrc 


Kigmv  7.  Thi'  piods,  or  |iri'si'iitH  uivi'ii,  as  a  Iri'  ol'  admissiun.  I>v  tiir  novitiati 


N 


I'   WI'  iiaii   iTWi'  no 


u-   WI'   liaii  ^'wr  111 
U)  f^a.   Ill'   kaiiii. 


1    wish   to  wrar  tliis.  my  father  —  my  iViend. 

Kigiire  S.  A  mi'dii-trcc.     Tlic  rci'iirvi'd  ])riiji'rtinii  from  the  trunk  donotea  the  root 
tliat  supplies  thu  nu'dicinc. 

All  n(i  i  an  iic  nny 


lie  I  an  ne  nay 


An 

I'a  /.liik  wan  koo/,  o 
Kc  mit  tig  o  me  mum 
Ko  we  taush  kow  an. 
What!    my  lite,  ni}'  siiifilc  tree!  —  wo  daiiee  around  yon. 
Kigiiro  !).   A  stiitll'd  erane-skin,  employi'd   as  a   medieii 


the  daiii'e,  plovor.s  and  otl 


le-Ma'.:'.  liy  sliakiiiLC  this  in 
ler  small  hiids  are  iiiadc.  liy  a  sleiuiit-uriiaiul  trickerv.  to 
jimi[i  out  of  it.  These,  the  novitiates  are  taught,  spring  from  the  liag  hv  the  strong 
power  of  nceroniancy  imparted  hy  the  skill  or  supernatiiral  power  of  the  oiierator. 
This  is  ■>ne  of  the  prime  arts  of  the  dance. 

Kill  gaii 
Wan  hum  au 
A  /.he  aun 
Kuu  zhe  go  wid 
A  /ho  aun. 
that  that  has  grown  —  I  wish  them  to  ap[)ear. 
in  the  supposed  circle  of  the  sky.     Represents  a  charmed 


I  wish  to  see  them  appear 
Figure  10.    An  arrow 


Ml 

C     T  I! 


Ill 


(I 


r 
I 

H 


I.!' 


I 


:  ji'L;i.j:i|f| 


I  ■ 


h  • 


i    I.     -I 


M      ,t 


■^'l, 

>,'*'* 


''■■'  i  til 


i5 


864 


INTELLECTUAL   CAPACITY   AND 


arrow,  which,  by  the  power  of  the  meda  of  the  person  owning  it,  is  capable  of  pene- 
trating the  entire  circle  of  the  sky,  and  accomplishing  the  object  for  which  it  is  shot 
out  from  the  bow. 

Au  neen,  a  zhe  me  go 

Me  day  we,  in  in  e  wau 

I.  e.  e.  mc  da,  me  gun  ee. 
What  are  you  saying,  you  mee  da  man  ?     This  —  this  is  the  meda  bone. 

Figure  11.  The  Ka  kaik,  a  species  of  small  hawk,  swift  of  wing,  and  capable  of 
flying  high  into  the  sky.  The  skin  of  this  bird  is  worn  round  the  necks  of  warriors 
going  into  battle. 

Ne  kaik-wy  on 

Tau  be  taib  way  we  turn. 
My  kite's  skin  is  fluttering. 

Figure  12.  The  sky,  or  celestial  hemisphere,  with  the  S3mbol  of  the  Great  Spirit 
looking  over  it.  A  Manito's  arm  is  raised  up  from  the  earth  in  a  supplicating  posture. 
Birds  of  good  omen  are  believed  to  be  in  the  sky. 

Ke  wee  tau  gee  '.hig 

Noan  dau  wa 

Mon  e  do. 
All  round  the  circle  of  the  sky  I  hear  the  Spirit's  voice. 

Figure  13.   The  next  figure  denotes  a  pause  in  the  ceremonies. 
Figure  14.   A  meda-tree.     The  idea  represented  is  a  tree  animated  by  magic  or 
spiritual  power. 

Wa  be  no 

Mit  tig  o 

Wa  be  no 

Mit  tig  o 

Ne  ne  mee 

Kau  go 

Ne  ne  mee 

Kau  go. 
The  Wabeno  tree — it  dances. 

Figure  15.     A  stick  used  to  beat  the  Ta-wo-e-gun  or  drum. 

Pa  ban  neen 

Wa  wa  seen 

Neen  bau  gi  e  gun. 
How  rings  aloud  the  drum-stick's  sound. 

Figure  16.  Half  of  the  celestial  liemispbere  —  an  Indian  walking  upon  it.  The 
idea  symbolized  is  the  sun  pursuing  his  diurnal  course  till  noon. 


CIIAKACTER  OF  THE   INDIAN   RACE.  SCf. 

Nan  baun 

A  gee  zhig  a 

Pe  moos  ail  tun  aun 

Geezh  ig. 
I  walk  upon  half  of  the  sky. 

Figure  17.  The  Great  Spirit  filling  all  space  with  his  beams,  and  enlightening  the 
world  by  the  halo  of  his  head.  He  is  here  depicted  as  the  god  of  thunder  and  light- 
ning. 

Ke  we  tau 

Gee  zhig 

Ka  te  kway 

Wc  te(^'m  aun. 
I  sound  all  round  the  sky,  tliat  they  can  hear  me. 
Figure  18.    The  Ta-ware-gun,  or  single-headed  drum. 

Ke  gau  tay 

Be  tow  an 

Noen  in  tay  way  e  gun. 
You  shall  hear  the  sound  of  my  Ta-wa-e-gun. 

Figure  19.  The  Ta-wa-e-gonse,  or  tambourine,  ornamented  with  feathers,  and  a 
wing,  indicative  of  its  being  prepared  for  a  sacred  u.sc. 

Kee  nees  o  tau  nay 

In  ta_\'  way  e  gun. 
Do  you  understand  my  drum  ? 

Figure  20.  A  raven.  The  skin  and  feathers  of  this  bird  are  worn  as  head  orna- 
ments. 

Kau  gau  ge  wau 

In  way  aun 

Way  me  gwun  e  aun. 
I  sing  the  raven  that  has  brave  feathers. 

Figure  21.  A  crow,  the  wings  and  head  of  which  are  worn  as  a  head-dress. 

In  daun  daig  o 

In  daun  daig  o 

Wy  aun 

Ne  ow  way. 
I  am  the  crow — I  am  the  crow — liis  skin  is  my  bodv. 

Figure  22.  A  medicine  lodge.  A  leader  or  master  of  the  Meda  society,  standing 
with  his  drum-stick  raised,  and  holding  in  his  hands  the  clouds  and  tiie  celestial 
hemisphere. 

Ne  peen  de  gay 
Ne  peen  de  gay 


w 

|; 

j, : 

'.'     ^ 

■       s    ^ 


U 


11 


ti 


m  s 


li 


11 


r  ' 


! 


1.! 


\     , 

■\',i  ■'^f  ■  - 

:   ; 

If           L 

.     if.         ■     ■    >!     . 

[   > 

'Ill    ':■ 

',  ' ) 

I  '            * 

y 


li.; 


ir 


E:t 


if 
if 

15 


866 


INTEIJ^KCTUAL    CAPACITY   AND 


Ko  wo  go  waiin 
Ko  wo  ge  wiuin. 
I  wish  to  go  into  your  lodgo — I  go  into  your  lodge. 

Tiio  ick'ii  of  the  sacrod  word  iModa,  wliicli  appears  to  he  made  proniinont  I)v  tliosc 
ciiants,  is  a  subtile  and  all-pervading  I'rincipU' of  Power  (whether  good,  or  merely  .lyvK^ 
])ower  is  not  establisiicd  by  an}'  allusions)  which  is  to  be  propitiated  by,  or  acted  on, 
tiirough  certain  animals,  or  plants,  or  mere  oljjeets  of  art,  and  thus  brought  under  the; 
control  of  the  Meda-nian.  (jr  necromancer.  JIo  exhibits  to  the  initiates  and  tlie  nieni- 
])ers  of  his  lodge  fraternit\',  a  series  of  boasting  and  symbolic  declamation.  This  cere- 
mony is  called  a  medicine  dance,  and  the  lodge  a  medicine  lodge.  But  the  Mord  nuis- 
ke-ke,  or  medicine,  docs  not  oc(;ur  in  it.  nor  is  there  any  allusion  to  the  healing  art, 
c:;cept  in  a  single  instance,  in  the  chant  No.  8.  in  which  the  term  •'  Vu  koozzo" 
occurs.  This  is  the  third  jjcrson  of  the  indicative,  he  (or  sliel,  sick.  The  operatoi's 
are  not  nnis-ke-ke-win-in-ee,  or  physicians,  but  Meda-win-in-oe,  that  is  Meda-mcn. 
They  assendjle,  not  to  leach  the  art  of  healing,  Init  the  art  of  supplicating  spirits. 
They  do  not  rely  on  i)hysica!,  but  supernatural  power.  It  is.  indeed,  a  perversion  of 
terms  to  call  the  institution  a  medicine  society.  Its  members  are  not  professors  of 
the  mus-ke-ke-win,  but  tlio  Mediiwin — not  medicine-men,  but  necromancers,  or  medi- 
cal mnirii. 


5.  Rites  .\ x d  Symbolic  Notation.s  of  the  Songs  of  the 

W  .V  li  E  N  0. 

I'iftoiial  Signs  iiscil  in  tlie  Society  of  the  Waljcno ;  —  A  Description  of  the  Cliaraeter  und  Objects 
of  tills  Institution;  —  Etymology  of  the  term; — The  Season  favorable  for  this,  and  otlier 
Cei-emoniiil  obsoi-vances  ;  — ^'icissitu(les  of  Indian  Life  ;  — Falliicy  of  the  Indian  Theology  ; — 
Intci-pretatioii  of  the  Pictorial  Mnemonic  Signs  of  the  Wabeno,  with  the  text  of  tlie  Nuga- 
moon-un;  —  Synoptical  Table,  showing  the  Ideographic  value  of  the  Symbols. 

E.  W.\i!Exo. — It  has  been  stated  that  this  institution  among  our  Indians  is  a  modi- 
fication of  the  ceremonies  of  the  Meda.  It  is  stated  by  judicious  persons  among  tiiein- 
sches  to  be  of  modern  origin.  They  regard  it  as  a  degraded  form  of  the  mysteries  of 
the  -Minla,  which,  according  to  Pottawatomie  tradition  (page  317),  •were  introduced  by 
the  Manitoes  to  revive  Manabo/.ho  out  of  his  gloom,  on  account  of  the  death  of 
Chcbiabos.  It  permits  the  introduction  of  a  class  of  subject.s,  which  arc  studiously 
excluded  from  the  Jleda.  It  is  in  the  orgies  of  this  society  alone,  that  we  hoar  the  topic 
of  love  being  introduced.  Songs  of  love  mingle  in  its  mysteries,  and  arc  made  subjects 
of  mnemonic  record.  TJie  mysteries  of  this  institution  are  alway.s  conducted  at  night, 
and  never  by  day.     Many  of  the  deceptions  practised  in  the  exhibition  of  its  arts, 


CllAllACTKll   OV   THE    INDIAN    RACE. 


307 


(lorivo  tlioir  offi'cA  from  the  prcscnrc  ofchivkiK 


T 


neks  l)v 


fire  aro  (if  this  I'linractor. 


'I'lic  soiiikIh  of  its  or^ii'S  arc  often  lioMi'il  ut  vi'iy  lat(!  lioiirs;   and  if  the  sound  of  tlie 


Indian  ihuni  be  heard  after  niiihiiuht,  it  niav 


lUv  U 


iferred  witli  ceitaintv  to 


proceed  from  the  cirele  of  tlie  Walienoes.  The  term  Waheno  itself  is  a  derivative 
frt)m  Wabiui,  the  inorninjj;  lij;lit.  Its  orgies  are  jirotiacted  till  morning  dawn.  Men 
ol-the-Dawn,  is  a  free;  translation  of  the  term  in  its  plural  form. 

In  e.\hibitinj;  the  characters  of  the  jiictorial  art  as  applied  to  the  dances  and  songs 
of  the  Wabeno,  it  is  essential  to  exhibit  the  character  and  tcndenc\-  of  tiu,"  institution, 


as  based  on    Indian   manners  and   custom 


'r 


lere   is  s( 


)  little  trulv  known  on   th 


subject,  that  the  invi'stigation  is  not  deemed  out  of  place.      Almost  all   the 

of  tra 

gazed 


allusions 


■llei 


m  this  tonic  are  \imue,  and  its  ct'remonii 


)ken  of  as  thintrs  to  b^ 


mil  woni 


lered  at.      Writ(!i-s  seem  often  to  have  partaken  of  no  small  part  of  tl 


le 


spirit  of  mystery  whicdi  actuated  the  breasts  of  tiie  perfori 


n(>rs. 


The  .season  of  revelrv  and  dissiiiaiion  amoni. 


tl 


lese  tribes  is  that   which  follows  the 


termination 
are  (illed  ;  : 


of  til 


inter  and  siiriim-  hunts.     It  is  at  this  time  tiiat  the  huntei's  hand 


he  (luits  the  remote  lorests  wiierc 


ho   has  exerted  his  (■ 


lerii'ies 


in   th 


chase  to  visit  the  frontiers,  and  excdsange  his  sjvins  and  peltries  and  his  suirar  for  goods 
and  merchandise  of  American  or  J'liiropean  niamil'aclurc.  Means  are  thus  enjoyed 
which  he  cannot  as  well  coiiiinanil  at  any  other  season.     I>iit.  abo\'e  all.  this  is  the  por- 


coiiiinanil  at  any  other  season. 
tion  of  the  vcar  when  the  limitinir  ol' animals  must  be  disccintiniu'd.     It  is  tl 


le  season  o! 


re  pro 


duct 


KJll. 


SI 


iiiis  and  furs  are  now  out  of  season,  and.  if  boiiuht.  would  conimand 


no 


price.     Nature  her.self  pnjvides  for  this  repose  :   the  pelt   is  b 


tl 


ic  sKin. 


Bv  the  1st  of  .Iniie.  throuuhout  all  the  latit 


uiles  nortli  o 


th 


ar 


e  deserted,  an<l  the  var 


lotis 


band.s  of  hunters  are  found  to  be 


assem 


and   parts   from 
4'J^  the  forests 


bled 


I'oUlUl 


th 


frontier  forts  aiul  towns,  or  dispersed  alomj:  the  shores  of  the  lakes  and  ri\ers  in   their 


spe 
vicinity.     It  is  the  natural  carnival  of  the  tribes 


Tl 


le  \ouim'  amuse 


tl 


lemseU'e; 


sjiorts.  liall-phu 
th 


ana  danct 


Th 


d  tak 


)uns(d  on  tlu'ir  all'airs.      The  medi 


e  wauenoes.  a 


nd  jossakeeds.  e.xert  their  skill.      it  is  the  si 


lason  lor  least 


ill 


liearh 


are  ti\> 


po; 


sed  to  ri 


As  Ion 


means  last,  tlu>  round  ol'\isits  and  feastinu'  is  kept 


ip.     15y  a  peojile  who  are  habitually  prone  to  forget  the  past,  and 


are   tmmm 


dful 


the  fiiti 


tl 


le  cares  iind  hardships  of  the  hunter's 


lill"  are  no  lonuer  thnimht  of.      Th 


warmth  and  mildne.^s  of  the  season  is  a  })oweil'ul  incentive  to  these  jieriodical   indiil 


nences : 


ipat 


ion  is  a( 


Ided  to  sloth,  and  riot  to  indulgence.    So  completely  ah 


sorbinn'  are 


these  objects — so  fully  do  they  harmoni/.o  with  the  feedings,  wishes,  theology,  and  philo- 
soi)hy  of  the  Indian  mind,  that  the  hours  of  summer  may  be  said  to  slip  away  uiiper- 


ccived.  and  the  Indian  is  awakened  from  his  imaginarv  trance  a 


ttl 


le  oiieni 


nu'  of  autninn. 


by 


lor 


•;teru  calls  of  want  and  hunger.     He  now 


that  he  must  i\<'A\n  rouse  himself 


the  chase,  or  starve.  He  must  prepare  once  more  to  plunge  into  the  recesses  of 
thi;  forest,  or  submit  to  that  penury  and  degr;idation  which  i.s  the  |)rice  of  his  continu- 
ance within  the  settlements.     The  tempests  of  autumn,  which  begin  to  whistle  around 


)  I 


>■'' 


} 


i 


IM 


h 


Ii;i'    i- 


iv' 


■:t   i 


■ 

■  If.':      :! 

3G8 


INTELLECTUAL   CAPACITY   AND 


his  summer  wigwam,  are  no  surer  toi^ens  of  tlio  ice  aud  snows  which  will  L.  ck  up 
his  jiatii.  than  the  failure  of  all  his  means  are,  that  it  is  only  by  renewed  exertion, 
and  a  manly  resort  to  his  gun  aud  trap,  his  arrow  and  his  spear,  that  he  can  replace 
them.  Such  is  the  n)und  of  vicissitudes  of  Indian  life.  lie  labors  during  the  fall  and 
winter,  tiiat  he  may  enjoy  the  spring  and  summer.  He  accunuilates  nothing  but  his 
experience;  and  this  tells  him  that  life  is  a  round  of  severe  trials,  and  he  is  soonest 
happy  who  is  fust  relieved  of  it.  He  has  no  religion  to  inform  him  of  the  realities  of 
a  state  of  futurity;  aud  the  conse([uence  is  that  he  is  early  wearied  of  this  round 
of  severe  vicissitudes,  aud  is  ab.solutely  glad  when  the  hour  of  death  arrives. 

Tlu'  whole  tendency  of  the  Indian  secret  institutions  is  to  acquire  power,  through 
belief  in  a  nudtiplicity  of  s[)irits;  to  pry  into  futurity  l)y  this  means,  that  he  may 
provide  against  untoward  events ;  to  propitiate  the  class  of  benign  spirits,  that  he  may 
have  success  in  war,  in  hunting,  .and  in  the  medical  art;  or  by  acceptable  sacrifices, 
incantations,  and  songs,  to  the  class  of  malignant  spirits,  that  his  social  intercourse 
and  passions  may  have  free  scope.  It  is  to  the  latter  objects  that  the  as.soeiation  of 
the  wabeno  is  directed.  Full  examples  of  its  songs  and  ceremonies,  as  recorded  in 
the  pictorial  inscriptions,  will  be  submitted,  because,  without  such  testimony,  symbol 
upon  synd.)ol  and  song  upon  song,  tlie  actual  scope  and  purport  of  it,  and  its  important 
inlluence  upon  the  Indian  mind,  could  not  be  understood. 

Tiie  Ibilowing  eighteen  symbolic  signs,  constitute  part  No.  2  of  Plate  51.  It  is  to 
lie  remarked  that  the  order  of  tliese  figures  is  strictly  observed,  but  in  taking  impres- 
sions from  the  wooden  tablet  on  which  tliey  were  originally  cut,  the  plate  is  reversed. 
This  does  not  affect  the  numbers,  or  the  order  of  interpretation. 

Figure  1  represents  a  necromancer's  or  wabeno's  hand,  in  a  .supplicating  posture, 
hohling  a  lione.  Such  an  object  is  worn  as  a  charm  or  amulet,  in  a  belt  around  the 
body.  He  opens  the  rites  he  is  about  to  perform  with  an  address,  of  which  the 
following  is  a  translation : 

I  si)eak  to  the  Great  Spirit  to  save  my  life  by  this  token,  (the  bone,)  and  to  make 
it  ellicacious  for  my  preservation  and  success.  It  is  not  I  that  have  made  it,  but  thou, 
Great  Spirit,  who  hast  made  this  world,  and  all  things  in  it.  Hear  me,  and  sho>i 
pity  to  my  cry.     He  then  sings  — 

{Cahallatir  c/ioriin.)  Na  ha 

Yaw  ne 
Na  ha 
Yaw  ne 
Ning  o  sau  hau  wa  be  no. 
I  am  a  friend  of  the  wabeno. 

Figure  2.  Symbol  of  a  tree  which  is  supposed  to  emit  supernatural  sounds,  some- 
times like  a  great  gun,  and  is  thought  to  be  the  residence  of  a  spirit. 


If 

l,; 

1        'i 

Lx     , 

CHARACTER   OF  THE   INDIAN   RACE. 


369 


(Cabaluitic  vhorm.) 


(Repeat  and  tranHposc.) 


Hi  ail  liii 

Ge  lie  he 

He  he  ge 

Hi  au  ha 

Hi  ail  ge 
We  gau  bo  we  aun. 
I  (the  tree)  sound  for  my  life  as  I  «tand. 

The  drum  and  Hlio-.she-gwun  arc  used  while  these  chants  are  l)eing  sung  as  solos  by 
the  wabeno,  the  Indians,  in  the  mean  time,  sitting.  As  soon  as  they  are  linished,  they 
rise,  and  begin  to  dance. 

Figure  3.  A  wabeno  dog,  running  towards  iiis  master,  who  is  in  the  act  of  vomiting 
blood.     All  sing — 

In  dau  ge 
We  but  to 
Ne  ail  wee 
In  dau  ge 
We  l)ut  to 
Ne  au  wee. 
I  shall  run  to  liim — who  is  my  body. 

{Cabalistic  cJtorus.)  Hi  au  ha 
Ge  he  he 
He  he  ge 
Hi  au  ha 
Hi  au  ge. 
Figure  4.  A  sick  man  throwing  up  blood. 

In  gau  ge  we  na 
In  gau  ge  we  na 
Wa  be  no  nis  se  o  doan. 
I  struggle  for  life  —  Wabeno  kill  it. 

Figure  5.  The  Pipe.  The  idea  represented  i,s,  that  "bad  medicine"  has  been 
applied  to  the  pipe  — it  is  unsuspectingly  smoked  by  one  whom  the  owner  wishes  to 
injure.     The  smoke  enters  his  lungs  —  he  withers  up. 

Me  da  wug 
In  goos  au 
Op-wau  gun 
In  goos  au 
Way  me  gwun  id. 

Hi  au  ha,  &c. 
The  meda  I  fear  —  the  pipe  I  fear  —  that  has  feathers  on. 
Figure  6.  A  worm  called  MiJsa,  that  eats  decaying  wood,  making  a  sounding  noise 
47 


il 


I 


'I 


I 


U< !  h 


li' 


Mi 


In 


I 


It  I 


m 

i 

a'. 

1 

i; 

ffii'' 

WB' 

'•  w 

'    jm  ■ 

''  )R  -  ' 

'  ^5'(  ■- 

^     ' 

» [  1  i 

^11 

< 

870 


INTELLECTUAL  CArACITY  AND 


li     f 


At 


ii  ' 


l-v,    iT  I 


:'t: 


Wa  be  no 

Mi)  say 

Wi  ail* 

111  daii  Willi 

Mo  say 

Wi  an 

Mi)  say 

Wi  au 

No  ill  dau  wau. 

Hi  ail  Iia,  &c. 
The  MoHay's  skin  I  use  —  The  Mosay's  skin  I  use. 
Figure  7.  A  Wabeno  Spirit,  who  is  aildressed  for  aid. 

Aw  wa  uain 
Pan  lie  bow  id 
Wa  be  no 
Moil  e  do 
Pail  lie  bow  id 
Au  wa  iiaiii,  &c. 

Tli  au  ha,  &c. 
WIio  is  that,  standing  there  ?     A  wabeno  spirit,  standing  there  ! 

Figure  8.  An  Indian  hunter,  gifted  with  the  arts  of  the  Wabeno,  holding  a  bow 
and  arrow.     He  is  liungry  —  he  goes  out  to  hunt  —  lie  has  four  arrows.     lie  finds  a 
moose's  track,  and  observing  where  the  animal  has  urinated,  takes  some  of  the  urine 
and  after  mixing  his  medicines  in  it,  puts  some  of  it  upon  liis  arrow  and  fires  into  tiie 
track.     The  moose  is  seized  with  a  strangury,  and  falling  behind  his  companions  in 
consequence,  tlie  Indian  is  able  to  overtake  and  kill  him. 
{CalKilintic  choriw.)         Way  ha 
Way  ha 
Vau  hah 
Way  ha 

Was  sau  way  kum  ig 
A  null  ke  yaun. 

Way  ha,  &c. 
I  shoot  far  over  the  earth. 

Figure  0.  The  sign  symbolizing  the  Great  Spirit,  filling  the  sky  with  his  presence. 

A  ne  kwa 
Ge  bi  aun 
Ge  zhick 
0  wun 

Hi  au  ha,  &c. 
Where  I  sit,  my  head  points  to  the  centre  of  the  sky. 


I     :■ 


CHARACTER   OF  THE   INDIAN   RACE. 


371 


At   tliis  point  of  the  ceremonies  there    in  ii  pause.     The  wingcrf?  and  pcri'ornier.s 
having  completed  certain  evolntions  around  tlie  Meda  lodge,  ,sit  down.     After  a  time, 
they  arise,  and  resume  the  ceremonie.s,  dancing,  and  moving  about  the  lodge,  in  a 
certain  order,  while  they  Hing,  and  shake  their  shc-^ht-ywum,  or  rattles. 
Figure  10.  The  sky  with  clouds. 

Ah  no  kwnt 
I  a  ha 
Ah  no  kwnt 
Ge  zhig  o 
Neen  gee  ^hig  o 
Ah  no  kwnt. 

Hi  au  ha,  &c. 
The  cloud  that  is  in  my  sky  —  the  cloud  that  is  in  my  sky. 

Figure  11.  A  cloudy  sky,  with  a  fabulous  animal,  called  the  white  tiger,  with  a 
long  tail,  who  chases  the  clouds.  He  is  sometimes  represented  with  wings  from  the 
centre  of  his  back.     He  now  wishes  to  see  above  :  i.  e.,  to  peep  into  futurity. 

Ke  zhig 
0  wee 

Wa  bun  daun 

0  ho.  (Repeat  and  transpose.) 

Hi  au  ha,  &c. 
He  wi.fhcs  to  look  into  the  sky.     Into  the  sky  he  wishes  to  look. 

Figure  12.  A  wolf  called  Mohwlia.  He  is  depicted  with  horns  to  denote  power. 
The  idea  called  to  mind  by  this  figure  is  this, —  Meda-win,  or  mystic  medicine, 
has  been  put  on  the  head  and  tail  of  the  animal,  to  induce  him  in  hunt  for  the 
wnlu'no. 

Neen  gah  gee 
0  sau  go  to 

Ge  ha 
Mah  bah 

Moll  wha,  he  he  wau. 
Hi  an  ha,  &c. 
I  shall  hunt  the  prey.     This  wolf  of  mine. 

At  this  point  of  the  ceremonies  there  is  a  pause,  denoted  by  the  two  vertical  bars 
of  the  symbolic  inscription.     They  now  arise,  and  the  drum  and  dance  is  renewed. 

Figure  13.  The  Kanieu,  or  War  Eagle.  This  bird,  the  theory  affirms,  hovers  near 
the  fight,  and  eats  the  slain  as  soon  as  the  battle  is  ended.  His  feathers  indicate  the 
highest  honors,  when  worn  by  warriors. 

Tah  gee  zhig  ho     (Tah  is  imperative ;  Ho  calls  to  action.) 
Tah  gee  zhig  o 


J   > 


hi- 


I    v!l 


IT 


872 


INTELLECTIAL   CAPACITY   AND 


Pe  miy  sec  wug         (Plural  in  wug.) 
Tah  gf'c  zliig  ho. 

Hi  ail  liu,  &c. 
They  shall  gather  in  the  sky.     The  birds  shall  gather  in  the  sky. 

Figure  14.  A  lx)w  and  arrow.  Wlien  the  follower  of  these  arts  wishes  to  kill  a 
particular  animal,  a  grass  or  cloth  image  of  it  is  made,  and  hung  up  in  his  wigwam. 
After  repeating  the  following  incantation,  he  shoots  at  the  image.  If  he  drives  the 
arrow  into  it,  it  is  deemed  a  sign  that  the  animal  will  1x3  killed  next  day,  and  the 
arrow  iB  immediately  drawn  out  luid  burnt. 

Hi  nail  ka         (declaration.) 
Ne  ah  way 
Hi  nail  ka 

Ne  ah  way.        (Repeat  four  or  five  times.) 
See  how  I  fire ! 

Figure  15.  A  master  of  the  magical  or  Mcda  art  sitting  on  the  globe:  with  one 
hand  he  holds  the  sky  —  the  Ibrked  end  of  which,  as  delineated,  represents  a  cloud 
symlK)lically.'  He  is  drawing  down  knowledge  from  the  sky  for  the  lienefit  of  the 
human  race. 

Na  nau  liau  be 
S'a  nau  hau  be 
Gee  zhig  oom 
A  no  ()  maun. 
What  do  I  ,see?     What  do  I  see  ?     My  sky  that  I  am  pointing  to. 

Figure  IG.  The  sun  representing  the  Great  Spirit.  He  is  symbolized  as  looking 
down  upon  the  Indians,  and  is  pleased  to  behold  these  ceremonies. 

Tau  neen  a 
Wau  bum  a  un 
Tau  neen  a 
Wau  bum  a  un 
Kau  iiah  wau  bum  e  aun  a 
Kau  nail  wau  bum  e  aun  a. 
Why  do  you  look  at  me  ? 

Figure  17.  A  bow  and  arrow,  the  latter  directed  downward.  This  is  represented 
as  an  enchanted  bow.  There  is  a  po.st  in  the  centre  of  the  lodge,  and  five  pebbles 
lying  in  a  row.  The  Wabeno  aflects  to  shoot  through  four  of  them,  and  the  arrow 
sticks  in  the  fifth,  leaving  them  all  strung  upon  its  point. 


*:■! 


i 
ii 


'  This  drawing  is  found  grapbicilly  to  depict  the  leading  idea  einliiaccd  in  Isaiah  xl.  22.  See  Plate  T)!,  No. 
1.5.  The  same  verse  gives  the  leading  thought  of  a  curtained  sky,  represented  in  Figures  10  and  11  uf  the  same 
plate. 


"TT^W?"":!; 


It 


itlt 


II     I' 


1'^   Zi  I ' 


t!' 


t! 


i^ 


i^ 


\i 


o 
CO 


Jl 


I-    ill 


.1 

r 

1 

1 

"  i 


i  f 


\'v  fn< 

i ' 

t;  w 

^ 

i  ','■  hUb 

. 

;;    l.'IK 

■   J 

^      vilS 

"'  -'     i; 

l^Jji 

i^ 

!i  i 


i  > ;    I 


"I  ivj 


.ft 


(MIARACTKII    OK  T II  M    INIUAN    HACK. 


87!« 


VVll    ^11    Mllill 

All  wti  Main 

An  nil  kii  tiiin? 

(),"<  nin  t'l'M  I' 

Win  o  linn 

All  iin  kii  luin?         (Ucpoiit  tlirco  tIm«'H,) 
Wliy !    what  in  it  I  lun  lirin>,'  at.  on  tlio  frronnd?     It  was  |h«I(1)!cs   !  wax  lirinL?  at. 
Fij;nro  IH.  A  yonn^  man,  nmliT  tlic  cxciti'itu'nt  of  lovo,  with  TcathorH  on  liin  IumuI, 
and  a  drnrn  luid  drnni-wtick  in  hin  handn.     Ho  aHl'ctM  iiowur  to  intlnuncu  tho  object 
(if  bis  deHircH. 

Nnn  dan  wan  knin 

Ta  way  <•  ^'ini 

Nnn  dan  wan  knni 

Ta  way  ••  jj;nn 

A  /iiiin   wau  Unin  i^' 

in  dun  \\i\  we  tnni 

A  /.iiau  wau  Uuin  i]H 

In  dun  wa  wo  tnni. 

Fli.  an,  ha,  iScc. 
Hear  n>y  drum  —  hoar  my  drnin,  [thoujiii  you  be]  on  tlio  other  Hide  of  tho  earth,  hear 
uiy  drinii. 
Tims  far  there  is  very  little  to  draw  a  line  between  tho  prineiples  of  the  nieda  and 
wa))ono.  With  tho  exeeption  of  I'V're  IS,  liie  ^lenend  objeets  of  tiu-  Mi^ns  and 
ehaiitH  are  the  naini'.  The  .nun  i.s  employed  here,  as  there,  as  the  syndjol  of  the  (ii'eiit 
Spirit.  Tho  ideas  tiuit  are  entertained  of  this  S|>irit  are  to  be  diuwii  from  tiie  belief 
of  tho  wabeno,  that  ho  will  exert  his  [lower,  tlironuh  necromancy,  in  the  vejietable 
kingdom  (Figure  2),  and  among  tho  cla.ssos  of  animals  and  birds  (Figures  .'I,  (1.  II,  lli, 
l.'l),  that  he  will  endow  inanimate  objects  with  eipial  power  (Figures  ">,  II,  17),  and, 
finally,  that  ho  will  not  favor  tho  designs  of  men.  when  they  are  not  directed  to  right 
and  virtuous  objects.  This  is  clearly  the  province  a.><signed  by  Indian  belief  Ibr  tho 
antagonistioal  power  of  evil.  If  this  bo  not  donionology,  we  have  no  trno  conceptionH 
of  it.     But  we  introduce  some  further  illustrations. 

Plate  52  depicts  thirty  mnemonic  symbols  of  this  institution,  tran.scribed  trom  the 
reverse  of  the  tablet  which  yielded  Plate  ol. 

Figure  1  depicts  a  preliminary  chant.  Tho  figure  represents  a  lodge  i)ropared  ibr 
a  nocturnal  dance,  marked  with  seven  crosso.s,  to  denote  dead  bodies,  and  crowned 
with  a  magic  bono  and  feathers.  It  is  fancied  that  this  lodge  has  the  power  of  loco- 
motion, or  crawling  about.     The  owner,  and  inviter  of  the  guests,  sings  solus. 

Wa  be  no  (Wabeno.) 

IV  mo  da  (he  creep,  Ind.  mood.) 


I'' 


i!) 


i| 


i';i 


^i 


m  Sji  |!! 


im]  > 


'-, ;,;  a 


ii'i^^^ 


t  *> 


S    E  I 


I" 


■.^ 

'■', ! 
a 


1^1 


874 


INTELLECTUAL   CATACITY  AND 


No  wo  go  warn    (my  lodge.) 

Wa  bo  no 

Po  mo  da 

Nc  wo  go  wain. 

Hi,  ail,  ha 
Nhuh  e  way 
Nliuh  e  way. 
Ila!  ha!  huh!  huh!  huh! 
My  lotlgo  crawls  by  the  Wabeno's  power. 

Figure  2.  An  Indian  holding  a  snake  in  his  hand.  lie  has  boon  taken,  it  is  under- 
stood, underground  by  the  jwwer  of  medical  magic,  and  is  exhibited  as  a  triumph  of 
.skill. 

Ah  nau 
Muk  kuni  mig 
In  doan 
Do  naun 
Nau  muk 
Kum  mig. 

Hi,  au,  ha,  &c. 
Under  the  ground  I  have  taken  him. 

The  inscription  is  here  marked  by  a  bar,  indicating  a  pau.sc.  At  this  point  the 
■singing  Ix'comea  general,  and  the  dance  begins,  accompanied  with  the  ordinary  mu.sical 
instruments. 

Figure  3.  An  Indian  in  a  sitting  posture,  crowned  with  featiiors,  and  iiolding  out  a 
drum-stick. 

Gi  a  ncen  [Oin,  adverb  also.) 

Ne  wa  be  no 
Gi  a  ncen 
Ne  wa  be  no. 

Hi,  a,  ee,  &c.  {Repeat — Calxilistic.) 

T  too  am  a  Wabeno — I  t(M>  am  a  Wabeno. 

Figure  4.  A  spirit  dancing  on  the  half  of  the  sky.  The  horns  denote  either  a 
spirit,  or  a  wabeno  filled  with  a  spirit. 

Wa  Ijo  no 
Nau  ne  me  au 
Wa  bo  no 
Nau  ne  me  au. 

Hi,  a,  ee,  &c.  {Cal>aUntiic.) 

I  make  the  Wabenos  dance. 

Fgnre  ■').  A  magic  lx)no  doconitod  with  loathors.  Tliis  is  a  .synilH)l  indicative  of 
tlio  power  of  passing  tliroiigb  tlio  air.  as  if  witli  wings. 


'i 


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CHARACTER  OF   THE   INDIAN   RACE. 


375 


Kco  zhig 
Ee  mc 
In  ge 
Na  osh 
She  au. 

Hi!  a!  ec!  &c.         {Cabalktir.) 
The  sky !  the  sky  I  sail  upon ! 

Figure  6.  A  great  serpent,  called  gitchy  keenabic,  always  depicted,  as  in  this 
instance,  with  horns.     It  is  the  symbol  of  lite. 

Mon  e  do 
Wo  aun 
A  ko 

Wa  \x  no. 
Nuk  ka  yaun. 

Hi!  a!  &c. 
1  am  a  wabcno  spirit — this  is  my  work. 

Figure  7.  A  hunter,  with  a  Ixjw  and  arrow.  By  appealing  to  his  magical  arts  ho 
fancies  himself  able  to  see  animals  at  a  distance,  and  to  bring  them  into  his  path,  so 
that  he  can  kill  them.  In  all  this  ho  is  influenced  by  looking  at  his  secret  symbolical 
signs  or  markings. 

Nc  /how 
We  nuk 
Ka  yawn 
No  zhow 
We  nuk 
Ka  yawn. 

Hi!  a!  &c.         (Cabalistic.) 
I  work  with  two  bodies. 

Figure  8.    A  black  owl.     (Rara  avis.) 

Ko  ko  ko 

Au 
Ko  ko  ko 

Au 
Muk  ko  da 
Ko  ko  ko 
Au. 
Hi!  a!  haa!  &c.        [CahalMc.) 
The  owl  —  the  owl  —  the  great  black  owl. 

Figure  9.  A  wolf  standing  on  the  sky.  A  gill  is  sought.  This  is  the  syml)ol  of 
vigilance. 


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INTELLECTUAL  CAPACITY  AND 


In  (lau 

Na  wau 

In  dau 

Nun  do 

Na  wau. 

Hi!  e!  ha!  &c 

Let  ine  liiiut  for  it. 

Figaro  10.    Flames. 

Wau  nau  ko 

Na!  ha!  ha!     {CaMMc.) 
Wau  nau  ho 
Na!  ha!  ha! 
Burniuf!;  ilaine.s  —  Burning  flames. 

Figure  11.  Thin  figure  represents  a  foetus  half-grown  in  the  womb.  The  idea  of  its 
age  is  .'iyinboli/ed  ])y  its  having  but  one  wing.  The  singer  here  uses  a  mode  of 
phraseology  hy  which  he  conceals,  at  the  same  time  that  he  partly  reveals,  a  fact  in 
his  private  history  or  attachments. 

No  chau  nis 
Ne  chau  nis 
Ke  zhow  way 
Ne  min. 

Hi!  a!  &c. 
My  little  child  —  my  little  child,  I  show  you  pity. 

Figure  12.  A  tree,  suppcsed  to  be  animated  by  a  demon. 

Ki !  au  !  ge ! 
We  gau  bo 
We  aun 

Ki  au  ge,  we  gau  bo,  we  aun. 
Hi!  a!  &c. 
I  turn  round  in  standing. 

Figure  13.  A  female.  She  is  depicted  as  one  who  lias  rejected  the  addresses  of 
uuiny.  A  rejected  lover  procures  mystic  medicine,  and  applies  it  to  her  breasts  and 
the  soles  of  her  feet.  This  cau.ses  her  to  sleep,  during  which  he  makes  captive  of  her, 
and  carries  her  ofl'  to  the  woods. 

Wa  be  no  wau     (Wabeno-power.) 
Ne  augh  we  na     (Occult.) 

Nyah  eh  wa,  &c.     (Triumphant  chorus.) 
A  pause  in  the  ceremonies  is  denoted  by  bars  between  figures  LS  and  14. 
Figure  14.    A  Wabeno  spirit  of  the  air.     He  is  depicted  with  wings,  and  a  tail 
like  a  bird,  to  denote  his  power  in  the  air,  and  on  the  earth. 


CHARACTER  OF   THE   INDIAN   RACE. 


377 


\Va  be  no 

Ne  bow 

We  tall 

Wa  be  no 

Ne  bow 

We  tab. 
Wabcno,  let  us  stand. 

Figure  15.  An  anomalous  symbol  of  the  moon,  representing  a  great  wabeno  s\nv\i, 
whose  power  is  indicated  by  his  horns,  and  rays  depending  from  his  chin  like  a  beard. 
The  symbol  is  obscure. 

In  di  aun 

O  zhe  toan 

Neen  ah 

Ne  peek  wun  au. 
I  have  made  it — with  my  back. 

Figure  16.    A  Wabeno  bone  ornamented  similar  to  figures  1  and  5. 

In  ge 

We  nau  wau 

In  ge 

Wo  nau  wau. 
I  have  made  him  struggle  for  life. 

Figure  17.  A  tree  with  human  legs  and  feet.  A  symbol  of  the  power  of  the 
Wabeno  in  the  vegetable  kingdom. 

Wa  bun 

Ne  ge  kee 

We  gau  yaun. 
I  dance  till  daylight. 

Figure  18.  A  magic  bone.  By  this  sign  the  performer  boasts  of  supernatural 
power. 

Ke  we 

Gau  yaun 

Ke  we 

Gau  yaun. 
Dance  around,  ye ! 

Figure  19.    A  drum-stick.     The  symbol  of  a  co-laborer  in  the  art. 

Gi  a  neen 

In  gwis  say. 
And  I  too,  my  son. 

Figure  20.    A  Wabeno  with  one  horn,  holding  up  a  drum-stick.     This  figure  denotes 
a  newly  initiated  member. 
48 


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378  INTELLECTUAL   CArACITY  AND 

We  au  be  no  wid 

Nin  go  sail. 
lie  that  is  a  Wabeno,  I  fear. 

Figure  21.  A  lieadle.ss  man  standing  on  the  top  of  the  earth.  A  prime  symbol  of 
miraculous  power  and  boasting. 

Ke  ow 
We  naun 
Ke  ow 
We  naun. 
Your  body  I  make  go,  (alluding  to  figure  No.  1.) 

Figure  22.  A  tree  reat'hiug  up  to  the  are  of  the  sky.  He  symbolizes  the  great 
power  of  the  tree  to  whose  magic  jwwor  he  trusts. 

Ncem  bay 
Shau  ko  naun 
No  met  tig  oam. 
I  paint  my  tree  to  the  sky. 

Figure  2?>.    A  human  figure,  Avith  horns,  holding  a  club.    It  is  the  figure  of  a  Wabeno. 
Ilwee  o    (A  cabalistic  expression,  supposed  to  express  a  wish.) 
Gwis  say 
Ilwee  o 

Gwis  say.         (Four  repeats  and  chorus.) 
I  wish  a  son. 

Figure  24.  The /«/«)/(/rm^(/s  or  swallow-tailed  hawk,  called  8hau-shau-won-e-bee- 
sce,  a  bird  that  prey's  on  rejitiles.     It  is  an  emblem  of  power  in  war. 

Wa  be  no 

Ne  gee  zig  oom.         (Four  repeats  and  chorus.) 
My  Wabeno  sky. 

The  next  figure  of  vertical  lines  denotes  a  pause.  The  dancers  rest  and  then 
resume  the  dance. 

Figure  25.  A  master  of  the  Wabeno  society,  depicted  with  one  horn  reversed,  and 
a  single  arm.  The  idea  is,  that -with  but  one  arm  his  power  is  great.  Ilis  heart  is 
shown  to  denote  the  influence  of  the  Meda  on  it. 

Git  shoe 
Wa  be  no 
Ne  ow 

Hwee.         (Four  repeats  and  chorus.) 
My  body  is  a  great  Wabeno. 

Figure  26.    A  nondescript  bird  of  ill  omen. 

Nin  gAvis  say  to  kun 
Pe  mis  say  to  kun. 
My  son's  bone — The  walking  bone. 


CHARACTER  OF   THE   INDIAN   RACE. 


379 


Figuro  27.    A  liiiman  body  witli  the  licad  and  wings  of  a  bird. 

Ti  inn  ban  she  wng 

Ne  kdnn.        (Repeat  and  cliorus.) 
Tliey  will  fly  np,  my  friend. 

Figure  28.    Missi.ssay  —  a  tnrkey.     A  symbol  of  boasted  power  in  the  operator. 

Mississay'  in  dow  au 
Mississay'  in  dow  au. 
The  turkey  I  make  use  of 

Figure  29.    A  wolf     A  syniljol  of  assumed  power  to  search. 

Mull  May  Avau 
Hi  au  i  aun. 
I  have  a  wolf, —  a  wolf's  skin. 

Figuro  oO.    A  flying  li/.ard,  or  dragon  snake.     Ho  calls   in  question  the  power 
a.ssumed. 

Kan  wo  au  Mon  o  do 
Kan  wo  au  jMou  c  do 
Wa  be  no  Mon  e  do. 
There  is  no  spirit!     There  is  no  spirit!     AVabono  spirit. 
Figure  ."1.    A  Wabeno  porsonifiod  witli  the  power  of  flying. 

Wa.  ban   bun  o 

(<i{  shoe 
Wa  ban  bun  o 

Git  shoe 
Wa  bun  o,  ho ! 
Go  o/he  tone. 
Great  Wabeno!     Great  Wabono !     I  make  the  Wabeno. 

Here  is  another  pause  or  division  of  the  ceremonies,  and  songs. 
Figure  32.    A  pipe  of  coreniony.     Tiiis  is  the  emblem  of  peace.     The  operator 
smokes  it  to  propitiate  success. 

Au  noon  moetay  wan 

JIo  ne  do  wid 
Wa  bun  e  dun. 
What,  meda,  my  spirit  brother,  do  you  see  ? 

Figures  So,  34.  A  symbol  of  the  moon,  with  rays,  &c.    Represents  a  man  and  a  snake. 

Noan  dan  tib  bik 
Koot  die'  luiu  no  tau. 
In  the  night  I  come  to  harm  you. 
Figure  35.    A  Wabono.     This  is,  apparently,  a  symbol  of  the  sun. 

Wa  bun  oong 
Un  i  tau  tub  bo  aun. 
I  am  sitting  in  the  east. 


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INTELLECTUAL    CAPACITY    AND 


Figure  36.  A  dragon-wiiiged  serpent,  or  Gitdice  Kanaibik.  DonoteH  great  power 
over  life. 

Nc  ()\v  wav  ;  lie  kaim 
In  ge  we  now  waiiii. 
With  my  body,  brother,  I  shall  knoek  you  down. 

Figure  37.  A  wolf  depicted  with  a  ciiarnied  lieart.  to  denote  the  magic  power  of 
the  Meda. 

Niiigo  toiiee 
Muh  wliay 
Ow  wau. 
Run,  wolf — your  lx)dy's  mine. 

Figure  38.  A  magic  bone,  the  boasted  sj'mbol  of  necromantic  skill.  The  words 
accompanying  this  figure  were  not  given. 

The  following  synopsis,  referring  by  figures  to  the  hieroglyphic  devices,  exhibits  the 
words  of  the  chants  and  incantations  in  their  simplest  forms,  together  with  tiie  key- 
sign  or  ideographic  terms  of  pictorial  notation. 


Synopsis  of   Wabeno   Soxgs.  —  Pl.\te   52. 


('fi(uit,  or  Iiicaiitatiou. 


1.  My   lodge    crawls    by    the    Walicno 

power. 

2.  Under  the  ground  I  liave  taken  him. 

3.  I  too  am  a  Wabeiio. 

4.  I  make  the  Wabeno  dance. 


lutj-SipnhoI,  or  Ihor/nipJiir  (crin  of 
Notation. 


9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 


The  sky — the  sky  I  sail  upon. 

I  am  a  Wabeno  spirit  —  this  is  my 

work. 
I  work  with  two  bodies. 
The  owl !  the  owl !  the  black  owl ! 
Let  me  hunt  for  it. 
The  burning  ilames. 
My  little  child,  I  show  you  pity. 
I  turn  round  in  standing. 
The  Wabeno's  power. 
Wabeno,  let  us  stand. 
I  have  made  it  with  my  back. 


A  lodge  for  nocturnal  dances. 

A  man  holding  a  live  snake. 

Tiic  figure  of  a  man  sitting,  crowned  with 

feathers. 
A    man    standijig   on   half   the   celestial 

hemi.sphere. 
A  magic  lx)ne,  decorated  with  feathers. 
A  horned  serpent. 

A  hunter  witli  a  bow  and  arrow. 

An  owl. 

A  wolf  standing  on  tlie  sky. 

Flames. 

A  human  figure  with  one  wing. 

A  tree. 

A  female  figure. 

An  artificial  figure  representing  a  spirit. 

A  demoniacal  spirit. 


ClIARACTEU  OF  THE  INDIAN  RACE. 


381 


Chaut,  or  Incantation. 


Kcij-Sifmliol,  or  fi/roijrap/ilc  term  of 
Xotathni. 


10.  I  have  mado  Iiiin  struggle  for  life. 

17.  I  ilixnoo  till  ilay  light. 

1 S.  Daiu'o  around. 

1!).  Anil  I  too,  iny  son. 

20.  He  that  is  a  Wabcno  I  fear. 


21. 


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24. 
25. 

20. 
27. 

2S. 
29. 
30. 
31. 
32. 
33. 
.34. 
3o. 
30. 

n  "* 
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Your  body  I  make  go. 

I  paint  my  tree  to  the  sky. 

I  wish  a  .son. 

My  wal)eno  sky. 

My  Ijody  is  a  great  Waljciio. 

My  son's  bone — the  erawling  bone. 
They  will  lly  up,  my  friends. 

The  turkey  I  make  use  of. 

The  wolf's  skin  I  have. 

There  is  no  spirit  —  no  Wabeuo  si)irit. 

Great  Wabeno.    I  ntuke  the  Wabeno. 

What  spirit,  brother,  do  you  see  ? 

\   At  night  I  come  to  harm  you. 

I  am  sitting  in  the  East. 

With  my  meda,  brother,  I  shall  knock 

you  down. 
Run,  wolf!  your  body  's  mine. 


A  magic  bone  with  wings. 

A  tree  with  human  legs. 

A  miigic  I)one. 

A  drum-stiek. 

A  man  with  one  hoi-n,  holding  a  drum- 
stiek. 

A  headless  man  standing  on  the  sky,  de- 
picted with  a  charmed  heart. 

A  tree  reaching  the  supposed  arc  of  the 
sky. 

A  man,  depicted  witli  the  emblems  of 
l)ower. 

A  swallow-tailed  hawk. 

A  man,  de[)icted  with  one  arm,  and  one 
horn  reversed. 

A  nondescript  bird. 

A  human  body,  with  the  head  and  wings 
of  a  bird. 

A  turkey. 

A  wolf  ' 

A  Hying  li/anl. 

A  man  with  wings  and  horns. 

A  pipe. 

Symljol  of  the  moon. 

Syinbol  of  the  sun. 

A  monster  snake,  or  dragon. 

A  wolf,  depicted  with  a  charmed  heart. 
A  magic  bone. 


It  is  manifest  from  this  e.\amination,  that  there  is  no  clue  given  to  the  words 
of  these  chants,  except  that  resulting  from  the  power  of  association  of  ideas,  and 
that  the  words  must  have  been  committed  to  memoiy  befi.re  this  pictorial  record 
could  be  read,  or  sung.  As  an  aid  to  the  memory  of  the  Meda,  or  the  Wabeno, 
seated  in  a  large  assemblage,  and  surrounded  with  objects  suited  to  withdraw  his 
attention  from  the  chants,  and  weaken  his  verbal  memory,  such  in.scriptions  must  1)C 
of  high  use.  To  others,  besides  the  Medas,  Jossakeeds  and  Wabenos,  they  must 
present  only  such  general  ideographic  information  as  is  denoted  by  the  simple 
symbols,  or  representative  signs. 


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G.    SvMitoi,  s  or   lltrvi'iNfi    A  x  d   kkats   of   t  ii  i;   Chask, 


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Applieatiini  of  I'ictuiial  Churaclt'r.s  to  llic  Ail  of  IFiiiiliiir;  ami  tlic  Incidi'iits  (if  tlic  Chase.  —  Iii- 
lliicnco  (if  the  l>('li('f  in  the  Modiiwiii  (in  ciiilv  Hcliiciilidn  in  l''iiiont  Ails.  —  Examples  of  the 
Symbols  ami  Fijjiires  emjiloyed  for  tliis  purpose,  liy  the  'I'lilies  arouml  the  Sources  of  the 
Mississippi.  —  Mnemonic  Songs  of  the  .Mcila.  —  sung  prepiiratoiy  to  Hunting.  —  Further 
E.xainples  from  the  Upper  Missouri.  —  IJark  IJecord  (if  a  Cliief's  success  in  War  and  Hunting, 
Evidence  of  attem])ts  to  preserve  Iti'igraiiliical  Events,  In  I'ieture-Wriling. 

F.  Kkossawi.n,  oii  llrNTiNi;.  —  Tlic  .>^igiis  n.^^cd  in  tlie  ()iH'iKiratioii.s  lor,  aiul  in  tin? 
pursuit  of  the  clunsc,  iiro  tiic  Kckowin  niiil  tlie  Ki'kciiowiu,  tliat  is  to  xay,  a  niixtiirc 
of  Ijotli  the  f<iun)lo  ropiv.soiitativo  s<igiis  aiii^l  instnu'ticins,  and  .symbolic  .«igii8.  Tho  art 
oi"  liuiitiiig  irt  the  priiiiai'y  olijoct  of  a  iioii-agiiciiltiiral  pcHiplc,  and  all  tlu'so  insti- 
tutions aro  niadc  to  hcnd  and  conform  to  it.  Tiu'  t'aiTicst  rudiiiicntal  ait,  taught  tlio 
hiintci's  json,  is  the  use  of  the  liow  and  iirrow.  and  his  first  success  among  the 
))ii'd.s  and  smaller  animals,  wliicli  surround  his  father's  lodge,  is  hailed  its  an  omen  of 
his  futui'i'  trium|)h  in  the  chase.  And  liis  iudulgcnt  parents  always  prepare,  on  this 
occasion,  ;i  family  feast,  in  which  the  little  hird,  or  animal  hilled  by  the  tin^-  hunts- 
man, is  ostentatiously  displayed.  The  hoy  himself  is  placed  at  the  head  of  the  feast, 
and  his  mother  and  sisters  wtiit  upon  him,  and  dish  out  the  food,  with  a  truly 
oriental  formality.  The  skill  and  pride  of  manhood,  thus  early  fanned  into  life, 
is  fed  with  stronger  fuel,  as  ho  grows  up.  till  increase  of  strength,  and  knowledge  of 
the  woods  and  of  the  lial)its  of  the  animated  creation,  enal)le  him  to  bring  down  the 
deer,  to  capture  the  bear,  and  to  entrap  the  beaver.  That  the  Indian's  belief  in  the 
magiciil  power  of  the  meda,  iind  the  !irt  of  the  meda-wininee,  or  meda-men,  .'^hould  bo 
brought  to  bear  on  the  I)usiiicss  of  hunting,  may  naturally  be  inferred.  The  cerenKj- 
nies  which  the  lather  tulopts,  to  propitiati'  success,  the  son  imitates;  and,  long  before 
he  reaches  manhood,  he  esteems  these  ceremonies  of  the  hig'liest  importance.  The 
efficacy  of  the  difl'erent  baits  put  in  traps,  the  secret  virtues  and  power  of  certain 
•substances  carried  in  the  medicine-sack,  and  exhibited  in  the  .secret  arcanum  of 
the  moda's  and  jossakeed's  lodge,  are  objects  of  eager  and  earnest  attainment.  And 
no  small  part  of  the  time  the  hunter  devotes  to  ceremonial  rites,  is  given  up  to  this 
mystical  part  of  his  art. 

It  is  believed  that  these  secret  and  sacred  olijects  of  care,  i)reservcd  in  his  Skipeta- 
giin,  are  endowed  with  virtues  to  attract  animals  in  certain  ranges  of  coinitry,  to  which 
they  arr  willed  by  the  jossakeed.  An  arrow  touched  by  their  niagiciil  meduwin,  and 
afterwards  fired  into  the  frock  of  an  animal,  is  believed  to  arrest  his  course,  or  otiier- 
wise  alTcct  him  until  the  hunter  can  come  up.  A  similar  virtue  is  believed  to  l)e 
exerted,  if  but  the  figure  of  the  animal  sought  be  drawn  on  wood  or  bark,  and  after- 
wards submitted  to  the  efficacious  intliiences  of  the  magic  medicine,  and  the  ineanta- 


Ill- 

tlio 
tiio 
hvv 

till" 
mo 
art 

sti- 
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tlic 
of 
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its- 
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;,-v  T(^-^  -^r„r  ' 


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H  1  r  I  111%  '.      t    Sfli     IN     Ml    %  1  IMi 


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111 


(•HA  II  ACT  KU   OF  TIIK    INDIAN    HACK. 


3fl.1 


tiiiii.  Pictd^nipliM  of  Niicli  ili'iiwiiiKM  ar<>  IVi'iiiu'iilly  ciirricil  iiljoiit  by  tliu  liiint«'i',  to 
iiviiil  liiiiiricil'nr  tlicir  iiilliii'iicc,  or  of  llic  iiu'iiiim  hI'  lit'coiiiiiii:'  iikii'i'  iictli'i't  in  llio  iiiys- 
tical  art,  \ty  iiilcrcoinniuiiicatioii  with  oIIut  ami  ilintaiit  iniliaiis.  'I'li('.<«<>  ti^iircr* 
all"  olU'ii  (liavvii  OH  portuMo  olijirtM  ol'  liis  |)i(i|H'rt_v,  hikIi  an  iin|iIi>in('ntH  of  liiiiitii)K, 
i-aiun'M,  iiti'iiNilH,  or  roll.s  of  lodgo-hdrkH,  or  nlicatliiiij^.  So  Hiihtilt'  is  tin-  primipli'  of 
iiilliiciici'  cxt'itwl  by  tin-  Mcdawii;,'  or  iiiairii  tlfi'iiicd  to  Ik',  tliat  oiio  liiiiiti'r,  it  \n 
U'licvi'il,  can  wield  it  aj^ainst  aiiotlii-r,  and  thus  |iaraly/,i!  iiis  cxcrtiouH,  or  rcndrr  iiis 
woapons,  or  hi.-,  niiill  in  nsinu;  tlicni,  incllicacious.  Tlic  lojicrin  tliis  npccics  t)!'  witcli- 
(iral't,  among  id!  the  trilx's,  in  very  H'''"''''d-  I  liasc  never  limnd  any  e.\ce|)lionM 
anion^  them  as  wiiole  tril)eH.  I'artitMdar  prolessors  in  tlu'  arts  of  the  socileties  ol"  tiie 
.leesuUiiwin  and  Medawin.  are  Ijcjiescd  to  he  more  skilful  or  powerful  than  others; 
anil  nineli  of  the  native  ener^iies  of  the  Iti'd  men  is  wasted  and  paralyzed  liy  endeavors 
to  acipiire  skill  in  their  oecult  arts.  The  annexed  IVnres,  (I'late  M,)  arc  transcribed 
and  selected  from  separate  inscriptions  used  in  Inmtinji:,  thronfrhont  a  wide  range  of 
the  north-western  latitudes,  reaching-  from  St.  Mary's  at  the  foot  of  fiake  Superior,  to 
I{ed  Jfiver  and  the  plains  of  the  Saskatehewine. 

No.  1,  is  tlu^  figure  of  a  learner  in  the  .Meda.  lie  is  drawn  with  waved  lines  from 
each  car,  to  denote  hearing  or  attention.  His  heart  is  depicted  as  under  the  magic 
inlluenco.     He  sings  this  chant : — 

Shi  e  gwuh 

\e  no  no  nen  dum 

Ah  me 

Me  da  win  in  ne  wug 

Ne  kau  nng 

A  na  mud  ub  e  ynss. 
Now  I  111  ar  ii  from  the  Meda-men,  my  friends,  who  are  sitting  around. 

No.  'J,  is  a  compound  syndx)!,  denoting  a  beaver  in  the  act  of  swimming  down  a 
stream.  The  professor  of  the  art  aflects  to  have  power  from,  or  coincident  with  the 
rireat  Spirit.     lie  exclaims  — 

A  wa  nain 

Ha  mall  je  wung-a? 

Mo  ne  do 

O  l)c  nndi  j'c  wun-ga. 
Wiio  makes  this  river  to  flow  ?     The  Monedo,  he  makes  the  stream  to  tlow. 

No.  3,  depicts  a  Meda.  lie  is  about  to  open  his  performances,  and  appeals  to  the 
candor  and  sympathy  of  his  fellows. 

Kali  we  whaub  o  me  da 

Ne  kau  nug 

Need  juh 

Nish  e  nau  bu 


♦       I 


n 


384 


1  N  T  E  L  L  E  C  T  I'  A  L   V  A  V  A  C  I  'V  Y    AND 


I  ir ! 


m  l^ 


!  '  i 


I 


:  s^ 


.;  1 


V 


i»    :    J 


:M 


f  ■ 


i,U 


Hi  I 


!;  • 

if  ! 


if 


Kii  kc  ka  111'  iiu-  kwaiii 
No  kim  iiiijj;. 
Belu)ld  1110,  ili'ilas,  my  IVieials,     Unishoiiaiil)a,   (or  tlio  ooiuiiioii  pi'opU'.)     Qiu'stiou 
1110,  iny  IVioiRls. 
No.  4.    I)o|)iots  tlio  symbolical  union  of  a  Modawilli  a  liini.     Ho  nllbots  to  liavo  all 
sjiaco  at  liis  oonuuaml,  ami  to  bo  iriftod  witli  powors  ofsiiijoriiiitiiral  looomotiou. 

All  \va  iiaiii 
]?a  bah  mis  sand 
AVoon  jooli 
I'll  ish  on  an  ba  ? 
Who  makos  tho  rnislioiianba,  my  I'ollows.  walk  abimt? 

Ho  mils  o  wall 
Ha  l)aii  mo  sand 
Woo  joo  ha 
Unish  on  an  ba. 
Tlio  birds  thoy  iiiako  tho  I'liisboiianba.  my  lollows,  walk  about. 

Nnmbor  '),  Kopiosonts  tho  nnioii  of  a  bird  and  an  arrow,  by  a  bird's  body  with  an 
arrow's  hoad.     This  is  a  Ijoastfiil  symbol  lor  a  linntor.     He  boasts  in  those  word.s : — 

Noon 

Ba  ba  mis  sa  galin 
Nil!  ji'oatsh 
All   wai  see 
Noon  irah 
Kwa  tin  ah  wan. 
I  lly  at  will,  and  if  1  see  an  animal  I  can  shoot  him. 

This  comprohonds  one  of  the  oriirinal  Innitor's  ryuVtw,  or  barks  of  inscription,  with 
tho  text  of  the  mnomonic  chants.  In  tho  followiiis  synopsis  the  native  words  are 
omitted,  but  their  literal  import  is  given,  together  with  the  symbolic  value  of  the 
figures,  and  their  mnomonic  import.  Each  Mcda  sings  an  independent  verse. 
C).  I  sit  down  in  the  moda's  [ilacc  —  tho  Monedo  lodge.  (A  Meda  lodge.) 
7.  Two  days  must  you  fast,  my  friend  —  four  days  must  you  sit  still.  (Two  marks 
on  tho  breast,  and  four  across  the  legs,  denote  time.) 

S.  Cast  away  your  garments  —  throw  them  oft".     (He  boasts  of  magic  power.) 
'J.    I  am  loaded   with  gifts  —  1  sit  down  to  rest.     (The  position  denotes  rest,  the 
circle  over  the  head  a  load.) 

10.  Who  makos  tho  people  Avalk  to  feasts? — It  is  I.     (A  good  hunter,  denoted  hy 
a  bird  with  an  arrow's  hoad.) 

11.  1  shoot  your  heart !  wary  moose  !     I  hit  your  heart.     (A  moose  under  enchants 
mont.) 

I'J.   1  cause  myself  to  look  like  lire.      (A  bear  enchanted.) 


Ml 


CHARACTER   OF   THE   INDIAN   RACE. 


38.'^ 


13.  I  can  call  water  from  above  —  Iroiu  tlie  heavens  and  from  the  earth.  (Water 
Bymbolizcd  by  a  diwh  on  the  head,  tilled.) 

11.  I  have  caused  to  look  like  the  dead,  a  man  —  I  have  cau.scd  to  look  like  the 
dead,  a  woman  —  1  have  caused  to  look  like  the  dead,  a  child.  (Human  figure  with 
the  face  crossed.) 

15.  I  shine  by  night.     (Symbol  of  the  moon.) 

IG.  A  spirit  is  what  I  em[)loy.     (An  arrow.) 

17.  Can  any  animal  remain  longer  under  the  water  than  I?  I  am  a  beaver,  and 
can  keep  under  water  longer  than  any.     (A  beaver.) 

18.  To  myself  I  do  good  —  to  myself  (Abundance  of  goods  denoted  by  the  circle 
around  the  head,  and  the  square  to  represent  the  female  meda.) 

19.  1  hear  the  words  of  your  mouth,  you  are  an  evil  spirit.  (Hearing  denoted  by 
waving  lines.) 

20.  The  feather — the  feather  —  it  is  the  power.     (A  feather.) 

21.  I  'im  the  wild  cat  —  I  have  just  come  up  out  of  the  ground.  AVho  can  nuister 
tlie  wild  cat  ?     (A  panther,  or  wild  cat.) 

22.  A  beast!     What  beast  comes  calling  ?  —  It  is  a  deer  is  calling.     (A  deer.) 

23.  I  am  a  spirit !  what  I  have  1  give  to  you  in  your  heart.  (A  spirit  denoted  by 
rays  lVt)ni  the  head  —  a  meda  by  the  rattle.) 

24.  His  tongue,  exclaiming.  We  go!     A  bear  —  his  tongue!     (A  bear's  tongue.) 

25.  Your  own  tongue  kills  you  —  it  is  your  own.  J5itter  words  denoted  by  an  arrow 
pointed  towards  himself) 

2(1.  Anything  I  can  .shoot  with  this  medawin  —  even  a  dog.  I  can  kill  with  it. 
(A  dog.)  ' 

27.  What  makes  the  long  moon?   What!  I  know  not.     (A  crescent.) 

28.  1  shoot  thy  heart,  man.     (An  arrow  in  a  heart.) 

29.  I  can  kill  even  the  white  loon.     (An  arrow  in  a  loon.) 

30.  My  friends  —  my  friends  *  *  *  *.     (Male  figure.) 

31.  1  open  my  wolf-skin,  and  the  death-struggle  must  follow.      (A  bear.) 

32.  Now  1  wish  to  try  my  bird  —  once  it  liad  power.      (A  bird.) 

33.  I  can  kill  any  animal  because  thunder  helps  me.      (A  bird.) 

34.  I  am  rising.     (Symbol  of  the  sun.) 

35.  Who  is  a  spirit?  lie  that  walks  with  a  snake  —  walking  on  the  ground  —  he 
is  a  spirit.    (Human  tlgure  holding  a  serpent.) 

30.  Ho  sat  down,  the  great  Manabozho,  —  his  fire  burns  for  ever.  (ManalH)zlio 
seated.) 

37.  Tliough  you  speak  ill  of  me  —  it  is  above  where  my  friends  are.  (A  circle 
around  the  head  to  denote  the  influence  he  has  in  the  sky.) 

38.  I  walk  through  the  sky.     (Symbol  of  the  moon.) 

39.  I  think  you  enchant  with  the  We-ne-ze-bug-oan.      (A  plant.) 

49 


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It 


1 

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I*  ? 


i- 


386 


INTELLECTUAL   CAPACITY   AND 


40.  Now  I  have  somotliing  to  eat.     (Hand  to  moutli.) 

41.  Tlioiigli  lie  is  a  Monedo,  I  can  by  my  arts  take  his  body.  (An  arrow  suspended 
in  one  hand.) 

42.  Now  they  will  eat,  my  women!  —  Now  I  will  bid  them  eat.  (A  circle  around 
the  abdomen  to  denote  plenty.) 

43.  Come  up,  white  crow.     (A  crow.) 

44.  I  shrivel  your  heart  up — that  is  my  power.     (An  animal  transpierced.) 

45.  I  fill  my  kettle  for  the  spirit.     (A  lodge  and  kettle.) 

4G.  A  long  time  since  I  laid  myself  down  in  the  earth,  ye  were  spirits.  (A  square 
and  snake,  to  denote  his  residence  in  the  earth.) 

47.  I  open  you  for  a  bear.     (A  bear.) 

48.  A  dead  man's  skin — it  is  a  Monedo.  (Death  denoted  by  the  want  of  head  and 
hands.) 

49.  Were  she  on  a  distant  island,  I  could  make  her  swim  over.  (A  circle  to  denote 
an  island.) 

50.  What  is  this  I  employ  to  enchant?  snake-skins?     (A  snake.) 

51.  Serpents  are  my  friends.     (A  snake.) 

52.  I  come  up  from  below. — I  come  from  above.  —  I  see  the  Spirit.  —  I  sec  beavers. 
(Syiiil)ol  of  a  double  death's-head.) 

53.  I  can  make  an  east  wind  pass  over  the  ground.  (A  circle  with  three  lines  in 
the  direction  of  latitude,  and  two  marks  at  the  North  and  South,  in  the  phice  of  the 
poles.) 

In  these  devices,  one  of  the  most  remarkable  traits  to  bo  noticed,  is  tl)e  simplicity 
with  which  the  metapliorical  import  is  often  conveyed.  A  waving  lino  to  denote  air  in 
motion,  drawn  from  the  ear,  implies  hearing  or  attention.  To  double  the  sign  by 
embracing  both  ears,  is  full  or  perPjct  attention,  and  shows  the  devotion  of  the  listener. 
A  circle  drawn  around  the  body  at  the  abdomen,  denotes  full  means  of  subsistence  ; 
a  sitting  postm-e,  rest.  An  elliptical  line  aljout  the  shoidJers,  symbolizes  a  pack  or 
burthen,  and  implies  the  possession  of  goods.  If  a  square  be  drawn  to  include  the 
lower  limbs,  it  is  a  symbol  of  the  female  (joddiis  or  coat,  and  denotes  that  the  family 
also  are  provided  with  clothing.  A  dish,  or  semicircle,  filled  with  water  and  placed 
on  the  head,  denoted  by  short  dashes,  symbolizes  the  waters  of  the  clouds,  and  implies 
power  over  them.  A  circle  completely  surrounding  the  licad,  denotes  the  immersion 
of  it  in  the  sky,  and  implies  miraculous  influences.  A  lodge  and  a  kettle  represent 
the  preparation  for  a  feast.  A  man's  hand  lifted  to  his  mouth,  denotes  eating.  An 
arrow  synilx)lizes  the  direct  power  over  life. 

To  denote  the  magic  influence  of  the  Meda  over  the  animal  creation,  a  line  is  inva- 
riably drawn  in  the  figure  from  the  mouth  to  the  heart.  Power  over  man  is  sym- 
bolized in  the  same  manner.  The  heart  is  usually  represented  by  a  triangle,  some- 
times a  square,  and  sometimes  heart-shaped.     These  figures  are,  therefore,  homopha- 


'11 


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t'll  A11A(JTF,H   OF   THE    INDIAN    ItACK. 


:is7 


noiiH.  Tlio  liimiim  f'aco  crossfJ,  in  used  to  (Icnolc  tlic  power  of  \vitli(lrii\vin}r  lil'c. 
'IMic  sun  is  ro[)rcs{'iit('(l  as  a  rayoil  circle,  witii  soiiiicirclcs  at  two  opposite  sides,  in  tlie 
relative  place  of  Imiiian  ears  ;  the  moon,  in  the  ordinary  shape  of  llie  crescent.  Nif^dit, 
as  a  finely  crossed  or  barred  sun,  or  circle  with  human  le^s.  Vigilance,  speed,  and 
success  in  huntin;^,  are  symbolized  by  a  human  head  a|)pended  to  tiie  body  and 
stretched  -winj^s  of  a  bird.  If  it  be  intended  to  I'cpresent  superlative  skill,  th(! 
arrow  is  substituted  as  the  head  of  this  compoun<l  syndjolical  fif^ure.  An  arrow  held 
so  as  to  direct  the  point  inwards,  is  used  to  portray  the  seH'-actini.,'  ell'ect  ol'  sharp 
words.  The  serpent  appears  in  these  as  in  all  the  Indian  ])ictur(!-writin<r,  as  the 
emblem  of  power  and  subtilty.  It  is  the  prime  (i.qure  of  tlieir  inytliology,  their  super- 
stitions, and  their  reliij,ion. 

The  subjoined  figures,  (IMate  ol.)  numbered  from  1  to  17,  coin[>rise  a  pictorial 
record  of  a  chief's  success  in  Jnuiting  and  war,  with  tlie  means  lie  employed.  The)' 
are  derived  from  the  ])lains  of  tlie  upper  Missouri,  and  denote  some  peculiarities  in  tli(! 
natural  history  of  the  country,  with  sonio  slight  variations  in  tiie  style  of  drawing, 
but  none,  whatever,  in  the  general  principles  of  the  pictorial  art.  The  devices  evince 
the  .same  reliance  on  mystical  or  magical  intluences,  exerted  through  the  .skill  of  their 
Meda-men  ;  and  the  same  ready  resource  of  expressing  the  union  of  human  and  divine 
power  by  compound  signs. 

Ninnber  J  is  a  me<la.  That  fact  is  denoted  by  rays,  or  a  kind  of  symbolic  feathers 
from  the  head.  Number  2  is  the  (tcrijH  ih-i  r  sj>iitii/<iri<i,  or  sbov(d-iiosc(l  sturgeon,  a  fish 
peculiar  to  the  turbid  waters  of  tlH>  South-west.  Nuinb(n'  :!  depicts  a  fort.  Number 
4,  a  plant  of  medicinal  value.  Number  o,  u  nieda  holding  a  charmed  [jipe  with 
feathers.  It  is  Number  1  in  a  new  attitude,  and  he  here  records  the  success  of  his 
various  efl'orts  in  hunting  and  in  war.  This  is  detailed  in  the  remaining  figures,  from 
G  to  17  inclusive.  No.  G.  drawn  with  an  an  arrow-point,  instead  of  a  head,  toaliuman 
body,  resting  on  the  symbol  li)r  goods  or  burthens,  implies  his  success  in  hunting,  to 
which  Number  7  is  auxiliary.  In  Number  8,  by  the  figure  of  the  war-club,  he  records 
his  skill  in  war.  In  Number  'J,  his  mystical  skipetagon  or  medicine-sack,  with  four 
magic  birds,  he  denotes  his  power;  and  in  the  complex  figure.  Number  10,  he  claims 
to  have  taken  the  lives  or  scalps  of  forty  men.  Number  11  is  a  minor  god  called 
Manito.se.  It  is  the  figure  of  an  insect.  In  12  and  l.'J  lie  shows  that  his  success 
over  the  bufl'alo  and  elk  was  owing  to  his  skill  in  the  meda.  In  Nunilier  14  he  re- 
appears, clothed  in  a  skin  of  a  bear,  as  an  exhibiter  of  necromantic  tricks,  and  the 
remaining  figures  15,  IG,  and  17,  the  beaver,  catfisli,  and  a  fabulous  animal  which  he 
depicts  as  having  qualities  of  the  brown  bear  and  the  hog,  are  dc[)icted  as  results  of 
his  efiiciency  in  the  assumed  character  of  the  bear.  The  symbol  Number  2  denotes 
liis  totem,  and  Nundjer  3  the  general  area  of  his  residence.  The  whole  inscription 
was  drawn  on  birch  bark,  in  which  form  it  could  be  circulated  and  read  off  or  inter- 
preted by  his  people.     To  each  figure  there  is  the  verse  of  a  song  of  skill  or  boasting. 


?i 


il    .  1 

MIti 


■1 1."; 


Hi"         (1  1 


888 


I N  T  E  L  I,  E  C  T  I'  A  Ti   ('  A  I'  A  V  I T  \   A  N  1) 


r     j: 


In  till'  next.  ])ictograi)li,  siinio  plat*',  tlio  iifiuri's,  ninnhorod  IVoni  18  to  37,  record 
another  example  of  this  rude  kind  of  jjietoriid  hiograpliy.  The  chief,  Nninhcr  IS, 
l)egins  his  eflbrts  in  lUsting  and  tears,  lie  represents  himself,  in  Nnndier  1!),  as  unit- 
ing the  speed  of  the  feathered  tribes  and  knowledge  of  the  sky  attributed  to  birds  with 
great  magic  power.  This  is  symbolized  by  the  leathers  which  take  the  place  of  a 
hunnm  head  on  the  figure,  li  represents  a  kind  of  I'alinlous  rei)tile  which  was  his 
totem  or  family  arms.  In  21  he  denotes  his  power  to  Ijc  derived  from  an  orbicular 
divinity,  who  is  commonly  called  Monedo  Ininees,  or  the  Little  Man  Spirit.  In  2'2  he 
unites  the  power  of  10  and  '20  with  the  skill  over  life,  denoted  l)y  the  arrow-head  in 
place  of  the  human.  By  2']  he  depicts  the  union  l)etwe'"M  the  Monedo  of  the  Stickle- 
back, drawn  with  a  hnnmn  heart,  and  himself,  and  in  24  '.jieats  his  power  over  and 
confidence  in  the  wisdom  of  birds,  before  shown  in  l!1.  In  25,  which  is  the  figure  of 
a  bird,  (his  mcda  shipetagon,  dei)icted  with  ears  and  an  ornamented  piix!-stem  from  its 
head.)  he  re-affirms  his  confidence  in  meda  arts.  2(1  is  the  bat,  an  animal  of  mystic 
power,  and  one  which  realizes  the  Indian  idea  of  a  supernatural  union  lx!tween  the 
human  species  and  a  beast  and  a  bird. 

Thus  far  his  boasting  is  without  results.  In  the  next  figure  (27)  be  apjiears 
fasting,  tears  dropping  from  his  eyes,  and  ho  now  kills  a  bear  (28).  His  general 
location  is  shown  by  29.  In  30,  he  shows  the  extraordinary  power  and  wisdom  of  the 
serpent,  in  prying  into  divine  alTairs.  The  heads  of  two  serpents  are  iherefore 
depicted  as  reaching  above  the  sky.  31  is  a  modified  form  of  20.  In  32,  having 
traits  of  a  quadruped,  a  bird  and  a  fish,  and  in  33,  a  turtle,  he  gives  further  proofs  of 
the  power  of  his  local  gods,  or  -^''ts.  There  is,  in  his  view,  reniarkaljle  success  both 
in  hunting  and  war.  But  he  now  apjjcars  in  the  character  of  a  pacificator,  extending 
the  ornamented  pipe-stem,  (35,)  and  smoking  the  pipe  of  peace  (34).  The  two 
remaining  signs  are  merely  suffixed.  30  denotes  the  distribution  of  presents,  and  •)7 
the  means  of  feasting,  the  result  of  a  public  negotiation. 


7.  The  Higher  J  e  e  s  u  k  a  w  i  n  ,  or  Sacred  Prophetic  Art. 


I.  ivi 


mm 


li 


if 


Pictorial  Devices  employed  in  eommunicating  the  Responses  of  the  Deity ;  —  The  Symbols  of  the 
Prophet  Chuseo; — Vision  of  Catherine,  the  Prophetess  of  Cheguimegon,  recorded  in  Symbolic 
Characters  ;  —  Narrative  of  the  Origin  of  these  Devices,  and  v,hy  adopted,  as  given  by  herself; 
— Visit  of  an  Orbicular  Spirit  to  the  Lodge  of  Fasting  ;  —  Results  of  the  first  Instance  of  the 
exercise  of  her  Art ;  —  Specimens  of  the  Hieratic  or  higher  Prophetic  Songs  ;  —  Hymns 
to  the  Sun. 

G.  Sacred  Jeesukam'in.  —  There  is  no  art  of  higher  pretensions  to  supernatural  or 
divine  power,  among  the  professors  of  the  Indian  mysteries,  than  those  which  are 
made  in  the  exhibitions  of  the  sacred  Jeesukdwin.     It  is  the  ancient  art  of  the  seer 


r  II  A  11  ACT  Ell   or   THE    INDIAN    RACE. 


880 


or  prophet,  which  ha.s  hccii  nuticod  as  o.xiMtiii^  11111011;;  till  thcsi-  triJM's.  from  the  earliest 
period  oC  tlieir  discovery.  To  jeesiiki'i,  in  tlu!  Iim^'iiiii^e  of  the  Odjiiiwiis,  is  to  niutter 
111-  [iccj).  The  woimI  is  taivcii  tVotn  the  iiltenuice  of  sounds  of  the*  hiiinim  Miice,  low  on 
the  f,n'ouiid.  This  is  the  position  in  whicli  the  response  is  made  liy  tlie  seer  or  pro- 
l)het,  who  is  called  jossakeed.  Powwow  was  a  term  of  precisidv  the  same  import,  used 
in  the  respective  eras  of  the  settlement  of  Virginia  and  of  Ni'W  Kii,i;land.  Kverv 
trihe  has  a  word  to  ilenote  the  same  act,  or  art,  and  this  term  is  inllected  or  varied 
according  to  the  princii)les  of  tiie  dill'erent  languages,  to  distinguish  the  actor  IVom  the 
act,  and  from  the  )>lace  of  the  act,  or  lodge.  Thus,  jeesnUa,  (to  projjhesy,)  in  the 
language  ahove  denoted,  it!  rendered  a  noun  hy  the  inllection  win,  making  jeesnkawin 
(prophecy).  To  denote  tht;  actor,  the  sound  of  the  letter  (/  is  added  to  the  llrst  per.son 
singular  of  the  inlinitive,  and,  hy  a  rule  of  the  permutation  of  the  vowids,  in  making 
nouns  personal  from  nouns  impersonal,  the  long  sounds  of  e  and  a  are  changi'd  to  o 
and  e,  making  jossakeed,  a  prophet  ov  seer.  To  descrilu!  the  lodge,  the  (list  iK'rson 
of  the  inlinitive  singular  is  inllected  hy  iin,  at  the  same  time  the  sound  ol' a  is  changed 
to  an,  rendering  the  word  jeesnkann  (a  ]M'oi)het's  lodge). 

To  prejiare  the  operator  in  these  m\steries,  for  answering  (piestions,  a  lodge  is 
erected  ))y  driving  stout  jioles,  or  saplings,  in  a  circle,  and  swathing  them  round 
tightly  from  the  ground  to  the  top  with  skins,  drawing  the  poles  closer  at  each  turn 
or  wind,  so  that  the  structure  represents  a  rather  acute  pyramid.  The  mimher 
of  poles  is  preserlhed  by  the  jossakeed,  and  the  kind  of  wood.  There  are,  some- 
times, perhaps  generall}',  ten  poles,  each  of  a  diiVerent  kind  of  wood.  When 
this  structure  has  been  liinslied,  tlie  operator  crawls  in,  by  forcing  his  way  under  the 
skin  at  the  ground,  taking  with  him  his  drum,  and  scarcely  anything  beside.  He 
begins  his  supi)lications  by  kneeling  and  bending  his  body  very  low,  so  as  almost  to 
touch  the  ground.  When  liis  incantations  and  songs  have  been  continued  the  re(|ui- 
site  time,  and  he  professes  to  have  called  around  him  the  spirits,  or  gods,  upon  w  hom 
he  relies,  he  announces  his  readiness  to  the  as.sembled  multitude  without,  to  give 
responses.  And  no  ancient  oracle  of  heathen  mysticism  —  not  even  "Diana  of  the 
Kphesians,"  ever  more  completely  riveted  the  popular  belief,  than  do  these  modern 
oracles  among  the  North  American  tribes. 

The  Ibllowing  pictographic  signs,  u.sed  in  this  art,  represented  in  Plate  49,  B,  com- 
])ri.se  the  spirits,  or  gods,  relied  upon  hy  a  noted  pro[)het  of  the  Ottowas,  called 
Chusco.'  They  were  drawn  on  paper  from  his  description,  at  a  period  when  he  had, 
in  his  own  words,  "  thrown  these  symbolic  devices  away,"  and  united  himself  to 
a  Christian  mission  church.  They  do  not,  therefore,  fully  show,  but  rather  imitate  the 
Indian  method  of  drawing,  are  not  intended  to  copy  it,  and  are  only  given  as  e.xhibit- 
ing  the  mode  of  denoting  power  or  divinity,     lie  w  as,  at  this  tune,  nearly  7t) ;  he  did 


'  A  term  derived  from  Wazhusk,  a  muskrat. 


I 


■    \ 


c :' 


'  \. 


■i.A.'' 


I ' 


I, 


h  I 


"•| 


II 


ji^ 


i 


Ml  I 


Hi  ^ 

i 


i 


f! 


ilrM     ^'^ 

1  ^:i ,     i^ 

I!  no 


I  N  T  E  L  L  R  (;  T  ('  A  L   0  A  1*  A  C  I'l'  Y   AN!) 


not  hesitate  to  doolnro  tlmt  lio  siippliciitod  tlic  grout  iinpcrsoniition  of  tlio  power  of 
Kvil,  ill  tlu>s(>  iii^storii'M ;  lie  wus  not  proHwd  for  tlio  iictiiiil  wonlrf  of  Iuh  sonf,'^,  and  ho 
dill  not,  vohintarily,  repeat  (liein. 

Nuniher  1  represents  the  turtle,  an  oljjeet  held  in  great  respeet,  in  all  Indian 
rt'iniiiiscenee.  It  is  believed  to  be,  in  all  eases,  a  symbol  of  the  earth,  and  is 
addressed  as  a  mother.  Number  2  is  the  swan,  a  liird  whose  noble  shape  and 
motions,  commend  it,  as  the  impersonation  of  a  spiritual  power.  The  woodpeeker 
(numlxT  ?k)  the  erow  (ninnljor  4,)  and  the  crane  (number  5,)  were  each  addressed  as 
objects  of  a  peculiar  and  Ixjnign  inlhience,  and,  with  the  two  preceding,  were  the 
objects  of  his  incantations  and  supplications.  The  figure  of  the  hand  (numlx!r  (l.)  is 
emblematic  of  the  pro[)hetic.  art.  Half-Circles  denote  the  universality  of  the  power 
of  the  bird  or  animal  figured.  The  Iiulians  are  not  aetpiainted  with  the  true  ligiiro 
of  the  globe,  but  depict  the  sky  as  a  half-circle. 

Chusco  practi.sed  the  prophet's  art.  for  a  great  number  of  year.*»,  at  his  native  village 
of  L'Arbre  Croche,  on  Tjake  Michigan,  and  also  at  Michillimackinae,  where  he  died,  at 
an  advanced  age,  in  ISIIS.  There  also  came  to  reside  in  the  vicinity  of  the  latter 
place,  a  pi'oi)hetess,  from  Chegoimegon,  on  the  shores  ol'  Lake  Superior.  She  was  a 
descendant,  in  a  direct  line,  from  one  of  the  principal  ('hippewa  families  the  noted 
Wabojeeg,  wIkj  was  the  ruling  chief  in  that  quarter.  Pictorial  devices,  whicli  refer 
to  the  .leesukawin,  have  been  less  easily  accessible  than  any  oth^r  branch.  There 
is  a  i'eeliiig  of  saeredness  and  secrecy  connected  with  them,  which  prevents  their 
being  revealed,  even  to  the  uninitiated  Indians.  It  is  the  only  branch  of  their  art  of 
picture-writing,  which  is  withheld  from  common  u.se.  Signs  of  the  medawin,  and  the 
Wiibeno;  —  of  hunting,  sepulture,  war,  and  other  objects,  are  more  or  less  known  to 
all,  and  are  accessible  to  all.  who  are  admitted  to  the  secret  societies.  Ihit  the  pro- 
phetic art  exi.sts  by  itself.  It  is  exclu.Hive.  peculiar,  personally  experimental.  It  was 
owing  to  the  same  fact,  wliich  had  brought  Chusco  within  the  pale  of  inquiry,  that 
also  revealed  the  gods  of  0(;kk-wv-aii.s-(iqut-()-kw.\,  or  the  proi)hete.ss  of  Chegoimegon. 
She  had  felt  and  acknowledged  the  truth  of  the  exhortations  of  one  of  the  native 
preachers  from  the  shores  of  Lake  Ontario,  in  Canada,  the  noted  John  Sunday,  and 
had  united  herself  to  a  missionary  clnnrh.  At  tliis  period,  she  was  baptized, 
".r.d  subsequently  married  an  Indian  convert,  called  Walx)se,  or  the  Ilare,  on  which 
occasion  she  relinquished  her  former  name  of  Ogeewyahnoqnot  Okwa,  and  assumed 
that  of  Wabo.so. 

Plate  00  exhibits  the  gods  of  Catherine  Wabose,  as  drawn  by  heiffolf,  and  carefully 
transcribed  from  a  larger  sheet.  This  curious  pictograph  depicts  the  objects  of  a 
sacred  vision,  to  which  she  looks  back  as  the  date  of  her  revelations,  and  it  reveals, 
at  once,  a  singular  chapter  in  the  art  of  symbolic  writing,  and  of  Indian  superstitions. 
The  figures,  wliich  will  be  more  fully  explained  by  the  narrative  which  she  gave  of 
her  early  devotion  to  this  art,  are  as  follows  :    Number  2.   Ogcewyahnoquot  Okwa,  the 


I 


I ) 


\*'^ 


J 


I'- 

1. 1  - 


h. 


:| 


A 

l- 

1: 


M' 


•I 
I 


M 


■  !  i 

'  i 


i> 


m 


i 


II 


t'l 


i 

i 

if.|l; 


'I 


■    I 


1^  f 


l' 


M 


11 

'HI 

it 

1 

1: 

,1' 

. 

!;' 


(MIA  llAt'TKIl   Of   THK   INDIAN    HACK 


:!',»i 


I'l'DplictoNn,  Tlic  iniii'UH  lit  NuiiiImt  ;>  (Icnoti'  llic  iiiiinlicr  df  diivs  of  licr  iiiiliutnrv 
I'liNt,  tlif  (lay  of  ln'i-  viHioii  liciiiff  markctl  willi  a  cio^.'*.  NiimiIht  I  rfprcKcnls  tlu'  piitli 
of  Iht  m'fiul  vi,-*it.  NiiTiiln'r  (1,  the  iiKxm,  willi  ii  liimliciit  lliiiiit'.  NiiiiiIkt  !•.  tlif 
i'\frliiHtiii;j;  Htiiuilirifr  Wdinmi.  XiiiiiIht  lO,  tin-  liiltlc  .Miiii-«|iirit.  NiiiiiIkt  I1,((.-1iu- 
^VlUU'nt!e/,lli^,  or  tlio  brijj^lit  blue  nky.  NiiiiiIkt  l"J,  tlu' upper  Iii'iivciih.  NiiiiiIkt  I">, 
tlio  trial  of  [irickli'M.      NiiiiibiT   l.'i,  ii  Uiiiil  of  I'ubiiloiiH   lisli.       Niiiiiln'r  S,  tin'   sun. 


NiiiiilH'r  is, 


nil  or 


I'liiciilii 


H|pirit  ri 


(■Mcniltliiifi  a  tiyiii;^  \vo{mI pecker. 


N 


llllllH 


r  1!»  in  tiie 


nyiiiljol  of  liL-r  pre(<oiit  niiiiio.  Niiiiilu'r  -'>,  a  kiiul  of  tixji.  NmiilK'r  Iti,  a  h<yiiihol  of 
Imnii. 

(JtitlitTiiiu  WalKwe,  tiic  iiniiie  preCijfiireil  Ky  NiiiiilK'r  l'.',  was  still  lisiiii;  at  the  last 
necoimts.  Slu'  is  a  ti'inale  of  a  pood  natural  iiitelleet.  j:reat  slirewilness  of  observation, 
mid  some  powers  of  indiietioii  and  foreeast,  li\in,L^  amid  mixed  elans  wlio  are  not 
cliaraeteri/ed  by  eitlier.  She  was  far  superior,  in  tiiese  respeets.  to  the  ajred  Ottowii 
prophet,  Cliiiseo,  whose  secret  devices  are  triveii  above.  In  onler  to  uiulerstand  tiie 
force  and  character  of  her  delineations,  it  was  dooniod  iiiipoitant  to  ohtiiin  the  history 
of  the  o|)eralions  oi'  her  mind  under  the  inlhienee  of  her  priniiiry  periodical  fast. 
This  she  related  in  the  Indian  tonj;iie  to  Mrs.  Schoolcraft,  who  took  it  down  from  her 
lips  in  the  following  words.  The  niuiio  of  Catherine,  it  may  be  preinisud,  was  ;.'iveii 
to  her  on  her  being  ba[)tizcd  as  a  member  of  the  Methodist  (diiireh.  It  is  owing  to 
this  act,  indi-ed,  and  her  being  convinced  of  the  error  of  the  Jeesukuwin  in  all  its 
forms,  that  we  iiro  indebted  for  the  revelation  of  her  prophetical  experience. 

'•When  I  was  ii  girl,"  she  said,  "of  about  twolvu  or  thirteen  years  of  age,  my 
mother  told  me  to  look  out  liir  something  that  would  happen  to  me.  Acconlingly,  one 
morning  early,  in  the  middle  of  winter,  I  found  an  unusual  sign,  and  ran  olf  as  far 


from  the  lodire  as  I  could,  and  r 


emaiiK 


d  tl 


lere  un 


til  mv  mother  came  iind  found  me 


out.  She  knew  what  was  the  matter,  and  brought  me  nearer  to  the  family  lodge,  and 
hade  me  help  her  in  making  a  small  lodge  of  branches  of  the  spruce  tree.  She  told 
me  to  remain  there,  and  keep  away  from  every  one,  and,  as  a  diversion,  to  keep 
myself  employed  in  cliopi)iiig  wood,  and  that  she  woiilil  bring  me  plenty  of  preparetl 
bas.s-wood  bark  to  twist  into  twine.  She  told  me  she  would  come  to  see  me  in  two 
da^s,  and  that,  in  the  mean  time,  I  must  not  even  taste  snow. 

"  I  did  as  directed.  At  the  end  of  two  days  she  came  to  see  me.  I  thought  she 
would  surely  bring  me  something  to  cat,  but,  to  my  disappointment,  sbe  brought 
nothing.  1  sullered  more  from  thirst  than  hunger,  though  1  felt  my  stomach  gnawing. 
My  mother  sat  ipiietly  down  and  said,  (after  ascertaining  tiiat  I  had  not  tasted  any- 
thing, as  she  directed,)  '  My  child,  you  are  the  youngest  of  your  sisters,  and  none  are 
now  left  mc  of  all  my  sons  and  children,  but  you  four,'  alluding  to  her  two  elder 
sisters,  herself,  and  a  little  son,  still  a  mere  lad.  '  Who,' she  continued,  '  will  take 
care  of  us  poor  women?  Now,  my  daughter,  listen  to  me,  and  try  t(  obey.  IJIackeu 
your  face  and  fust  really,  that  the  Master  of  Life  may  have  piry  on  you  and  mc,  and 


1  ii 


■      t 


t: 


v-il 


Mliill    |; 


in  % 


■  ■  if 


i  l 


302 


INTELLECTUAL  CAPACITY   AND 


on  ii.s  alL  Do  not  in  the  loiist  deviate  from  my  comisels,  and  in  two  da^.s  more  T  will 
come  to  you.  lie  Mill  help  you,  if  you  are  doterniined  to  do  what  is  lij^ht,  and  toll 
me  whether  you  are  favored  or  not,  hy  the  true  (ireat  Spirit;  and  if  your  visions  are 
not  good,  reject  tiiem.'     So  .saying,  she  departed. 

'•  I  took  my  little  hatchet  and  cut  plenty  of  wood,  and  twi.sted  the  coi'd  that  was  to 
be  u.sed  in  .sewing  ap-puh-way-oon-un,  or  mats,  for  tiie  use  of  the  family,  dradually 
I  began  to  feel  less  appetite,  but  my  thirst  continued;  still  I  was  fearful  of  touching 
the  snow  to  allay  it,  by  sucking  it,  as  my  motlier  had  told  mo  that  if  I  did  so,  thougii 
secretly,  the  Great  Spirit  would  see  me,  and  the  lesser  spirits  also,  and  that  my  fasting 
would  be  of  no  use.  So  I  continued  to  fast  till  the  fourth  daj,  when  my  mother  ciiuie 
with  a  little  tin  dish,  and  filling  it  with  snow,  slic  came  to  my  lodge,  and  was  well 
pleased  to  find  that  I  had  followed  her  injunctions,  >'^lle  melted  the  snow,  and  told 
me  to  drink  it.  1  did  .«o,  and  felt  rel'reshed.  but  had  a  desire  for  more,  which  she  told 
me  would  not  do,  and  I  ct)ntented  myself  with  what  she  had  given  me.  !^he  again 
told  me  to  get  and  follow  a  good  vision ;  a  vision  that  might  not  oidy  do  us  good.  Iiut 
also  benefit  mankind,  if  I  could.  She  then  left  me,  and  for  two  days  she  did  not  come 
near  me.  nor  any  human  being,  and  I  was  left  to  my  own  rellectious.  The  night  of 
the  sixth  day  I  fancied  a  voice  called  to  me,  and  said,  '  Poor  child  !  T  ])ity  your  con- 
dition;  come,  you  are  invited  this  wa_\' ;'  and  I  thought  the  voice  proceeded  from  a 
certain  distance  from  my  lodge.  I  obeyed  the  summons,  and,  going  to  the  spot  from 
which  the  voice  came,  found  a  thin  shining  path,  like  a  silver  cord,  which  I  followed. 
It  led  straight  forward,  and,  it  .seemed,  upward  (No.  -"i).  After  going  a  short  distance, 
I  stood  still,  and  saw  on  my  right  hand  the  new  moon,  with  a  flame  rising  from  the 
top  like  a  candle,  which  threw  around  a  broad  light  (No.  Ct).  On  the  left  appeared 
the  sun,  near  the  point  of  its  setting  (No.  S).  I  went  on,  and  I  beheld  on  my  right 
the  lace  of  Kau-ge-gay-be-qna,  or  the  everlasting  standing  woman,  (No.  5.)  avIio  told 
me  her  name,  and  said  to  me,  '  I  give  you  my  name,  and  you  may  give  it  to  another. 
I  also  give  you  that  which  I  have,  life  everlasting.  I  give  you  hjiig  life  on  the  earth, 
and  skill  in  savuig  life  in  others.     Go,  you  are  called  on  high.' 

'■  I  went  on,  and  saw  a  man  standing,  with  a  large  circular  body,  and  rays  from  his 
head,  like  horns.  (No.  (5.)  He  said,  'Fear  not;  my  name  is  Monido-Wininees,  or  the 
Little  Man-spirit.  I  give  this  name  to  your  first  sou.  It  is  my  life.  Go  to  the  place 
you  are  called  to  visit.'  I  followed  the  path  till  I  could  see  that  it  led  up  to  an 
opening  in  the  sky.  when  1  heard  a  voice,  and  standing  still,  saw  the  figure  of  a  man 
standing  near  the  path,  whose  head  was  surrounded  with  a  brilliant  halo,  and  his 
breast  was  covered  with  srpiares.  (No.  11.)  lie  said  to  me,  '  Look  at  me;  my  name 
is  0-Shau-wau-e-goeghick,  or  the  Bright  Blue  Sky.  I  am  the  veil  that  covers  the 
opening  into  the  sky.  Stand  and  listen  to  me.  Do  not  be  afraid.  I  am  going  to 
endow  you  with  gifts  of  life,  and  put  you  in  array  that  you  inay  withstand  and 
endure.'      Immediately  I   saw   my.self  encircled   with   bright   points,  which   rested 


CHARACTER   OF   THE   INDIAN    RACE.  393 

against  me  like  needles,  but  g.avo  me  no  pain,  and  they  fell  at  my  feet.  (No.  9.) 
This  wa.s  repeated  several  times,  and  at  each  time  they  fell  to  the  ground.  He  said, 
'Wait,  and  do  not  fear,  till  I  have  said  and  done  all  I  am  about  to  do.'  I  then  ielt 
different  instruments,  first  like  awl.s,  and  tlien  like  nails,  stuck  into  my  llesh,  but 
neither  did  they  give  me  pain,  but,  like  the  needles,  fell  at  my  feet  as  often  as  they 
appeared.  He  then  said,  'That  is  good,'  meaning  my  trial  by  these  points;  -you  will 
see  length  of  days.  Advance  a  little  farther,'  said  he.  I  did  .«o,  and  stood  at  the 
commencement  of  the  opening.  «  You  have  arrived,'  .said  he,  '  at  the  limit  you  cannot 
pass.  I  give  you  my  name  ;  you  can  give  it  to  another.  Now,  return  !  Look  around 
yon.  There  is  a  conveyance  for  you.  (No.  13.)  Do  not  be  afraid  to  get  on  its  back, 
and  when  you  get  to  your  lodge,  you  must  take  that  whicli  sustains  the  human  body.' 
I  turned,  and  saw  a  kind  of  lish  swimming  in  tlie  air,  and  getting  upon  it  as  directed, 
was  carried  back  with  celerity,  my  hair  lloaling  l;eliind  me  in  the  air.  And  as  soon 
as  I  got  back,  my  vision  ceased. 

"  In  tiie  morning,  being  the  sixth  day  of  my  fa^t.  m\-  motlier  came  with  a  little  bit 
of  dried  t-.oat.  I5ut  such  was  my  sensitiveness  to  all  .•rounds,  and  my  increased  power 
of  scent,  prcdnced  by  fasting,  tiiat  before  she  came  in  sight  I  heard  her  while  a  great 
way  off;  and  when  she  came  in  1  could  not  bear  the  smell  of  the  fish,  or  herself 
either.  ,She  said,  'I  have  brought  something  for  you  to  eat,  only  a  mouthful,  to 
prevent  your  dying.'  She  prepared  to  cook  it,  but  I  said,  'Mother,  forbear,  I  do  not 
wish  to  eat  it  — the  smell  is  oflensive  to  me.'  She  accordingly  left  off  preparing  to 
cook  the  fish,  and  again  encouraged  me  to  persevere,  and  try  to  become  a  comfort  to 
her  in  her  old  ago  and  bereaved  state,  and  left  me. 

'•I  attempted  to  cut  wood  as  usual,  but  in  the  effort  I  fell  back  on  the  snow  from 
e.xhanstion,  and  lay  some  time ;  at  last  I  made  an  effort  and  rose,  and  went  to  my 
lodge  and  lay  down.  I  again  saw  the  vision,  and  each  person  who  had  before  spoken 
to  me,  and  heard  the  promises  of  different  kinds  made  to  me,  and  the  songs.  I  went 
the  same  path  which  I  had  pursued  before,  and  met  with  the  same  reception.  I  also 
had  another  vision,  ov  celestial  visit,  which  1  shall  presently  relate.  My  mother  came 
again  on  the  seventh  day,  and  brought  me  some  pounded  corn  boiled  in  snow  water, 
for,  she  said,  I  must  not  drink  water  from  lake  or  river.  After  taking  it  I  related  my 
vision  to  her.  She  said  it  was  good,  and  spoke  to  me  to  continue  my  fast  three  da\s 
longer.  I  did  so :  at  the  end  of  which  she  took  me  home,  and  made  a  feast  in  honor 
of  my  success,  and  invited  a  great  many  guests.  I  was  told  to  eat  sparingly,  and  to 
take  nothing  too  hearty  or  substantial ;  but  tliis  was  unnecessary,  for  my  abstinence 
had  made  my  senses  so  acute,  that  all  animal  food  had  a  gross  and  disagreeable  odor. 

"  After  the  seventh  day  of  my  fast,  (she  continued,)  while  I  was  lying  in  my  lodge, 

I  saw  a  dark  round  object  descending  from  the  sky,  like  a  round  stone,  and  enter  my 

lodge.     As  it  came  near  I  saw  that  it  had  small  feet  and  hands  like  a  human  body. 

It  spoke  to  me,  and  said,  '  I  give  you  the  gift  of  seeing  into  futuritv,  that  you  may 

50 


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394 


I  N  'r  E  L  L  E  C  T  U  A  h   CAT  A  G  I  T  Y    A  N  D 


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use  it  for  tlio  l)cm!lU  of  yuiirsolf  aiitl  tlic  Indians  —  your  rt'lutions  and  tribes-people.' 
It  tlicu  dei)arted,  but  as  it  wont  away  it  assumed  wings,  and  looked  to  luo  like  the 
red-beaded  woodpeeker  in  lligbt. 

'•  In  conseiiuence  of  being  thus  favored,  I  assumed  the  arts  of  the  Jeesukawin,  and  a 
propbetess,  but  never  those  of  a  Wabeuo.  Tlie  first  time  I  exercised  the  proplietical 
art  was  at  tiie  strong  and  repeated  solicitations  of  my  friends.  It  was  in  the  winter 
season,  and  they  were  then  encamped  west  of  the  Wisaeoda,  or  Brule  river  of  Lake 
Superior,  and  between  it  and  the  })lains  west.  There  were,  besides  my  mother's 
family  and  relatives,  a  considerable  number  of  families.  They  had  been  some  time  at 
the  ])lace,  and  were  near  starving,  as  they  could  fmd  no  game.  One  eveniug  the 
chief  of  the  party  came  into  my  mother's  lodge.  I  had  lain  down,  ami  was  supposed 
to  be  asleep,  and  he  requested  of  my  uiother  that  she  would  aWow  me  to  try  ni}-  skill 
to  relieve  them.  My  mother  spoke  to  me,  and  after  some  conversation,  she  gave  her 
consent.  I  told  them  to  build  the  Jir-'<uh--aiui,  or  prophet's  lodge,  xlromj,  and  gave 
particular  directions  for  it.  I  dii'i'cted  that  it  should  consist  of  ten  posts  or  saplings, 
eacli  of  a  dill'erent  kind  of  wood,  which  1  named.  When  it  was  (inished,  and  lightly 
wound  with  skins,  the  entire  populatiim  of  the  encampment  assembled  around  it,  and 
I  went  in.  taking  only  a  small  drum.  I  innnediately  knelt  down,  and  holding  my 
head  near  the  ground  in  a  position,  as  near  as  may  be,  j)rostrate,  began  beating  my 
drum,  and  reciting  my  songs  or  incantations.  The  lodge  commenced  shaking  violently, 
by  supernatural  means.  I  knew  this  by  the  compressed  current  of  air  above,  and  the 
noise  t)f  motion.  This  being  regarded  by  me  and  by  all  without  as  a  proof  of  the 
presence  of  tin'  s[)irits  I  consulted,  I  ceased  beating  and  singing,  a.j'i  v  still,  waiting 
for  (piestijus.   in   the  ])osition   I   had   at  first  assumed. 

'■  The  lirst  ipiestion  put  to  me  was   in   relation  to  the  game,  and  w      ;  \-as  to  be 

found.  The  response  was  given  l)y  the  orbicular  spirit,  who  had  api)eared  to  me.  lie 
said,  '  How  short-sighted  you  aiv !  If  you  will  go  in  a  )'v,s'<  direction  you  will  find 
game  in  abundance.'  Ne.xt  day  the  camp  was  broken  up,  and  they  all  moved  west- 
ward, the  hunters,  as  usual,  going  far  ahead.  They  hail  not  proceeded  far  beyond  the 
hounds  of  their  former  hunting  circle  when  they  came  upon  tracks  of  moose,  and  that 
day  they  killed  a  female,  and  two  young  moo.<e  nearly  full-grown.  The}-  pitched  their 
encampment  anew,  and  had  abundance  of  animal  food  in  this  new  position. 

"My  reputation  was  established  by  this  success,  and  I  was  afterwards  noted  in  the 
tribe  in  the  art  of  a  Meda-woman.  and  sung  the  songs  which  I  have  given  to  }()u. 
About  four  years  after,  I  was  married  to  0  Mush  Kow  Egeezhick,  or  the  Strong  Sky, 
who  was  a  very  active  and  successful  hunter,  and  kept  his  lodge  well  supplied  with 
food  ;  and  we  lived  happy.  After  I  hail  had  two  children,  a  girl  and  a  boy,  Ave  went 
out,  as  is  the  custom  of  the  Indians  in  the  spring,  to  vi.sit  the  white  settlements.  One 
night,  while  we  were  encam|)ed  at  the  head  of  the  portage  at  Pauwating,  (the  Fall.i 
of  St.  Mary's,)  angry  words  passed  between  my  husband  and  a  half-Frenchman  named 


i' 


CHARACTER   OF  THE   INDIAN   RACE. 


30'. 


Gaulticr,  ■who,  witli  liiri  two  cousins,  in  the  riinr.>^c  nl'  tlio  dispiito,  ih'pw  their  knives 
and  a  toiniihawU,  anil  stal.bed  and  cut  hini  in  tour  or  live  [)hiccs,  in  his  Itody,  head,  and 
thi^lis.  Tiiis  hapiH'iicd  tiic  lirst  year  tluit  the  Americans  canio  to  that  phice,  (iSlil!.) 
IIo  had  gone  out,  at  a  hile  hour  in  the  e\enin,^',  to  visit  tlie  tent  of  (laultier.  Having 
lx;eu  urged  })y  one  of  tlie  trader's  men  to  take  li({uor  that  e\-ening,  and  it  being  ah'eady 
hite,  I  desired  him  not  to  go,  but  to  defer  his  visit  till  next  ihiy;  and,  after  he  had 
left  the  lodge,  I  felt  a.  sudden  presentiment  of  evil,  and  I  went  after  him,  and  renewed 
my  efibrhs  in  vain.  He  told  mc  to  return,  and  as  1  had  two  children  in  the  lodge,  the 
youngest  of  whom,  a  boy,  was  still  in  iiis  cradle,  and  then  ill,  I  sat  up  with  him  late, 
and  waited  and  waited,  till  a  late  hour,  and  tiien  fell  asleep  from  exhaustion.  I  slept 
very  sound.  The  first  1  knew  was  a  violent  shaking  from  a  girl,  a  niece  of  Caultier's, 
wiio  told  me  my  husl)and  and  (laultier  were  all  the  time  quarrelling.  1  arose,  and 
went  up  the  stream  to  (laultier's  camp-lire;  it  was  nearly  out,  and  I  tried  to  make  it 
bla/e.  1  loi)l;ed  into  his  tent,  but  all  was  dark,  and  not  a  soul  there.  They  had 
suddenly  lied,  although  1  did  not.  at  tiie  moment,  know  the  cause.  1  tried  to  make  a 
light  to  lind  my  husband,  but  could  find  notiiiiig  dry,  i'or  it  had  rained  yory  hard  the 
day  l)efore.  After  being  out  a  while  my  vision  became  clearer,  and.  turning  toward 
the  river  side.  I  saw  a  dark  object  lying  near  the  shore,  on  a  grassy  ojx'ning.  1  was 
attracted  by  something  glistening,  which  tui'ned  out  to  be  his  ear-rings.  I  thought  he 
was  aslee[).  and  in  stooping  to  awak<'  him  1  siip[ied,  and  fell  on  my  knees.  1  had 
slipped  in  his  l)lo()d  on  the  grass,  and,  putting  my  hand  on  his  face,  found  him  dead. 
In  tile  morning  the  Indian  agent  camo  with  .soldiers  from  the  fort  to  see  what  had 
ha[)pened,  but  the  nmrderer  and  all  his  bloody  gang  of  relatives  had  lied.  The  agent 
gave  orders  to  have  the  body  buried  in  the  old  Indian  burial-ground  below  the  Falls. 

••  My  aged  mother  was  encamped  about  a  mile  oil'  at  tiiis  time.  I  took  my  two 
children  in  the  morning,  and  lied  to  lier  lodge.  She  had  just  heard  of  the  murder, 
and  was  crying  as  I  entered.  I  reminded  her  that  it  was  an  act  of  Providence,  to 
which  we  must  snl)mit.  She  said  it  was  for  me  and  my  poor  hel[)less  children  that 
she  was  crying —  that  I  was  left,  as  she  had  been  years  before,  witii  nobody  to  [irovide 
for  us.     With  her  1  returned  to  my  nati\e  country  at  Chegoimegan  on  liake  Superior." 

Tlie  preceding  narrative  is  taken  from  tiie  Ncrbal  rebition  of  Catlieiine  Wabose.  or 
Ogeewvahnackwut  (Kptay,  who  is  now  in  about  the  forty-first  year  of  her  age.  A  few 
lacbs  may  be  added  to  indicate  the  steps  by  which  she  finally  renounced  a  reliance 
on  these  mystical  ceremonies,  and  was  led  to  connuunicate  the  information,  together 
with  the  kekcnowin  of  her  visions,  and  songs  subjoined.  In  the  third  year  after  the 
assassination  of  her  (irst  husband,  she  married  Minanockwnt,  or  the  Fair  (.'loud,  his 
half-brother,  by  whom  she  had  two  children,  both  daughters.  He  was  in  a  lew  years 
attacked  with  a  complaint  of  the  head,  which  afl'ected  his  reason,  and  of  which  he 
died.  It  was  in  the  winter  season  that  this  happened,  and  as  they  were  inland  at 
llicir  sugar  camp,  she.  with  the  aid  of  her  children,  placed  the  corpse  on  a  hand-sled. 


.  t 


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I  N  T  E  r,  L  E  C  T  U  A  L   C  A  1'  A  Q 


AND 


and  drew  it  many  milen  throiijili  llio  woods  to  tlie  liver's  banks,  that  he  might  be 
buried  with  his  tribe. 

She  was  still  called  to  boar  other  trials  in  the  course  of  a  few  years,  which  would 
have  broken  down  a  mind  of  less  native  strength  than  hers.  Her  son,  by  Strong  Sky, 
sickened  at  an  ago  when  he  began  to  l)e  useful,  and  after  lingering  for  a  time.  died. 
A  day  or  two  before  his  dej)arture,  he  related  to  her  such  a  dream  of  the  Great  Spirit, 
as  He  is  known  and  worshipped  by  the  whites,  and  of  his  being  clothed  by  him  with 
n  white  garment,  that  her  mind  was  much  aflected  by  it,  and  led  to  question  in  some 
measure,  the  soundness  of  her  religious  views.  Not  long  afterwards  one  of  her  little 
daughters  was  also  removed  by  death,  and  according  to  her  own  apt  interpretation  of 
a  part  of  her  virginal  vision,  she  seemed,  indeed,  to  be  pricked  with  metallic  points. 
While  these  dispensations  rested  deeply  on  her  mind,  and  she  felt  herself  to  be 
the  subject  of  alllictions  which  ap})oarcd  to  have  an  ulterior  object,  the  Odjil)wa  evan- 
gelist, John  Sunday,  visited  that  part  of  the  coiuitry,  and  e.\i)lained  to  her  the  doc- 
trine of  a  better  revelation  which  came,  indeed,  ••from  above,"  and  under  his  teach- 
ing, she  renounced  the  calling  of  a  prophetess,  which  she  had  so  long  practised,  and 
became  a  member  of  the  Methodist  Epi.xcopal  chnrcli,  and  was  bai)ti/.ed  l)y  the  name 
of  Catherine.  She  says,  that  the  wine  she  partook  of  at  the  comnuniion-table  at  that 
time,  and  at  subsequent  times,  is  the  only  form  of  spirits  she  has  ever  tasted.  Her 
trials  were  not,  however,  at  an  end,  though  they  were  mitigated  by  rellections  of  a 
consolatory  character.  The  spring  of  18.30  developed,  in  the  constitution  of  her  eldest 
daughter  and  child,  Charlotte  Jane,  a  rapid  -consumption,  which  brought  her  in  the 
month  of  April  to  her  grave,  in  her  seventeenth  year.  This  young  girl  exhibited  xcry 
amiable  traits  of  character,  united  with  an  agreeable  person.  She  was  taken  into  mv 
family,  after  the  a.«sassination  of  her  father,  in  1822,  and  educated  and  instructed 
under  the  personal  care  of  Mrs.  Schoolcraft,  wlio  cherished  her  as  a  tender  plant  from 
the  wilderness.  When  she  had  mastered  her  letters,  her  catechism,  and  the  com- 
mandments, at  an  early  age.  she  was  led  on  by  degrees,  from  one  attainment  to 
another  in  moral  knowledge,  till  she  had  acquired  the  intelligence  and  de])()rtmcnt, 
which  fitted  her  to  take  her  place  in  civilized  life.  She  united  with  tiie  Presbyterian 
church  at  Michillimackinac,  and  is  buried  in  its  precinct.s,  having  exhibited  to  the  end 
of  iier  life  very  pleasing  and  increasing  proofs  of  her  reliance  upon,  and  acceptance  i)y 
a  cruel fietl  Redeemer. 

Prior  to  the  death  of  her  daughter,  Catherine  had  married  her  third  husband,  in 
Nau-We-Kwaish-kum,  alias  James  Wabose,  an  Odjibwa,  who  was  also,  and  continues 
to  be  a  member  of  the  Methodist  society.  By  this  marriage  she  had  two  children, 
both  males,  the  loss  of  one  of  whom  has  been  added  to  the  number  of  her  trials.  Ihit 
the  only  effect  of  this  bereavement  was  to  strengthen  her  faith,  and  by  daily  renewals 
of  her  confidence  in  the  Saviour  to  establish  herself  in  piety. 

These  particulars,  it  is  conceived,  will  afford  a  clear  and   satisfactory  chain  of 


CHARACTER   OF  THE   INDIAN   RACE. 


397 


evidence  of  the  truth  of  her  narrative,  and  the  reawons  why  .sjie  lias  been  willing  to 
impart  secrets  of  her  past  life  which  have  heretofore  been  studiously  concealed,  as  she 
rcmiirks,  even  from  her  nearest  friends. 


2_ 

3. 
4. 


G. 


The  following  comprises  an  explanation  of  her  Kekenowin  (Plato  ri-")),  which  hnv.- 
been  mentioned  in  the  account  of  her  vision  : — 
Figure  1 .     A  lodge  of  separation  and  fasting. 
Ogeewyahn  akwut  oquay. 
Denotes  the  number  of  days  she  fasted. 
The  day  on  which  the  vision  appeared. 
The  point  from  which  the  first  voice  proceeded,  and  the  commencement 

of  the  path  she  pursued. 
The  new  moon,  with  a  lambent  ilanie. 

7.  The  sun,  near  its  approach  to  the  horizon. 

8.  The  figure  of  a  man  in  the  sun,  holding  .some  ol)ject  which  she  did  not 
rccogni/e,  l)ut  ^;upp()ses  to  have  l)een  a  book. 

9.  The  head  of  a  female  spirit  called  Kaugega\bekwa,  or  the  Everlasting 
Woman. 

10.  A  male  spirit,   .ailed  .Alonedowininces,  or  the  Little  Spirit  Man. 

11.  The  principal  spirit  revealed  to  her,  called  0/iiawwunuhkogeezhig,  or  the 
Blue  Sky. 

12.  An  orifice  in  the  heavens,  called  Pug-un-ai-au-ffeezlii<'-. 

13.  A  nondescript  fish  prepared  to  carry  her  back. 

14.  Ogeewyahn  ackwut  oqua}-,  sitting  on  the  fish. 

15.  The  ultimate  point  attained  by  her  in  her  bright  path  leading  to  the  sky, 
where  she  underwent  the  trial  of  symbolical  prickles. 

16.  A  magic  arrow. 

17.  Symbol  of  a  woodpecker. 

18.  Symbol  of  her  husband's  name. 

19.  Symbol  of  the  catfish. 


I'::! 


The  sul))\)iiied  specimens  of  her  hieratic  songs  and  liymns  are  taken  down  verbatim. 
It  is  a  peculiarity  observed  in  this  and  other  instances  of  the  kind,  that  the  words  of 
these  chants  are  never  repeated  by  the  natives  without  the  tune  or  air,  which  was 
hill  of  intonation,  and  uttered  in  so  hollow  and  suspended,  or  inhaled  a  voice,  that  it 
would  require  a  practised  composer  to  note  it  down.  The  chorus  is  not  less  jjcculiarlv 
fixed,  and  .some  of  its  guttural  tones  are  startling.  These  hymns  are  to  be  read  from 
top  to  bottom. 


0    r 


!, 


-  i-  ,i 


)   I 


'Ml 


308 


INTELLECTUAL    CAPACITY    AND 


Prophcliii  Ihircrfi. 


1. 


Wi 

Wa 

Wi 

Wa 

Ya 

Win 

Ya 

Win 

Kwa 

Dali 

Kwa 

Dah 

Yang 

Go 

Yiing 

Go 

Gcc 

Jc 

dec 

Jo 

Zhik 

Nairn 

Zliik 

Naiin 

Au 

In 

Au 

In 

A 

A 

(Repeat.) 
At  the  place  of  light  — 
At  the  end  of  the  sky  — 
I   (the  Great  Sjiirit) 
Come  and  hang 

IJright  sign. 

(Chorus  of  strongly  accented  and  deeply  uttered  syllables.) 


Yau 

Yau 

Ne 

Ne 

Mud 

Mud 

Wa 

Wa 

Aus 

Aus 

Se 

Se 

Dean 

Doan 

Ain 

Ain 

Yaun 

Yaun 

(Repeat.) 
Lo !  witli  the  sound  of  my  voice, 
(The  prophet's  voice) 
I  make  my  sacred  lodge  to  shake  — 
(By  unseen  hands  my  lodge  to  shake,) 
My  sacred  lodge. 

Chorus,  &c. 


3. 

Ilaih ! 

Wau 

Zhik 

Wau 

Nah 

A. 

Bish 

Kwud 

4   \ 


%    > 


f- 


CIIAIIACTER  OF  THE  INDIAN  RACE.  890 

Kail  Oong. 

Gau  Iliiih. 

Gee  Geo  (Repeat.) 

Ilaih !  tlio  wliite  bird  of  omen, 
lie  flies  around  the  clouds  and  skies — 
(lie  sees, —  unutterod  sight!) 
Around  the  chiuds  and  skies  — 
By  his  briglit  eyes  I  sec  —  I  see  —  I  know. 
('lionis,  &e. 

The  following  chants  embody  the  responses  of  the  Deity  invoked.  Tiiey  .sufhciontly 
denote  a  fact,  which  has  indeed  obtruded  itself  in  other  instances,  that  the  sun  is  not 
only  often  employed  as  a  symbol  of  the  Great  Spirit,  but  is  worshipped,  also,  as  the 
Great  Spirit  himself. 

1.    Chutds  U)  the  Diily. 

1. 

Och  auw  uaun  na  wau  do 

Och  auw  luuui  ua  wau  do 

Och  auw  naun  na  wau  do 

Och  auw  naun  na  wau  do. 

Ileh!  heh!  lieh  !  heh  ! 
I  am  the  living  body  of  the  Great  Spirit  above, 
(The  Great  Spirit,  the  Ever-living  Spirit  above,) 
The  living  body  of  the  Great  Spirit, 
(Whom  all  must  heed.) 

(Sharp  and  peculiar  chorus,  untranslatable.) 


Mish  e  mon  dau  kwuh 

Mish  e  mon  dau  kwuh 

Ne  maun  was  sa  hah  keo 

Ne  maun  was  sa  hah  kce. 

Way,  ho!  ho!  ho!  ho! 
I  am  the  Great  Spirit  of  the  sky, 
The  overshadowing  power, 
I  illumine  earth, 
I  illumine  heaven. 

(Slow,  hollow,  peculiar  chorus.) 


p 


'  !   Wi  'i  ^ 


I;  il 


II 


ii'  I 


I 


^1' 
|i 

Is 


if  i 


ill 


:y: 


■1'; 


400 


INTELLECTUAL  CATACITV   AND 

3. 

All  wtiiili  wii  iiiiuii  c  dowh 

Ah  wauh  \va  naiiii  c  dowh 

Ah  wauh  wa  mum  c  dowh 

Ah  wauh  wa  iiauu  c  dowli. 

Way,  ho!  ho!  ho!  ho! 
Ah  say!  what  Spirit,  or  Body,  is  this  Body? 
(That  fills  the  world  around, 
Speak,  man  !)  ah  say  ! 
What  Spirit,  or  Body,  is  this   Body  ? 

(Chorus  as  in  the  preceding',  with  voice  and  drum.) 

2.     IIijl)l}i8  to  the   Sun. 
4. 


Kee  zhig  maid  wa  woash  knm  aim 
Kee  zhig  maid  wa  woash  kuni  aun. 
A  I  a !  a !  ha !  aha ! 

The  sky  or  day  I  tread  upon,  that  makes  a  noise 

(I  Ge  Zis  — Maker  of  light.) 


Wain  je  gwo  dow  aid,  gee  zhick  o  ka 
Ap  pe  wain  ah  ge  mc  e  go  yaun. 
A !  a !  a !  ha !  aha ! 

The  place  where  it  sinks  down  —  the  maker  of  day. 

When  I  was  first  ordained  to  be.     (I  Ge  Zis.) 


3.    In  the  Meddwin. 

C. 
Nim  ba  na  see  wa  yaun  c 
Nim  ba  na  see  wa  yaun  e. 
A !  a !  a !  ha !  aha ! 
My  bird's  skin — my  bird's  skin,  &c. 


(Repeat  four  times.) 


(Repeat  four  times.) 


Ning  ga  kake  o  wy  aun  a 
Ning  ga  kake  o  wy  aun  a 
Ap  pee  i  aun  je  ug  wa. 

A  !  a !  a !  ha !  aha ! 
My  hawk's  skin — my  hawk's  skin, 
The  time  I  transformed  it,  &c. 


(Repeat  four  times.) 


; 


'I  1 


iW  11 


lii'i 


:u'   iiii 


l-Hi« 


^!     H 


■ 

1 

), 

i 

i 

i     : 

t.    ;. 

4- 

: 

m. 

.'      ( 

W'. 

'    .  ^ 

1 

M 

.  .  - 

!-■ 

H  > 


i 


t 


A 


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i^ 


i 


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-^^ 


\  \ 


at » 


m^^- 


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% 


Oh, 


h': 


CIIARACTRR  OK   THE   INDIAN   RACE. 


401 


4.    7!)  til,'  Ginif  Spirit. 
H. 
In  all  Willi  liow  iiioii  ('  till 
III  all  Willi  liow  1111)11  a  (Im 
1  III!  iiii  jiiii  iiid 

(u'o  y.liik  (Miiij,'  a  liiil.         (Hcpoat  fdiir  tiiiicM.) 
A  !  a !  II !  Iia !  aim  ! 
L(x»k  timii  at  tlio  Spirit.     It  \»  lui  that  is  Miiokcii  of  who  Mtii^yM  our  livoa  —  who  abidcH 
ill  the  nky. 

Such  in  the  Indian  HVHtt'in  of  tho  hi}?hor  JeoHuki'uviii.  To  xpciik,  as  it  woro,  iVoiii 
tho  Hocrccy  of  flu-  Indian  mind,  tho  hjiiiIioIh  illiistrativi-  of  its  superstitions,  ri'iiiiiivs 
liorHovcranco  of  invt'stigatioii,  under  tho  most  favorahio  circuniHtanccs.  (iiiostions 
which  arc  resisted  in  one  form,  or  in  a  particular  frame  of  mind,  on  tho  part  of  the 
rcsi)onrl"iit,  may  he  successfully  replied  to,  under  other  |)hases  of  feeliiirr,  or  caution, 
or  Hiispi  ioii.  I'ride  of  opinion,  and  of  consistency,  is  as  ohstiiiate  in  the  Indian  as 
in  tho  Luropeiin  mind,  hut  is  nioro  diflicult  to  conquer,  in  proportion  as  it  is  left  in  its 
or;>,nnal  state  of  darkness,  or  error.  Even  where  Christianity  has  apparently  jfiven 
iii  v;  grounds  to  hope,  ami  modified  its  original  views  of  life,  if  not  radically  changed 
'hem,  thcf^  is  stili  i  hiiis  in  favor  of  these  superstitious  rit^-'s,  which  is  very  perceptible. 


8.  VMUOI.S     OF    WaU,     liOVK,     AND     HiSTORY. 

Symbolic  Figures  in  tho  Depiu.-ncnts  of  the  War  Danco,  ami  of  Lovo.  —  Translation  of  a  Love 
Song  mill  two  War  Songs.  —  ;  .,i'ier  examples  of  these  Devices.  —  Their  ultimato  and  most 
penimiiont  mode  of  employment  in  recording  Historical  Event.-*,  in  the  Inscriptions,  called 
Muzziiiivliikon.— Account  of  two  separate  Inscriptions  from  the  Hanks  of  Lake  Superior, 
recording  the  crossing  of  that  Lake,  by  a  War  Party,  in  Canoes,  led  by  Myeengun.  —  Sym- 
bolic  Alphabet  of  the  Kekewin  and  tho  Kekenowin. 

H.  Ni;MK)iiUNKWiN,  OK  War. — The  devices  used  to  commemorate  the  incidents  of 
war,  among  the  northern  tribes,  will  now  be  brought  forward.  Most  of  the.se  are 
employed  to  excite  the  memory  in  the  recital  of  songs  preparatory  to  the  setting  out 
of  war  jmrties.  It  wil.  be  seen  by  the  annexed  figures,  that  these  devices  are  chiefly 
of  the  ko-ke-nowin,  or  highest  grade  of  the  symbolic. 

The  figures  from  1  to  4,  ''late  56,  C,  comprise  what  is  deemed  a  continuous  song, 

and  although  each  stanza  of  i^  may  be  sung  by  a  separate  individual,   (he  general 

theme  is  preserved.     Figure  1   represents  the  sun.  which  is  to  be  regarded  in  this 

connection   as   not  only  the  source  of  light  and  knowledge  to  men,  but  a  symbol 

61 


I 


'. 

1 

I    I 


f 

'?; » 

F-  I 
;■■  i 

"I 


•I 


1 


i 


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f 


■  ;'■        .  ( 


1  'i 


■J'  I      it 

^5    I 


I 


. 


Mi 


l.\ 


n 

''i 
* 

(■»■ 


'':  f 


.1 ; 


402 


INTELLECTUAL   CAI'AOITY   AND 


of  vijiiliiiicc.  Tlic  wiirridi'  iiicrcly  fiiiLis — I  am  rising:.  In  fiijiiro  2  lie  nssmnos 
to  jjosscss  this  power  liimsclf,  ;in(l  by  one  hand  pointing  to  the  earth,  and  another 
extended  to  thi-  sky,  di'clari's  his  wide-spreading  power  and  fearful  prowess.  11(? 
sings,  I  tai<e  the  sUy —  I  take  the  eartli.  In  number  •'?  lie  njipears  under  tlie  synd)oI 
of  the  moon,  denoting  tiie  night  to  l)e  the  season  of  seereoy  and  warlike  enterprise. 
With  a  ])roiid  feeling  of  e\;dliition,  he  sings — I  walk  through  the  sky.  In  (iguro  -I 
he  personifies  A'enns.  hi-re  ealleil  the  Mastern  Wonuni.  or  the  Kveuing  Star,  who  is 
thus  a]>pealed  to.  as  a  witness  of  his  valor  and  warlike  running.  He  sings.  The 
Eastern  Woman  ealls.  The  entire  song  as  thus  ex[)ressed,  in  the  native  dialect,  is 
this : 

l"!    War  Soiiij. 

1.  Tshe  Ik-  moak  sa  aun. 

2.  Ma  mo  yah  na  gee/.hig 
Ma  mo  jah.  ini  ahkee 

Mo  mo  yah  na. 
'?.   Rai  mo  sa  yah  na,  gce/.higong 

IJai  mo  sa  yah  na. 
4.  Wa  hnn  ong  tuz-ze  kwai 
Ne  wan  ween,  ne  go  ho  ga. 
Divested,  in  some  degree,  of  its  syinlMilie  shape,  the  verses  may  l»c  read  thus; 

1.  I  am  rising  to  seek  the  war-path. 

2.  The  e;irlli  and  the  sk_\'  aiv  before  me. 
o.    1   widk   i)y  day  and   by  night. 

4.  And  the  evening  star  is  my  guide. 
In  the  ensuing  six  ligures,  (.\,  I'lat(!  ■)(>.)  a  like  unity  of  theme  is  preserved. 
Figure  1  jiersunifies  an  active  and  swill-f(M)tcd  warrior;  he  is  therefore  depicted  with 
wings.  IIo  sings,  —  I  wish  to  have  the  body  of  the  swiftest  bird.  In  No.  2  ho  is  re- 
pn'sented  as  standing  under  the  morning  star,  which,  as  a  .sentinel,  is  .set  to  watch,  or 
should  terminate  hi.<  nocturnal  enterpri.se.  IIo  sings, — Every  day  I  look  at  you  ;  the 
half  of  the  day  I  sing  my  song.  In  Xo.  .'?,  ho  is  depicted  as  standing  under  the  centre 
of  the  sky,  with  his  war-dub  and  rattle.  Fie  sings,  —  I  throw  away  my  body.  In 
figure  4,  the  eagle,  a  synil>ol  of  carnage,  is  represented  as  performing  the  circuit  of  the 
sky.  IIo  sings, — The  birds  take  .a  lliglit  in  the  air.  In  (iguro  i>,  ho  imagines  himself 
to  Ijo  slain  on  the  field  of  battle.  He  sings, —  Full  happy  am  I  to  1)0  nuinbereil  with 
tlio  slain.  And  in  figure  tl,  ho  consoles  hini.self  with  the  idea  of  posthumous  fame, 
under  the  syiiilntl  of  a  spirit  in  the  sky.  He  sings,  —  The  spirits  on  high  repeat  my 
name. 

2d  ]Vnr-S()ii<j. 

1.  1  wish  for  the  speed  of  a  bird,  to  pounce  on  the  enemy. 

2.  i  look  to  the  morning  star  to  guide  my  steps. 


t;  II  All  ACT  Ell   OF    THE    INDIAN    RACE. 


40H 


•5.    I  dc'voti'  my  Ixxly  to  battle. 

4.    I  tiiko  courage  from  the  lliglit  of  eagles. 

o.    I  am  willing  to  be  numbered  with  tlie  Mlain. 

(i.  For  even  then  my  name  Mhall  be  repeated  wiui  [uai.se. 
It  is  not  deemed  necessary  to  encumlK-r  tiiese  pages  with  the  native  words,  which 
are  belbre  me,  nor  with  any  farther  attempt  to  disencumU'r  theui  from  their  symbolic 
meanings.  The  system  adopted  in  the  preceding  song  will  apply  to  this,  and  to  all 
others,  which  sliall  be  selected  with  similar  care  and  symlK)lic  propriety  in  the  arrange- 
ment. By  this  method,  these  songs,  which  have  Ix'eu  usually  exhibited  as  meagre 
and  disjointed  portions  of  rhap.sodies,  are  shown  to  have  a  consistency  and  import 
wiiich  may  well  Ije  supposed  to  inspire  the  singer  with  martial  warmth,  and  prepare 
his  mind  for  deeds  of  daring.  The  symbolic  pictures  form,  indeed,  the  true  key  to 
the  nug-a-moon-uu,  or  songs,  and  show  to  what  extent  the  nmemonic  symbols  are 
applied. 

I.  S.\i;kawix,  ok  Lovk.  —  As  a  proper  appendage  to  this  part  of  the  inipiiry.  [ 
subjoin  the  seven  following  mnemonic  symbols  of  love.  (H.  IMate  •jC.)  Tiie  subject  is 
one  which  will  scarcely  bear  to  ije  treated  of  at  nnich  length,  for  which,  indei'd,  but 
little  space  can  be  assigned,  and  yet,  without  .some  allusion  to  it,  there  would  be  mani- 
festly a  branch  of  the  incpiiry,  and  not  an  unimportant  one,  wanting.  And  here  also, 
as  in  war,  in  the  meda,  and  in  the  .symbols  of  hunting,  the  theme  is  to  be  regarded 
as  unbroken. 


1: 


Lo  v  K-So  N'(;. 

Figure  1  represents  a  ])erson  who  aflects  to  be  invested  with  a  magic  power  to 
charm  the  other  sex,  which  makes  him  regard  himself  as  a  monedo,  or  god.  He 
depicts  himself  as  such,  and  therefore  sing.s — It  is  my  painting  that  makes  me  a  god. 
In  No.  2,  he  further  illii.strates  this  idea  by  his  power  in  music.  He  is  depicted  as 
beating  a  magic  drum.  He  sings  —  Hear  the  .sounds  of  my  voice,  of  my  song;  it  is 
my  voice.  In  No.  ."],  he  denotes  the  elfects  of  his  necroma'.cy.  He  surrounds  himself 
with  a  secret  lodge.  He  sings  —  I  cover  myself  in  sitting  down  by  her.  In  No.  4,  he 
depicts  the  intimate  union  of  their  all'ections,  liy  joining  two  l)odies  with  one  continu- 
ous arm.  He  sings  —  1  can  nuike  her  blush,  because  I  hear  all  she  savs  of  me.  In 
No.  '),  he  rci)resents  heron  an  island.  He  sings  —  Were  she  on  p.  distant  islan<l,  I 
could  make  her  swim  over.  In  No.  (i,  she  is  depicted  asleep.  He  boasts  of  his  magical 
powers,  which  are  capable  of  reaching  her  heart.  He  sings — Though  she  was  far  off, 
even  on  the  other  hemisphere.  Figure  7  depicts  a  naked  heart.  He  sings  —  1  s[)cak 
to  your  heart.  Still  further  divested  of  their  syndwlic  dress,  and  relieved  of  some 
points  of  peculiarity,  the  entire  nugamoon  may  be  thus  read  : 

1.  It  is  my  form  and  person  that  makes  me  great. 

2.  Hear  the  voice  of  m_\  song — it  is  mv  \i)ice. 


i  >\ 


.4.. 


J 


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m 


F.i 


Vfl 


404 


I  N  T  E  L  L  K  C  T  U  A  L   C  A  I'  A  V  I T  Y    AND 


3.  I  shield  myself  witli  secret  covoriiifis. 

4.  All  your  thoiij^lits  are  known  to  nie  —  blush  ! 

5.  I  could  draw  you  hence,  were  you  on  a  distant  island ; 
C.   Though  you  were  on  the  other  hemisphere. 

7.   I  speak  to  your  naked  heart. 

That  the  system  of  mnemonic  symbols  may  bo  clearly  luiderstood,  and  the  kind  of 
aid  which  it  imparts  to  the  memory  appreciated,  it  is  api)lied,  in  the  following  example, 
to  the  eight  verses  of  the  latter  part  of  the  30th  of  Proverbs,  from  the  2;jth  to  the 
32d  inclusive.  The  English  version  of  these,  being  in  every  one's  hand,  need  not  be 
quoted.  The  following  is  their  translation  in  that  now  rare  and  extraordinary  effort 
of  literary-mi.ssion  labor,  Eliot's  Bible  in  the  Massachu.setts  language. 

Verse  25.  Annunekqsog  missinnaog  matta  manuhkesegig,  qut  onch  quaquoshwe- 
tamwog  ummeet.suong  an  00  nepunae. 

26.  Ogkoshquog  nananoochuniwesuog,  qut  onch  weekitteaog  qussukqininehta. 

27.  Chansompsog  wanne  ukcihtossootamooeog,  q\it  onch  sohhamwog  nag  wame 
moeu  chipwushaog. 

2S.  Mamunappeht  anunuhqueohts  wunnutchegash,  kah  aj)pu  taiisootamukkom- 
ukqut. 

29.  Nishwinash  nish  wanumaushomoougish  nux  yauuna.sh  tapeunkgshaumooash. 

30.  Quonnonu  noh  anue  menuhkesit  kenugke  puppinashimwut,  kah  matta  qush- 
kehtauoou  howausinnc. 

31.  Quohgunonu,  nomposhimwe  goats  wonk,  kah  ketosioot,  noh  wanue  kowan 
nyeuuhkono  waabchtauunk. 

32.  Mattammagwe  usseas,  tali  shinadtknhhog,  a.«ah  matanatamas,  ponish  kenutcheg 
kuttoonut. 

The  symbolic  figures  represented  in  A,  Plate  47,  may  Ije  put  to  denote  the  import 
of  the  principal  object  of  each  verse,  the  symbol  being  taken  as  the  k'^y. 

Number  25.  An  ant. 

"  20.  A  coney. 

"  27.  A  locust. 

"  28.  A  spider. 

"  29.  A  river  —  a  symbol  of  motion. 

"  30.  A  li(m. 

"  31.  A  greyhound.     2.  A  he-goat.     3.  A  king. 

"  32.  A  man  foolishly  lifting  up  him.self  to  take  holil  of  the  heavens. 

It  must  1x3  quite  evident  that  while  this  primitive  mode  of  notation  is  wholly  inade- 
quate to  the  purpose  of  recording  sounds,  any  farther  than  the  mere  ikiiuih  of  the 
objects  prefigured  by  the  key-picture,  yet,  the  words  ihemselves  having  been  pre- 
viously committed  to  memory,  these  key-piotui-es  arc  a  strong  aid  and  stiinulnnt  (o  the 


CHARACTER   UV   THE    INDIAN    RACE. 


memory.  This  is  procisoly  tlio  scope  iiiul  uliject  oF  tlio  Iiidiiiu  I)iirk  piotograplis  and 
"  iinisic  board."*,"  and  otlior  modes  ol"  drawings  intended  to  denote  sitw^H  or  cliants. 
And  where  many  .such  arc  to  Iw  sung,  as  is  tlie  case  with  the  Mcdas  and  singers  in 
their  public  ceremonies,  the  songs  Ijcing  generally  short,  it  may  be  conceived  to  be  a 
system  of  much  utihty  to  them.     It  is,  iit  once,  tiieir  book  and  musical  scale. 

K.  Mi'zziNAHiKo.N,  HoiK-Wuni.sG  OK  HisToKY. — Tile  application  of  picture-writing 
amo'ig  the  tribes  has  now  been  trace'  from  its  fu'st  or  simple  drawings  in  the  inseri[)- 
tion  of  totems  and  memorials  on  grave-posts,  through  the  various  methods  ailopted  to 
convey  information  on  sheets  of  bark,  scarifit  d  trees,  and  other  substances,  and  through 
the  institutions  and  songs  of  the  Meda,  and  the  WalxMio  .societies,  the  my.-^teries  of  the 
Jeesukawin,  the  business  of  hunting,  and  the  incidents  of  war  and  affection,  it  re- 
mains only  to  consider  their  use  in  an  historical  point  of  view,  or  in  recording,  in  a 
more  permanent  Ibrm  than  either  of  the  preceding  instances,  such  transactions  in  the 
affairs  of  a  wandering  forest  life  as  ai)[)ear  to  them  to  have  demanded  more  labored 
attempts  to  preserve. 

The  term  kekewin  is  applied  to  picture-writing  generally.  Another  .syllaljle,  (no) 
is  thrown  into  the  centre  of  the  word,  when  the  figures  are  more  i)articidarly  designed 
lo  convey  instruction.  The  term  then  is  kekenowin.  It  is  the  distiuclion  which  the 
native  vocal)ularv  appears  to  estal)lisli,  between  simple  representative  figui'es  and 
svmi)ols.  \iy  reference  to  a  prior  page,  other  terms,  descriptive  of  other  means  of  com- 
municating information  by  signs,  or  emblems,  will  be  ol)served.  The  term  Muy,-/iu-a- 
bik-on,  is  strictly  applied  to  in.scriptions  on  rocks,  or,  as  the  word  literally  implies. 
Hock-writing.  I//.i  is  one  of  tho.se  general  stock  roots  in  the  language,  denoting  generic 
matter  or  .substance,  which  enters  into  a  variety  of  compouml  words  and  plira.ses.  As 
the  vowel,  i,  is  pernuitable  under  the  influence  of  the  juxtai)osition  of  various  prefixed 
consonant.s,  the  sound  changes  freijuently,  to  uzzi,  oz/.i,  &c.  Tiie  letter  M,  as  an 
initial  in  compo\nid  words  in  this  language,  is  generally  derived  from  the  adjective, 
.Monaudud,  (a  bad  thing,  or  substance,)  au'.l  denotes  a  bad  or  defective  ii'ialit}-.  In 
this  instance,  its  meaning  and  olliee  is.  evidently,  to  denote  a  mysterious  im|iort ; 
most  things  of  a  mysterious  natun;  being  as.sociated  in  the  Indian  mind  with  fear,  or 
a  i)ad  ((uality.  Aul)ik,  the  third  .syllable,  is  rocl<,  anil  the  termination  in  o/*,  (pro- 
nounced oan,)  is  a  connnon  inanimate  plural.  Mu/./.iuiegun,  a  single  letter,  liook, 
writing,  or  piece  of  written  or  printed  [japcr,  derives  its  first  two  .syllables  from  the 
same  roots,  and  has  the  same  meaning.  Its  termination  in  egun,  instead  of  anl)iek,  is 
i'vomjcyiiii,  a  generic  word  for  im[)lement,  or  anything  artificially  matle.  The  word 
is  fre(inently,  most  frequently,  indeed,  contracted  to  'jini ;  and  in  this  instance  means 
pjiper  —  for  which  the  natives  had  no  word.  The  precise  difference  between  the  two 
terms,  therefore,  is,  that  between  [laper-writing  and  rock-writing. 

Of  rock-writing,  or  mnzziinibikon,  there  are  many  examples  in  North  America;  but 
most  of  the  known  inscriptions  consist  of  single,  or  at  most,  but  few  figures,     Allusion 


i    '*■[ 


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400 


INTELLECTUAL  CAPACITY   AND 


has  Ix'cn  maile  to  several  instances  of  this  kind,  which  are  generally  in  the  simple 
representative  cliaracter.  Tiiero  has  been  noticed  a  striking  (lisj)osition  in  the  per- 
sons inscribing  these  figures,  to  place  them  in  positions  on  the  rock,  not  easily-  acces- 
sible, as  on  the  perpenilicular  face  of  a  cliiV,  to  reach  which,  some  artificial  contrivance 
must  have  l)een  necessary.  The  object  clearly  was,  to  produce  a  feeling  of  surprise 
or  myster}'.  The  mottled  and  shaded  appearance  on  the  im|)osing  line  of  coast  on 
Lake  Superior,  called  the  Pictured  Rocks,  is  not  at  all  the  result  of  pictured  writing. 
No  artificial  writing  of  any  kind  has  been  noticed  there.  The  term  has  been  intro- 
duced into  popular  use  to  denote  a  geological  effect  analogous  to  that  for  which,  in 
mineralogy  the  Germans  have  the  aj)pro})riate  term  of  atujc  /uii/oiiii  fiirhoi,  or  irri- 
deseent  colours.' 

There  e.\ists,  however,  an  inscription  at  a  point  west  of  this  precipitous  portion  of 
the  coast,  on  the  banks  of  the  Namabin.  or  ( 'arp  River,  about  half  a  day's  march  from  its 
mouth.  The  following  copy  of  this  inscription  (Plate  57)  was  nuide  by  the  chief  Chin- 
gwauk,  and  drawn  on  birch  bark.  lie  also  explained  the  symbols  and  gave  its  full 
interpretation.  There  lived  on  that  stream,  as  ho  states,  years  ago,  a  chief  of  the 
name  of  Myeengun,  or  the  Wolf  of  the  Mermaid,  (or  rather,  as  the  language  has  it. 
Merman  totem.)  who  was  ski!'..a  ni  the  Meda,  and  was  invested  by  the  opinion  of  his 
people,  with  a  character  of  much  skill  and  secret  power.  lie  practised  the  arts  and 
ceremonies  of  the  Meda,  and  ma<le  chirk  in  »h1  urn.  Ry  these  means  he  acquired  inilu- 
enc(\  and  rai.sed  a  war  jiarty  which  cros.sed  Lake  Superior  in  canoes.  The  expedition 
was  not  barren  in  other  respects  of  success,  but  this  exploit  was  considered  as  a  direct 
evidence  of  the  inlluence  of  his  gods,  and  it  gave  him  so  nnich  credit,  that  he  deier- 
mined  to  perpetuate  the  memory  of  it,  by  a  Mu/./.in-a-bik-on.  He  made  two  inscrii>- 
tions,  one  on  the  south,  and  the  other  on  the  north  shores  of  the  hike.  Roth  were  on 
the  precii)itous  faces  of  rocks,  (.'opies  of  both  are  presented.  These  copies  were  made 
with  the  point  o(  a  knife,  on  a  roll  of  bark  of  firm  texture,  and  exhibit  an  evidence  of 
ingenuity  and  dexterity  in  the  art,  which  is  remarkable.  They  arc  transcribed  in  the 
two  following  pietographs,  marked  A  and  R.,  (Plate  57.) 

Figure  1  (A)  represents  the  chief  Myeengun,  whose  family  totem  is  given  under 
♦  he  form  of  his  lodge,  (Xuinbcr  2.)  This  lodge  is  to  be  regarded  as  ancestral.  The 
totem  Nebanabce,  or  the  Merman,  No.  3,  fills  it,  and  symbolically  denotes  that  all  i. 
members  bear  the  same  mark.  Ilis  individual  name  is  given  by  Figure  No.  4,  the 
Avoir  The  whole  of  the  remaining  eight  figures,  are  symbolical  representations  of  the 
various  spnits,  or  gods,  upon  whom  he  relied.  Number  5  is  the  Misshibezhieu,  or 
fabulous  panther.  The  drawing  shows  a  human  head  crowned  with  horns,  the  usual 
symlwl  of  power,  with  the  body  and  claws  of  a  panther,  and  a  mane.     The  name  of 

'  This  term  denotes  an  effect  merely,  but  conveys  no  idea  of  the  cause  or  manner  of  producing  the  effect, 
wliicli  \*  po  graphically  denoted  in  tlic  fiorman. 


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CIIAUACTEll  OK  TIIK   INDIAN    HACK. 


407 


tlif  piiiitlu'r,  Misf^liilic/.hiiMi,  is  ii  f^rcat  \yi\\.  'I'lii'  (Tdsscs  iipim  tlic  liody  ili'iiuti'  n'r^lit, 
iinil  lire  siipiiortcd  to  iiidiciitc  tlic  time  proiwr  for  the  uxcrcisc  (it'tlic  powci's  it  coMvi'}.". 
Niiiiil)!'!'  (')  is  a  rcin'i'si'iitatioii  of  tlio  hiuiic  lijiiiri'  witlioiit  a  maiu',  and  without  crosses, 
ami  dt'iiotcs  the  exercise  of  its  jiowerw  ]>y  day-liulit.  In  Nnndn'r  7  lie  depicts  his 
rehunce  niion  .Mon^'.  or  tin-  loon;  in  \unihcr  S,  iipon  Mnkwah,  or  the  IdacU  ijcar ; 
and  in  Nnndier  It,  on  Moa/.  or  the  moose.  Kach  of  these  olijects  is  end)leiiiatic  of 
some  iirii|)erty,  or  i|nalification,  dcsii'ed  ]>y  llie  wari'ior.  The  loon,  whose  cry  foretells 
chanj,'es  of  the  weather,  denotes  forecast;  the  Ikmu'.  strenfith  and  sagacity;  ami  the 
moose,  wariness,  heing  the  nutst  keen  of  hcarinj^  and  wary  of  any  of  the  (iiiadrnpeds. 
In  Nnnil)er  10,  he  depicts  a  kind  of  fahnlous  serpent  ri'seinhlini:;  a  sanrian,  ha\  inj; 
two  feet,  and  aimed  with  horns.  IJoth  these  appeiidu^res  are  helievcd  to  hi-  symbolic! 
of  it.s  swiftness  and  power  over  life.  It  is  called  Misshikiiiahik,  or  (Jreat  Serpent. 
Ill  Nnm1)er  1  I  there  is  shown  a  reptile  of  analogous  ]iowers.  liiit  it  has  a  hod_\'  mounted 
on  lour  le;rs,  and  is  therefore  more  elearl}'  of  the  lizard,  or  saurian  tyi)e.  The  mime 
is,  however,  the  same. 

Thus  far  are  detailed  the  means  and  powers  upon  which  the  chief  relied,  and  these 
wore  (symholieally)  inscribed  in  the  rej^ion  oi'  his  residence,  on  the  southern  shores 
of  the  lake.  I'he  results  of  the  expedition  are  fiiven  in  pictof^ra[)h  H,  IMate  57,  which 
was  painted  on  the  face  of  a  rock  at  W.vzuKNAiitiKiNiciMNd  Aiii.vwoNC,  or  the  Place 
of  the  Writing,  or  Iiiscri[)tioM  I!ock,  on  the  north  shores  of  Lake  Sui)crior,  Canada. 
It  is  near  a  bay,  between  this  point  and  Namabin  Hiver,  that  the  lake  was  crossed. 
The  pa.ssage  was  made  in  live  canoes  of  various  .sizes,  and  numbering,  in  all,  lifty-onc 
men.  Of  these,  sixteen  were  in  numlx'roue,  iiino  in  number  two,  ten  in  nunilx'r  three, 
eight  in  number  Ibiir,  and  eight  in  number  five.  The  first  canoe  was  led  by  Kisli- 
keinunasee,  or  the  Kingfisher,  (ligure  Number  (!,)  who  was  his  chief  auxiliary.  The 
crossing  occupied  three  days,  depicted  by  the  figure  of  three  suns,  under  a  sky  and  a 
rainbow,  in  Number  7.  In  Numbers  8,  9,  and  10  he  intn)duces  three  ol>ject»  of 
reliance,  not  previously  brought  forward.  Number  8  is  the  Mikenok,  or  land-tortoi.se, 
an  important  symbol,  which  appears  to  imply  the  chief  point  of  triumph,  that  is, 
reaching  land.  Number  U  is  the  horse,  and  reveals  the  date  of  this  adventure  as 
being  subseiiuent  to  the  settlement  of  Canada.  The  Meda  is  depicted  on  his  back, 
crowned  with  feathers,  and  holding  up  his  drum-stick,  such  a.s  is  used  in  the  mystic 
incantiitions.  Numlxn*  10  is  the  .Migazee,  or  eagle,  the  prime  symbol  of  courage.  In 
Number  11  he  records  the  aid  he  received  from  the  fabulous  night  panther — this 
panther,  by  the  way,  is  generally  located  in  the  clouds  —  and  in  Numk'r  12  a  like 
service  is  recorded  to  the  credit  of  the  great  serpent. 

The  following  explanations  of  Plates  58  and  o'J,  exhibit  a  general  synopsis  of  the 
symbolic  and  representative  devices  in  common  use. 


'i'. 


i.\ 


Number    1.  Chronological  and  arithmetical  devices. 
"  2.  Symbol  of  a  hcadle.'^s  Ixxly. 


i  . 


I    I 


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408  I  N  T  K  I.  h  E  C  T  UAL   C  A  I'  A  C  I  1'  V    A  N  U 

Number    '^.  S^  ihIkiI  of  n  IiciuIIcms  body. 

"  l.  IX'\  ices  ri'iJit'si'iitinj;  tbo  biuniiii  liivul, 

"  .').  iX'iith'w  Ih'ikI  —  MyiulK>liciilly  t'dipMiHl,  or  voileil. 

"         0.  Tlio  liiiinun  fij,'iiro  —  rt'prosciitativi'. 

'*         7.  Symbol  of  a  iimii  walking  at  iiiglit,  or  iiikUm'  tlio  iii(n)ii. 

"  H.  Sy inl)iil  of  tlio  Him. 

"  !).       Do.  do. 

"        10.  A  spirit,  or  man  onli)j;iiti.'nod  from  on  liigh,  imvinjj;  tbi-  iu-atl  of  tlii'  ,sim. 

"        11.  Totomic  mark  of  the  sun. 

"        12.  TliLMUofm — ilry  quarter. 

'•        13.  The  UKHm  —  lliiininjr. 

"        14.  The  moon  —  et^lipned,  or  at  nij^ht. 

"        15.  A  man'w  head,  with  ears  ofwu  to  conviction. 

"        IG.  A  winged  female. 

17.  Cloml.x. 

18.  The  f^uii  lillinj,'  the  world. 
1!).  A  Medii  —  endowed  by  the  sun  with  mystic  power,  denoted  by  the  u[y- 

pended  plumes  and  rays. 

20.  A  WuIk'uo. 

21.  The  sky. 

22.  Death's  heads. 
2. '5.  Hearing  ears. 
24.  The  sea. 
2o.  A  spirit. 
2G.         Do. 

27.  A  Jossakeed. 

28.  A  sick  man  under  the  influence  of  necromai     '. 

29.  A  Meda. 

30.  An  evil,  or  one-sided  Meda. 

31.  Medical  skill  —  the  human  heart  —  symbolic. 
.32.  An  idol. 

33.  A  seer's  image. 

34.  The  human  heart  —  a  symbol. 
3o.  Symbols  of  the  heart. 
3G.  A  headless  Wabeno. 

37.  A  man  loaded  with  presents. 

38.  The  society  of  the  Wabeno  —  seated  in  a  lodge. 

39.  Grand  inedicine. 

40.  Domestic  circle. 

41.  A  fortress  —  European. 


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CIIAllACTEIl  OF   THE   INDIAN    RACE. 

Niiiiiljcr  IJ.   A  iH'croinimtic  professor  ilUiiig  the  world  with  his  power  iiiitl  .skill. 
"         I -I.   A  sviiilx)!  ;)1'  iMiwcr. 

A  (iiisl.'kcpitiijiiish,  or  iimgic  iiicdiciiu'-siirk. 

A  iiia;ii('  (Iruiii. 

Till'  sun  iiu'liiicd  to  hear. 

.\  inii^Mc  Imihc  lifted  i)y  ii  iiiedn. 

A  niaj;ic  Ixuie  Hying. 

iV  wanipiiiu  l)clt. 

A  ciiniiorant  iiii('"r  niagii-  iiidiicneo. 

The  sun  —  in  a  hearin''  attitude. 


400 


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Tlic    nu'dicul    power   of    a    |)lant    (illinir    the    world,    and    roaching  to 

the  ,sky. 
A  medical  prol'essor  —  hotanic. 

A  Waheno — headless  —  standing  on  the  world  —  holding  human  hearts 
Fli 

A  Wal.( 

An  American  —  .symholi 
A  ir 


line; 


■i\  llllio.ic, 


having  power  to  stand  on  half  the  world. 


—  a  species  of  worm,  alluded  to  by  the  Wal)Oii()s. 
.V  WalH'iio.  sitting  on  the  top  of  "the  circle  of  the  heaven.s." 
.\  magic  ring  and  a  dart  —  symliolic  of  nnigic  skill. 
\  mer-man  —  a  totem. 
A  fcmak'  pr()|)het. 
A  sMiihol  of  war. 
A  symliiil  of  jieace. 
Goods  —  a  sviiiImiI. 
Symbol  of  time. 
The  great  horned  serpent. 
A  spirit  of  evil. 
S-rpent. 
Sociality. 

The  kingfisher  —  a  totem. 
Spirit  of  evil,  looking  into  heaven. 
'I'lie  tortoise  —  a  totem. 
A  licit  or  baldric  —  nocturnal  fraternity. 
\  ineda  —  with  great  magic  power. 
,\  budding  war-clnb. 

A  .lossakeed.  sustained  by  the  power  of  birds  to  look  into  events. 
l''abuloiiM  serpent. 
Stiilled  bird  —  a  magic  symbol. 


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410  INTELLECTUAL   CArAClTY   AND 

Number  81.  A  doctor,  liiiviiig  great  skill  in  pliints.  —  Tlio  birils  pvu  him  the  power 
of  iil)i((iiity. 

S:2.  A  miij:;ic  grasp. 

S;!.  Ili'iiring  .•*orpent. 

SI.  A  .>ivml)()l  of  the  power  to  look  into  rutiirity. 

S").  A  miin  clotlicil  in  ii  lie.ir'n  .skin. 

tSO.  S_vtiil)ol  of  power  over  the  iieart. 

ST.  Sviiihol  of  spiritual  power. 

SS.  Representative  figure  of  a  female. 

SO.  The  eatfisli  —  a  totem. 

•'0.  Tiie  eagle  —  a  totem. 

lU.  Disabled  man. 

0:2.  Pipes. 

O.'l.  A  bad  si)irit  of  the  air. 

9-1.  Spirit  of  th(>  l)lMe  sky. 

0").  A  woodpecki'r.  Hying  ofl'  in  a  direct  line. 

0(1.  A  bad  spirit  of  tlie  sky. 

07.  Symbol  of  a  Waljeno  standing  on  the  globe. —  Totem  of  his  name. 

08.  The  sun. 
00.  A  spii'it  of  proi)he("v  of  the  sky. 

100.  Tiie  serpent  penetrating  the  earth. 

101.  Plants  —  symljols  of  medical  power. 
1(12.  A  k-aver's  tail. 
lO-").  Syn!l)ol  of  magical  power. 

KM.  A  Meda's  power,  .symboli/.ed  by  an  uj)iifted  arm. 

lO-j.  S\  nd)ol  of  a  Meda's  power,  holding  the  clouds  in  his  hands. 

100.  Hotanical  power. 

I(l7.  The  turtle. 

lOS.  Medical  power  —  a  symbol. 
100.       Do.        do.  do. 

110.  Monster  —  issuing  from  tlie  earth. 

111.  Syndjid  of  K)  hei.'.s  killed  in  battle. 

1 12.  I'"lag  at  a  grave. 
ll.'l.  .V  meda  —  with  power. 
11.  Synd)ol  of  death. 
1 1  t.  A  Hag  at  a  grave. 
1  ill.  War  lance-club. 
117.  Symljol  of  war. 
lis.  A  bale  of  gocxls. 
110.  A  canot^  —  hunter's. 


CIIAIIACTER   OK   THE   INDIAN    HACK, 


111 


(1 


« 

a 
(i 


Number  120.  A  inonsti'r  figure  uswl  in  tlio  ;j,uiue  of  tlio  howl. 

121.  A  clii.'f. 
"        122.  A  1)11(1  .spirit  liiilf  lli'il-vd. 
"        123.  Symbol  of  iii3tliioiil  power. 

"        124.  A  (.rrcat  war  ci)i)tain  —  witii  one  haml  lie  gra.^ps  the  earlli,  witli  tlie 
otiii-r  till'  nky. 

125.  Symbol  of  a  warrior  bold  as  the  sun. 

120.   Ik'indcer's  bead  —  a  totem. 

127.  A  canoe  tilled  with  warriors. 

12S.  Instruction  in  ma_!.'ie. 

121).  An  encampment — symljolic. 

130.  A  beaver  under  medical  inlluence. 

131.  A  wolf — ii  totem. 

"        l.")2.  A  fabulou.s  bear  —  having  a  copper  tail. 

"        1.33.  Symbol  of  .iptM'd. 

"         l.">4.   A  ei'iine  —  ii  totem. 

'■         1. '!•"».    \  deei'  —  a  totem. 

"         1. ")(■).   .\  faliiiloMs  snake. 

"         137.   Siitanic  power  —  a  syndiol. 

"         1.3S.   Crnsscd  serpents  —  a  symbol  of  wanness. 

"         ll)'.l.   .'symbol  of  the  ileatb  ol'  a  man  whose  tott'in  is  the  crane. 

'•        110.   Symbol  of  death  —  of  the  bear  totem. 
These  siirns  by  no  means  till  the  entire  .symliolic  alphabet  of  the   Kekenowin  and 
Kckcwin,  but  will  serve  to  denote  something  of  their  ca})aeity  of  s^niixili/.ing  object.^ 
in  the  various  departments  of  natni  \ 

9.       U  N' I  VKHS.\  Ll  T  V     A  .\  I)    A  X  T  t  (J  U  I  T  V    OF    THK     P  I("  TO  (I  H  .U' IN  C     MkTMOI) 
A  .M  ()  N  C     T  11  K     N  O  U  T  II  K  Ii  N     T  H  I  U  K  S . 

G'.'ojrrapliical  .\rc.a  covered  by  tlio  Mijiiatlniis  ef  the  Alj;oiiiiiiiii  Tribes;  —  'J'iie  j^reat  fixity  ef 
Mental  ami  I'liysieal  Ciiaraeler,  caii.-ieil  by  their  Uelijiimis  lU'liet's  ; — Thesu  l!eliof-i  of  a  .-itl-oM;;ly 
niark<'(l  Oriental  Type: — Tiieir  l'ietiij;ra])liy  to  be  'race(l  baek  to  tin  irth  Atlantic; — Their 
Ethnoloi;ical  Identity  with  the  Ancient  New  England  Tribes  ; — E.\ani|)ics  of  Indian  I'etition.s 
to  the  I'rosidei  t   of  the  United  .States. 

PiCTOKiA',  inscriptions  of  the  character  t)f  the  .Miiz/.iiiabiks  of  the  Wi'stcrn  Indians, 
particularly  of  those  of  the  Alm)ni[uin  type  t)f  lanjiiiage.s,  are  to  Ije  traced  east  wurd 
from  Lake  Superior  and  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi,  on  the  back  line  -f  their  mi- 
gration, through  Lake  Huron,  by  it.s  northern  communications,  to  tiie  shores  of  the 
Northern  Athmtic.  One  of  these  has  been  previously  alluded  to  as  existing  on  the 
Straits  of  St.  Mary's,  and  it  is  believed  that  the  art  will  be  found  to  hiive  Ix'cn  in  use, 


'J 


;    i 

'  '■    4  i 


1 1  i 
'!  i! 


'  I 


f!     ' 


, 


!i 


t  i 

!  i 
!  J 


i 


Iff  lit   > 


V  >■. 


l.^  if: 


if^-i^Tf: 


412 


INTELLECTUAL   CAPACITY   AND 


and  frcflv  t'liiplovctl  iit  sill  iicriods  of  tlicir  Iiistoiy.  ciiibracinfr  tlic  ri'sidciiro  of  then 
iinci'Htors  on  tlio  slioivs  of  tlio  AllMiilic.  Tlic  ancii'iit  inscription  cxistinj^  at  tiio 
mouth  of  tlio  As.sonct  or  Tiuinton  Hivor.  liftwi'i'U  tlic  St;iti's  of  Hiioiio  Isliiml  iiml 
Miissnchiisotts,  is  U'lii'vcd  to  bo  a  ricin-d,  essoniiiill_\,  of  tills  «ynd)olic  diaraotor,  in- 
Bcril)ed  around  an  old  Scandinavian  inscription. 

It  is  found  that  very  few  essential  clianjres  in  their  forest  arts  or  character  have 
taken  i)lace  anionji;  the  North  American  tril<es  for  several  ciiluiies.  There  is  scarcely 
an)  thinir  more  worthy  of  remark  than  this  jreneral  lixity  of  characti'i",  and  indisposi- 
tion to  ehanire,  or  adopt  any  new  traits,  or  ahundon  any  old  ones.  The  state  of  a 
Hociety,  simple  and  erratic,  and  moidded  together  on  the  hasis  of  petty  ])rcdatory  wars 
and  huntinj:,  did  not  demand  extraordinary  ellorts.  The  arts  that  snHiced  one  ;rene- 
ration  sullicetl  the  next.  There  was  always  a  sanctity  in  their  localities,  and  a  strong 
aii[)eal  to  prejudice  in  a  reference  to  ancc  stral  customs,  and  to  places  of  actual  residence 
and  achievements.  There  was  never  a  more  powcvfe.l  appeal  to  lie  made  hy  tiieir 
speakers  than  is  contained  in  the  epithets,  tlu-  laud  of  my  fathers.  an<l.  t!ie  graves  of 
my  ancestors.  Tlu;  opinion  that  prior  times  had  attained  all  that  was  worth  attain- 
ment, one  of  the  (K)giii,i,s  of  I'ontiac,  has  had  the  most  ]>araly/.iug  elVcct  u|ion  the  pro- 
gress of  the  hunter  trihes.  Mlksipiatowa.  the  Shawnee  I'roiihet,  had  a  |M)wi'rful  elfect  in 
conlirniing  tiieie  ;n  the  mir.c'ulous  power  of  ids  Jeesukiiwius.  It  also  had  this  further 
ellect.  tl  at  if  (hey  iranil  nothing  new  they  I'orgot  nothing  old.  The  old  I'eligion  and 
old  notions  of  iiarliaiism  had  charms  for  them.  J  low  far  into  remote  antiipiity  this 
I'emaik  slioidd  he  carried  may.  pel  haps,  ailmil  of  tpicstion.  liiit  its  truth  is  viiulicated 
hy  the  ihree  ccntniies  whicii  have  idapsed  since  the  discovery  ;  for.  with  the  exception 
»)f  mere  changes  of  articles  of  dn'ss  and  aims,  and  |iartial  modes  of  .suhsistence,  the 
wild-wood  ti'lx'sof  A.  1).  lS."i(l  ai<'.  nientaily,  |>liysically.  and  characteristically,  iden- 
tical wiih  those  of  A.  I).  I'idO. 

One  of  the  great  causes  of  this  lixity  and  identity  —  we  may  add.  the  great  cause 
of  liotli.  is  to  he  liiuiid  in  tlieir  system  of  religions  hidiet"  and  woishiji. 

Tiie  religion  and  the  mythology  of  the  North  American  Indians,  are  tlie  two  j)ro- 
lilic  soui'i'cs  of  their  opinions.  Their  belief  on  these  hi-ads  may  bo  conlldently 
asserted  to  have  U'cu  the  cau.se  of  action  in  many  of  the  most  important  events  which 
mark  the  history  of  the  race,  ancient  and  modern.  And  the  topic  is  one  which 
demands  a  careful  iinestigation  in  the  examination  of  (pii'stioiis  of  this  nature.  The 
idea  and  the  picture  represent  in  vr  the  idea,  are  too  intimately  coiuu'cteil  to  allow  the 
o  le  to  be  wi'll  unilerstood  without  a  kiiowleilge  ot'  the  other.  (Ireat  di\  ersit\-  has 
pre\  nl.'d,  as  prior  data  demonstrate,  in  the  nvmiber  and  character  of  tlie  syniliois 
which  have  served  to  conduct  their  worship;  but  there  are  certain  leading  priiK'iples 
to  be  traced  through  these  diversities  lif  ty[)es  and  signs.  Wheie\er  examined, 
whether  in  the  ancient  seats  of  their  power  in  New  Kngland,  or  on  the  plains  of  tic 
Mississippi,  or  the  borders  (if  the  Lakes,  their  religion  is  found  to  Ik;  baaed  on  tiio 


.,  h:^..M:..:%u.- 


11  w 


ClIAUACTEK   OK    T 11 K    INDIAN    UACE. 


4V\ 


iH'licf  in  tlio  oxisU'iice  of  ii  (Irciit  Spirit,  or  iiiiivcrHiil  Powit.  who  is  rcj^ardod  as  the 
VVaziii'toiid,  or  if  the  ol)j('ct  iiiiult!  ho  uiiimalc,  Wiizlioiiiid,  or  maker.  Practicallv,  and 
OS  di'iioti'd  by  tlio  aiiiinato  roots  of  active  vi-rhs  iniplyiiij^  life,  or  iH'ing,  lie  ih  roco"- 
ni/.i'd  as  the  Ori^diial  Aniniatinj;;  I'rincipii'.  As  sucii.  iio  is  Ixdiovod  to  lio  iiivariahlv 
(lood,  and  iiiscparaiiii'  from  tho  I'riMcipli'  of  (iood.  Hut,  ('\idt'iili_\-  to  arcount  for  evil 
in*'  UMii'i's  in  the  world,  tlio  Indian  llicolof^y  provides  an  antaironistical  |)(nvor  which 
is  represented  as  the  impersonation  of  the  Principle  of  Kvil.  Moth  tiiese  jiowers  are 
called  Moiiedo,  anil  admit  the  prefix  (!reat,  hut  the  latter  is  never  denominated 
Wazlieaiid  or  Maker.  This  is  a  very  ..neient  oriental  helief.  as  ancient,  certaiiilv,  as 
the  af^'o  of  Zoroaster,  hy  whom  it  appears  to  have  heen  originally  constructed  to 
account  for  all  eontlictin;,'  moral  phenomena  in  tiic  government  of  the  world.  Our 
triiies  are  certainly  innocent  of  any  refined  theory  or  rellection  of  this  kind;   hut  thev 


re.  with   rijrid  pertinacity,  to  the  doctrine  of  the  two  antajronistical  | 


)owers  ol 


(I  descent.  wiUi  more 


th 


adiu 

(Iood  and   K\il.      And  this  tells  tin-  history  of  their  ori};iii  an 
plainness  than  their   mounds,  their   anomalous  style  of  architecture,  or  their  unread 

'J'liese  two  principles  are,  howexcr.  liaiiK'  to  he  so  atten- 


d  I 


mil   liiero: 


dvi.l 


lie.' 


uated   and   inliiiitidv  dilViised,  and   in  this  dill'usion  thev  ha\'e  I 


)ecoiue   so  materialized 


and   localized,  and   ,so  prone  to  luaiiili'st   themselves   in  the  shape  of  created    matte 
animate,  and  inanimate,  that  I'very  class  of  creation,  and  i'ver\-  sp( 


lecies  of  ever\-  clll^^ 


le  whole  eailli 


IS  seized  upon  hy  their  loresl  worshippers,  as  an  individual  nod.  'I' 
thus  jieopled  with  imajrinary  deities  of  lieiii;jn  or  maliv'iiaut  power,  'j'lie  two  classes 
are  |ieri)etually  antafioiiistical  to  each  other,  and  their  votariis  are  thus  kepi  in  a  per- 
petual state  of  H'ar  and  distrust. 


No  example  of  the  Indian  picture-writing  has  lieen  consulted,  in  which  tl 


lis  sNstem 


of    l)elief   is    not    stnaiL'h 


iirou 


dit 


int. 


Whoever    has    attentivelv 


examinei 


I    th 


jireceding  pages  must  have  heen  impres.si'd  with  the  multijilicity  of  these  minor 
deities,  and  with  the  complex  character  of  tlie  Indian  jxilytlieism.  Tpmi  a  svstem  of 
spirit-worship  thus  dill'use,  is  engrafted   the  idea  of  medical   magic,  called   Mcda,  and 


the  oriental   notion  of  Oracles 

eli'ineiits   in  their   helief.      The  preceding  details  demonstrate  that  tl 


Prophets,  called  ,Fi)s,sikeeds.      These  constitute  the 

lere  is  no  depart- 


ment of  Indian  lilt'  \vliicli  they  do  not  invade  with  an  ahsorl 
the  leadin'4  intlueiices  in  war  and  hunting.     The\  lia\ 


)ing  interest. 


'I'l 


lev  are 


e  ccaiverted  the  metlical  art.  in  a 


great    degree,    into  necromantic  rites.      They  furnish  ohjects  of  rememi 


irance  upon 


graves,    they   animate  the  arcana  of  the  mystical  .societies,   and    thev  constitute 
small  part    of  the   pictorial  matter  recorded  on  trei's,  <ui  rolls  of  hark   and  sk 


on  the  hard  surllice  of  rock 


\VI 


lenevcr  a  sued  o 


ills,  and 
f  Indian  lignres.  or  a  piei c  of 


their  symliolic  writings,  is  presented  lor  examiiiai:')ii,  it  is  important  to  decide,  as  a 
primary  point,  upon  its  theological  or  mythological  characteristics;  li)r  these  are 
generally  the  key  to  its  interpretation.      It   afl'ords  another  coiiicideuct'  to  that   above 


named,    between    the   religious  belief  of  the  earlv    iiat 


ions  of  the  eastern  and   the 


1 


i 


t    ]l 

I        I 


9i 


^ 


!'    1 


;M 


414 


INTK  L  1,  IH  rr  A  \-    ('  A  I'AC  IT  V    AN  1) 


western  heniisplu'iv,  tliat  llic  Ciciitor,  tlic  (ireat  Spirit,  iiml  tin-  Wa/licniid,  was 
Pvml)olize(l  iiiulcr  tlic  liLMirc  of  tlic  sim.  l/ilc  iiml  tlie  powiT  ol"  Kvii,  arc  persoiiilieil, 
geiu'ralh',  iiiuler  tlio  lonii  (if  a  siTpcnt ;  ami  this  acroimts.  iidt  oiilv  llir  tlic  gri'iit 
respect  and  reverenee  tliev  have  lor  nerpents.  hut  lor  tin'  pervmiinit  inlluenee  the 
sviiihi)!  has  in  their  iiu'da  cerenioiiies,  and  in  thcii'  trailitimis. 

It  is  historicallv  known  that  tlu.-^e  relinions  instilntions  existed  ainonj:  tin?  trili(>s 
who  formerly  oecnfiii'd  New  Kntrland,  the  same  in  principle  as  they  are  now  I'oinid  at 
the  West.  The  powwow,  and  the  sa'iamore  of  the  waters  of  I.e'u'  Island.  Narrafransett, 
and  Massadnisctts,  exercised  the  same  olliee.  and  were  fioverned  l>y  the  same  princi- 
ples, as  the  mcda  and  the  waheno  of  the  Illinois  ami  the  Mississippi,  and  tlii>  jossakeed 
an<l  jnL'irler  of  vho  hanks  of  the  Ilnnm  and  the  l,ake  of  the  Woods.  This  was  in  the 
general  directioi.  that  the  migration  of  the  race  from  the  .North  .Vtlantic  ran.  and  there 
was  and  still  exist.s  a  more  intimate  alViliation  in  rites  and  customs,  as  well  as  in  lan- 
gnage.  between  the.se  extremes,  than  hetween  them  and  the  trans-Mississipi)ian  triiies. 

It  has  been  shown  that  the  oMici*  of  a  meda.  or  a  prophet,  is  not  only  sometimes 
nnited  in  that  of  a  war-chief,  or  captain,  hut  it  is  often  the  hest  and  surest  avenn(>  to 
popularity.  Wlien  success  had  crowned  the  eflorts  of  the  Chippewa  chief  .Myeengnn, 
he  inscribed  its  results  by  figurative  signs  on  the  Iik-cs  of  two  separate  and  (listin<'t 
rocks.  The  Delaware  war-clii(>f.  Wingenund,  described  the  p.irt  he  bore  in  the  great 
Indian  ))artisaii  war  of  the  West,  in  I7ti'2.  by  symb(dic  lignres  on  the  banks  of  the 
-Muskingum.  Tiie  Algompiin  tiiiies  who  joined  the  French  in  llie  expulsion  of  the 
Sacs  and  Foxes  from  the  eastern  part  of  Wiiicousin.  in  17")  I.  made  a  similar  re(~ord 
of  their  .success  on  the  ciiU's  of  (Ireeii  Hay.  There  are  still  existing  symbolical 
figures,  preserved  by  the  I'xuded  gum  on  the  sides  of  trees  of  the  s|)ecit's  y)//((^'<  nslnofni, 
on  the  portage  west  from  Leech  Lake  to  the  shores  of  l'ik"'s  Hay  on  ("ass  liake.  which 
were  made,  the  cliiefs  inlln'med  me.  by  the  Indians  who  inhabited  the  country  at  the 
head  of  the  Mississippi,  before  its  coiKpiest  by  tli(>  Pillagers.  .\nd  if  so,  tiuT  are 
equally  remarkable  for  the  duration  of  their  drawings  with  those  of  the  pines,  men- 
tioned by  La  Croix,  as  existing  on  the  banks  of  the  Hiver  Irtish,  in  Tartarv.'  The 
art  of  inscription   by   pictures,  and   the  dis|)ositi(in   to   em|iloy  it.  existed  early  and 

generally  among  all  our  principal  tribes;  but  they  ( teiite(i  themselves,  in  ordinary 

■Mises,  by  C(>mmitting  their  records  to  sheets  of  bark.  |)ainted  skins,  tabular  sticks  of 
Wdod,  or  the  decorticated  sides  of  trees,  where  they  were  read  by  one  r)r  two  genera- 
tions, and  then  perished, 

As  a  suitable  conclusion  to  this  chapter,  an  example  of  a  pictogiaphie  petition  to 
the  President  of  the  United  States,  will  be  given.  In  the  month  of  .lauiiary.  IS1!1.  a 
delegation  of  eleven  Chijipewas,  from  Lake  Superior,  presented  themselves  at  Wash- 
ington, who,  amid  other  matters  not  well  digested  in  their  minds,  asked  the  govern- 


'  Victc  .StrahlcnbtTg,  seq. 


ClIA  RACTKIl  OF   TMK    INDIAN    RACE. 


4ir. 


moiit  for  a  ictroccHHioii  ol"  some  portion  of  tlio  liviuls  wliicli  tlic  imlioii  Imil  foriiu'i'ly 
ceiled  to  tlie  I'liited  Stiite.x.  iit  a  treaty  eoiicliiiled  at  f-apoiiile,  in  Lake  Superior,  in 
ISl:!.  Tliey  were  lieaded  Ity  OslicaljawisH,  a  chief  I'miii  a  part  of  tiie  fore.st-coimtr_\ . 
oall«'d  by  tliem  Moiioiiioiiecaii,  on  tln'  liead-wators  of  the  Hiver  Wi.sconxiii.  Some 
minor  chiefs  accoiii|ianied  tiioin,  tojrotlier  with  a  Sioux  and  two  hoi.>*hrnleH.  or  half- 
hreeds,  fioni  the  Sault  Ste.  Marii-,  .Michigan.  The  jirincipal  of  tho  latter  was  a  |K'r.'*on 
called  .Martell.  who  appeared  to  he  the  niaxtcr-spiril  ami  prime  niover  of  the  visit,  and 
of  the  motions  of  the  entire  part \ .  His  niotivi-s  in  ori).'inatinjr  and  con<lnctin)r  the 
party,  were  unestioned  in  letters  and  verbal  representations  from  persons  on  the 
frontiers.  He  was  fn-ely  pronounced  an  adventurer,  and  a  person  who  had  other 
ol>j«'cts  to  fullil,  of  hijrher  interest  to  himself  than  the  advancement  of  the  civilization 
and  industry  of  the  Indians.  Yet  these  were  the  ostensible  objects  put  forward, 
thouffh  it  wa.t  known  that  he  had  e.vhibiled  the  Indians  in  various  parts  of  the  Union 
for  gain,  and  had'set  out  with  the  purpose  df  carrying  them,  liu'  the  same  object,  to 
Knglaud.  However  this  may  1>",  nnich  interest  in,  and  sympathy  for  them,  was 
excited.  Ollicially,  indeed,  their  object  was  blocked  up.  The  ])arty  were  not. 
accredited  by  their  local  agent.  They  I'mught  no  letter  from  the  acting  Superintend- 
ent of  Indian  .Ml'airs  on  that  frontier.  The  journey  had  not  lieeii  aulliori/ed  in  any 
manner  liy  tin'  department.  It  was,  in  fine,  wholly  voluntary  and  the  expenses  of  it 
had  been  defrayed,  as  already  indicated,  chietly  from  contrilxitions  nuide  by  citi/,i-;-i 
on  the  way,  and  from  the  avails  of  their  exbil)itious  in  the  towns  through  which  they 
])assed  ;  in  which,  arrayed  in  their  national  costume,  they  exhibited  tlu'ir  peoiliar 
dances,  and  native  implements  of  war  ami  music.  What  was  wauling,  in  addition 
to  these  sources,  had  been  supplied  by  borrowing  from  ln(li\  iduals. 

.Martell,  who  acted  as  their  conductor  and  interpreter,  brought  private  letters  from 
several  persons  to  members  of  Congress  and  others,  which  procured  respect.  After  a 
visit,  prittracted  through  seven  or  eight  weeks,  an  act  was  passed  by  Congress  to 
defray  the  exi)enses  of  the  i)arty,  including  the  repayment  of  the  sums  Ixirrowed  of 
citizens,  and  suflicient  to  carry  them  back,  with  every  refpiisite  comfort,  to  their  homes 
in  the  north-west.  While  in  Washington,  the  presence  of  the  party  at  private  houses, 
at  levees,  and  places  of  public  resort,  and  at  the  halls  of  Congress,  attracted  nuich 
interest;  and  tiiis  was  not  a  little  heightened  by  their  aptness  in  the  native  cere- 
miMiies,  dancing,  and  their  orderly  conduct  and  ea.sy  manners,  imited  U)  the  attraction 
of  their  neat  and  well-preserved  costume,  which  helped  forward  the  object  of  their 
mission. 

The  visit,  although  it  has  been  stated,  from  respectable  sources,  to  ha\e  hail  its 
origin  wholly  in  private  motives,  in  the  carrying  out  of  which  the  natives  were 
niafle  to  play  tlu>  jiart  of  mere  subordinates,  was  concluded  in  a  manner  which  rellects 
the  highest  cri'dit  on  the  liberal  feelings  and  sentiments  of  Congress.  The  phni  of  a 
retrocession  of  territory,  on  which  some  of  the  natives  e.xpressed  a  wish  to  settle  and 


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I  N  T  V.  I-  L  E  (J  T  V  A  L  ('  A  P  A  C  I T  Y   AND 


adopt  tlu'  iiitMM'n  <,l\ivili/.ril  lilt'.  apiicinTd  tn  want  the  Haiictiiiii  itf  tlic  Hcvoral  utatcH  in 
wliii'li  till'  laiui^  aMkoil  ..a-  lie.  No  aitiou  upon  it  o(ailil  tlicii't'orc  U'  \\v\\  had,  until 
till-  l(-;:iMlatur<'s  of  tlic^i^  ctatrH  could  Ih>  con.iultfd. 

lint  if  tlicii'  were  doul>tH  as  t(<  tlic  authority  or  approval  of  the  visit  on  tiio  part 
of  c'itlu'i-  the  ChippowaH  or  rronliiT  olUcurH  of  the  govi'rnnient,  thcso  vi-ry  ilonhtM  ltd 
ihf  party,  under  the  pruuiptinirs  of  their  leatler,  to  n-sorl  to  the  native  pietorial  ait. 
whieh  iinniches  the  sulijeet  of  this  notice,  i'icture-writing,  in  some  of  its  shades,  has 
lonu'  lieen  noticed  as  existiii),'  anion;,'  the  western  Indians.  Hy  it  not  only  exploits  in 
war  and  liuntin(.'  ure  known  to  Ik>  n'corded,  hut  such  devices  are  not  nnlVeipu-ntly 
seen  drawn  on  the  fuooth  and  often  inaccessihie  faces  of  n)cks,  on  which  thc>y  are 
frecpiently  ohservcd  to  ho  paint  'd,  and  sometimes  fretted  in.  A  still  more  coiinnon 
exhihition  of  the  mode  is  ohservcd  in  the  Indian  adjedati^r.  or  f^rave.[H)st ;  and  it 
constitutes  a  species  of  notation  for  their  mcda  and  hnntin<r  son^s. 

In  the  instance  now  In-fore  us,  it  is  resorted  to,  to  jiivo  authority  to  delej^atcs  visitin)? 
the  seat  of  government.  These  primitive  letters  of  credence  were  desijrned  to  supply 
an  ohvious  want  on  the  presentation  of  the  ilelegation  at  Washington.  Tiieir  leader 
was  too  shrewd  not  to  know  that  letters  of  this  kind  wotdd  l)0  required  in  onler  to 
cnahic  him  to  stand,  with  authority,  hefore  the  chief  uf  the  Indian  Hureau,  tiu> 
Secretary  <»f  War,  and  tiie   President. 

The  liillowini;  are  exact  transcripts  of  the  rolls  on  a  reduced  scale.  Thei'e  are  (ive 
separate  sheets,  foin'  of  which  are  illustrative  of  the  principal  one.  which  expresses  in 
symlH)ls  the  ohject  of  the  memorial.  Tlie  material  is  the  smooth  iinier  coats  of  the 
hark  of  the  lietula  papyracea,  or  white  l)irch  <if  northern  latitudes.  To  facilitate 
dcs(;ription.  each  of  the  pictographs.  or  traced-sheets.  and  each  of  the  tigii  'es  of  the 
several  inscriptions,  has  hecMi  nundiorcd.  The  names  of  the  jM-rsons  who.sc  totemic 
hearings  are  alone  introduced  into  these  transcripts,  iiave  hocn  written  down  from  the 
\\\)s  of  the  interpreter.  In  this  way.  and  from  a  comi)arison  of  the  scrolls  with  other 
data  po.ssesscd  on  the  same  hranch.  the  whole  story  has  Ix'en  secinvd.  The  chiefs  and 
warriors  of  the  five  several  villages  who  united  in  the  objects  of  the  visit  —  for  there 
were  some  temporary  and  other  ohjects,  besides  the  one  al)<>vp  named,  which  an*  not 
necessary  to  Is-  mentioned,  were  represented  alono  by  the  symbols,  or  figures  of 
animals  which  ty|)ify  their  clans,  or  totems.  Their  name.'*  were  written  down  from 
the  li|>s  of  their  interpreter. 

It  will  be  seen,  that  iiy  far  the  greatest  number  of  the  totems  or  clans  jiere  named, 
are  represented  by  well-Uiiowii  species  of  (piadrupeds,  birds,  or  fishes,  of  the  latitiulcs 
in  which  the  Chippewas  now  live.  The  totemic  devices  would,  therefore,  a|>pear 
to  \h'  indigenous  and  Im-al,  and  to  have  little  claim  to  antitpiily.  A  few  of  them  are 
mythological,  which  will  be  pointed  out  as  we  proceed. 

The  description  of  I'ictograph  A.  Plate  lid.  is  as  follows: — 

This  is  the  leading  inscription,  and  symbolizes  the  petition  to  the  President.     No.  I. 


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CHARACTER   OF   T  11  K    INDIAN    RACE. 


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It  commences  with  tlio  totciii  ol"  tl liid'.  (mIIciI  O.-liialmwis.  wlm  liciidcil   the  purlv, 

■\vli()  i.s  seen  to  ho  of  the  AiZ-ji-Jm//,-.  or  Criuii'  clmi.  To  tlie  I'ye  of  tlie  hiiil  .stiiiidiii'^ 
for  tliis  chief,  tiie  eyes  ofiMcJi  of  the  nllicr  tutciiiic  iiniiiiiils  lire  (Hrec^ted  ax  deiiot('(l  \iy 
lines.  1o  symholi/e  iuiIdh  i>/  ri,  us.  The  hciirt  of  (mcIi  Muiinal  is  also  comieeted  hy 
lilies  with  the  heart  of  tiic  Crane  ciiief,  to  denote  ini!f// 1>/'/,,  /ii,i/  tun/  jiiir/in.'H'.  If  tliese 
symhols  are  siieeessfiil,  they  ilenote  that  the  wliole  f(irt}-l'oiir  persons  botli  «•/  and  ./I'/ 

nliUe  —  THAT  TIIKY  AliK  OM). 

No.  2,  is  a  warrior,  ealled  Wai-init-tiir-oii/.h.  of  the  tdtem  nf  the  Marten.  Tlie 
iiiun(>  simiilies  literally,  lie  lA'  the  Wooden  \'essel.  wiiich  is  tlie  eoninion  desi'^nation 
of  a  Frenchman,  and  is  sn|)iioseil  to  have  referenee  to  the  lii.-t  a|i|)eai;mee  of  a  shiji  in 
the  waters  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 

No.  .'].  O-ji'e-ma-gee-zhig,  is  al-o  a  warrior  of  the  Marten  elan.  The  name  means 
literally.  Sivv-Chief 

No.  I,  represents  a  tiiird  warrior  of  the  .Marten  elan.  The  name  of  MuU-o-mis-ud- 
aiiis.  is  a  s|)eeios  of  small  Iiind  tortoise. 

No.  o.    O-iinisli-kose.  or  tlie  Little  Klk.  of  the  IJear  totem. 

N(t.  (i.  j'iiiiii-.-iir.  or  the  f,ittle  Hird  of  the  totem  of  the  .\rj,(i,i-ti-/iiiiij,  or  Man- 
fish.  This  clan  represents  a  myth  of  the  Chippewas.  who  helieve  in  the  e\ist<'nce  of 
!i  class  of  animals  in  the  Tpper  Lakes,  called  .Xc-han-a-ljai-'.  partakinu'  of  the 
doiihle  natnres  of  a  man  and  a  fish  —  a  notion  which,  except  as  to  the  se.\.  has  its 
analogies  in  the  superstitions  of  the  nations  of  western  Knrope,  res[iectin,n'  a  mer- 
maid. 

No.  7.  ^V((-(r((-yf,'-)';)/«,  or  the  StrouL'  Stream,  is  a  warrior  of  the  O-was-se-wn^.  or 
Catfish  totem. 

Beside  the  unio.i  of  eye  to  eye,  and  heart  to  heart,  above  depicted.  Osh-ca-ha-wis.  as 
represented  by  his  totem  of  the  Crane,  has  a  line  drawn  from  his  cy  e  Ibrwiu'd,  to  denote 
the  cour.se  of  his  journey,  and  another  line  drawn  backward  to  the  series  of  small  rice 
lakes,  No.  S,  the  grant  of  which  ccmstitutes  the  object  of  the  journey.  The  long 
paralhd  lines.  No.  10,  represent  Lake  Superior,  and  the  small  parallel  lines,  No.  9,  a 
path  leading  from  some  central  j)oint  on  its  southern  shores  to  the  villages  and  interior 
lakes.  No.  8,  at  which  place  the  Indians  propo.se,  if  this  plan  be  sanctioned,  to  com- 
mence cultivation  and  the  arts  of  civili/ed  life.  The  entire  object  is  thus  .symboli/ed 
in  a  i;  \  :or  which  is  very  clear  to  the  tribes,  and  to  all  who  have  studied  the  simple 
clementf;  /f  this  mode  of  communicating  ideas. 

The  four  accompanying  pictograph.s  are  adjuncts  of  the  principal  inscription,  and 
the  object  prayed  for,  and  are  designed  to  strengthen  and  enforce  it,  by  displaying  in 
detail  the  villages  and  persons  who  concur  in  the  measure. 

Pictograph  B,  Plate  01,  is  interpreted  thus:  —  This  is  a  symbolic  representation 
of  the  concurrence  of  certain  of  the  Chippewas  of  Trout  Lake,  on  the  sources  of  Chip- 
pewa River,  Wisconsin,  in  the  object. 
53 


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1  NTKUJICTIA  h    CA  I'ACITY    AN  D 


:  -» 


;:   : 


NiiiiiIm'I'  I  rcprcsciitM  llic  CliioC  KfiiiMteiio.  or  tlio  ('rt'c,  ol'  tin'  tnU'iii  of  the  l)nint. 
()-tiik-imi-i-iH!-imi-Hrt'  (Niimljcr  2)  i«  liiw  hom. 

l*ii-im-slii'('  (NimilitT  .'!)  is  ii  wiirrior  of  tlic  tDtcm  or  I'liiii  nl'  tlic  rinnir-tiiili'd  Itcur. 
Tliis  i.t  a  iiiyth()l(ij.'ii'iil  creation  ol"  tlii'  CliipiH'was,  liv  wlioiii  it  in  lu'lii'Vi'il  tiial  miicIi  an 
uiiiiiial  liUM  a  Hiiltti'rraiiL'aii  cxiHti'iici' ;  that  lie  is  MoiiU'tiiiK's  hcoii  alK)Vi' frroimd  ;  and 
tlnit  his  tail,  thu  peculiar  ieatiire  in  which  he  (iill'crs  IVoiii  the  iiortheiii  liliicli  Immv,  is 
Ibrmcd  of  copper,  or  some  hi'i;,dit  metal. 

Numher  4.  This  is  a  warrior  of  the  CatHsii  totem,  ol'  the  piirtieular  si^eics  denoted 
Ma-iio-inaiji.     The  name  is  \V'a-iri-mi'i-we-ji\vun,  meiininii,  lie  of  the  chiel'-rcather. 

Numher  o.    Ok-wa-^on,  or  (he  neck,  a  warrior  of  the  Sturjicou  totem. 

Niimlior  Ii.  O-je-tshaiifi,  a  warrior  ol'  the  totem  of  the  species  of  Hprini;  diu'k  called 
Ah-ah-wai  hy  the  natives,  which  is  helievcd  to  he  identical  with  the  uarrulous  coast 
duck  calleil  (Hdwi\'es  hy  sailors.' 

Numhers  7,  S,  U.  Warriors  of  the  clan  of  the  fahnlons  Lonf^-tailed  Ik-ar,  who  arc 
named,  in  their  order,  Wa-gi-ma-wash.  or  would-ho-chicf,  Ka-be-tau-wa.sh,  or  Mover-in- 
n-circlo,  mid  Sha-tai-mo,  or  I'ciican's  excrement. 

Numher  10.    Ka-we-tan-he-tun^'.  of  the  totem  of  tlic  Awa.soe.s,  or  Catlish. 

Numl)orll.  O-ta-uan-me.  or  the  Fox  Indian,  of  the  Mi-ar  totem ;  and  Ah-ah-wai, 
or  the  first  s|)rin,!^  duck  of  the  fioon  totem, —  all  warrioi's. 

Pictouraph  C,  Plate  (12.  hy  this  scroll  the  chief  Kun-de-kund  of  the  Iviule  totem 
of  the  river  Ontoiiairon,  of  Lake  Superior,  luul  certain  individuals  of  his  limid,  are 
represented  as  unitin;;'  in  the  oliject  of  the  vi'il  of  Oshcahawis.  lie  is  depicted  hy  the 
figure  of  an  eagle,  Xuml)ei'  1.  The  two  small  lines  aseendinu;  fi'om  tiie  head  of  the 
bird  denote  authority  or  ])ower  ^icnerally.  The  humiin  arm  exti'udcd  from  the  breast 
of  the  bii-d,  with  the  open  hiind,  are  s}inbolic  of  fiiendship.  Hy  the  light  lines  con- 
necting the  eye  of  cacli  j)erson  with  the  chief,  and  that  of  the  chief  with  the  President, 
(Number  8,)  unity  of  view.s  or  purpose,  thu  same  as  in  pictograph  Number  1,  is 
.s\  nil)oli7,ed. 

Numbers  2,  3,  4,  and  5,  are  warrior.s  of  his  o\\ti  totem  and  kindred.  Their  names, 
in  their  order,  are  f)n-gwai-sng,  Was-sarge-zhig,  or  The  Sky  that  lightens,  Kwe-we- 
ziaah-ish,  or  the  Bad-boy.  and  fiitch-ee-ma-tau-gum-ee,  or  the  great  sounding  water. 

Numlxjr  G.  Na-1x)al>ains,  or  Little  Soup,  is  a  warrior  of  his  band  of  the  Catlish  totem. 

Figure  Number  7,  repeated,  represents  dwelling-houses,  and  this  device  is  employed 
to  denote  that  tlie  persons,  beneath  whoso  symbolic  totem  it  is  respectively  drawn,  are 
indined  to  lire  In  JiniixeN  ninJ  lii'mme  rici/iy.cd.  in  other  words,  to  abandon  the  chase. 

Number  8  depicts  the  President  of  the  United  States  standing  in  his  olliciid  residence 
at  Washington.  The  open  hand  extended  is  cmplo3"ed  as  a  symbol  of  friendsliip,  cor- 
responding exactly,  in  this  respect,  witli  the  same  feature  in  Number  1. 


Ji^i' 


'  It  is  believed  to  be  doubtful  whether  the  Ah-ah-wai  should  not  be  clnssificd  with  the  totem  of  the  Loon. 


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CHARACTER    OF   THE    INDIAN    RACE 


The  chief  who.st;  nam 


scroll,  is  represented,  by  the  niys  on  his  he; 
higher  power  thiiii  Nuiiiher  I,  but  is  still 
in  the  pnrport  of  pictogniph  Number  1. 


e  is  withheld   at   the   left    liiiiid   of  the   interior  fl 


liures  o 


419 

if  tlie 


(I" 


igiire  !l.)  as,  apparently,  possessing  a 


•oncurrin-  by  the  e^e-line,  with  Kundeknnd 


Pietograph  0,  I'iate  bli.      In   tl 


kaik-( 


lis  scroll  figure  Number  1 


)-gwnn-na-osh,  or  a  pigeon-haw-in-tiight,  of  the  river  W 


the  Long-taili'd  J}ear.     The  other  I 


•('presents   the  chief  Ka- 
sconsiii.  of  the  totem  of 


igures  of  the  scroll  stand 


lor  nnie  of 


Ins  lollowers. 


who  are  each  represented  by  his  appro[)riate   totem.      Xuml 


)cr 


wa-1 


l<um-iu' 


or  Ile-that-can-inysticaliy-pass-down-in-the-earth.     Xuud) 


is  tlie  symbol  of  Na- 


■r  li,  Men-on-ik- 


wud-oans.  Number  7,  Sha-won-e-pe-nai-see,  the  soutliern   liird.  and  Nundjer  S    Micl 


mok-iu-ug-o,  doing  t(n'toise,  are  all 


i-e- 


Bear.     Number  '1  and  9  d 
warriors  of  the  bear  totem. 
No.  4,  .AFuk-kud-dai-o-kun-zl 


warriors  of  the  totem  of  tiie  nnstical  Long-tailed 


enote  (Jhi-a-ge-bo   and   K; 


le,  or  black  hoof. 


No.  5,  Mikinok.  a  turtle,  and  No.  10,  Na-t 


i-ga-ge-slieeb,   a  cormorant,   two 


i.s  a  warrior  of  the  brant 


on-we-ge-zhiji-,  the  E 


riors  of  the  marten  clan. 

Pietograph  ]•;.  Plate  til].     Uy  th 
Desert,  at  the  .source  of  the   Kiver  W 


IV  of  Day,  are  war- 


ns .scroll,  nine  persons  of  the  vill; 


of  i-ac  V^ieu 


sconsin,  includinii'  its  chief 


concurring  in  the  petition,  as  depicted  in  scroll  A. 


are   represented  as 


No.  1  is  the  d 


evice  of  tlie  chief  Kai-/.he-osh,  ui'  tlie  ca<'le  t 


N( 


Ush-1 


kwai-gon,  instrument  or  dra 


wer  ol 


l)ioO(i. 


(item. 
d  \o 


Elk's  tail,   are  represented   as   belonging   to   t 

Pe-kin-a-ga.  tiie  wiinier.   is  of  the  ab-ah-wa   totem.     Of   the   oilier 

village,  who  have  yielded  their  assent,  No.  ij,  Ka- 


Musii-1 


koa.-<-o-no. 


le   same    totem   witli    hini.self,      Xo.    1, 
persons    of    this 


:a-no-ga-da.  No.  8.  \Va- 


No.  9,  Pe-midj-wa-gau-kwut,  tlie  Ikjc,    (literally,  cross-axe.)   are  of    the    I 
No.  (5,  Niirbun-e-gee-zhii;',  bright  sky.  is  of  the  awa 


n-win-a.  aiK 


iciir  totem. 


ssees  or  (ish  totem 


(). 


/Iiin- 


in-nie,  the  well-made  man,  is  of  the  elk  totem  — 


as  is  usual  in  the  native  devici 


section  of  country.    Tt  is  drawn  with  high  horns,  and  a  tuft  from  ti 

chariicteristic  features  of  this  animal,  but, 

out  of  drawing.     It  ha 

seat  of  central  power  at  Washington 


iniich-respected    totem   in    that 
le  breast,  two  very 


's.  very  much 


s  an  eye-line,  thrown  ^videly  forward,  to  denote  its  fi.xity 


on  til 


so 
their 


It  will  be  perceived  that  the  several  members  of  the  eagle  totem.  1,  2,  ;],  and  al 
the  duck  totem.  No.  4,  are  denoted  by  the  eye-lines  as  hailing  from,  or  havim 
residences  at,  Lac  V'ieu  Desert,  No.  10,  while  the  persons  of  the  bear.  elk.  and  cat-lish 
totems  resiiectively  have  no  such  local  sign.  It  is  to  be  inferred,  therefore,  that  tiiese 
individuals  live  at  other  and  distinct  points,  in  that  part  of  the  country,  but  are  not 
of  the   Lake  of  A'ieu  Desert. 


The  whole  number  of  totems  iu  the  CI 


lippewa  nation  is  undetermined.     Twelve 


are  indicated  in  these  devices.     Of  tlie  forty-four  persons  who  av 


of  the  crane,  four  of  the  marten,  seven  of  the  black  bear,  one  of  the  neb 


•e  represented,  one  is 


inabe,  or  mai 


5i 


'      I 


::  « 


1:: 


\  t 


:     '    i 


■m 


420 


INTELLECTUAL   CArACITY   AND 


I  1 


H-       i  i 


(^' 


1. 


\i  h^ 


'I  s 


^ri:: 


I 


(isli.  six  of  the  cat-fish,  throe  of  tlie  Ijrant,  oijxht  of  the  l()iiu-t;iil('<l  siil)t('n-iinean  l)oar, 
one  of  the  sturgeon,  two  of  the  iilialiway,  or  spring'  (hick,  eight  of  the  eagle,  two  of  the 
k>on,  and  one  of  tlie  elk  totem. 

Tt  will  bo  seen,  in  a  view  of  the  several  deviecs,  that  tiio  greatest  stress  appears  to 
lie  laid  throughout  upon  the  fotrrii  of  the  individuals,  whilo  there  is  no  device  or  sign 
to  (k'liote  their  iirrsniKtl  iiaiiwi.  The  totem  is  omployed  as  the  o\ideu('o  of  the  identity 
of  the  family  and  of  the  ehui.  This  disclosure  is  in  accordance  with  all  that  lias  Limmi 
observed  of  the  history,  organization,  and  polity  of  the  ('hippewa,  and  t)f  tlie  AlgoiKpiin 
tribes  generally.  The  totem  is  in  fact  a  device,  correspoudiug  to  the  horalilic  bearings 
of  civilized  nations,  whicli  each  person  is  authorized  to  bear,  as  the  evidence  of  his 
family  identity.  The  very  etymology  of  the  word,  which  is  a  derivative  from  Do 
(hum,  a  town  or  village,  or  original  family  residence,  denotes  this.  It  is  remarkabl(>, 
also,  that  while  the  Indians  of  this  largo  group  of  North  America,  withhold  their  true 
personal  names,  on  iiii[uir\',  preferring  to  be  called  by  various  soliri(|iiets.  which  are 
often  the  familiar  lodge-terms  of  infancy,  and  never  introduce  tlu'iu  into  their  drawings 
anil  ]ncture-writiug,  they  ar(>  prompt  to  give  their  totems  to  all  inquirers,  and  iie\er 
seem  to  be  at  a  momcMit's  loss  in  remembering  them.  It  is  e(iually  noticeable,  that 
thoy  trace  blood-kindred  and  cijusanguinitios  to  the  remotest  ties;  often  using  the 
nearer  ibr  the  reni(4er  adiuities,  as  bnjther  and  sister  for  brother-indaw  and  sister-in- 
liiw.  I'l'c. ;  and  that  where  there  is  a  lapse  of  memory  or  tradition,  the  totem  is  confi- 
dently appealed  to.  as  the  test  of  blood  af1iiiit\',  liowever  remote.  It  is  a  conser|iieiice 
of  the  importance  attached  to  this  ancient  family  tie,  that  no  [lerson  is  permitted  to 
change  or  alter  his  totem,  and  that  such  change  is  absolutely  unknown  among  them. 

Those  scrolls  were  handed  in.  and  d(^posited  among  the  statistical  and  historical 
archives  and  collections  of  the  bureau.  By  closely  inspecting  them,  thoy  are  seen  to 
denote  the  concurrence  of  lint  thirty-three  Chippewa  warriors,  out  of  the  entire  Chip- 
pewa nation,  besides  the  eleven  persons  present.  Each  family  and  its  location,  is 
accurately  depicted  by  symbols.  Unity  is  shown  by  e3-e-lines,  and  by  heart-lines. 
Friend.ship  by  an  open  liand.  Civilization  by  a  dwellingdiouse.  Each  person  bears 
his  peculiar  totomic  mark.  The  devices  are  drawn,  or  cut,  on  the  smooth  iiiue"  sur- 
face of  the  sheets  of  bark.  It  will  thus  have  Ix'en  observed,  that  the  Indian  pictorial 
system  is  susce|)tible  of  considerable  certainty  of  information.  15y  a  mixture  of  the 
pure  re)iresentative  and  symbolical  mode,  these  scrolls  are  made  to  denote  accuratelv' 
the  number  of  the  villages  uniting  in  the  object  of  MarteU's  party,  together  with  the 
number  of  iMjrsons  of  each  totomic  class,  who  gave  in  their  assent  to  the  jilan.  They 
also  designate,  by  geographical  delineations,  the  position  of  each  village,  and  the 
;ieiier;il  position  of  the  country  which  they  ask  to  be  retroceded.  It  is  this  trait  of 
the  oxistence  among  the  Chippewas  and  Algonquins  generally,  of  a  pictorial  art,  or 
rude  method  of  bark,  tree,  or  rock-writing,  which  commends  the  circumstances  of  th<! 
visit  to  a  degree  of  notici,'   beyond  any  that  it  might,  perhaps,  otherwise  merit.     It 


111!" 

Ml:' 


lieiir, 
jl'tho 

ill's  to 
r  sign 
■ntity 

i((niii 
rill. us 
)!'  hi.s 
11  Do 
Lnl)l(>, 
•  tnio 

1    Jll'O 

viiigs 
io\or 
that 
;■  the 
?r-in- 
"011  fi- 
ipiice 

■a  to 

em, 

rical 

n   to 

Jliip- 

II,  is 

iiios. 

K'ara 

siir- 
)iial 
'  tlio 
toly 

tlio 
'licy 

the 
t  of 
:,  or 

tlio 
It 


i.      ■  1 

■  1' ' 

1     i 

.ii     ■ 

'     !1  ,         '  ' 

!■;     ',,1 


,    f 


i..l 


i;c  ^ 


■  ti 


i 


;'ii 


U- 


':  ! 


N  f. 


1  1 


i1; 


f-j- 


CO 


D-, 


''3 


3, 


•of) 


(■'^ 


;", 


i: 


■M  i 


:  11 


; 


:  I  .  - 1 


ki 


! 


1 


1 


I!     ! 


im'^: 


■i 


^i  \ 


', 

. 

<    . 

1 

; 

■ 

;    ' 

■" 

; 

1  ■    ■  V'     *" 

\  -M  i. 

"■ 

-  pi  ■■ : 

1 

114 

i-i! 


I' 


«l    u 


I- 

51 


':      I 


'5f    (' 


J1 


<      ! 


ti 


!i 


a:. 


ii; 


i!  i. 


M'i    ':  *  If 

■i'ii      i'  '  '' 


i  I 


.  ^1 


-fi   \   -H'  i 


i    I 


ifi 


,A, 

Ml     '■ 

a 

< 

,' 

ti 

; 

1 

1 

B'i'l 

li^-   ^  ^i 

^ 
■/<' 

', 

^1 

B1& 

I^V 

-«Mi 

i:^ 


CIIARACTKH    OF  T II  M   INDIAN    RACf:. 


421 


i'ochIIh  utruiif^ly  to  iniinl  tlio  ciirly  iittaimiicnt.s  of  ciistcrn  iintidiis  in  a  Hiiiiiliir  rmlc 
iiKxlo  of  I'xprcssiiij,'  idi'iis  l)y  syiiiliolic  inarku  diid  symbols,  piior  to  llio  iviiioto  cius  of 
tlio  iiitrodiiction  of  tlic  niiirirorm,  mid  long  prior  to  tin?  true  liicroglypliici  K\.-ti'iii  of 
tlio  Kiiiilmitcs  and  tlic  Nile,  lii  fact,  cvory  trait  of  tliis  kind  may  be  considered  um 
furnitijiing  additional  iiulit.s  to  aid  ns  in  considcrinji'  tlu'  (|iK'.stion  of  tli(!  origin,  condi- 
tion, oapaciticH  and  iiliaractcr  of  Innitci'  nation.s,  of  wliosc  ancient  liistorv  we  art-  >till 
ipiite  in  the  dark. 


1,      I,' 


10.     COMI'AKATI  VI',     Vli;\VS    OF     T  UK     P  I  C  T  O  0  H  A  I' II  V     OK     15  A  li  I!  A  li  O  l' S 

N  AT  IONS. 

Foreign  rictogniphic  Si;:n^^ ;  — 'flic  CIiIik^c  ('liiiriictcrs  rniimlc'il  (in  the  I'icturc-wiiting   Dwiccs  v[' 
tilt!  Samiiiilt'H  —  Siiu'i-iiiiin  —  'l';irliir-i;  —  Iiiscri|ilioiis  IVum   ilic  limiks  of  the  Viiii.M'i  iiiiil   llic 

Irtish;  —  Kdck  In-cripliniis  IV NmhIrth  .A.mm  ;  —  System  i.f  llic  I,;i|ihiii4i'rs  ;  —  ('ii|iics  dl' 

the  Figures  priiitiil  nn  the  hiuiiii  ..f  tlic  I,;i|i!iiiiil  Miigiciiins,  wllh  llicir  Tiilcrprctiitinii  ;  — ■ 
'flic  Device  1)11  the  gi'eal  Druiii  nl'  'i'mnii  ;  —  Irdijiiuis  rieln^rriipliy  ;  —  Siiceiiiicii  I'liiUi 
Oeciiiiieii. 

In  comparing  tiie  system  of  simple  pictorial  notation,  of  wliicli  tlie  outlines  have  now 
been  presented,  with  similar  elliirls  to  record  ideas  in  other  parts  of  the  world,  there 
is,  doubtless,  a  class  of  t<'stimony  referred  to,  from  which  important  deductions  mnv 
be  drawn.  The  art,  as  we  hinted  in  lirst  sitting  down  to  this  paper,  was  one  of  the 
earliest  known  tom^inkind;  ;iiid  without  supposing  that  in  the  progiess  of  human 
difl'nsion  over  the  globe,  it  was  in  all  cases  derivative,  it  was  indnl)itably  so  in  many 
instances.  In  others,  it  would  lia\e  been  originated  oi'  fallen  into  by  the  mere  simi- 
larity of  early  circumstances  and  o[iinions,  among  erratic  or  migrating  tribes.  It  was 
the  lirst  eflbrt  of  men  to  transmit  thought.  Fe;ir  is  perhaps  thi'  primary  passion 
nmong  rude  nations.  The  .Mysterious  Powei'  which  governs  the  tmi\erse,  as  mani- 
fested in  the  phenomena  of  the  heavens,  has  led  all  nations,  however  obscure,  tu  adopt 
some  sort  of  worslii]),  and  this  was  ever  a  prominent  and  leading  motive.  Whatever 
other  passion  or  sentiment  conspired  to  the  institution  of  early  religious  rites,  fear  was 
most  clearly  the  predominating  canst:.  Wonder  and  superstition  were  at  hand.  Tla; 
early  history  of  men  shows,  that  the  (irst  propitiatory  oflerings  were  made  on  this 
basis.  What  nations  dreaded  the}-  worshipped,  anil  the  (irst  sti'j)  was  to  draw  a 
])icture  of  the  object,  or  to  symbolize  the  idea  of  it  under  the  representiition  of  some 
material  form.  In  this  nnmner  the  sun  iind  the  moon  became  at  so  eai'K'  an  epoch 
objects  of  ahuost  universal  adoration  throughout  the  oriental  worUh  The  Imnors  thev 
received  a.s  syniliols  of  a  Higher  Principle,  they  tlid  not.  however,  [leruumt  ntly  retain. 
Thev,  in  their  turn,  were  s\ mboh/ed  bv  celebrated  men;  and  thus  Persin  and  Ivjvjit, 
llindostan  and  China,  and  other  (juarters  of  the  eastern   hemisphere,  wei'e  filled  with 


i 


1  ■  y 


li 


]  :  I 
t,  i  ! 
!-  '  ■! 
P 
t, 


\ 

' 

rS 

i 

'1 

y  i;  '  1    0 

■ 

i 

;!  'J 

42S 


INTKIJ-ECTFAIi  CAPACITY    AND 


tlioir  ruling;  iK'itii'f*.  iiiidt'i' till-  liiiiiiuii  loiiii,  mul  tlicir  kiii^.s  mul  nilcrs  tniccd  their 
ilusLvnt  or  ^l•llllil)ll^«lli|l  tn  tln'^c  two  lmiiiii:irlcs. 

Ill  I'ViTy  I'liNf  tlii'si'  niitiiniM  iiii.-<liH»k  ii  iiictiii'i'  I'm'  a  ;;i)il.  W'f  ri';iiii'il  tliin  iis 
tlio  c'lfiiu'iit,  or  unit  in  |iictoriiil  writiiiir.  If  tins'  Irari'il  the  I'owtT  wliicli  ii|)|H'iu'i'tl 
to  yovi'rii  the  flciiiciits,  tlicv  itlso  l'(';in(l  those  more  |iroiiiinciit  iiinl  giffiiiitit!  foniiM  ol' 


tl 


ic    111 


liiiiiitr  ciiMlioii.  w  liicli    lillcil  till' ciiilli,  llu-   iiir,  or   tlicHt'iis. 


W 


It'll 


tl 


<'\'  Cllll- 


tiii'od  oiii'  of  tlicMc  priiiit'  iiniiiiiiis.  iviitiif*.  or  hinis,  they  |M'i|i,'tiiiitt'(l  tlu'  triiiiii|ili  liv 
II  lii^iirc,  or  pictiiri'  oC  it.  'riicic  was  at  onci'  an  iiii'omapliie  rcciM'ii,  imt  it  was 
I'xcliicivciy  a  ncord  of  siili.'*laiiti\i's.  Action  was  coinniiinicatcil  to  it  iiy  ansiliiiry 
(ij^iiri's  of  nil  11  mill  iiiii)k'iiii'iits.  ticcs  ami  |ilaiiiH.  l'"oi'  time,  a  dot  would  aii.><\ver,  and 
tor  aritliinetic,  a  .■^troivi'.  Sncli,  we  imagine,  to  liiuc  Im'cii  tlie  im'(|(tioii  oi"  tlie  system. 
Tliiit  it  wa.s  siisceptilde  of  rapid  iinprovi'inent,  and  caino  to  oNpri'ss  ii  considerahlo 
Hiiin  of  inl'oriiiation,  wi-  liavc  only  to  j^laiu'c  liack  at  tlii'  pivci'diiif^  doliiils  to  show. 
How  soon  tiie  pictoiiiil  method  ran  into  the  tine  liieroj.dyplii('.  and  tl^^'  latter  into  the 
al[iha!)etie,  it  would  he  very  curious  and  instruclivo  to  impiire;  but  it  is  iiii  in(|iiiry 
wliicli  we  ninst  loic^o.  For  had  we  the  re(|ii!sito  matorials,  it  would  demand  all  tlu; 
spaee  we  |)ropose  to  allot   to  tiie  present  outlines. 

ily  the  nofici's  taken  of  tlu'  Kjiyptian  .system  of  liieroirlyphic  writing.',  an  important 
link   in   their  notorial  ehaiii  of   pr 


'OU'l'l'SS     IS      s 


howii 


The  thon^iiit    occurred   to  tl 


ilful  h 


ieropliant,  that  a  picture  mijr 


lit  stand  for  an   articulate  sound  of  the  liiii 


nan 


\oico.  And  till'  systi'iii  adopteil  was.  tiiat  the  picturo  of  tlio  bird,  aniimil  or  other 
oliject,  so  drawn  to  denote  a  sound,  should  represent,  exclusively,  the  (list  or  initial 
letter  of  the  name  of  the  object  depicted.  The  discovery  of  tiiis  priiici|)le  was  the 
great  revelation  of  modern  times  in  K^^yptian  hieroglyphics,  and  has  ojiened  a  lari^e 
ainoiint  of  information  on  the  later  iiioiiiiiiienis. 


TheC 


iiinese 


■*\steiu  of  writiiii;  is  also  lia.-ed  on,  and  has 


O'owi 


1  out  of,  the  i)ictorial 


d  the  hierojilyphic.      I?iit   it 


nmed  the  most  ciimbroiis  and  complex  possibb 


form   for  the  coininunicalion  of  ideas;   and  one  that  is  least  linorable  to  the  projrress 


)f  the  human  mind.      It  constitutes  th 


reat  objection  to  the  [ilionetic  .systi'in — that 


objection  which  introduces  into  it  all  its  uncertainty,  and  continues  to  make  it  a 
subject  of  labor  and  disajrrei'inent  anion;;'  tlie  learned  —  tiiat  there  is  a  great  nuiltipli- 
city  of  its  homopiionons  characters.  The  Chinese  ran  into  a  \'ery  unique  system  of 
recording  thought,  one  which  ensured  great  precision  and  certainty,  but  imposed  on 
the  learner  a  most  extraordinarv  labor.  It  was  to  invent  .symbols  for  the  sounds  of 
whole  words,  terms  and  even  phrases,  instead  of  elementary  sounds.  Kvery  noiin- 
.syml)ol,  and  every  verb-.symbol,  and  every  pronoun-symbol  was  pros  idid  with  adjunct 
characters,  to  denote  accessary  meanings,  so  that  the  Chineso  alphaiiet  is  an  alphabet 
of  whole  words,  and  not.  as  with  us,  and  all  other  inodern  nations,  an  alphabet  of 
elementary  sounds. — Eighty  thousand  characters  to  record  a  language,  instead  of 
twenty-six.     That  a  nation  with  such  a  s\steiii  should  not  progress  in  knowledge,  and 


'.>t>  iima 


'ir 


•  '? 


i 


i   '■ 


?p 


i 

' 

i. . 

f 

I  { 

I 

( '( 

: 

;  ■ 

} 


i 


'    ¥'->:■   a 


I 


1  1/ 


lii 


li 

, 

1* 

" 

i;    » 

?  >j 

rt- 

r 

t        ! 

!■ 

i 

I  ■- 


i 


'1  ii 


I    'J      il 


"I 


i    i. 


n  i 


ii; 


il 


'^\l 


1 

1 

i 

|i- 

|| 

K 

1' 

w' 

i 

t' 

I    ' 

%  ttil 


;     i 


! 


ri 


^m 


.  .. 

■  4 


■   * 

I 


ill 


1 


H 


i 
1 


fii 


t  r  i 


CHARACTER   OF   THE    INDIAN    RACE. 


423 


tlmt  tlio  pursuit  of  it  siioulil  lie  Iiijilily  valued,  excites  no  wonder.      Wii.at   few  liiivi 
>tiiiii,  must  always  exeite  that  kind  of"  respect  wliicli  attaelie.'' 


nie  or  means  t, 


the  li 


to  aciiiovemont. 


Tiiese    are  the  t\       only  systems  of  hieroglyphics  anionjr    nmnkind  whic 


h  1 


lavc, 


either  as  hii'ro<;iy[)hies  pro|)er,  or  as  altered  arhitrary  siuiis,  run  into,  or  efl'ected  the 
And  this  result  has  been  attained  independently,  and  without  the 


jmrpose  o: 


f  lett 
I 


ers. 


so  I'ar  as  history  extends,  the  least  [irohahle  or   possible 


one  Mavnij;'  horroweil,  or  Mad 
connection  with  the  others. 

In  directintr  attention  to  the  nations  of  other  ])arts  of  Asia,  or  of  the  f;lol)e.  wiio 
have  attracted  notice  iiir  their  pictui'e-writinir,  the  field  of  oliservation  of  the  American 
continent  itself  is  narrowed,  it  is  lielieved.  ratlier  Irom  the  amount  of  mateiials  we 
can  command,  or  the  space  whiidi  travellers  hase  devoted  to  it,  than  from  the  al)solute 
nnn-cxistence  of  such  materials.  It  was  long  thouiilit  that  nnich  of  the  writinus  of 
the  cnj^raved  rocks  of  Wady  .Mohattah,  in  the  <;;r()up  of  .Mount  Sinai,  t)f  which  speci- 
mens wore  furnished  hy  Hurckhardt  and  La  Horde,  were  either  picture-writiuL'.  or 
liierop;lyphics,  as  no  ancient  alphabets  could  be  liunid  to  solve  tlieni.  The  fijrures  of 
camels,  men,  and  otlier  representative  objects,  were,  at  least,  presumptive  ])roofs  of  a 
mixed  system.  It  is  now  announced,  however,  that  modern  research  has  overcome 
the  obstacles  to  their  interpretation,  and  that  the  alphabet  of  tiie  larjrer  inscriptions 
has  l)een  made  out,  althouuh  we  liave  not  yet,  on  this  side  of  the  water,  lieen  liuored 
with  the  results.  The  pictorial  objects  still  n-main.  The  lact  of  the  existence  of 
these  inscril)ed  rocks  had  l)eeu  known  since  M'2'2.  15y  some  the  inscvi[)tions  have 
l)een  su[)posed  to  be  of  the  date  of  the  (Uh  century,  and  to  bo  the  work  of  pilgrims 
visiting  Mount  Sinai;  others  have  seen  reason  to  assign  a  later  date.  It  appears 
important  to  pi'cserve  a  distinction  between  the  mere  pictorial  and  the  alphabetic 
part  of  the  various  inscriptions,  which  are  found  to  spread  over  sepsirate  laces  of  the 
rocks  for  many  leagues.  The  former  ma^-  often  bo  ivgarded  as  illustrative  of  the 
latter;  but  it  is  by  no  means  certain  that  they  are,  in  all  cases,  parts  of  the  same 
inscription,  or  aro  even  of  the  same  age.  Writers  have  generally  regarded  tiie  pictorial 
signs  as  of  the  earliest  date;  and  the  occurrence  of  such  inscriptions  in  this  portion  of 
Asia  is  in  coincidence  with  the  supposed  early  prevalence  of  the  practice  in  that 
primitive  region  of  the  human  racc>.  If  Kgypt  and  China  did  not  profit  by  the  advance 
of  each  other,  in  the  first  culmination  of  the  pictorial  in  their  respective  .systems  of  iiie- 
roglyhic  signs,  they  may,  reasonably  enough,  be  thought  to  have  derived  tlieir  earlier 
ideas  of  it  IVom  that  central  fpiarter. 

Tlie  ancient  (niiuil()rm  or  arrow-headed  character  of  Peisia  has  lieen  long  regarded 
as  among  the  hieroglyphic  (Miigmas  of  this  part  of  the  eastern  hemisphere;  but  this 
has  also  yielded  to  modern  rcseandi,  and  been  found  to  revival  the  true  elements  of  a 
writt(>n  charactor.      It  is  amoiiir  the  tribes  of  the  ^•ast  area  which  was  cii\ered  bv  the 


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Mongol,  Tartar  race,  and  liy  the  Sanioiilos  of  northern  Asia,  that  we  find  the  wtrongest 
rcinain.s  of  picture-writing. 

The  foUowing  transcripts  are  copied  from  the  pages  of  the  Swedish  traveller, 
Strahlenberg,  who  first  visited  those  eonntries  about  17(l9,  and  publislied  an  account 
of  his  observations  in  the  Low  Countries,  in  171^2.'  The  first  drawing  is  from  the 
banks  of  the  river  Yenisei.     Vide  Figure  (,',   IMate  (11. 

No  explanation  of  it  is  atteui])ted.  The  mere  inspection  of  it  denotes  it  to  be  one 
of  tiu)se  records  ol'  success  in  the  chase,  the  communication  of  which,  by  pictures,  is  a 
conimoti  trait  of  roving  and  hunting  bauds.  It  takes  its  chariictci'istic  features  from 
the  natural  history  of  the  region  ;  and  we  may  suppose  it  to  embrace  rude  representa- 
tions of  the  Siberian  bare,  the  calmrda  or  uuisk  d(H'r,  and  other  known  (pnulrui)edH. 
Some  of  the  under  figures  are  manifestly  symbolic,  and  five  of  them,  inscribed  aliove 
the  figure  ol'  a  heart,  and  lialcs  <if  goods  or  baggage,  are  proliably  alpbalietic. 

The  next  specimen  is  from  ;i  |)rccipitous  rock  on  the  river  Irtish,  a  branch  of  the 
Nytza,  Tartary.  This  rock,  which  is  .'id  feet  liigb,  has  ;in  isolated  position.  It  has 
four  sides,  one  of  which  fiu'es  the  water,  and  has  a  number  of  tombs  or  sepulchral 
caves  beneath.  The  figures  which  are  iiere  concentriitcd  on  a  single  folio  cover,  the 
four  sides.  They  are  drawn  in  red  colors  in  a  diu'able  kind  of  })igment,  which  is 
found  to  be  almost  indestructible,  and  is  nuieb  used  lor  rock  inscriptions.  (Sec 
Figures  I,  2,  3,  4,  Plate  ll">.) 

In  tliis  inscription,  we  may  suppose,  tiiere  are  some  memoriids  of  the  persons  en- 
tombed. They  evince  a  em-ious  mixture  of  tiie  pictorial  and  hii'roglyphic,  and  may 
at  least  be  regarded  as  exlul)itiug  the  iiirmer  in  a  state  of  transition.  An  opinion  is 
expressed,  Avhich  ajipearstobe  well  founded,  that  tiiey  denote  one  of  the  earlier  stages 
of  the  Chinc.se,  which  had  Ijeen  dill'used  into  Tartary  in  tin-  course  of  the  wars  and 
coiKpiests  carried  on  by  tiiese  nations.  Other  s[)eeiniens  of  such  inscriptions  are  given 
from  the  vicinity  of  Tol)olsk.  which  exhibit  still  more  nne(piivocal  proofs  of  the  trans- 
mutation of  the  character,  and.  indeed,  leave  but  little  trace  of  its  origin  in  the 
pictorial  method. 

In  the  annexed  rock  inscrijitions,  Figur(>  4,  Plate  fiH,  which  complete  my  quotations 
from  this  work,  there  are  two  striking  coineidc'uces  with  the  North  American  pictures, 
in  the  st^dc  of  drawing,  and  t.lie  symliolic  combinations  of  thought.  The  first  is  the 
human  figure.  In  tliis  examitle  we  behold  tlnit  combination  of  a  bird  and  a  man  wliich, 
in  so  many  of  the  preceding  nniemonic  figures  of  war  and  lumting.  are  designed  to 
represent  speed,  and  the  power  of  superior  knowledge  by  exaltation  to  the  regions  of 
the  air. 

In  the  line  of  fourteen  crosses  we  recognise  the  North  American  Hymbol  for  men. 


'  An  IIistorici)-ricngra|iliical   IX'siiiption  it'  the  N'urlli  iiii<l   Kiislcrn  piirt.-f  of   Europe  and  Asia,  )mt  more 
liaitit-ularly  of   Itusija,  Sibuiia,  mid    (ircat    Tartary,  I'v;!,-.     Hy  I'liilip  .John   von  Strahlenberg.     Loudon  Ed 


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I N  T  E  1. 1-  K ( ' T  U  A  1.  (•  A  I'  /V  C  1  1'  V   A  N  D 


tif,'htly  over  a  woodi'ii  lioup,  mid  liistoiieil  wllli  pc'is.  'I'licv  arc  jiCiuM'iilly  uvuto,  mid 
diller  much  in  nizo.  Tliey  nildom  excoed  ci^Iitooii  iiiclios  in  dimncti^r,  mul  arc  ol'tcii 
less.  Tiic  li.utiircH  arc  diMWii  on,  or  ratinr  .Hiainc  I  into  tlic  skin,  |jy  a  red  ii(|iiid  or 
pigment,  prepared  IVom  tlie  l)ari<  of  the  aider.  Tiiey  are  Htriicli  witii  a  driini-Htiek,  or 
instrument  reHcmhling  a  riut:.  The  music  is  aeeompaiiied  witii  soiii:s  and  iiieantations. 
In  tlicse  sungs  tlieir  goiis,  ispirits,  or  demons  arc  addrcsseil.  The  operators  profess 
both  to  foresee  and  to  produce  events.  Tliey  profess  to  fiirnisii  or  allay  winds  on  the 
sea;  to  cure  or  cause  diseases ;  to  perform  magical  journeys  in  tiie  air,  or  under  the 
earth  ;  to  inlluencc  the  courses  and  ranges  of  wild  or  tame  animnls  ;  and  to  exercise, 
without  limitation,  those  powers  which  appertain  to  the  ideas  of  witchcraft,  sorcery, 
and  magic. 

Their  principal  deities  are  Tlior  and  Storjunkare.  Tiic  sun  generally  occupies  the 
centre  of  the  drum,  surrounded  hy  the  moon,  stars,  hirds,  quiulrinieds.  rc])tiles,  and 
various  terrestrial  or  fabulous  olijects.  The  liillowing  transcripts,  marked  A  and  15, 
in  the  original  work  of  Mr.  SohelVcr,  exhihit  two  of  I  lie  ordinary  drums.  Figure  a 
represents  Thor;  h.  his  atteiulants;  c,  Storjiinliare,  and  d,  his  attendants;  e.  hirds; 
f,  stars;  g,  Christ;  h,  his  apostles;  i,  a  bear;  k,  a  wolf;  1,  a  reindeer;  m,  an  ox;  n, 
the  sun  ;  o,  a  lake  ;  p,  a  fox  ;  (j,  a  sipiirrel ;  v,  a  seipent.  Jierc  is,  it  will  be  observed, 
but  little  admixture  of  Christianity ;  it  is  merely  'uking  into  the  number  of  things 
worshipped  or  relied  on,  or  otherwise  made  the  oI;i<cts  of  occult  energy,  the  name  of 
Christ,  showing  the  historical  fact  of  the  introduction  of  Christianity  into  the  country 
at  this  period. 

In  the  drawing  B. a, denotes  the  Supreme  Heing;  b,  the  Saviour;  c,  the  Holy  Spirit; 
d.  St.  John;  e,  death;  f,  a  goat;  g,  a  srpiirrel ;  h,  heaven;  i,  the  sun;  1,  a  wolf;  m, 
a  fish  called  scik  ;  n,  an  owhr  cock, or  wild  cock;  o.  friendship  with  the  wild  reindeer, 
p,  Annundus  Erici,  the  owner  of  the  drum,  being  in  the  act  of  killing  a  vvolf;  (|.  gifts; 
r.  an  otter;  f.  a  symbol  of  friends., in  with  other  Jia|ilanders ;  t.  a  swan  ;  v.  a  sign  to 
try  the  disposition  of  others,  and  wli'.'tlier  a  distoiniicr  1)0  c,urabl(> ;  x.  a  bear  ;  \-,  a  hog; 
B.  a  fish  ;  V.  one  carrying  a  soul  to  hell,     What  associations  ! 

Each  ojicrator  appears  to  be  at  liberty  to  introduce  such  figures  as  suit  his  fancy, 
belief,  or  superstitions.  Geographical  or  astronomical  visions  are  generally  drawn  on 
the  painted  skins,  by  which  there  is  supposed  to  be  an  association  of  objects  deemed 
to  be  congruous. 

A  few  general  facts  in  the  principles  of  pictorial  notation  of  the  Iiaj)landers,  may, 
however,  be  noticed.  The  sun  bears  its  usual  figure  of  a  man's  head,  rayed.  The 
same  figure  is  u.sed  on  a  basis,  representing  a  body,  for  the  two  gods  Thor  (who  repre- 
sent the  great  power  of  Good,)  and  Storjunckare,  (the  antagonistic  jiowerof  evil,)  and, 
also,  on  a  cross,  the  same  symbol  stands  for  the  servants  of  each  god.  Stars  arc  re- 
presented by  two  parallel  lines,  cros.sed  at  an  acute  angle  by  two  similar  lines,  descril> 
ing  a  rhomb  in  the  centre.     Birds  are  denoted  by  a  simple  skeleton  of  a  body,  and 


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»•-'.'. 


Tlic  lii^iiic  lii'iii'iitli  lliciii.  oil  llio  ri^lit.  i.<4  II  wiinior  iiii  liiiiHcliai'k,  iit'iii<>il  uitli  u  Ijiiw 
and  mrow.  On  llic  Icl'f  of  tliiH  ilcvicc,  tin*  two  tivcH  iiiv  i-viili'iitly  (Icwii/iitMl  to  H}m- 
))oli/,i>  iiicilii'iniil   iiliiiil.t.' 

Ill  till'  (lrii\viii(r-<  A  ami  M.  IMutr  ill.  tlicrc  is  n  slrciii'.'  icsi'IiiMiiiiit  to  tin'  fri-f  hIvIc 
nl'  liLniiiiiv,  of  wliit'li  .Mr.  Ciilliii  li.is  l'inni.'<lii'i|  cmiiiijiIcs,  hi  I'visliiiir  on  liiid'ulii-rolics, 
anion;;  tlu'  trilic^'  who  pos-os  lior.'^c,-*,  mid  Imnl  on  liorscliin'U  on  llic  Mi.x.ioiiri  |iliiiii-'. 
Ill  tlii'sc  SilicriMii  Hki'iclics  llit'  IimikI  of  n,  lii^liiT  i.'riii|('  of  art  i".  Iiowi'vcr,  nuinil'i'Mt. 

'i'iiiit  till'  ^iiii|(l('  sivlcoi'  iiiciv  ins('ri|ilioii.  iiinoii;^  till'  .Moiiirolinn  imii  'rnrtiir  nii'i's 
of  tin'  I'li.tlcni  lii'inis|)liric.  hear."*  a  inarkcil  rcscinlilanci*  to  I  hat  of  ||ii>  rrd  race  oi"  the 
wi'sti'i'ii.  i,-<  dfiioli'd  in  tlic  roliowini:  t'\aiii|(!i'.x.  (Si'c  liijiirc  (l.  i'iatc  M,  iiml  liiriin's  I, 
2,  ■'!,  I.  IMiilf  I'm.)  Ill  liuiiri'  (i,  I'iiitc  Cii'i,  till'  drawiii^r  of  a  IVockrd  man.  witli  ii  heart 
l\  iiiir  at  his  li'd.  is  sn^'.'cstJM'  oi'  llic  oilier  of  ii  [iricstliood.  aiiionv'  a  harliaroiis  |i(mi|p!('. 
Till'  steins  of  slniihs,  s|ii'oiiliii;i'  from  one  lolie  of  the  heart,  iiiiu'  svmlMili/e  a  frii'-'niiit 
inemoiy.  'i'lie  lliinres  of  liiirli  crosses  riiis('<l  upon  a  sort  of  raiiipMit.  appear  to  inilieiite 
towns,  liirls.  or  loi'alilies.  The  circle  divided  into  ciLdit  parts,  appears  to  lie  horolniiie. 
Ill  lljiiire  I.  I'lale  tiT,  the  deer  stands  as  a  simple  HViiihol  ;  in  li.;iiie  '2.  of  tin'  saiiii' 
phite,  tiie  dart  has  thi'  same  \aiiie.  In  liuiire  •l  of  this  plate,  llie  reader  is  strongly 
reminded  of  ,i  enrioiis  stone  map,  liaind  on  the  sources  of  the  Siis(pieliaiiiia.  of  which 
a  transcript  was  piiMished  liy  the  Historical  Committee  of  the  l'eiin.s\  1\  aiiia  I'liiloso- 
]iliical  Society.  In  liiiiire  I,  as  in  some  cliaracter.s  in  li^rnre  Ii,  there  is  a  strong'  teii- 
d(  ncy  to  the  ancient  roidx-alphaliet. 

In  the  hitler  part  of  the  17'!i  century,  the  ^•ovcrmnent  of  Sweden  employed  a  Mr. 
Scliell'er,  a  professia'  of  the  l'ni\er>ity  of  I'psal,  to  travel  into  I,aplaiid,  to  ^i\e  a 
particnlar  acciaint  of  that  hut  imperfect lydiiiown  part  of  the  Swedish  dominions. 
Amonust  otlii'i'  siilijects  which  he  descrihes  in  his  work.  ,i;i\im;'  the  results  of  liiis 
Jiainiey.  he  furnishes  li.e  folinwiiiir  examples  of  their  picture-w  riliiiL;'.  as  illustrations 
of  the  ancient  magical  arts  of  the  peoi)li',  prior  to  the  introdnctioii  of  Christianity  into 
La[dand.-'  The  iicciaiiit  which  he  ;;i\os  of  the  "  mafiical  cert'iiioiiies  and  arts  of  the 
liaplanders."  is  a  \ery  curious  chapter  in  the  history  of  linniMii  superstitions;  and 
o.\hil)its.  as  a  whole,  a  remarkaMe  coincidence  with  the  .system  of  demono!o'_''y  existing' 
under  the  name  of  niedas,  jossakeeds.  waiienos.  and  pnd'essors  of  soothsayinu'  and 
iiK'dii'al  maj;ic,   in   the  western   hemisphere. 

Schen'er's  (iiiiirt'S  an'  copied  from  the  heads  of  the  druiiis  employed  ly  the  I,a[iland 
sorcerers  and   iiiaLiiciaiis.     These  drums  are  onedieailed.  coiisistiii'^f  of  a  skin  drawn 

'  III  l'ij,'uiv.s  1  ami  -,  I'latp  111!,  arc  givoii  ri'liroscnlatiim.H  of  two  pioivs  of  .■^rMlptiiiv,  wliicli  do  not  siirpa.is  tin' 
art  that  lias  liren  foiiml  to  bo  ilisjilayoil  liy  iuiiiu'Imiis  reiuv.'iciitalioiis  of  birds  and  ((uadnipcils,  covered  niion  tliu 
auti'iue  pipes  of  llie  Missi.ssippi  \'alle_v. 

'  Tlic  History  of  Lapland,  containing  a  lieograpliical  lleseriptioii  and  a  Natural  History  of  that  Country,  with 
an  Aeeount  of  its  Inhahitant.s,  their  Original  Heligion,  I'usloins,  Habits,  Marriages,  Conjurations,  I'anploynients, 
Xe,      Written  by  .lolin  .'^elietfer,  I'rofissor,  \e       l.nodou  IM    1701, 


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CHARACTER    OF   THE    INDIAN    RACE. 


427 


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wiiiji's,  mnkiiiij:  u  crdss.  Dcatli.  1)\-  a  inoimnicnt  crowned  with  a  wivatli.  \'iiri()iis 
iuiiiiials  and  roiitilcs  In  a]i[iro[)i'iat(j  ri.uiires,  as  a  reindeer,  a  ,«(jiiirrel.  a  ser[)eiit.  a 
vultiu'o.  Jjiit  these  animals  are  generally  niyslilled  in  their  t'uruis,  anil  denoted  hy 
symhols  which  can  only  Ije  interpreted  hy  the  sorcerer.  Other  synihols  are  wholly 
arhitrary,  as  a  circle  crossed,  to  denote  gifts,  waved  lines  to  denote  a  lake,  an  ellipsis 
i'or  friendship,  ifec.  Much  of  each  inscription  would  he  -wholly  uniiitelligiijle  without 
verhal  explanation  from  an  initiate  in  these  mysteries.  In  Plate  K.  tin;  figure  of  a 
closed  cross,  whitdi  is  used  on  some  of  the  North  American  inscriptions  to  denote 
death,  occurs  live  times;  hut  we  have  no  interpretation  of  this.  On  Plate  ¥  there 
are  no  l(\-^s  than  two-and-twenty  figures,  which  may  he  supposed  to  have  an  alphaheti- 
cal  power.  ISoth  these  inscriptions  cx])rcss,  hy  division  lines,  the  relative  position  of 
Sweden,  Norway,  ami  Lapland.  They  are,  likewise,  replete  with  figures  of  a  frockod 
priesthood,  clearly  dew  iting  the  Christian  church  of  the  jieriod. 

If,  as  has  heen  remarked  ahove.  these  e\ami)les  denote  a  variety  and  want  of 
uniformity  in  the  syndiols.  or  a  great  many  hoinophonous  characters,  this  fact  is  still 
further  api)arenl  in  the  suhjoiued  transcri|it,  Plati'  liS,  which  was  copied  in  IGT-'^i  from 
one  of  the  large>t  of  the  Lapland  drums,  then  in  the  possession  of  Lawrence  Althmack, 
a  citizen  of  Stockholm.  Fortunatel\-,  also.  l()r  the  stud\-  of  this  suhjcct,  we  have  a 
i'ldl  ex[)lanation  of  the  characters  and  figures,  hy  a  Laplander,  a  native  of  Torna. 
Not  less  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  ehai'actirs  are  inscrilied  on  this  drum.  They 
relate  to  necn^mancy,  geography,  natural  history,  law,  medicine,  astrology,  detnonology 
of  the  grossest  type,  and,  in  truth,  every  possihlo  suhject  which  oouhl  occur  hetween 
the  o[ierator,  or  incantator,  and  the  ohject  of  his  incantations. 

Figure  nundjer  1,  is  a  syndtol  of  Paul  of  Torna;  2.  is  the  river  of  Torna,  and  o.  a 
trihtitary  of  it;  4,  a  weathercock,  pointing  to  tlit>  noi'tli ;  5,  a  synihol  denoting  God; 
(i.  the  sun;  7.  the  moon  ;  S,  thunder  ;  !•,  a  divine  angel;  10,  the  angel  Gahriel  ;  11, 
St.  John;  12,  St.  Peter;  Li.  St.  .Matthew;  11,  St.  Martin;  1-3,  St.  Luke;  IG,  God's 
.■sergeant;  17.  rain  ;  18.  the  light  of  the  sim  ;  l!h  the  wind;  20,  good  fortune  ;  21,  had 
fortune;  22.  the  earth;  2o,  water;  2-1,  lire;  2-J,  dedicated  to  sa(!rifices;  20,  another 
form  of  the  same  altar;  27.  the  mountain  Stateherg,  a  place  of  sacrifice;  2S,  the 
mountain  Titro,  also  a  place  of  sacrifice;  211,  Sweden;  .'10,  Prussia;  ."I,  Holland; 
;!2,  Enghmd  ;  .'5;!,  Spain;  .'M.  France;  ;'>■").  Cologne;  Dli,  Tn.rkey  ;  o7,  Lajjland ;  oS, 
Finland;  .")!',  the  cities  of  Finland;  -10.  the  cities  of  Sweden;  41,  the  cities  of  Ger- 
many; 42.  the  village  of  the  lahorers;  4.'],  war;  44.  peace;  4"),  .some  persons  going  to 
church;  4(1.  a  great  ship;  47,  a  .shallop;  48,  a  Lapland  idol;  49,  the  devil's  hoat ; 
50,  the  holy  tree  of  the  Laplanders;  51,  a  citizen;  52,  his  wife;  53,  a  countryman; 
54,  his  wife;  55,  a  Laplander,  or  hi,s  wife;  50,  the  governor  of  Lapland;  57,  the 
governor's  gentleman;  58,  a  hailifl";  59,  a  Lapland  church;  60,  the  church  of  the  city 
of  Torna;  (11.  the  country  church  of  the  Lapmark  of  Torna;  02.  the  holystone  of  the 
Laplander;  03.  the  trunk  of  the  holy  tree  of  the  Laplanders;  64,  a  bear;  65,  a  cow; 


\  \ 


1  N  T  K  I.  I-  K  ('  T  r  A  L    ('  A  1'  A  C  1  'I'  V    A  N  D 

CiC).  ill!  (IX  J  t'i7,  a  Wolf;   (IS.  a  iviiidct'r;  (iU,  a  sIhtji  ;   7(1.  a  liou;  71.  a  Imix' u  illi  a  liiiiLi; 

tail;   7li. ;   7.).  a  swan  ;   71, ;   75,  a  lirt'at   wild  cock;   7l),  a    I/a|ilaiiilcr  lia- 

volliiijr  ill  liis  sk'diic;  77.  the  inouutaiii  of  Tjaplaiid  dedicated  to  sacrifices;  7S,  a 
Laiilaiid  hut;  7'J,  the  most  ilaii.iioroiis  anil  malicious  sorceicrs ;  S(l,  a  priest;  Si,  u 
man;   S"J.  a  S(juinvl ;   8.!.  a  fir  tree ;   SI.  ajilne  tree;   S-"),  a  hare;   S(i,  u  fox  ;   S7,   the 

younir  of  a  reindeer;   SS.  a  liirch  tree;   S',1.  a  cat  ;  DO.  ;  •(!,  a  lake  or  lioj;-.  with 

lishc's  and  a  hoat  ;   [^'2.  a  heaver:  M:!.  an  animal  called  jerf,  or  frouli ;  'J  I, ;  ',).j,  a 

dog ;  !H).  an  oroskre.  or  ornokre.  si;:nifviiig  the  cast-olf  skin  of  ii  serpent ;  !I7,  a  serpent ; 
'.•S,  a  frog;  9',>.  the  god  Nao;  Mill,  the  devil's  ditch  ;  lOl.  the  genius  of  the  mountains ; 
1(11',  the  hill  of  hell;  Id.!,  death  ;  1 0 1,  an  otter  ;  1  ()■).  Lucifer  ;  KlCi.  Asinodcus  ;  l(l7, 
a  tw'e.  that  is.  a  magical  hall;  Ids.  magii'al  arrows;  \W.  denotes,  it  has  hapiiened 
iiccordiiig  to  the  devils  will :  lid.  denotes  the  reverse.  /.  c.  that  it  has  happened  con- 
trary to  the  dexifs  intention  :    111.  the  same  devil ;    1  ll!.  his  sergeant  or  ollicer.  who 

attends  constantly  on  his  pi'ison  :    ll'!.  the  kettle  of  hell  ;    1  I  I.  spectres ;    II"), ; 

llli.  of  hell  ;    117.   the   llrst   president   of  the   assemhly  of  maiiicians  ;    IIS.   the 

.second  president  of  the  same  assembly;  I  Id.  the  third  jiresideiit  of  the  same  assemhly ; 
lliO,  the  fourth  president  of  the  same;  I  111.  (he  sorcerers  going  to  their  place  of  meeting 
with  those  children  whom  they  instruct  in  magic;  I'l'l.  t\n'  })lace  where  the  sorcerers 
assemlile.  with  their  chief  masters  ;  \'1'\.  the  di-^trict  of  Droiitheim  ;  iL'l.  the  gallows; 
12"i.  the  prison  ;  1-0.  the  chief  judge;  127.  a  symhol  of  the  law:  12S.  the  twcKe 
judges;  I'Jll,  the  chamber  where  tlu'  judges  sit;  l')(L  the  jiresidiug  judge  ;  l-'il.  a 
symbol  denoting  what  is  law:    l-'lli.  a  symhol  denoting  v^hat  is  not  law;    1. ">.">.  the  least 

of  the  nativity  of  Christ :    l-'M.  Ka.-terday;    |:]-j.  AVhitsuntide  ;   "l:l(j.  the  R'iist  of ; 

J-')7.  St.  ]\Iar\'s,  or  midsummer  day  :  l-'iS.  the  day  of  the  sun;  l.'I'.t.  St.  Mric's  day; 
1  Id.  St.  Johns  day ;  111.  St.  Peter's  day:  112.  St.  .lames"  day;  ll.'l.  St.  ."Michael's 
(lav;  111,  to  denote  an  acceptable  sacrifice  ;  I  I"),  symbolic  of  one  who  speaks  truth; 
140,  those  who  are  pernicious  to  the  earth  and  to  the  waters;  117.  death  ;  118,  sick- 
ness; 119.  a  mortal  wound  given  with  a  magical  jaNclin;  I'id.  de\ice  to  denote  an 
interdiction  to  sacrifice  to  any  god  of  the  mountains,  to  the  trunk  of  a  tree,  or  to  a 
stone,  because  it   will   be  \ain   and   unsuccessful. 

If  a  fiajiland  drum  could  speak,  in  magic  tones,  on  so  many  subjects,  it  'uld  seem 
to  r(>(piire.  in  order  to  gi\i'  tbrci.'  to  their  exiiressiun,  but  the  w.u'ds  of  the  incantation 
of  the  North  .Vmerican  chief.  (\"ide  ante.)  •■  iie:ir  my  drum. "  or  the  Noice  of  the  M'hoh^ 
of  these  l")(t  diverse  La[ilaiiil  symbols,  and  imaLies  of  things  in  heaven,  earth,  and 
hell,  speaking  at  once.  It  has  been  stateil  that  the  cuneiform  character  has  revealed 
the  true  elements  of  an  alphabetical  system.  Some  of  its  accompaniments  were, 
however,  representative  or  pictorial.  Such  is  the  triumphal  record  of  the  conquest.s 
of  D;irius  on   the   rock  of  Heristun.  as  given   by  .Major   liowlinson.'      (See  Plate  GO.) 


'   Hhv;i1  .\.-iiilic  Siiciily.     "Tlir  I'ri>i:iii  ("iiiicit'nriii  Iii.-rripiii.n  nt  lie  lii.^uiii,  "  \:c  ,  li_v  Mnjnr  II    C.  Rmvlini'mi, 
('.  ]i.  o(  llic  lI'Ul.  Kaft  Iii'liii'.-  S.rv!..'.  ,V.'  ,  l.-ii.tiiii.  1^1''). 


■I'    ; 


II. 


mw 


,  i 


m'.'-.t 


('■■- 


'■"n 


1 

'rl' 


Dl 


li 

m 

||;::i 

,  w  '■ 

,  P 

p 

.;     !■  I 

B 

1 

:■     ■:.* 

K 

:     \  |- 

■ 

i)    , 

■ 

\  ^ 

i 

m 

ti^^K 

ki 

;  5 


I 


■i   I 


Ilfi*| 


;i  >  i  ' 


,*   i 


I  i|:  f 


I    i 


f  Ij 


CIIA  ItACTKU    v)F   THE    INDIAN    I!  A  (' K 


I '20 


III   tliis   |iict(iri;il   L;riiu|i   the  iiiiniiircli  is  ri'iM'cscntcil   us   tlic   iiiilitiiry  I'oiiiiiicrnr  ol"  ten 
Uiii^is.  nine  i>['  w  Iidim  inc  cliniiicil  to^t'tlicr  1)\'  tlu'  neck,  iiinl  tlif  ti'iith  ilrawii  iiiM^tratr, 


\vi 


til    till'   kiii;j''s   I'ddt    (111    liis   lirciist.      Hi'liiiiil   iiim   .-laml   liis   [iriiici|i;il    w  iii-iM|ilii 


draw  II  \('iy  iiiiicli  in  tlu'  iiiiiiuu'r  of  the  Moliiiwk  cliirls  wlm,  in  tin'  li'iii(nnis  jiii'td- 
;;r:i|iliy.  oiler  lin'  cliici-nilcrsliii)  to  Atotiirlio.  Aliovc  tlio  i;i'ou|)  is  r('|irrsi'iitci|  ilic 
I'lTsiiiii  jioii,  Oniiusd,  who.  liy  tlii'  rin^'  iihout  liis  Itoily.  iiiui  mIso  liy  the  ciivji'  in  his 
haiul.  rarrics   the  s\inliol  ol'  ('tcniit\'. 


In    tl 


If     SIM't'llllcnS    ol 


i'o(|nois   i)ifto;_frii|)liy,  which   iitc   now  in 


troilu 1.  a    >t  \  li'   of 


ilrawiiii!'  is  ()1is(M'\('(1  wiiicii  j;i\cs  more  innsrnhir  (lc\('lo|iinciit  to  the  hiiinaii  liLiiirc  lliaii 


IS  ('11111111011   wi 


ih    llic   remote    iiirest    trihes.      In  I'lale  Til.  the   liisl    nil 


er   ol'   the     t  rjlie: 


lllider  th"  ('oll!'e  lerae\',  is  i!e|)i( 


t(.Ml.     r,e> 


ide>^  'jreat  iiiililar\  iiro\\es> 


tradil 


loll  l:i\  ('■-  liilii 


the  reiiMtalioii  of  a  .-oreerer  or  iieci'oiiiaiieer.  'I'lu^  most  imxions  iiiiinials  were  iiarnile 
to  him  under  tiie  jiower  of  his  eliarins  ;  he  is  therelort'  drawn  snrroiinded  with  ratt! 
snakes,  who  i|eren(l  him  on  all  side-.      His  jierleet  ('oni|iosure  is  shown 


li\   the  calniliess 


\\  illl   whirll   he   indulges  tl 


le  pine  —  thil 


IVaiik 


IS  olleniiu'  a  s|)eeies  ol    Irankiliceiise  to  the  s|iinl 


wlio   su 


■  taiiied    him.      IJel'ore    him   stand    twn  .Mohawk  war-ehiel's,  who  olU'r  him   tin 


-iinnle  stair  of  Iro'jU 


ois  soverei  jnt\ . 


I'lateTI.     In    this   uM'oiipwi'   are   |ireMnteil  wit  h    an  Iroijiiois   dancing;-  |iarty.      'I'h 
siiijer  and  drummer  sits  u|ion  a  stool.      The   ilancers  wi(dd   their  (diilis.  and  put  th 


ein- 


d\('s  in  the  most  contorteil  positions.     It  is  a  wa 


up 


Wreaths  depend  from  t! 


leir 


C'lllOW- 


i'^eatliiM's  decorate  their  heads.      'I'lnir  inoeeasiiis  are  cut   like  a 


(tucal  crown 


revel 


sed. 


I'late  Tl'.    National   tradition,  in   this   uroup.  jierpetuates  one  of  its  principal  siqier- 


stitions 
l''i'inre  I 


it  is  that  of  tl 


le  fairs'  ll\  lic^  hi 


ads  —  an  c\  ideiil  allusion  to  meteoric  dis[)lay 


emhodies   the  main  idea.      Jlavs  or  llashes  of  lire  arc  s\  iiiholize(l  with  a  face 


and  (daws.  A  \voinaii  sittiin;-  and  roastin,^'  (dieslnnts  Ixd'oro  tiio  fire,  with  her  doji'.  is 
mistaken,  hv  this  in\steriou.s  visitor,  for  a  lire-cater.  The  act  is  considered  paramount 
to  his  own. 


IMate  7.').   This  plat(>  represents  the   Stoiiisli  (iiants — a  prime  recital  in  li 


ro(|iiois 


histors'.     Who  the  uiants  are  desiijned   to  s\iiilioli/,e   is   iincertain.      The\-  are   i'( 


seiited  as  impenetrable  \>y  darts.  Did  ever  an  enemy,  (lotiied  in  armor,  visit  this 
nation?  Or,  ilu  the  Stoiiish  (Iiants  syniholi/e  the  Ih'st  enemy  tliey  met  with  lirc- 
arin.s?  1'iie  retreatiii'-r  warriors  and  the  inellicacy  of  their  darts  are  shown,  as  if  they 
lied  IVoin  mailed  warriors. 

We  snlijoin  a  specimen  of  the  iiictouraphic  art  lor  the  trihes  of  Oceaiiica. 

Ill  Freyidnet  and  .Vrau'o's  voyauc  to  the  Kastern  Ocean,  they  ohtained  and  puMishcd 
a  speeiincn  of  the  mode  in  \vlii(di  rude  nations  exjnvss  their  wislies  |)ictorially.  wlii(di 


ma\'  ser 


ve  as  an   introduction   to  t 


u>    les,>   i^ 


lemeiitar\'  nu'thod  of  the   North  Americai 


trihes.    See  C.   Plate  47.     The  author  uf  this  svinholical  letter  was  a  iiati\e  (jf  the 


^   !? 


'   1. 


1  ' 

\     i 

r       1 

: 

i 

4:U) 


I  NTHM.KCTr.VI,    ('A  I'ACrrV,    MTC. 


. -.1  . 


<'iii(iliii('  l>liuiils,  a  'I'miiku'  of  Siitli(iii;il.  ulio  wIsIkmI  to  ii\ail  liiinscli'  dC  the  incii'iicc 
(if  ii  ^Iii|i  til  send  to  a  trader  at  Kolla,  M.  Miirlinc/.  .«cnm!  ^Iiclls  wliidi  he  liad 
|)i(Hiiiscd  to  ciillcct  ill  i'.\cliaiiL;('  I'oi'  a  li'W  aNc*  and  sdiiif  other  aitiidi's.  'I'liis  he 
exine.-si'd  to  tlie  caiitain.  who  j^ave  liiiii  a  piece  ol'  paper  to  iiial\e  the  diinviii:^-.  and 
Mati>l'aet(Milv  exeeilted  tlie  conililis.sion.  '|"iie  lifiiire  of  a  lliaii  at  tiie  top  denotes  tiie 
.«liip's  ea|itaiii.  who,  hy  liis  outstretched  arms,  represents  hi.s  olliee  oi'  a  ine>..sen.:er 
hetwi'eii  tile  parties.  'I'lie  rays,  or  ornaments  on  his  iieaij,  d>iinie  raiil\  or  anlhorits'. 
'I'iie  \iiie  heneatli  iiiiii  is  a  type  of  friendship.  In  tiie  left  coinmn  are  (h'pieli d  (he 
nninher  and  i<ind  of  slndis  sent ;  in  tlie  riiilit  coininn  tiic  tilings  lie  w  islied  in  e\eiiaiiL:e. 
niiniely.  seven  lisli-hoolvs,  tiir.'e  larae  and  limr  small  —  two  a\es  and  two  pieces  of 
iron.  'I'liis  reipu'st,  the  Jonrnalists  state,  was  accurately  fnllilled.  and  the  e.xchaie^e 
adjusted  to  the  full  satisfaction  of  the  'rainor. 


•t 


II 


't  .  '■ 


i  i 


CO 

hr 
nd 


|-    '3 


cr 
V. 

Iir 


i 


■    « 


• ', 


I  'll 


!i     f 


[^H 


5!;*   I 


III 


I 


•1   1 ; 


I 


V  I 


M4  S 


1r: 


; 

f 

■  1 

1 

l,ii 

i 

•it 

J; 
i 

Ii|*i 


II  ai 


lU    « 


ii 


fr  i 


H 


lit'  n 

'Ji   lis  5 


M 


'M 


I 


i!  I  ! 


.ii 

i 

^  !  W  ft; 

,i;i  '11  ^j; 

V' 

^   :             •?■     ■ 

i 

;  1    .; 

iay 

1   B 

"    ifiF'' 

Jl.  Bl  l  I 

!  I!!!! ,  ■ 

H.'.^Hr.  &)•- 

jr.'         ■     :  .  * 

^1 

k^.:' 

;  i; 


•ii; 


i 


Hi 


'   >E 


i   If 


r . 


!         4 


i  II  I! 


I'- 


'I     f-    \ 


I  ' 


1    J        ,t 

■I  s     ' 


VII.    POPULATION  AND  STATISTICS. 


(431) 


;i 


.  ;i 


i  I- 


11! 


fUl;  i 


mmm 


'' . 


ff: 


i    I 
■  I  i. 

It 


ji 


VII.    POIU'LATION    AND   STATISTICS. 


!^ 


Tim;  nluiriiriuMl  poimlatioii  of  Aiiicrioii  wiis  ovor-nited  from  tlu;  iK'giiiiiiii^';  iind  tlio 
samo  spirit  of  I'xauiit'ration  wiiicli  actuated  the  early  discoverers,  lias  coiitiiiiied  to 
throw  its  iidliicnee  over  every  perioil  of  our  history,  it  is  not  jirohable  tiiat,  at  the 
opeuiii^'  of  the  sixteeiitii  century,  or  any  other  peiiod  wiiich  may  he  selected,  the 
iiumher  of  souls  upon  the  Indian  tiuritory,  hore  any  very  cousiderahk'  ratio  to  the 
nundier  of  stpiare  miles  of  countrs'  which  they  occujiied  in  the  shape  of  villa;:es.  oi' 
hiuitinti-  lirounds.  Tiie  hunter  state  recpnres,  indeed,  that  innnense  districts  of  forest, 
should  he  left  in  the  wilderness  condition,  that  its  olijects  may  he  properly  accom- 
jjlished.  Fi'om  some  data  that  luue  been  em[iloye(l.  it  is  doubtful  wiieiher  an  area  of 
less  than  fifty  thousand  acres,  lel'l  in  tlu'  f)rest  stati'.  is  more  than  -ullicient  to  sustain 
by  the  chase  a  single  hunter. 

Most  of  the  tribes  living  in  districts  where  game  abounded,  n'lied  almost  e.\clusivel_\- 
upon  that  resourci'  lor  a  subsistence.  The  /ea  mai/.e  was  <'ulti\ated  in  all  thi'  south- 
ern and  middle  latituiK's  of  the  territory  of  the  United  States,  not  as  furnishing  the 
staple  of  life,  but  as  a  mere  subsidiary  means  of  subsistence.  This  can  ho  said  of  the 
ancient  Floritlians.  amongst  whom  l)e  Soto  marched,  and  will  hold  good,  if  the  remark 
bo  applied  to  the  Muskogees.  the  (/lioctaws  and  Chickasaws.  and  the  Chenjkeos,  of  the 
earlier  perit)ds  of  our  history. 

The  common  deer  was  found  to  inhabit  all  the  latitudes  from  the  (lulf  of  Mexico  to 
tho  shores  of  the  Groat  Lakes.  The  black  bear  extended  its  ranges  to  an  equal 
extent.  The  elk  (C.  (^DKiihusi.s)  was  an  inliabitant  of  tho  North  Atlantic  tbrests.  and 
was  fonnd  by  the  hunter  west  of  the  Alloghanios,  and  as  far  south  as  the  forests  of 
lionisiana  and  tho  prairies  of  'J'exas. 

Tho  mooso  [('.  Alcis)  was  killed  in  Ponn.oylvania,  and  characteri/ed  the  Ibrosts  of 
Now  England  and  tho  entire  ro'igo  of  the  Lake  States.  To  these  animals,  which  fur- 
niished  the  eonunon  viands  of  an  Lidian's  lodge,  were  added,  for  all  the  region  west 
55  O-i) 


)       if 


V    ! 


I'm ' 


■  «  ■' te  i '  1  5ii  .331  ;'ji  ;•! 


*J  3    1  * 


1|^ 


!    M 


i 

|» 
1 


I  'i' 


|:ll 


I'd  ITI.ATI  ON    A  N  I'    S'l'  \  r  I  ST  I  (' 


il'llu'    \lli'L:li;inics.  llic  liisdii  ul'  tlir  \V('>t.  (/>'■/-  .1 


iih  riiiiiiiis.)   llii'  |i|'(iiiiiii('ii|  nliji'cl   Mill 


Lilor\  of  ilic  cliM-r  liir  tlic  tiilirs  of  tlicsc  latitudes.  For  tlu'sc  primo  i)lij('i"t.s  of  \n\'\. 
llif  liidiiiii  ilirpiitril  with  tlic  Willi",  till'  iiortlii'ni  t'iiiii;!ir.  nr  |i;mtlii'r.  niul  tin-  iiurtlirni 
livciiii. 

If.  with  llic  Miiiplc  iiicaiis  anil  siiarsc  |iii|iiilatiiiii  ui'  liii'  cuiitiiiciit.  tlic  liulian  hail 
(li'Miti'il  iiiiii~cir  to  the  arts  of  jiracc.  the  ahiii'ifriual  impiilalidii  wmilil  iiinliiiilitrilly 
li;i\i'  far  traiisit'iiilril  aiiv  iihmIitii  cstiiiiati's  that  liaxc  hccn  siihiiiitti'd.  iJiit  tin- 
irMTsc  Wii-^  ^iiii:ularl\  Iriii';  and.  wliilr  hi'  niaintaiiu'd  an  actiM-  war  nn  tin-  iiati\c 
i|uailriipriU.  this  .■^triiuyic  was  hut  si'i'oiidary  ('iiiii[ian'd  tn  his  iiu'i'ssaiit,  hlood-thirstv, 
and  [icrlidiiiiis  war  aiiainst  his  uw;i  siircirs.  Kvri'\  clcnirnt  ol'trihal  ilisi'onl  was  tluTc 
in  acti\i'  iiprralinii.  Ihiil;'  hcliac  the  I'lintiiU'iit  was  discoMTi'd  ;   and  it  is  inii'rahli'  that 


till'  piipidaliun  h; 


TIk'  li 


iri'iy  >ii-itainril  ilsrll'.  hut  did  not  aiUaiu'r,  for  ci'iilii 

,1 


roipioi^,  wliii  apprar  to  iia\i'  |ii'riTi\i'd  this  I'aiisi'  oi' drpnpidatioii.  and  adopti'd 


till'  pnnripli's  ol   a  rotiti'drrary.  rrapri 


till'  hinlu'st   ad\anta'.:rs  IVoni  it.  and,  in 


parati\i'ly   li'w  yrars.  cxtrndrd   llic   terror  of  their  name  IVoin   New  York  and    X 
I'iinilaud.  throinjlioiit  all  .New   Franec.  ip 


cw 


lite  to  the  shores  of  the  (Jiilt'  of  Mexi 


Tl 


le  iliseoNi 


ry  of  .\niciiea.  and  the  plantin;.:  of  the  eolonii's,  put  a  new  pliasis  on  all 
this.  Hy  the  introdnction  of  lire-anns.  and  hy  crcatini;'  a  niarki't  liir  t'nrs.  tln'  I'cal 
ohjcets  of  the  chase  we're  entirely  chanireil.  lliintinu'  was  altercil  rroni  a  nnmlx' 
pastiine  to  a  nioncy-nnd<inji'  pursuit.  The  lieaver.  otter,  mink,  niusk-riit,  and  other 
small  animals.  Avhieh  had  hi'i'ore-timc  hci'U  siillicicnt  lor  thiir  food  and  clothini;. 
acipiircil  a  sudden  value,  and  the  Indian's  ap])etites  were  stiniulati'il  hy  every  possihle 
inilucciueiit  ot'  lorciLiu  |iroiluetiiMi.  to  exert  all  his  powers  in  the  chase.  The  contie- 
ipience  was.  that  lariic  tracts  of  land  \vcrc  soon  exhausted,  and  I'cmotc  forests  inviuled. 
'['he  countries  in  which  name  failed  hecanie  of  little  use  to  them,  and  were  easil_\- 
parted  with  for  the  means  of  ^ratilyiiij:'  their  newly-awakened  passions,  and  they 
retired  farther  into  the  wilderness.  The  .XiiLilo-Saxon  trod  closely  on  their  heels, 
following;'  with  the  |iIoiil;1i  the  circle  liefore  uleaned  with  the  rille.  the  ,i:iin.  and 
the   trap. 

Amongst  the  inducements  furnished  the  Indian,  to  ur,i;e  him  on  in  the  chase  of 
the  furred  animals,  notliinii'  has  heen  so  deleterious  as  the  introduction  of  distilk'd 
spirits.  A  ta-^te  for  this  was  soon  created,  and  it  has  spread  far  and  wide.  Years 
!ia\e  only  conlirmed  the  general  hahit.  It  has  paralw.ed  his  powers  as  a  hunter,  and 
done  more  than  all  other  causes  put  together,  to  produce  depopulation. 

Another  cause,  which  has  hut  recently  heen  demonstrated,  though  long  suspected, 
is  the  payment  of  cash  aniniilies  to  trihes  per  capita,  or  otherwise.  The  necessar\- 
result  of  the  sale  of  their  lands,  of  which  the  quantity  held  hecomes  excessive  in  their 
h.inds.  hy  the  failure  of  the  chase  upon  them,  is  the  accumulation  of  large  sums,  whii'li 
it  is  eiistoiiiar_\ .  in  general,  to  pa_\  in  the  form  of  annuities.  This  custom  is  universal, 
it  is  helieved,  in  our  intercourse  with  the  non-industrial  or  hunter  trihes. 


ri 


IMHT  LATION    A  N  D    STATISTI  CS. 


-in,-. 


lu'l'crclicc    to    llir    lollowillU'    ImIpIcs  ul'  .'.liUistics    (IcikpIcs    |li;it    I  lir  liimliT  1  lilprs,  wIkp 

rolv,  laip'lv,  ipii  tlitM'  iM.-li  iimiiiidi's,  Ipe'coiiii'  iMii'li'ss  in  tlii'ir  i)iiliiiiir\  |piiiMiil  tpl'tlif 
cliasi'.  'I'lic  tcm|iliitiipii  to  idleness  is  Ido  stnmi;-  liir  lesistmu't^  in  the  Imiian  mind. 
Wliile  llie  nse  ul'  tile  tr(i|i  is  ne,L.deeted.  delit  is  incurred  lor  the  means  i.r  eliptiiinu  iiml 
.sul)sisti'm'e.  h  IS  not  to  ln>  I'Xiiected  that  tiie  (Pidiiiarv  |irinei|iles  oT  comnieri'e  will  he 
inlermitti'd  in  tlie  inteiconise  oi'onf  iVuiitieiciti/eiis  witji  tiiose  inuiieved  tiihes.  Credit 
will  I'ollipw.  as  in  (irdimiry  cases,  tlu-  known  means  and  dis|iositi()ii  of  |)a\inenl. 

The  Indian  is  a  man  who,  whatever  may  he  his  iiiiosvncracies.  is  |promiit  t(p  aikiupw- 
led^■e  his  ohliixations  to  disehar^re  his  debts,  trihal  and  |>ers(pnid.  and  wlio  is  excr  read\-, 
when  his  means  will  [ii'rniit  it,  tip  cancel  them  :  Ihis  is  characteristic  of  the  moral  sense 
(pf  the  tribes.  No  man.  who  has  had  (pjiiportnnities  of  rre(|Uent  oh.servatiiPii  (p|'  their 
character  and  customs,  will,  it  ;s  apiprehended.  deny  this  nolile  trait  (pf  tiihal  licpnest\ 
a\ul  fair  dealinjf.  The  history  of  onr  Indian  treaties  is  a  standing  cipinmeiilary  niupii 
its  truth,  in  every  a,^■e  (pf  onr  re|pid)lio. 

That  these  linnter  tribes  should  not  [H'rceive  that  the  aininal  distribution  ol'  the 
principal  (pf  their  I'niids,  instead  of  the  interi'st  of  it  alone,  is  ci'rtain.  in  all  the  ca.ses 
(pf  limited  aniinities,  to  deprive  them,  in  a  few  \-ears,  of  t'\-ery  a.rriciiltnral  and  ednca- 
tiipiial  means  of  impro\ement.  shonld  not  excite  surprise.  They  have  not  Net  reached 
ii  p(pint  (pf  civilization  from  which  they  can.  calmly  and  trnly.  estimate  their  p(psiii(pii. 
'I'lu'y  are,  at  the  same  time,  iir,ued  to  continue  the  systc'in  by  considerations  ipf  s(  II- 
gratillcation,  wliich  it  is  not  easy  for  them  to  ri'sist. 

It  will  lje  further  perceived,  that  those  tribes  whom  we  iire  to  regard,  if  luii  in  tiie 
mass,  yet  in  their  chiefl.iincies,  jrovenmieiit.s,  and  leadin.u-  men.  as  semi-civili/ed.  have 
developed  better  fiscal  abilities,  whih-.  in  man\  instances,  tlii'  jpiinciples  of  iini'stiiieiit 
and  fniiding,  adopted  by  them,  are  reiilete  with  the  best  axiiPins  of  political  ecoiupinv. 

While  the  hunter  and  barbarous  triljcs  thus  jiersist  in  ii  policy  which  must  be  fatal 
to  their  financial  prosperity,  il  is  a  ([uestion  ipf  mipinent,  w  betlier  the  read\-  means  thus 
supplied  to  them  of  self-indul,i:ence.  in  tiie  use  of  (bstilled  spirits,  is  not  hurr\inu 
them  (Piiward  in  a  cari'er  that  must  end  in  their  moral  wreck.  It  is  seen,  from  the 
iiKpiiries  that  ha\-e  lieen  thus  far  made,  that  small  tribes,  whip,  but  a  li'W  \ears  aijip. 
were  [prospenpiis,  and  had  ke|it  u|p.  if  not  increased,  from  the  era  of  1 S II .  in  their 
numiiers,  have,  under  the  inlluence  of  hi::ii  cash  annuities,  and  unlimited  credit,  been 
liurried  on  in  the  triple  career  of  intemperance,  depopulation,  and  moral  dei^iadation. 
Sncli,  indeed,  is  tiieir  fearful  pro,i;ress  in  this  course,  that  a  low  years  must  result  in 
the  entire  cxtinctiipii  of  some  well-known  triijcs.  Xaticpiis  who  were,  but  a  lew  \ears 
liack,  fearful  in  their  native  strength,  under  the  banners  of  a  Tecnmseli.  a  Little 
Turtle,  and  a  IMack  Hawk.  ha\e  fallen  under  inlliieiici^s  more  fatal  to  them  than 
the  rille.  the  .sword,  and  the  camp-fever.  If  tlie  Miamies,  portions  ipf  the  Sauks  and 
Foxes,  and  the  Winnebagoes,  could   be  persnadetl  of  the  hasty  and  downward  sUi.s 


I 


t   1 


;    !!■ 


I 


l\ 


i      ^ 


!       I 


i  \i 


\l 


t 


I 

\1 


I 


480 


I'o  IT  l,ATI(iN    A  N  It  STATIST  K'S. 


wiiii'ii  lii('\  mv  iiiiikiiiLi  III  (iii- 


iidiii^  iiKiiiil  .^('iilf,  it  is  liclicsiii  lliat  lli('\   wuiiU 


piiiisi-  ill  llit'ir  nliii'iiiiii;;  coiirr^c  ul'  ili'|i()|Mii;itinii,  uiul  rcvi'it  to  a  iicaltliii'i'  |i<>lii'v. 

'I'lic  .-tiilistics  ^^ili(•ll  mv  prcsciilcil  lia\i'  bccii  wi-uiil;  IVdiii  tin'  liilicx.  (!(iii.>.ii(iiis. 
tlioiiisi'hcs.  nl'  a  |iaii('it\  in  tlu'ir  industrial  incaiis.  ami  of  ii  (lisrci^anl  of  llii-  ^<llll^(l('sl 
iiiasiiiis  (if  ('i\  ili/cil  lili',  tlu'v  liasc  rcsisti'd,  if  tlicv  lia\t'  iin(  iii'icM  iiiisimdi'istoud,  (lie 
Iniiiiaiii'  [iiilicv  wliirli  dictated  tlio  invcrttifiation.  Instead  "I'  tliciclpv  scrivinu;  In 
acc|Miiv   means  dl"  laviiiff  a    ta\  011  tlieir  iiroperty  —  an  idea   preiHi.slerniis  in  il.-elf,  as 


me    1)111   eili/ellH 


I'aii,  mil 


ler    ti 


le  (Hiiistitiitioii,  he  la\» 


vl.  Il 


le  iiic|iiii'\   inereh'  eoiiteiii- 


plated  the  ae(|iii.-<iti'  11  of  inrnrniatiun  which  mi^iiit  siiow  their  euiidiliuii,  ainl  wmild  he 
of  iiiealeiilalile  \aliie  to  Con^iress,  in  more  lu'i'leetlv  ada[itiii^'  its  laws  to  il.  I  lia\e. 
in 
lical 


a  precediiiii-  place,  adverted  to  the  diUlcnlties  in    the  wav  of  itroset'iitiiiL'  tiie  statis- 
iiioii"' the  tri lies  ;    hut  no  olistacle   is  of  snllicient  weiirht  to  (leter   I'loin 


iii((nii'ie>  a 
the  ell'ort  ;   iior  can  tiieiX'  he  a  reasonahle  doiiht  of  ultimate  and  comiilete  success. 


T 


•Id  of  investigation  has  heen  eiilaiLii'd  li\  our  ri'ceiil   aciiuisitioiis  of  terrilorv 


on  our  southern  ami  \vi  ^tein  iHUindaries.  of  the  Indian  trihes  id'  whiidi.we  are  compa- 
rati\id\   luiiiiroriiu'd.      Hut  this  adds  another  reason   to  those  iirevioiislv  i'.\istiii}i',  to 


1' 

d  statistics.      \Vliatever  s\; 


leiii  nia\    h( 


sanction  the  original  plan  of  the  census  an 
adopted  in  iidatioii  to  the  cash-annuities  paiil  to  the  hunter  trihes,  it  is  desirahle  that 
tliev  should  he  pi'evi'iited  I'ldiii  dissipating  their  funds  on  ohjects  not  esontial  to  their 
aiKance  in  agriculture,  arts,  I'ducation,  morals,  and  cliristianity. 

The  i)roj:res.s  %vhich  liiis  heen  madi;  in  the  ahorij;iiial  census  and  statistics,  will  ho 
seen  hv  referrinfj;  to  the  suhjoined  tables,  in  which  the  facts  ha\c  heen  carefully  di- 
gested. These  returns  relate  e\e!usi\i'ly  to  trihes  living-  I'ast  of  the  liocky  Mountains. 
l{es[)ectinf.'  the  extreme  western  trihes  situated  within  the  chartered  limits  of  Oregon, 


the  latest  ollicial  dates  received  denote  (iftv  nine  ti 


and  I'raLinieiits  of  triln's,  hear- 


ing <])ccific  names;  of  whicii  niimher  thirty-four  trihes  live  south,  and  twenty-live  Mi 


north  of  tlie  Columhia  H 


ivei 


I.S'c  Tahles,  No. 


Tin'  entire  Indian   population  of 


this   territory  is  now  estimated  at  'J'J, ().'):'),  where    Ia'uIs  and   Clark  in  1  SOd  n-ported 


Ml, 11(11).      A  great  num'  er  of  dialects  are  spi 


The  constant  temloncv  of  the  savage 


and  hunter  state,  as  oliserved  in   the  west,  is   to  make  dialects,  and  t( 


generate  petty 


iU(le[)en(ler.cief 


Kveii  the  Cherokecs,  Choctaw  s,  and  other  seini-ci\  ili/.ed  triiies,  resist 


confi'deraliou.     Change  oi'  accent,  and   |)ecuriai'ities  of  intonation,  are   [)er]ietiial  and 
rapiil  causes  of  m 


ntations  in  their  languages. 
Mr.  Hale,  the  ethnographer  of  the  I'nited  States  K.vploring  Kxpedilion.  reports  :oui 


(livisions  o 


f  lud 


lan  poll 


Illation  liv  "co^raphical  houndari 


ireadiiii;'  aloiii.;  the   I'acili 


coast,  hetween  California  and  the  peninsula  of  Alasca.  in  north   latitiKk-  lil).     They 
are  as  follows  : — 
1 .   North-west  di 


vision. 


—  Latitude  -i-l"  •-",  to  Charlotte's  Soiii 


d  Ah 


i\()° 


2    North  Oregon  division. —  All  north  of  the  Columhia  to  latitude  -")2'^,  oxcejit  I'rinco 
of  Wales   Island,  and  throe  or  four  south. 


1'".. 


I'nI'C  LA'I'loN    A  N  1)   STATISTIC- 


'  S . 


437 


;i.   Siiitli   (>iv-<iii   .|i\i>ic.n. —  Sii-iii>tiiis,    Wiillii-Wiilla      fir. 

I.  <'iilir..nii:i  ilivisi.m.— Diirkcr  si,  ,,!,._  i,,|;, ,.;,„.  |,|,v.^i,.,||   t\|.f. 

Tlu'Sf  (livi.si..iis  aiv  uni  .■sInl.liHiic.l  pin .siolo-icully :  tlu'  fia  l.rin-  piic.r  to  lli.'MMtlc- 
iiiciitorth.'Oiv-oiMiUislioii.  mIm.  ivii.l.Ts  III.,  (livisi,,,!,.  inipiiris..  n.r  civil  |.m|..,.-cs. 
Division  imiiilM.r  iiiK'  is  wimllv  willioiit  tlic  limits  of  tlio  I'liitcl  ^(;,t,,^,  ()f  .livi-i,,,, 
iuumIht  two.  (.xtriMJiii-  nnrth  ..r  til..  (■..liMiibiii  I.,  latilu.l..  liliv-lw..  .I..^ivfs.  tlir.v 
.l.-i-c's  ..nil.,  .•..list  liiiv..|.....|i  !issinii..(|  to  liritisli  (>iv-.m.  or  .\..\v  (•al..,|,,iiia. 

i?v  ilivi.liiiu-  th..  Aiii.Ticaii  {..mtor.v  iiil..  X..i||i  aii.l  S..iitli  (  )ivl:<,ii,  l.v  tli..  Jin.. 
of  tlu.  (•oiiiiiil.ia.  as  it  has  l.....ii  iloiic  l.y  (;..v..nior  Lane,  tii.'  ivsiilts  ..f  wh.'.s..  ivpoitn 
luv  -iv..|i  ill  tlio  stalistifal  taMos  iR.ivwitli.  tli..  tiihcs  aiv  now  a.vun.tfly  .h'si-iiat.'.], 
airrcfalily  to  ..iir  civil  limits,  as  ali.iv..  t.\invss..||.      (Sou  TuIjU's  X.i.  o.) 

Ill  .ml.T  t.>  Mnuiii  th..  Oiv-ou  ln,|iaiis  a.niv.'al.ly  to  lanf;iia-..s.  our  injormatioii  is 
iMa,l..,iiiat...     Mr.  Hal..  sul.ilivi.U's  111,.  I.M.lin-  .'oast  .livisi.ms  iiii.>  tliirl....|i  s.rtions  ; 

..r  nlii.'h  111..  lliirl....iitli  s..<.|ioii.  iH.iiiu:  tlif  nia.'kr.Tt.  or  Satsika. ipHscs  trilics  wii.'. 

(hvoU  wli.ilh  ..astuanl  of  tlic  llucky  M.miilain.s,  aii.l  air  not.  in  any  sens,..  pn.|,..Hs- 
c.msi.K.iv.l  a.s()r,.-oii  Imliaiis.  Tliis  section  is  iv.livi.l...!  into  Satsika.  ni..o.l  In.lians, 
I'i.'kans.  an.l  Atsinas.  or  Fall  In.lians,  wId.  sp..akin,ij;  oiu-  -vncri..  lan-iia-..,  |tli,'. 
.\tsina-Alg..n<piin.)  .■..nstitnti.  tli..  cliii.l'  known  l.H'al  divisions  of  th,.  p,.,,p|,..  Th(.v 
.Iwcll  .)n  the  Saskatchiwin...  .)f  th..  (Ireat  Lake  Winnipee,  of  Ihi.lson's  l!ay.  an.l  .m 
th..  Tppei-  Miss.)iiii.  an.l  its  hiulier  n.irth-easteni  trihntaries.  Tlit.y  aiv  ii.iin.l  hv 
their  vo.-abiilary.  a.-cinlin-  to  Mr,  Maekeii/ie.  to  speak  a  (lial.'et,  nnieli  alt.'r.  .1.  of  the 
Al.iron-inin.  It  Is  .■.■rlain  that  important  p.n'ti.ms  .if  this  trihe  hunt  th..  plains  s.uuh 
of  latilu.le    111',   and  are  lh..r..|br..   within   the   I'liited  Statt.s. 

Th..  Shosh.inees  who  ...rupy  th..  nppi.r  waters  of  th..  L.'wis  or  Snak..  K'iver.  sj.ivad 
throngiiout  the  (livat  Salt  Lake  IJasin.  and  er.iss  the  ni.inntains  south  int.i  T.xas. 

The  I'liikwa.  the  Contamis.  or  Flat-H.iws,  ami  the  Salish  l'aiiiili..s.  (st.eti.ms  1.  i'.  ;;. 
of  Mr.  Hale.)  are  hieat.^.l  wh.)lly  (.)r  with  th..  exception  .)f  jr.  h.  j.  k.  1.  ..f  the  latt.r) 
n.)rth  of  the  l)..nn.lari..s  of  Oiv-on.  Ahstractin-  tli...se  families  from  tim  .s,.rli.,iis 
eniimcratt.d.  w..  have  jiretty  fully  .'ipht  s.-ctLms  of  tribes  .ir  families,  esti„,at...l  bv  him; 
or,  aL'iveably  to  the  lat..  .illi.'ial  stat..inents  .if  r..iv..rn.)r  Lane,  (ifry-nin..  hu'iil  tnii...s, 
iiumb..riii-  -J-J.dOn  s.mls.  as  the  subje.'t   ..four  future   inv.'sti-.itions   in   Ore-.ni. 


CKNSUS  KI-rrURNS 


INDIAN  THIin-:s  OF  TIIK  CXITKD  STATKS, 


WITH     Til  Kill 


VITAL  AM)  INDLSTKIAI.  STATISTICS 


T  A  Iv  KN     1    N  llKIl 


Till'  Fiflli  Sccti.iii  01'  the  Act,  aiiprovcd  IMurcli  'M.  1S|7,  aiiifinliii^ 
the  Acl  to  orniinizc  the  Iiuliitii  Dciiiiriiiicni. 


I  t:!!i) 


'     !:1i 


!    I  i 


=1   i- 


■(  w 


;■  )• 


H 

O 
r. 


I Ill    l'-"^!IV   ■!"  Jl"ll 

J.I    11,U|.|.I|,,    .1|1IMM,.I    .1"    •MM"I"\' 

■| Ill  i''va   I"  .HI'll 

J.I    ll.i.l|.l!il,|    .i|i:iv   J.'    .1.1.(11111^ 

■-'MI!"'i'H    I"  -|"''M   .n""i'.l 
,1|ll(\\   .1.1   lll..i.|..ni;|    |..  .l.i.|.iiiix 


[             I  ■.)|irn    V.llllill.:  I    J..    >l..:.i|| 

^^  :  .iiMiH  .1.1  iiiM.|...ii.;|    I'l  .i..'|..iii\' 

I  lllll      pull    ll'l    J..     ..i.1\      ,l.|| 

'~  I  ii.i.).tt|.i.|  -ixis  i|i'"|  J. I  .1.1.1. iiii\; 


I 


0  1   I'll"  .||   J. I   >  ."\-   ."ii 
II,).l.»l.l.|    s,)iuill,i,.|    |..   .l.i.|i.iM>; 


ll'.l    I'llll   HI    J"    ».i..\' 


I     .ll|l    U.l.i.H|.l.|    -..'llllV    J"   .1.>.|II111<^ 


I      ^    j  -'II    .1"    'i^V 

I  .iqi  .i.i|iiin  s.i[iiiii.i  I  j.i  .i.i.|iiin\ 

j  .ii|i  .i..|mii  -.i|ii|v  J.I  .i.i.|iiiiis; 

I     „,  I  v.ix.is  i|l".|  |.iiii  >.l'^V 

I     ■     I  ll'l  .1"  ''liLS  .1"  .ii.|iiiii>^  .i|.'i|A\ 


I M    I"  •"I'M. 

,11(1  til  -,ii|iiiiii.(  J..  .1.1.1. ini.^- 


^   1-H  1— t  CI 

hi         «         rr 
II 

•        :  >— 1    rl    I- 

t— ( 


/.    I-    -    /     ;    -r        r. 

-I   —   -r   i-r    —   -r         /. 


o  ~    r.  1—         r.    I  -   .  -    -f    r    - 1    1  - 

•:r  X    t-,  •:?  -ii    -ti    1-    .•:    ."    r.    -r 


iT    I-         r.         -"    c    -Ti   -r    I-    -     /         ■—       — 
1-^         I-         -r-r— .-M/'i-r         -.■: 


'I    rj   * '   rt    ^   '  r    -v    .'-    " '   '  I    "^    ' "    ^    ' "        "'^ 


I 


—      b 


;     1     :      :     :     ;     :      :     :    i     :     :    5  : 


Y,  ^  y.  Yi  y,  y,  y  y.  y  t-  ■;:■  y.  y.  -p-     ~ 


:    -    tt 

>,     -1.     =       =       i         ;       - 


v. 


I        '^^ 

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TABi/KS 


or   TIIK 


1  INDIAN  POPULATION 


OK   TIIK 


UNI  TKI)  STATES. 


1.   INDIAN  I'OrULATION  OF  TFXAS,  FROM  TIIK  LATKST 

AITIIUUITIFS 


Tnl.cs.  I 


Niimca  111'  'I'lilips. 


IHIii.      ! 


liuniid,  1HI7. 


:!. 


Ii. 

7. 
s, 
(I 

10. 

11. 
1-J. 

l:;. 
11. 
l.V 
IC). 
17. 


('(iliiMnclu'.s  i>r  N';i-ii-iii 

Kinwii.u 

I.ilian.i  (.\|);irlK'  stuck) 


I  I  "IMI     J  '•''•""'  '"    '-."•"' 
'"  i'J.IKlO  t.i  ^,.'1(10  Ml. 


•jon  w. 


Iiillics , 

i';liMni"J ■  .V.^siK'illtOS 

An;Hl;ili-lia.«  i 

Kuci'liicH 

\V;iOl'niw -i 

Wilrllil:i-l ;.  .X.^.siipiatos 

'r.'ili-wiii'-CMrriis  I 

Tnukaliira." 

.Miis-kii-lo-nis] 
Kiii|Uiitii]is... 


i,r,(K) 


liOO 


.Vpachc  liiiiiils  ... 


[    4,000 


l>cla\V!irc 


"  I  Associntcs. 


Shawnoo.s 
('ropk.i 

Cll.ToklT,-* 


7.'iO  w. 
1,000  t(i  l.'iOO  wa. 


._± 


1 

ColHiili- 

NimiltiM*  of 

N('i(flilMir«, 

<hll>"l 

Wiin-iMi-^, 

IHl'.l. 

K-'tirimto, 

Nfiylilmrf*. ) 

IK.MI. 

Ihl'.l. 

•JO, 000 

l.'i.iMHI 

1,000 

l,r)Oo 

l.'ioo 

;;oo 

.'■)00 

,"iOO 

100 

1,400 

1,200 

•JSO 

.'500 

liOO 

00 

1,000 

1,000 

•JOO 

Ci.'iO 

;'i(lO 

l:!0 

L',000| 

:>  fioo 

jlOO 

i.r.oof 

Inoo 

C;")0 

.V25 

l.'iO 

M 

fiO 

1(1 

'jr> 

•2S 

f) 

•j!i,')7r) 

■24,100 

r>,!ii:) 

M8 


i  'I 


2.  INDIAN  rol'l  LATION  OF  NKW  MIAK O,  lUOM  TlIK  L\Tr,ST 

\rTII()l!ITIi;s. 


Ntiiiitti'i' 
.'I 

'I'lilM- 


N(inM'-<  m|"  Trltu 


(I, 
III 


U 


Hi. 


lit. 

•Jll. 
•J  I. 


A|i:i(lli'>i 

.lii'.'irilliiH,   l"(iil   A)iii(|ii'» 

ItiiliH  lit'  (Iniiiil    I'liilu   Itivir.. 

SiMlllliTII     I'lllllt 

(  'nlll   lIllllCS 

KmVIIL'Mk 

.\r:l|illl|ii('H 

('lll\Vl'llMi"< 

\ll\lljllll-* 

\|.i.|mi,' 


•J!  I. 

:w. 
:!l. 


I    :!ii. 
:!T, 


;is. 

40. 


/'i/././iu    ../•    .Vrlr    MiXii-i 

I'mlilii  il.i  T:,i.s '. 

I'uililii  il.i  l'iii|iri> 

I'liililii  il.i  .Sin  .liiiiii 

I'lii'lilii  di'  l'iijiiiii|iii' 

I'llrlilii  i|i>  .'>!:uilil    ('l;ini 

I'llrlilii  ill'  ,'^1111     llilcfoll.KiP 

I'llil.lip  ill'  .lirni'Z 

I'lli'Mii  ill'  '"^iljii 

riii'lilii  lie  Siintii   Aim 

I'lii'lilii  ill'  Ciirliiti' 

I'lii'lilii  ill'  .''an   nnniinj^ii 

I'lii'Mi)  ill'  Snn   l'"('li|ii' 

I'lii'lil'i  ill'  ."^iiniliii 

I'lirKlii  ill'  Uli'lla 

I'llrlilu  ill' 

I'nrl.l.i  ill' 

I'li.lilii  ili' 

Piiil.l.i  ill' 

I'llrl.la  ill' 

i'lll'lllo  ill' 


lii'uti-.  iir    hi'uniri 

Liiffiiiui 

S.'1'..n",   liilmv    Kl 

I'asi) 

Isli'lla,   lic'low    I'll 

/uni 

MiKjih      f'lirfihi.f 


<  liiva 

Siini'iniiavi  . 

■Iii|iiiri\  i 

.^lallzanll., .. 

( )|ii|iiivi' 

CllrlMiivi.... 

'r.ini«|ni'vi .. 

r, If. rj:/„. 


41. 


'./    I'lrl    .;/■    .y.ir    .1/., I /.-...    ',.l„;rii    //„■    Inl.i    ami   lllf 
Smillnni    llniin,/nrii    ,,/    I'luh. 

Ani'il'Mt  Cilinlns  .\.  i.fllii'dilaaiiil  V..  "f  llir  ('..Inrailn. 

NavajiH's,  iiiit   ini'liiili'il   almvi' 

I'niaiis    of   till'  Ciilnrailii,  ainl   imt   inrluiloil  in   Cali- 

fornia;   I'manns  ut'   llii'   lai-ly  S[i.inisli  wi-iliTsJ; ... 

A]iai'lio.'<,  not  ini'lmli'il  almM' 


NllllltiiT  III 

Kiuliiiiiir 
Mill 

llHO 

Niiinlii'r 

III' 
l,...!^.".. 

".■lO 
|(MI 
111  III 
■JIIII 

•J  .Mill 
lull 

mo 

:!oo 

Niiiiitii't'  i.f  j 

K'Kltilit"*     ' 

llvinif  III    1    |> 
II ». 

■riilnl 
i|iillaliMli 

,'l  .MIO 

jiiii 

.ilMI 

(',1111 

:i,oiiii 

'.'.Ml 

•Jdllll 

1''  000 

lull 

'■  000 

I.Ml 

1  .'lOO 

,'illO 

1  lino 

lllllll 

looo 

,'!.M)     1 

ti  IMIO 

li.MI 

•>  liio 

(i'.l 

.•:i,"i 

.Ml 

■:;;::;■■■; 

•'.Ml 

.''>.'► 

Ill 

711 

'JIIO 
ll.'iO 

.'ill 

".'lO 

III) 

l.'iO 

,'i() 

■'.'ill 

fill 

.'100 

1*111 

rioo 

l.MI 

7."iO 

.">.') 

■'T.'" 

SO 

;::::;::::: 

|no 

'.III 

|."i(i 

,'ill 

■'."ill 

1X0 

'.iiiil 

l.MI 

7. "ill 

I'JII 

111  III 

|:io 

ll.'iO 

.V.iT 

■'  ilS,"i 

looo 

■>  000 

:!iiii 

1 
1 

1  ."illO 

•J  .Ml 

i 

1  ■'."ill 

ISO 

i 

!III0 

l:;ii 

ri."io 

150 

7."iO 

ISO 

imo 

■JO, III  10 

ll,."llll) 

.^,000 
■J, 000 


_  _|  i  ' I      ^-IXM 

•  'I'lii'iil'  Inhm  uro  rp|iri'«.nl|.il  li.<  K-mpviim  Him,,.  ,I.v..1Iiiik.  ivilli..iil  ni'ifv  i.iul  r:ii>inil  »Im'|.|i,  hiil  Mill  ,,r  iin-iliilcry  hlll.llH.  uii.l  l.'riii»liil:l|.  ..ri,.|tii.  . 

t   I'll!-  M.»|ili     I'lii'lilin   iir.'    »ii|>|»»i.|l  III  III.  ,lii,.  ni  »'   iiom  .-iiii'ii  1 1',  iiii.l  III.....  IT  l.iiir  .l:iv!.'  Irml  ii.ic'li  ivr.l  Ir  in  / 'I  lii'V  all   ."i.ak    i|i..    

ImiKuiKt*',  Inn  itrr  r..|.'irl..|l  l.i  In-  M-Innilc.  iIihIiii.i.  iiii.I  itKlfj'cli.li'i I'lil.h'.s,  :hniiuh.  lor  Th..  pin; r  ni,it,ii;'  ..rntiTiii'ii.  tin  \    i.'iii  \M'ii  ...irli  ..U.-T 

t  Till.  ml,...  hi  Mli.i-li  wtilrn.   ii.'Tili,.   Ill,   i.iirl,  .iiili/.;,!,,,,,.  , ini.li.'iiis.u.iinl    Itnii,    liiii,',.,.|ril,....  iii;i>   li,.    i„ii,i,l,  .,.   .,   cr,.'i|..  M    iil...,l,    ll,u    |...,.|.;o 


TilO 


> 


I 


t  ■  l> 


:i   INDIAN  POITIiATION  OF  (ALll'OIJNI  A,  AGHKKAIUA  TO  THE 
KKTrKNS  OF  THE  SPANISH  MISSlONAllY  AUTHOIUTIES, 


NllMK'S  of    Missions. 


Kstutilisli- '    Popiihition.   I 
incnt.       I 


ItomiiVrtS 


Totnl 
IVipulalinii. 


Sail    Dii'iro 

Sail    I, Ills   lii'V  ill'   I'raiii'iii . 

San  .liLiii   CapislraiiH 

San  (ialii'iol 

San    Fi'i-iKimlo 

San   IfiiriiaX'iitura 

Santa   liarliara     

Iia   l'iiri"iina   Cuno'iic'inii  . 

San    liiiis  ( )Iiis|)ii 

San   MiL'ncl 


San  Aniiiniii  ilu  I'ailna 
San  Carliis  'Ic  MmitiTr; 
San  .Jiian    Itanlista  .  . . 

Sanla  Cruz 

Sania   ( 'laivi 

San  .lo-i.' 

San    l''i-aiKnsi'o 


170!). 

IT'.i>' 
ITTii. 

IT!  IT. 

1  "s-* 

I7>^'k 

1  ~  v7 

lT!iT. 

1T!I1. 

ITTO. 

lT!il. 
1 1  i  1 . 

IT!iT. 
1TT(). 

1,5(10 

CidO 
l,(MMl 
l.li.'iil 

(iiin     1 

!i.">il 
l.liiil 

I.IMIII 

Tiiil 

lidii 

.-.Tl     i 

l.ll.Ml      I 


III  IHO;" 


Cajiital  of  i'roviiice. 


Mu.stofs  aiul   MnlaltiHT 


Willi  Mimnlaiii  Trilicf,  who  WiMV 
iifvor  inulmU'l  in  iIr'  ]nvL-ialiiij;  Is 
S|iaiii.-li  Mi-.-iiins 


!l(ll> 

U(l 

l,:;iMi 

(;:;ii 
•s-ji)    I 

1  l,!i:il 
l,:;o(l     i 

l(l,'j:;l     I 


It;, 000    I 
:j-J,j:(l     I 


III  1S02. 


aL',-J31 


In  till'  imiiilm-  ut'  persons  ot"  the  i-i.sto  of  wliiti.-  ami  inixcil  Mooil,  wjio  aiv  jml  at   loOO,  ilioro       I 
won'  rr|ioi-tcil,  ill    \^i)\    ami   l^O'J,  —  :>.'>  inarriafrrs,   \^-  l'a|itisins,  ami  SJ  doatli.s.     Tliis  )iai-t  of  tlio     '| 
poiiulation  wa.s  alone  relied  on  for  the  ilefeiiee  of  the  eoast,  in  ease  of  an  attaok   upon  it  li_v  the  inari-     ; 
time  powers  of  Kiirojie.      The  population  of  Alta  ("alifirnia,   in    ISOo,   was   l.'),(iOO.     The   follmving     ' 
census  of  the  population,  inelmling  Imlians  attaeheil   to  the  soil,  who  have  begun  to  eultivatc  fielil.s, 
denotes  its  gro.s.s  inaxinmni  at  three  periods;    namely,— 

In  1T!I0—  7,7 1><. 
In  isoi  —  i:;,(i(is. 
In  Iso-J  —  1.'i,.M'r.'. 


At  tile  last  period,  there  wore  07,7^2  oxen;  107,172  sliee]i;  lOlO  liogs ;  21^7  linrses,  and  ^TT 
mules.  In  ITiU,  there  had  heeii  only  21,!loS  head  of  Marl;  cattle,  wliieli  denotes  a  prodigious 
iiierease  in  a  short   period,  and  iioinl.s  out  the  true  re.souiees  of  the  eliinalo.      Aeeording  to  the  tahles 


pulilished  by  M.  (laliaiio,  the  t 


mlians  sowei 


1  in  the  whole  proviiiee  sT-l  liiishels  of  wheat,  wliieli  yiilded 


a   harvest  of    1.'>,1!IT   bushels.  —  .\i,('kihi's   Ct.n.   l>liT.      linMinN  :    1^12. 


i    ' 


i:Ji' 


520 


i    ( 


4.    INDIAN   rOPULATION   OF   OREGON,* 


No. 


Niimos  of  Tribes. 


j  Muin  nuiu]s.    Wiirriors. 


it. 
1(1. 
11. 
l-J. 

i;j. 

M. 

l.^. 
1(1. 

17. 

IS. 

111. 

•J((. 


•J4. 
2;'). 
•2i\. 
27. 
28. 
2V». 


Suiilli   of  thf  C:liim}wt. 

Siiakos  nr  Phaslumocs.. 

l'oiiasliit;i,  iimi'li  iiitcr- 

nii.XL'd     willi     tlic 

Hiiiikes 

Conti'iiay 

Sali>li  di-  ri:it  Ilcad.^... 

Cali'spclins (ivi'i- 

I'niiiK'ras  cir  Si)iiiaolps.. 
Kcitli'  l-'all.t  (.rCiilnille 

Iniliaiis 

('■ni.'i-il       Ilfloiio,      or  i 

I'riiitcil  Heart.-! i 

S]ink:iM alioiit 

()iil;iii(f;;in.s 

Srniioilv 

NvziuTi'i'^ ' 

I'alvas ' 


(  ; 


Wallawalla 

I>cilmli'.'^ ;  Wasonpaws. 

Wa.-i'opaw 

Mnl,.  .\ll,.g ; 

Clackainas 

Willaiiictte  Indians 

('lickitat.J 

Calip'ia  Indian,'! ' 

Snala(iiii'  Indians 

Vani  Hill  Indians 

SniUaiincr  Iluliaus 1 

Inipuna ' 

Killannifk  Indians 

Clatsacauiin 1 

Clatsnp i 


700 


fioO 

•lUO 

G20 

1,-iOO 

1,200 

800 

,')00 

1,(MI0 

7(H) 

MX) 

l,r)00 

300 

80U 

1,0(10 

300 

200 

100 

(10 

20 

180 

CO 

(iO 

!tO 

15 

200 

200 

300 

r)0 


No. 


Names  of   Tribes. 


:  Main  Daiula.    Warriors. 

1  I 


80 

100 
4;V1 
■l.)0 

100 

100 


1000 
200 

20 


30 

10 

5 


Brnnght  forward...' 
i  30.     ratidaniet I 

31.  '  ("alnait \ 

32.  Wakaniucks ~i 

33.  NaiJiananiin j- 

34.  Nauiuil j 

j    Sonh  i\f  Ihc  Cijlumhia.    \ 

35.  I  Makaw  or  Capo  Flat- 

tery Indians 

3().  ,  XlPOsclaluTM ' 

37.  Sni»|iiaini~li 

3S.  llnniani-li 

3!).  I  Tiiannl,       ) 

40.'  Ilokairdsh   )■ 

11.  guall.vami.^li     ") 

12.  I  l'iualli|)aiMiisli  S  

43.  Sinnaniish        J 

44.  Sinaliainish 

45.  '  i>noi|nalaniick 

4().     Skoywliamisli 

47.  8kaf;at,s 

48.  llooklnliniic  Indians... 
40.  j  ("owlitz 

50.  '  I'hinonks 

51.  i  Qnenuil      \ 

52.  ;  Chcliaydis  )  

5.'i.  !  Kallilaniet         ") 

54.  Koniek -• • 

55.  !  Wakanasi'ouiis  J  ' 

Tilliulliwit 

Wyanipani 

Yacaaws 

I'iscahooso 


Carried  forward 13,305 


2039 


.■)(■). 
57. 
58. 
59. 


13,005 

58 

200 

Unknown 


1,000 

1,400 

500 

500 

500 


550 

350 
350 
450 
500 
220 
120 
100 

300 

150 

200 

130 

1,500 

350 


2039 


100 


Total. 


:739 


*  These  arc  tlio  most  recent  return.s  of  Governor  Lano.     A  heavy  depopulation,  compared  with 
any  for.ncr  period,  is  shown. 


66 


521 


t\ 


Mi^ 


5.  FLORIDA   INDIANS. 


Numlior 

of 
Tnltos. 


Niuncs  t>f  Tritu'^. 


Si'lliiiuilos 

Miokiwaukii'H.. 
Crocks 


li.iti'. 

1SI7. 
1SI7. 
1SI7. 


I'cluvs is  17. 


Cliodaws 

Wcmn'ii  ami  I'liililicn . 


IS  17. 


Ksliinalcil  iiuToaso  from  various  souroi's  in  1!  years  ^1S;'>0). 


Niiinln'r  sent  AVost   in    lS,"i(>. 


Wnr- 
liiils. 


+70 
+;!0 
*1'J 

■*1 

1-JO 


'  Woiiu'a 
iiikI 

(■llll.llfll. 


Homainiiii;  in    ISTid,  ajiruoaMv  tii  tlicv  iliita 

Kstiiiiatc   from  (illi.>r  Minici's  cnlillcd   to  rt'sin'rl,. 


'2M 


■I'..|.il. 
70 

:!0 

12 

■I 

4 

•jr>o 
:i70 

7(i 

:!ts 

;"iOO 


*  lupnrl  lit'  Captain  Julm  T.   Sinairiii' 


0.    rorULATION   OF  THE  TERRITOKY   OF  UTAH 


Numher  | 

cf 
Tribes. 


NnniCH  of  Tribes. 


Toliil 
Pti)ml!itiun. 


1        I     I'talis  of   the  Smireo.s  of   the  Cohirado  and  Clreiit  Salt   Lake  IJasin I         7,000 

-.  Sho.<honeos 

3.  i:>nakos 

4.  I     H.macks 

Vunipaliok-arn,   Hoot-  Katers 

Koolsalik-ara,   liutTalo-Kators 

I'onuintik-ara,  Sugar  or  Iloney-Kators 


4,;')00 


li.rioo 


7.   ULTIMATE  COiXSOLlDATMl)  TAHLKS  OK  TIIK  IM/IAN  rol'U 
LATlOiN  OF  THE  IIMTKI)  STATKS. 


Niiirii'M  (if    'I'riln 


I  Niiinlirr 
,  in  Triho. 


T  A  11 1.  K  I .  —Trilirn  wlmso  Vitiil 
iiiitl  linliiHtriul  StiiliHtit'H  li-ivo 
lifcn  tiikni  liv  ItiiixlH  lunl  l-'iiini- 
licH,  timU'r  llio  iliiTiliuii  nt  (ho 
Act  ol'  t'ttiign'MM. 


A.  IioijUiiirt  (inuiji 

H.  .\lgi>n()uin  (inmp*.. 

('.  I»ar.it;i  <;iniip+ 

I>.  AppHlmliiitii  (Iroiip^ 


ti,.".V(» 

r>,oir. 


T  A  II  I,  i:  II  'I'lilu'n  ..I  (hi'  ii.'W 
.Sliili's  iiiul  Tri'iil<>rii'n  S.iulli  iinil 
\Vi".t.  int'lM.liti;^  (In-  \r'iiiiMiti..nH 
IVoiii  McMi-n  uihliT  tin"  'rriMir\ 
nl'  (iutitliilu|i(<  lliiliilgii. 

A.     Ill>ll:ill    I'oplllMlinll  mI'   'I't'XM.x.     'Jl.lllll 

It.    Iliili.'iii    l'<i|iiil,iliii]i   lit'    Ni'W 

.Mcxira !fj,l:;o 

('.    Iliili.'iii    I'"|>iiImI|iiii   of    C.'ili-  I 

rmiii;! .'i'J.'J^l  I 

1).    Iijili.'iii  l'ii|iiil:ilioii  iirOri'friiii.  'J'J, 7.1.1 

Iv    liiili;iii  I'Mpiil.'ilinii  nl'  I  lull...'  I  l.rillO 

I''.    Iriili.'iii  l'i>|>iilMli<'ii  n|' I'MmiiLi.'  HIS 


T.Mtl.M  III  —  (l.ncn.l.S'l.c.lulo 

..r  111,'  'I'liiM's  i,„-iii,',i  Kiisi  i.r  iiiL' 

ItorUv  MniiiitainH  mill  tin'  l.iriM 
ut'  (lir  .MisMis..-iii|ii,  in  hi^li  notili- 
rrti  Itilitililt's  ;   (til   dT  wliMlri,  tii< 

^I'tlltM'      ^Villl       llliiHt'      lllllllCil       ill 

'I'lit.lf  N(i.  L',  rnimiii  Ut  In*  ciiu- 
iiHTiili''I,  iimli'l-  llic  niu'nitidii  of 
till'  liiiliuu  ('t'lLHUM  ill  itro^rcHH. 

.'Mali.'iiiKis.      (Si'i!  Miisko^rr.i.) 
As.siiialiiiiiis,  Hdulli  of  lat.  111".. 
A|Kiclic'.s.      (."^I'o     7'('J"(i.s-,    .\'i:ir 
JMijico,  uikI  Ulali.) 

Al'JipillincM 

Alwiiriiki's,  or  (Vuh's 

.Xiii'ii'k.'iroos 

Hl.'i.'lir.'.'l 

liliiciil    liiili:iiiH   (few  ri'iicii    the 

.^lis.■^lllll■i  ) 

Itnitlicrlcui.s 

('hc'i'dkccH 

Cri'i'lis 

('Iiii'kn.'<invs  (licit  cmuuiTaU'il) .. 

('li(H't.a\v.s 

('oiiiiiiic'lics.     (Sou  7V'.i'(i.i. ) 
Clii'jonnr.H 


llHrricd  forward. 


1,000 


•t,0()0 
l,,^)00 

l:t,o(io 
fion 

liOl) 

•j,'),o(in 

fi.dOO 

iti.mio 


T.lllll    I'n- 
pllliUiitlt. 


:ii,70l 


ls:!,oi-j 


2,500 
yy.tioo:  217,740 


Nmiuc 


I.r  Tiii.i'H 


N Iii'i-    Tnliil  ru- 
in 'I'l-ilii'.     imlHliiiii. 


!IS,(!00 
2,000 


HO  I 


I 


Hrmi);lit  fnrwaril 

CaililiK'.s 

('Iii|i|ic'\va.>i.       (.'^('1'    , 7//,'(im/niH 

(irimp  ) 
('lii|i|K'\va.'<, wi'sl.anil  Knl  liivir, 

imrlli 

Crc'i'.')       ( .N'linr    in    llu'    I'liilril 

Sliil,'.-*. ) 
CliawaM.      (i^i'r  Chcfiinnrs  ) 
('ayniruH.   (Srr  lrin/utns  iirniiii.) 

('ayiifras  .iinl  liiii|ii"is,  west 

hiiiiiuliilailirs.  (."^I'l'  M'//(/il(/ri(/.v.)  I 
Pariplai.      (Sir  Siiiii.r. )  | 

|)rla\\aiv.-< I.'^HI 

KiitaH.'*,      (Si'c^  I'lalis.  )  j 

I''mm'm  ami  Sai's I     •_',lll() 

ImiIIi'    .\vi'illl'.«.         (Sl'C   MlllOIIKI-  j 

niis. )  I 

l''|nrif|a  liiili.iiis.    (,'-!.i''raMi'2.) 
h'l.il lira. 1.1.      (,'^.i'  (hii^iin) 

(ll'O.S   Vllllll'- 

•  Iri'i'li  May  lii.lians.       ( .'^.•.' .1/i'- 

iKiiiiiiiiK  X  an. I  (hii  kIiis  ) 
liiHa^.      (Si'i'  />i(('ii/(i   (i';-.i»yi. ) 

Ki.iwas 

Kirkapiio.i 

Kali/.as 

Ka.-^ka.skia.s 

.Mrn.iiiiiiiiii'.s 

.Maiiilaiis 

.Miiiitanis 

.Miaiiiii'.'* 

.Missimri." 

Miiliawk.'*.  (.S'l'  Iroi/uoindrDiiii  ) 

MllIlSCI'S 

OlIiiHa.H.       (Sixi    Jl I I'onijHin 

(Irniip  ) 

Otluwius,  west 

Olncs 

OnialiaM 

( >ii('i(ki.H.   (t^cc.  IriK/uois  (Irimp. ) 
UiKiiidii^n.H.       (Sc'(!    I r 01/ mils 

(Jrotip.) 

(Vcllaliw 

I'awtlcc.') 

I'liIH-a.H 

I  'i  .1  laHatiiiiiU's 

I'curias 

I'icpiiis.      ( .'^lo  Sii(sik(i,  Ultniil, 

ami  lilackfrii:) 
I'ianki'shuws 


217,7-10 


;i,ooo 


L',000 

mill 

l,tl(IO 
200 

2,.''iOO| 

;'i(l(l 
Til  10 


Carried  fiirward. 


110 


IIIIO 

.Mill 

.!,OIIO 


I  ,r,oo 

17,000 
7IMI 

:i,2oo 
IfiO 


iOO 


14f),4K0  217,7'10 


*  The  ccDsun,  in  thcne  groups,  has  been  carried  no  fartlier,  but  is  in  progreHs. 


628 


fl  « 


i.  ■:; 


:!      ' 


1.     i-   ' 


it 


:   1 

'..1 

^i 

y 

.       .    1 

j'- 

■:     : 

|f     ': 

^ 

i      \ 

(^ 

t 

■ 

]:'■• 

*t    ^  >■■ 

!  .  i 

f, 

! 

(' 

■1  ■ 

1 

i. 

iilii 

\Mk 

Names  'f  Tribes. 


Number  ,  Total  Po- 
in  Tribe. :  pulation. 


Brought  forward 145,4801217,746 


Quappos 

Ricarcc3.     (Sec  Jlurickureea.) 

Shawnoes 

Sioux  of  tbo  Mississippi  (not 

onumcratcd  iu  No.  1 ) 

Sioux  of  tko  Missouri  (not  enu- 
merated in  No.  1) 

Satsika.     (See  Blackfcet,  &c.) 

Stockbridges |       400 

Sonecas.   (See  Iroquois  Group.) 
St.  Regis  Tribe.    (See  Iroquois 

Group.) 

Scminolcs 

Senccas  and   Sliawnccs.     (See 

Iroquois  Group.) 
Swan  Crock  and  Black  River 

Cliippcwas  (not  enumerated 

in  Algonquin  Group) 

Snake?.     (See  Tabic  •_'.) 
Sboslionees.     (See  Tabic  2.) 

Tctans 

Tonowandas.     (Sec  Iroquois 

Group.) 
Utah?.     (Sec  Table  2.) 
Wj-andots.       (See   Iroquois 

Group.) 
Winncbugoes.     (See  Dacota 

Group.) 

Weas 

Yanktons.     (Sec  Sioux  of  the 

Missouri.) 


TABLE  IV.  — Fragmentary 
Tribes  still  existing  'vithin  the 
BounUuries  of  the  olJ  States. 


Maine  — 
Souriquois  of  St.  Jolins.. 

Passu  niaquoddies 

Penobscots 


Carried  '"orward. 


400 
1,600 
0,000 
6,500 


1,500 


200 


3,000 


250 


300 
379 
277 


950 


Names  of  Tribes. 


Number 
in  Tribe. 


Total  Po- 
pulation. 


Brought  forward. 


956 


167,330 


385,076 


Massachusetts  — 

Marshpeo 

Chippaquadie 

Cliribliuiilown 

Gay  Head 

Assonets  of  Troy  or  Fall  River 

Herring  Pond 

Hasanamico 

Punkapog 

Natic 

Dudley 

Grafton 

Yarmouth 

[All  mixed  with  the  African 
race  but  8  or  10.] 

Rhode  Island  — 

Narragansclls 

CoNNErTlClT  — 

Muh('j;ans  at  Miihopan 

Miilu'gans  at  Stonington 

Muliogans  at  Grotou 

New  York  — 

Iro(]uois.  (See  IroquoisGroup.)' 
Algonquins,    not    cniimevatcd 
iu  Algonquin  Group 

VlBOIMA  — 

Nottoways,   mixed    with    the 
African  race 


847 


886,076 


420 


SoLTH  Carolina  — 
Catawbns 


North  Carolina — 

Catawbas 

Cherokees.     (See  Table  1.) 

Total  in  old  States.... 

Grand  Total 


300 
50 
50 


40 


40 


200 


250 


8,153       3,153 


I  388,229 


[There  may,  in  addition  to  these  numbers,  be  from  25,000  to  35,000  Indians,  within  the  area  of  the 
unexplored  territories  of  the  United  States.] 

HENRY    R.    SCHOOLCRAFT, 

Agent  Census,  &c..  Act  of  March  3,  1847 


Approved, 


L.    LEA, 


Office  Indian  Affairs, 
July  2f,  1850. 


Commissioner  Indian  Affairs. 


624 


APPENDIX. 


INQUIRIES, 


RESPECTING  THE  IIISTOllY,  PRESENT  CONDITION   AND  FUTURE  PROSPECTS. 


Snhinn  (Tribrs  of  \\)t  Itnitra  ftiitPH. 


(525) 


',i 


I'  i 


i'      >! 


i:  ¥ 


'r'i' 


1 » 


Ad 


INQUIRIES,    ETC. 


HISTORY. 

1.  OliKilN. — What  fiifts  Ciiii  tic  stated,  from  tnulitidii,  rt'spccting  tlio  origin,  oiirly  liidtory  iiinl  iiiigrutioiis 
rif  the  trilie;  a'.  '  vliat  nrii  tlio  principal  ineiiU'tilH  known,  or  ronicnibcrod  Hinci!  A.  I>.  llKli!'  Can  tlicy 
roinnmnirati  y'  lUg  on  thin  head,  of  anciiiit  date,  which  is  cnlilh'd  to  respect?  What  is  the  earliest  event, 
or  name,  in  i...  origin  or  progress,  which  is  jircservcd  \>y  tradition,  and  iVoni  what  stock  of  men  have  they 
sprung  ■;" 

2.  TiiliiK  AND  (iKiKiini'iiii'Al.  I'dSiTKiN.  —  Jiy  what  name  are  they  called,  among  themselves,  and  hy 
what  name,  or  names,  arc  they  known  among  other  tribes;  and  wiiat  is  tiic  meaning  of  those  respective  names? 
Slate  the  various  synonyms.  Wliere  did  the  trihc  dwell,  at  the  earliest  date ;  what  was  its  probahle  niimlier, 
and   the  extent  of  territory  occnpied  or  (■l.iimed  hy  it  ?      How  has  their  Incalii>n,  nunihers,  and  the  exti'nt  of 


lands  or  territories,  varieil  since  the  earliest   known  ]ierio(! 
the  ]ircsent  time? 


and  what  arc  the  general  facts,  on  these  heads,  at 


li.  Anciknt  oil  MoDK.ltN  lidCATliiN.  —  Are  they  of  opinion,  they  wire  created  hy  the  (Jreat  Spirit,  on  the 
hinds,  or  are  they  conipicrnrs,  or  possessors  throngh  tiie  events  of  war,  or  from  otlicr  causes?  Can  they  rceollect 
the  first  interview  with  whiles,  or  Murojicans  —  the  first  sah;  of  lands,  or  treaty  madi'  hy  tliem  — the  introduction 
of  fire-arms,  woollen  clothing,  cooking  Vi'ssids  of  metal,  ardent  sjiirils,  llie  first  place  of  trade,  or  any  other 
Iirominent  fict  in  their  economical  history? 

■I.  Vkstkiks  op  Kaiu.y  Tkaihtion.  —  Have  they  any  tradition  of  the  creation,  or  the  deluge,  or  of  their 
ancestors  having  lived  in  other  lands,  or  having  had  knowledge  of  any  quadrupeds  wdiieh  arc  foreign  to  America, 
or  crossed  any  large  waters,  in  their  migration?  Is  there  any  idea  developed  among  them  hy  tradition,  allegory, 
or  otherwise,  that  white  peo|ile,  or  a  more  civilized  race,  had  occupied  the  continent  before  them? 

fi.  Have  they  anv  Xajie  for  AMEiurA?  —  If  there  be  no  direct  term  applicable  to  the  entire  continent, 
search  their  oral  traditions  in  the  hope  of  detecting  the  uanic. 

f).  Hemintsi-ences  of  Former  Condition.  —  l>id  they,  before  the  discovery,  live  in  a  greater  degree  of 
ponce  with  each  other  —  had  they  firmed  any  ancient  leagues,  and  if  so,  of  what  tribes  did  they  consist,  how 
hmg  did  these  leagues  last,  and  when  and  how  were  they  broken?  Diil  they  build  any  forts  or  mounds  in  their 
ancient  wars,  or  were  the  earth-works  we  find  in  the  West  creeled  before  they  arrived,  and  by  whom,  in  their 
opinion,  were  these  works  erected  ? 


if 


7.  Names  and  Events  as  iiem's  to  IIistouv. — What  events  have  ha)ipened,  in  their  hi>tory,  of  which 
they  feel  proud,  or  by  which  they  have  been  cast  down?  What  tribes  have  lli'V  eon(|urnt|.  ..r  been  oonipicred 
liy,  and  who  have  been  their  great  men?  Have  they  suffered  any  gro-  calamity  in  past  times,  as  fnmi  gi-cat 
floods,  or  wild  beasts,  from  epidemic  or  jicstilcntial  di.sea.ses,  or  from  fierce  and  sudden  ass.iilants?  And  havo 
they,  in  such  ca.ses,  had  any  renowned  or  wise  leader,  or  deliverer? 

(f.27) 


528 


ArPENOIX  — IN(JUIHIES. 


}  n; 


f.  PnESENT  ItiLEiis  AMI  CoMHTiciN.  Wild  in  tluir  ruling  cliiif'  Whn  aro  their  present  most  noted 
chiefs,  spoaki'rs,  or  w;ir  captains?  Stale  tluir  names,  and  ):ive  brief  Hltetelies  of  their  lives.  When  did  the 
tribe  reaeli  tlieir  present  iuealion,  and  under  what  eireunislanees? 

9.  LANdt  AiiEs  si'oKKN  AM  A  .'MEAXs  Of  iNtfi  iiiY.  —  Dues  the  tribe  speak  one  or  more  dialects,  or  aro 
there  several  languages  spoken,  or  incorporated  in  it,  reipiiring  more  than  one  interpreter,  in  transacting  business 
.rith  them?     Are  there  aged  persons  who  can  state  their  traditions? 


'in: 


'.■  •■ 


?r^ 


(  <!i 


INTKHN  ATK^NA  I,    RANK    ANP    UKFiATIONS. 

1(1  What  Kank  ani>  1!i-:i.ati(insiiii'  huks  riiK  TitiiiE  iihau  to  otiieh  TiiinEs? — Do  their  traditions 
assign  them  a  superior  or  inferior  position  in  the  poliiieal  scale  of  the  tribes;  and  is  this  relationshi])  sanctioned 
by  the  traditions  of  o//i(  r  tribes?  To  what  uumIo  can  we  resort  to  settle  discordant  pretensions  to  original  rank, 
and  afliuities  of  blood?  Are  their  nann's  for  themselves,  or  others,  any  clue  in  the  latter  ease,  and  if  mil,  must 
the  languages  be  essentially  relied  on,  to  ]>ro\c  original  affinities?  Is  the  relative  rank  or  kindredship  of  the 
tribe,  denoted  by  terms  taken  from  the  vocabulary  of  the  family  ties,  as  uncle,  grandfather,  brother,  &c. '!  If  so, 
what   tribe  is  called  grandfather,  \e.  ? 

11.  I'lKMiF  FitiiM  Md.NfMENTS. — Aro  there  belts  of  wampum,  quijipas,  or  monuments  of  any  kind,  such  as 
heaps  of  .-^tone,  Ac,  to  prove  the  former  exi.stcnce  of  alliances,  leagues,  or  treaties  among  the  tribes?  If  so, 
describe  them,  and  the  places  where  they  are  to  bo  found. 

I'J.  Proof  from  Dfvicks. — What  is  the  badge,  or,  as  it  has  been  called,  the  totem  of  the  tribe  —  or  if  it 
consist  of  separate  clans,  or  primary  families,  what  is  the  number  of  these  clans,  and  what  is  the  badge  of  each  ? 
And  do  these  totems,  or  badges,  denote  the  rank,  or  relationship,  which  is  .sought  to  be  establi.shod  by  these 
(picries? 

lo.  Mao.MTI  IiE  AM>  KF.SOriirKS  of  TFniilTOIiV,  a  CAISE  of  the  Mll.TII'I.irATION  OF  TlilllES. — 
Have  geographical  l"eatnres,  within  the  memory  of  tradition,  or  the  abundance  or  scarcity  of  game,  had  any 
thing  to  do  with  the  division  and  multiplication  of  tribes  and  dialects,  either  among  the  Atlantic  or  Western 
tribes?  Are  there  any  remembered  feuds,  family  discords,  or  striking  rivalries  among  chiefs,  or  tribes,  which 
have  led  to  such  separations,  and  great  multiplication  of  dialects? 


«t' 


1    ¥'■ 


14.  Proofs  from  OEOouArilY.  —  What  great  ge.igraphical  features,  if  any,  in  North  America,  such  as 
the  Mississippi  River,  Alleghany  Monnlaius,  \c.,  are  alluded  to,  in  their  traditions,  of  the  original  rank  and 
movements  of  the  tribe ;  and  was  the  general  track  of  their  migrations,  frnm  or  towards  the  North  or  the 
Kast  ? 


GEOGR  APII  Y. 

1.^.  yiniRE  of  the  Gi.ohe.  —  Have  the  Indians  any  just  idea.s  of  the  natural  divisions  of  the  earth,  into 
continents,  seas  and  islands?     What  ideas  have  they  of  the  form  of  the  earth? 

10.  Local  I'eati  res  of  the  (\)rNTnY  inhahited.  —  What  are  the  chief  rivers  in  the  territory  or 
district  occupied  by  the  tribe?  ,'slate  their  length,  gi'ucral  depth  and  breadth  —  where  they  originate  —  how 
far  they  are  navigable;  what  are  their  principal  rapid.s,  falls  and  portages,  at  what  ]minls  goods  are  landed,  and 
into  what  principal  or  larger  waters  they  finally  flow. 

17.  Lakes  ani>  Sprinos.  —  Aro  there  any  large  springs,  or  lakes,  in  the  district,  and  what  is  their  char- 
acter, size  and  average  depth ;  and  into  what  streams  have  they  outlets?  If  lakes  exist,  can  they  be  navigated 
by  steamers;  if  gigantic  springs,  do  they  afford  water-power,  and  to  what  extent? 


U  it    .i 


A  r  r  E  N  D I X  —  I  N  Q  I"  1 11 1  E  S . 


£21) 


IS.  Snu".\rK  OK  Tiif;  ("(UNTHV.  —  Wliiit  in  llie  grncrnl  elmractor  of  the  surface  of  tin- cimiitiy  iiciii|iii'il  liy 
lilt"  Irilir'/  !■<  il  liilly  (ir  lo^d-- fertile  or  sttrilej  nlniiiilant  i)r  seaiity  in  wixid  ami  water  —  aliniiiiMiiif;  er 
rislrii'icil  ill  llie  ('\l(iit  iif  its  natural  nieailnw.i,  nr  prairie.s''  What  f^raiiiM  or  nilier  iiroiliictn  ilo  the  Imliann  raise 
in  the  ili>lricl,  ami  what  are  its  general  agrieiiltural  ailvantages,  nr  disailvantagesi'  What  are  it>  naluivil 
\ej;etal>le   |iniiliirlieli.-i '! 

111.  I'"\rii,i  iii:.-i  full  tJii.\/.iNii.  —  Are  eattle  and  stock  easily  raised  — do  the  |ir:iiries  and  W""!- alloid  ;m 
aliiiiidiint  >iil'|ily  of  lierliau'e  spuntaiieonsly  —  are  wells  of  water  to  lie  had  at  nioiliniic  dr|illis,  where  the  siirl'aie 
ilenies  springs,  or  sireaiiis,  and  is  there  a  praelieahle  market   for  the  surplus  grain  and  stoek '' 

20.  I'llVslcM.  MlFFcrs  (ir  I'llllMi  tmk  I'ii.MHIK..-^. —  Has  the  oM  praetiee  of  the  Indians  of  hiirning  Iho 
prairies  to  faeililale  hiiiitiiig,  had  the  elVeel  to  injure  the  surfiee  of  the  .soil,  or  to  eiivuinscrihe,  to  any  extent, 
Iho  native  f'lisU'/ 

■Jl.  W.^STK  liWn.s. —  .\re  tlieie  any  e^iten^ive  harreiis,  or  de.«erts,  in.arshes  or  swamps,  reejaiiiiahle  or  irre- 
elaimahle,  and  what  elVeels  do  ihey  produee  on  the  health  of  the  eouiilry,  and  do  they  oiler  any  serious  ohstaeles 
to  the  I'onslriielioii  of  road.~  1' 

'J'J.  KlTIM'TS  iiK  \'(il.i'.\Mi'  .\rrrnN.  —  Is  the  (|iianlity  of  aiahle  land  dimiiii.-hed  hy  large  areas  of  arid 
mountain,  or  of  v.ili'aiiie  traels  of  eouiitiy,  with  plains  of  sand  and  eaelU'^!'  If  so,  are  these  lraet.s  wholly  arid 
and  without  water,  or  do   Ihey  all'ord  a  p.artial  sn[iply  of  herh.ige   for  horsi-,  sheep,  or  mules? 

•Jo.  Cl.lM.VTt:.  —  Is  the  eliiiiate  generally  dry  or  humid  '!  lines  ''a'  heal  I'f  the  weather  vary  greatly,  or  is  it, 
di.-lriliiiled,  through  the  dillereiil  sr:isons,  w Ith  regiil.iiity  and  i'i|iiahilily  ?  What  winds  prevail''  Is  il  mueh 
suhjeet  to  >|oriiis  of  rain  with  hi'iivy  thunder,  or  tornailoes,  and  do  these  leinpesis  of  r.ain  swell  the  streams  so  a.s 
to  overflow  llieir  hanks,  and  destroy  feiiies  and  injure  the  erops  ?  State  the  gi'iural  eharactcr  of  the  elimale, 
giving  nieteorologieal   lahhs   if  you  can. 

'.'I.  S.M.IM-;  rinuin'riiiNs.  —  Ooes  the  dislriet  produee  any  salt  springs  of  value,  any  caves,  yielding  salt- 
petre earth;   or  any  heds  of  gypsum,  or  plaisler  of  p.'iri-';  or  of  marl,  suitatile  for  agrieiiltural  ]iurposos? 

•1a.  CuAl.  .\Mi  iiTllKll  MlNKll.M.  I'luilucTs.  —  llas  the  enuntry  any  known  heds  of  stone  coal,  or  of  imp 
ores,  or  vi'iiis  ef  lead,  or  copper  ores,  (U-  any  oilier  valiialile  deposits  of  useful  metals,  or  minerals?  State 
localilies  and   transmit,  when  oiiportunily  oilers,  speeiinens. 

2li.  Wll.n  .\mm.vi.s.  —  What  is  the  general  character  and  value  of  the  animal  productions  ef  the  district ? 
What  spei'ies  of  (piadrupeds  most  ahound  ?  Slate  their  luimher  and  kind,  and  what  elTcet  the  fur  trade  has  had 
in  diminishing  the  value  of  the  country  for  the  purposes  of  hunting.  What  kinds  of  animals  decrc,;sed  earliest, 
and  what   species  still   remain? 

■J".  Anciknt  liiiNKS.  —  |)o  the  Indian  Iraditions  make  any  mciilioii  of  larger,  or  gig:inlie  animals  in  formir 
periods?  Is  there  any  allusion  to  the  mastodon,  megalonyx,  or  any  of  llu'  extinct  races,  whose  tusks,  or  hones, 
naturalists  lind  iinhedded  in  clay,  or  suhniergcd  in  nioras.scs? 

'JS.  Tn.MUTTdNs  OF  TllF,  MiiNsTF.it  Ki(.\.  —  What  species  nrc  we  to  understand  hy  the  story,  on  this  head, 
told  to  Mr.  .Tcfl'eison,  or  hy  the  names  Ya-ii.v-sho,  (Jns  ylis,  Win-de-oo,  I!osii-ca-I)osii,  or  others,  which 
are  heard  in  various  ilialeets? 


20.    AXIM.VI.S    WHOSE    FlOlRES    ARE    MITII    ISEM  AS   THE  ClIIEF  AltMOUIAI.  MaRIvS    OF  Tl 


-Ila 


they  any  peculiar  opinions,  or  striking   traditions,  respecting  the   serpent,  wolf,  turtle,  grizzly  hear,  or  eagle, 
re  nsed  as  .synihols  on  their  arms,  or  dwellings,  and  how  do  such  opinions  inlluenee  their  acts  on 


wl 


lose  devices  a 


meeting  these  species  in  the  forest? 


:):;ii 


A  I'l'KN  1)1  X  -  I  N()l'  1  li  I  IIS 


v. 


imi 


.".'•  Ilii  A  (IK  I'm;  I  Mi'on  r  \  ihiN  nr  riii'.  llnimK.  —  ll;i\r  tliry  any  tmliliMii  rcxiKcliiifi  tlu'  (list  iiitriMliiu- 
li'ii  lit'  till'   li<ii>r,  ii|n>ii   ilii.4  roiiliiii'iil,  :iiiil   t'i'iiin  wliiit   i|ii;ililii.'.><,  or  liri>|H'rli>'S,  ilo  tliry   innii'  this  uiiiiriiil  ? 

ill.  V'llAli  1  -<  ii\  I!aiik,  \i'  —  All'  llii'V  i'\|'i'rf  in  dnuvin;;  i»:\y-*  or  cliarlM  nt"  tlir  l■i^^'rs,  nr  Mi'tinns  nl'  cimiitry, 
uliirli  llii'V  iiiliiiliil .'  Stale  llicir  cajiai  ilU'S  uii  lliis  ^iilijri'l,  iliiiutin^  wliillirr  llirxc  riiilc  drawings  art'  accnralc, 
iiliil  wlntliir  iIhv  liiiiii'  any  kiin\vlnl;;r  nt'  llu'  laws  nl'  [H'opuiliiin,  ami  Iraiisniil,  if  ymi  I'aii,  s|u'iinii'U!i  of 
tlii'in. 


ANTKinri  KS 

"I'J.  l''iiisT  I'^i'iiiii  111'  Man  UN  'iiiK  CiiNi'iNKNf,  —  All' lliiii'  any  iiiitic|iu' wnrk^,  or  ri'iiiaiii.H  111' any  kiiiil, 
wliiili  air  till'  ir-iill  111'  hiiiiian  iiiilii~li'y  in  aiuicnt  tinii's,  in  yniir  ilistriit .'  Ami  wliat  (raililiniis,  or  njiiniiius, 
liavc   till'  triliis,  nil   till'  .-iilijri'l  f 


\    i 


:l.'l  Mm  NHS,  r\  II  \Mlli-,  'I'l  IT  u  I.I  — \\'liat  i<  i.'riii  rally  lliiiilglil  li.\  turn  nl'  iTllri'imn,  In  lie  ijic  |ii'iilialili' 
iirij;iii  ami  |iiii|iii-i  nl'  llir  \\.>li  in  innuiuM'  .\n'  iliny  nl'  ntii',  nr  M'M'fal  kiinl.s  —  (if  mii',  nr  si'M'ral  vvm  —  and 
Wi'fr  tlicy  I'li'i  ti'il  liy  ntu',  nr  si'\ii'al  natintis,  wliu  livi'd,  ill  viirimiH  pi'riuil.i,  ill  tlio  country,  iit  tlio  saiiio  localions? 
WiTi'  they  I'lai'i")  nl' nlwrvalinii  —  of  sacrilii'O,  nf  Imrial,  nr  of  military  dcfi'iu'c ':'  Fs  llio  niniinil  siii  /;niiri.s  with 
till'  Azti'o  nr  'I'nltii'  tyiH'  nf  )iM'aiiiiil-,  nr  tincall  of  llu'  oarliiT  ]iiiiiiil.sif  AVoic  llu'  latrr  Imlian  .'•trni'tiiri'.-i  in 
Muxicn,  iiiiprnvi'iinnt.-i  up  .ii  tlii~r  riuli'  lartlnn  pyramids  nf  tlio  Nortli,  or  did  llu'  knowli'dgi' of  tlicxo  nioro 
inagtiifuiiit  •^triiitiirrri,  or  tin'  ]«<\\,r  tn  I'mi-lniit  tlu'in,  ilcgi'iicrali'  in  tlio  iiioro  Nnrtlii'rn  latilmlcs  of  llio  conli- 
iiiiil,  wliii'i'  till'  1  lii-r  alisnrlit  il  altiiitinii '!  Stall'  ynnr  viiws  on  lliis  lirad,  and  (xivn  plaii.s  and  di'Si'riptiiiiis  of  the 
niniiiiil-  1  xaiiiiiH'.l,  lan  fully  tinting'  llm  luariii;;*  of  tin'  cntnpass,  tlic  clivatinns  of  tin-  nionml.-*,  and  of  llio  jilains 
or  liills  nil  wliiili  tiny  am  liasnl,  tlnir  oxact  gconii'trical  liiriiri',  and  tlm  rrlativi'  llo^itinn  nf  llio  nearest  rivei's,  or 
streaiiis.  Stale  al.^'i,  wlntlier  tin  re  Im  any  amieni  arlieli's  of  seiilptiire  of  stniiL' or  sle '.i,  nr  any  va.se.s  or  oilier 
fnriiis  nf  pi'ttery,  I'l'nm  wliiili  the  >tati'  nf  :\v\s  and  eliaraeter  nf  tlie  linildei's  may  lie  inferred  ;  ami  what  time  hna 
prnhalily  elap>id   I'mm  ;iii   exaniiiiatinn    of  tin'  fnre.^t  growth,  sinee  these  strnetnrus  were  deserted. 

:!l.  .\\rii;Ni'  I  'lilllirMliiNs  nii  .^lIl.l■r.^llv  A\'iiiiKS. —  lias  the  prngre-ss  of  .setllenieiits  west  of  the 
Allejilialiies,  and  the  frlliiiL'  nf  li'ie^  and  eharing  lip  nf  hinds,  diseln.sed  any  atieielit  oinliaiikim'nts,  ditches,  or 
other  work-  nl'einih,  or  st.me,  liaviii.'  the  eh.'iraeter  nf  I'nrls,  nr  I'l.'iees  nf  military  defiiiee!'  If  sn,  note  whether 
siieh  wmks  mainl'r.i  in  their  stnieliin,  ]\i\  nf  the  mndern  nr  .■imieiit  |iriiieiples  of  eiiniiieeriiii;.  Are  there  any 
features  reseiiililiiiL.'  the  le miin.  ( ineiaii,  ( 'artliaL'iiiiaii,  nr  liiliyaii  modes  nf  eireuinvallalion,  or  evideiiees  of 
military  art  in  ihe  appmaeli  to  fnrtilied  ]i!aees  liefnrii  the  iliseovery  of  gunpowder,  and  the  invention  of  tire- 
arms':'  Are  there  any  atieient  missiles  of  stone,  flint,  eliert,  nr  other  fossil  and  hard  lindies,  or  adjuiiet  aiili- 
ipiilies  wliieli  may  throw  light  on  the  main  suhjeet ':'  De.serihe  aeenrately  sneli  works,  and  give  therewith  eom- 
pleto  tiipiigra|iliieal  sketehes  of  the  emintry,  denoting  the  strenglli  and  im|iiirtanee  of  the  supposed  positions  of 
defence.  (Iliservc  also,  whether  there  lie  anything  answering  to  a  horn-work,  ur  rtdouht,  or  any  spring,  or  well, 
liy  which  water  eouM   he   supplied   tn  a   Iiesiegrd   place. 


O.I.  ('iliril..M!  \\  miKs.  —  .Vrc  there  any  circular,  or  ring-fnrts,  and  how  do  these  differ,  in  the  principles  of 
defence  lliry  di-eliisc,  I'rnni  the  angiil.ir  nr  irregular  works'/  Were  these  forts  circular  [larapels  with  wooden 
pickets — were  they  |iierceil  fnr  gate-ways'/  llnw  were  these  gale-ways  crowned  and  defended,  nnd  what  are 
the  characteristic  features  nf  this  species  nf  ancient  earth-works? 


U' 


i ' 


U'\ 


">h.  iMlTATni-:  MniMis.  —  In  ccaiiiiiiiiig  Ihe  western  mounds,  arc  there  any  of  an  imitative,  nr  allegorical 
character,  or  resemliling  an  elk,  serpent,  deer,  wolf,  or  other  animate  ohjeet  in  their  shapes''' 

li'7.  i'niiiiKs  (If  .\NTtiji  f:  .\i;iiirt  l.Ti  III',  mt  HnitTTrtt.TlMtK. —  Pocs  the  level  surface  of  Ihe  prairie 
country,  which  is  imw  partially  over-run  hy  fniesi,  jircserve  anv  traces  of  a  plan  or  design  as  of  ancient  furrows 
or  gardeu-led.s,  which  appear  to  have  been  ahandoned  at  a.  delinite  period  ? 


■f        H'? 


.1  ' 


Al'I'KN  DI  X-lNgi'  I  I{  I  KS. 


Ml 


W.  Out  AllTH'li'lAI.  liANK-MAIlK-J,  nil  I'sHI  Imi  MiiM  MhNU,  —  Is  tllirc  any  nlliii  111,  nr  niitiil  lliiu'  .11 
MckH,  nr  iiiiy  urliliiiul  'uiliit'  nr  cxiuvalioii  in  llic^  ciirtli,  nr  nllnr  liiinl-niurk  kimHii  in  Inoul  Iruililimi,  wliu  li 
(li'lintoit  liistnrii'iil  cvi'lil-^  i' 

;il'.  AsricjiK,  ImI'I,hmi:vt-i  ami  \'k«kki,m  ok  l'ip|"r>;liv,  -  Whi'  is  lln'  ^.Tiunil  clianic  Irr  nl'  iln^  Mnli.|ih' 
iinplrnii  Ills,  nriiiiiiii'iil.s,  nr  iili'iisils  n|'  I'lirllicinviirc  Cniiiiil  in  yniir  ili>lricl  nf  ihr  iMimiry  i*  It' vasis,  |ii.|||is  nr 
puis,  nr  ni'icr  vi'ssi'ls  nl'  rlay  arc  rmiiiil  -nl'  wlial  kiiiil  —  linw  wrrc  liny  I'nrincil,  nii  a  pnllrr's  mIhiI,  nr  liy  liaiiil  — 
iiniv  wiTc  I  111'  iiialirials  cniiiiiniiiuli'il  —  wan  till'  waiv  liiinucl  cniiiiilclrly  nr  |iarlially  —  was  it  filazi  il,  nr  iiiifjlaznli' 
Is  il  uriiaiiii'iiti'il,  anil  linw  ?'  Ilnis  it  risi  iiiMr  llii'  ainii'iit  Klni-i'aii  uari',  lln.'  Irrra-i '.tla,  nr  any  aiiiiiiil. 
null'  I'liriii  nl'  rarllii'iiwarr.  Traii>iiii(  iliawiii/"  ami  ilr-iripliniis  nl'  i-irli  |«iirs  nl'  arlii  !.■  illii-liali\.'  irf  llio 
|inlli'r'«  iirl. 

10.  I'll'KM.  —  If  |ii|M'S  iiri'  ('niiml,  wlial  is  llm  nialmal,  is  it  slnni',  .stialilr,  nr  rlay  — Imw  am  liny  fnniinl  — 
In  aiiinit  II  sti'iii,  nr  In  lir  Miink.'il  willmul,  ami  wlial   arr   llirir  hliapi'S,  sizns  ami  nrnaimiils ':* 

41.  ITtk.nsii.s  or  Stonk. — ■  llnw  in.'iny  kimls  wrrc  llmri''!'  Di'^crilpr  llniii,  ,'iml  ;.'i\c  ii;:iin  s.  llnw  was  llui 
nxo  u.snallv  tnniii'l,  ami  I'miii  ulial  iiiatcrials ';'  Wlial  was  llm  ^lla|ll'  ami  mii-lriu'linii  nl'  ijic  ^Iniii'  Inipialiawk  ? 
AVas  il  always  ri'i-ri'iil-slia|iril,  ami  iiniiilcili'  Wlial  was  llm  niii^'r  nl'  Inriiis  nf  ihc  amiiiil  iiii|i|i  iiiiiils  I'nr 
)iiiiiiiiliiii;  I'lirn,  rints,  ami  llu'ir  riiili'  In  rail-sl  nil's ;  ami  nf  llirir  iiislriiiiniils  I'nr  llisliiii;:  .^kins,  ami  I'nr  ri'iiin\iii)r 
I'liarrnal  I'intii  liiiihrr,  \i'.,  cul  h\  lln'  |irniiss  nf  tin  ';'  Dn  llir.-n  iiislniiiiriil>  iK  imir  a  |irn|.lr  a'haiinil  in  tin' 
arts,  nr  slill  in  llin  rinli'  .stale  nf  imrn  liiintir>''  .\ii'  lluri'  nniaimiils  nf  limn',  «|iir,  l''  iii-,  mica,  in|p|p{r,  silvir, 
p."p1'1,  ninsaii',  ipr  ;.'la~s,  p1,  inpiinj;  n  liijtl.ir  ili;.avp'  nf  ..kill  lliaii  lln'  j'lp  iipliii;! ;  ami  aiP'  lln  ip  ;iiiy  isIpIp  ikp'^,  in  tlin 
('.\aiiiiiialippli  p'f  llii.'  IpiaiiP'li  p'f  alilip|iiitii  s,  wliiili  |p|'piV('  iIip'  niakii's  In  lia\p'  iiii'lp'r-lpppppl  llip'  iiiip  liaiiip'.il  |'i'ppp'p>."srrt 
ipf  Ippiriiip;,  liiniiiiL',  [mli-liiiij.',  iiippiiMiiPL',  "V  niakiiij,'  iiii|in'>.-ippiis  in  I'lay,  nr  i-nllinp,'  liaril  milislaiiri.'- 1* 

M.  Mam  KArrriu-:  ni'  liAirrs,   .\iiiipp\v  riPiNr.'<  ami  ipiiiku   .\Iissii.ks.  —  Wliai  w.is  iIh' pipipp -s  pif  iii.iiii- 

]inlatinn  nf  llii>p',  pifli'ii  pIpHp-.iIp  l\  wi lit,  arliilp's/      Wlial   sppiiis  nf  mimial   fnplii  s  up  ip' p  hip  lly  ii-.  il  —  ami 

llpiw  was  llip'  p'lp-avaL'p'  ppf  llip'in  p  llrp  IpvI  IIIpI  iIip'  arl  pppii-liliil.'  a  sp'|p:iia|p'  tia.lp',  p'r  p  iii|4pi\  im  nl  ,''  If  pl.iii, 
alippiliipl,  wlial  is  llip'  inalpiial  aiip|  si/.p' ':"  I'.p  llipy  plill'p  i  iinipli  in  .-i/,p',  ami  a|p|iarp  nl  p'I'J'pI,  »pinu'  l.p  itiL'  l'"r  w.pr 
ami  pplliiTS  I'pir  liiinlin;:;  ami  aiv  llipii'any  clppiipitril  in  llip'  ;.lia|ip'  P'f  s|pi'ar-lip'apls,  nr  ja\pliii-''  IIppw  many 
spi'p'ii's  ipf  ilarls,  .sjpi'ars,  iVi'.,  Wiip'  lluri.'?  IVscriln'  llnin  aiul  give  lifrnn.s  nf  llii'  sizp'  ami  pIp -i  riplippiis  nf  llic 
n.-p's  pif  lliiiii. 

In.  I»1>IIUI1I  riPPN  nr  SK,\-Slir.l,l,s  Im.AMi. — Wlial  simips  nf  sp,i-~lip|ls  liaM'  lippii  f'lliipl,  in  ani'ipiil 
gr.ius,  ppr  nipiumls,  at  ri'inipip'  pipinls  frppin  llii'  pip'p'an';'  Al  wli.it  Ippp'.Jilip  s,  phi  llip'  .spa-cppa.-ls,  iIpi  iIip'.m'  spp'tips  iippw 
iilpppiiml,  ami  iIpi  liny  fiirnisli  any  liglit  nil  lln'  prpilpalpK'   Ir.ipk   ppf  iiiiL'i'alipiii '/ 

11,  SiiKl.l.-iniN,  WamI'IM,  Am  ii:.nt  I'i  Iiiikmy.  —  IIp'W  many  kimls  pif  waiii|iiiiii  wpip'  llarp''  Wlial 
,'^llp■lls  wptp'  i'niiplipyp.'ir^      Wlial  was  llii'  \aliii'  nf  cacli   kiml''      IIppw  was   it  i'.~lini,ili'pr'      rn/plil. 

■In.  AM'ir..vi'  l'."^!':  nl'  .'NIktai.s.  —  Was  iippii,  cipipipcr,  tin,  pt  any  ipllnr  nip  il  iisppI  |py  iIu,'  alpppri^'inal  IiIIpp  s 
in  Ann'rica,  fnr  llip'  pnrpo.ses  nf  art,  prinr  Ipi  the  ili.scppvi'ry  ppf  lln:  ipinlini'iit  liy  ('ppUiiiiIphs':'  In  tlu'  cpppppr  arin- 
Ipamls  ppr  ipllicr  iniplonit'iits,  nf  ulil  gravi'S,  are  lliere  any  eviileiiees  nf  llic  arts  ppf  liainnnrinj.',  jipplisliiiif.',  .snlili'rinj:, 
or  I'ligraviiig'!' 

111.  lllKlinni.vi'lllcs,  nil  Anciknt  Al.rilAliKTs. —  hii  llie  rneks  ppf  Aiiip  rip'a,  nr  any  aiieiiiit  ari'liilielnral 
siriii'inres,  diselnse  any  aneient  aliilialiet,  liii'rnglypliics,  or  system  ppf  pieture-writiiif,',  eapalili'  nf  iiitei']p|p'lalippii, 
wliieli   pmnii.ses  ti)  rclleet  lij-'lit  mi  tlio  ppliseure  perinils  p>f  Aimriean   liislnry'i' 


A.STKON'OM  V. 

47.   TlIK    Kakth   and   its  MuTloN.-i.  —  What  is  the  aninnnt  nf  their  knnwk'plp.'e  on  this  siilpji'et '/     Ppi  they 
lielieve  Ihe  Marlh  Ipp  lie  a  piano,  a  glnhe,  or  a  sunii-eirele ''      What  relalinn  ilnes  it  hear,  in   llieir  npininn,  to  the 


M'l 


AI'I'K  N  DIX  -  I  S(i  |-  I  It  I  i:S. 


|i;'- 


<i  ii 


Him   nild    Ilhinil    iiIkI    plaiirl:,'.'      |».i  tli.y  I.,  li,  \  .•    llir    |i|;iihU   Im    I (Iir|-  tt'.irl.l-,  h  lii,  li   ar.'   iiilial.il.  .1  liy  liini? 

iSonie  III'  llirir  irnil   talii  ildmli'   lliii<.      I'IxIiihI   llir  iiii|iiii'^. 

•IS,  ('iiK.AildN.  —  Have  llicy  iinv  hliii  nl"  ili,.  iiiiiviTi.',  or  "llirr  crriithiiM  in  lln'  tiilil  nf  •■|i;ut,  wliifli  Imvc  in 
tlicir  luliif  lii'iii  iimilc  liy  llii'  (iniil  Spirit !' 

•t!>,    'I'lll-:   Si  N.    -     Whiit   i-.   Ilirir   M|,jiii..ri   i.|'  lln'   natinv  and  iilolinii^  ,,|'  lli,'  mmi  '      |l..  thry  li.li,  \,.  il  [.,  Ii<>  ii 

placo  111'  llri' '^     Call  \\uy  In:  Miiulo  tn  UMinpr,  lirnd  lliul  llm  i-iiii  lim' I  daily  liv  and  -il,  and  lliat  lliii  iii'iKirnil 

iiii'linii  Uriel's  I'l'niii  tlio  diurnal  r<'v<iliili>iii  nf  lli>'  rarlh ':* 

■  <U.  'I'llK  Skv,  nil  riliMAMi-:M'.  —  \\li>  dii  wr  idisiTM',  ill  lliiir  |>iilnii'.wiiiinjrs,  till'  »k_v  drawn  in  lliis  I'l'mi 
of  a  Imlf  oinli',  resting  on  tliu  pliiiif  of  ilx  trnnnilion '/  ho  tlicy  liidicvi'  ilic  Bky,  or  lii'iivcii",  to  !«•  linuiiiMrilKil 
by  a  miitrriiil  nin«s  of  sonii'  kind,  Inivinj/  orillris,  tliroii};li  whicli  llic  xtars  iind  iil.inrl.H  Bliini'':' 

51.    Iv'I.li'«Fs.  —  flow  ilo  llii.y  a Hint  I'ur  ciliii^cs':'      !)<>  lli,.y  liili.yo,  as  tin'  A/.tci's  did.tliat  tliry  »ri-i'  from 

the  bIuiiIow  nf  Biinic  oiIht  limly  iiiliT|iiisid  i*     WImt  is  iin|>lii'i|  liy  tlio  loriii  (li'/ii  Nidio,  nr  dead  nun  i' 

Tr.'.    Lkmitii  of  thk,   Vf.mi.  —  ilnvy  may  n «,  or  inontlis iniiosc  tlic   Iniliaii  yiar?     Ilavi'  tliry  miido 

niiy  njiproaidi  to  tlio  Mslrm lical  knowliMli;r  nf  tlio  iinricnl  Mrxirrins,  who  dil.rniincd  tlii'  Irnytli  of  the  ynir  nt 

;;i),'i  day,-,  .')   Iinnr-i  and  'Jit  ininnlr-':'      llavo  liny  niadi' any  atlniipl  to  riini]mtr  a   .vn/nr  Vr.ir:'      If,  as  lias  1 n 

mid,  till'  Indian  yi>ar  coiisi.-ls  nf  lliirtici n-  of  l\yi  nl\.rii;lil  days  laili,  llnir  y.ar  wumM   r.m-isl  cf  lllil  days. 

Ifnftiyilyo    1 ■;   iif   (liirly  days    rarli,  it  would    cniisist    nf  Ulill  days.       Ilnw  fir   is  liljnr  stall  inriil   iiaivit, 

or  famifnl'l'     Or  liavi'   tin'    Indians  of  tlii'so   latitndos  any  drfniili'  or  ixact  notinns  nn   tin'  snl.jdr.' 

fili.  Sol.sTlcK.s.  —  Do  tlicy  iiotii'p  ijic  Knirtli  nf  llir  siiinin.r  and  winlir  snl-lins,  and  of  llic  yiM-lial  and 
nntuninul  (.i(uinnxos? 

54.  Cvci.KS.  — Hnvc  tlioy  u  fVoU'  of  5'J,  liO  or  IliO  yciirs,  or  of  any  lixid  nr  stated  lin^'lli,at  tin'  end  nf  wlii.li 
thpy  bclievi",  with  the  ancionl  Aztops,  llmt  tlio  world  will  coino  to  ^  ilosi. ;  and  do  ihoy  l.idievi-  that  it  is  the 
power  and  ellioaeion-:  siipplieatinns  nf  the   Indian   priests  to  the  liieal    Spirit   that  eanses  its  niL'ttal':' 

55.  ItivisliiNs  (iK  TlMi;.—  Have  they  any  name  fnr  the  i/t;ir,  as  .•onlradislin^'iiished  fioin  a  winter?  Ilaye 
they  any  diyiffion  of  time  ivseinlilin;.'  a  veck"  The  Aztecs  had  a  divisi.'H  or  nemth  of  tliiilivn  days,  and  a 
Week  nf  live  diys.  Are  there  any  analn/niis  divisinns  anmnj;  mir  Indian-  Is  iIm  .lay  diii.l,  .1  into  hnin-,  or 
any  either  snh-pnrlinns  nf  lime  ? 

5i;.  Namk.s  Kiiii  Stah.s.— Have  they  names  fnr  any  ennsidenilile  nuinlier  nf  the  stars!'  If  sn,  whieh  -tars, 
and  uh.it    names  i|n   (jn-y  give  them'' 

57.    Asriiiii.iiiiV,  — Have    they   anylhinj;    resendilinjr    the    ancient    sijrns    nf   the    X.M.li.ie;'      |)n    ilicy    .■ilt.ieh 

persnnal  nr  other  intliicnees  to  the  stars!'      Is  ihe  n n  tlinnf.dil  to  iiilliience  men,  plants,  or  animals!'      Is  enm 

planted  at  partienlar  limes  of  the  nmnn's  pha.ses '/      U'hat  superslili.ins  npinimis  are  In  licyed  tn  alfeet  its  ^'mwlli  'f 

5^.    MKTKiiuni.oiiicAi,   I'll KMiM i-;.\A.  —  What  are  their  opininns  nf  the  Anmra  Itnrcalis'/     Have   they  any 

d.li.iile  nniinns  nf  the  Milky  Way?      What   is  their  theory  nf  tl i^rin  and  nature  nf  elo.ids,  rain,  hail",  and 

Hinds    and    tnrnadncs  ?      What    is   thnn.dil   nf  lenrs?      Have    they  fnniied  nny  npininns  nf  cnniets  ?      |)n  ihey 

(■■iiuieet  liny  SI, pcrstiliniis  with   the   phenomena  nf  falliiii.'  stars'/      How  do  they  aecnunt   fnr  the  rainbow'/ 

.V.I.  ()nii;i\(ir  AsTlKiMiMlcAi,  (»|.|m(..n.s._  Aro  there  any  cnineidenccs  with  the  oriental  system  of  enni- 
).ii(iiiir  time!'  Have  they  any  peculiar  notions  respecting'  the  cardinal  pnints'/  Are  there  any  opin'mns  expres-c  1 
which  may  have  been  derived  from  any  of  the  ancient  and  peculiar  Ihcnrics  of  cosinognny  !'  Mnst  we  Innk 
to  their  lictitinu.s  talcs  and  allcfrories  for  their  notions  on  this  and  other  abstruse  subjects,  respeetin;,'  whieh  they 
are  unwilliiiL',  or  nnable,  to  enniinnnieate  din  el  ini'TiiciiinTi !' 


!   I 


f.  t 


l!:( 


A  I'I'F'Mit  .\_I\(»|-  lit  I  i;s. 


r).i:l 


00.  InIUVN  j'.MIMll-'f:,  —  111  what  plirt  nl'  the  llcllWiH,  nr  llir  l.|;llh  l,ll'_\  -\.|.lll,  iln  iIm'  liJialK  |.h;i(,.  ||i,  ir 
|>iiriii|ii<(',  III'   fill  ir   liii|>|>,V  liillilili^  ^I'iiiiimIm,  Mini   laiiil   iiI'miiiIi'/ 

A  It  IT  II  \i  i;ti  C 

<II      \l  MHMTlnv,      -  I  tin  ^  llii' Irilir  rniilil  liy  ilrciiiiiil- .'      Arr  ijii  ri'  ;iny  liilii  i  \\  lia  iim' ihc  \ ,  III  iL'i"iiiial    \- 

■  if  III.'  A/I..-"      I>.i  aii>  i.r  111,'  liilir-  1 lit  liy  llvi'M.'      Iliiw  lii.'li  ran  llirv.  willi  r\arllliii|i',  i'..iii|.iiti'  iiiiiiil..  i- ' 

Wlial  ai'i'  III.'  Iii.lian  nam.  ■<  i.l'  tin'  ili;.'it?..'  Stati'  tlii'iii.  Slalr  al-i),  in  wliat  inaiimr  llii'  <'ii|ii|iiilalinii  i-  laiii..! 
fi'iitn  M>  III  •JO,  mill  ivli.it  ai'i'  Iln'  liriiH  fur  ciii'li  mlilitiunal  ilniinal  np  l.i  lllll;'  l|,i\v  is  lln'  |ir.ii'i'>s  iniilinni  .1 
t'l'.iiii  10111,1  1,111111,  ,111, 1  111  Ill.llOlli'  Ari'  till'  (.'cni'rii'  ik'nmiiinaliiins  caninl  mi,  willi  rvarliliiili',  tn  a  inilli..ii  ? 
liivi'  llii'  cxliiil   i.f  lliiir  jiiiwrr  lit'  I'liininiliiliiiii,  willi  cxiuniiliis  of  llu'ir  a|i|irt'i'ialiiiii  nf  lii^'li  iminliir-i. 

•  ij.  CiilN. —  Was  till'  wainiinni  nr  any  fnriii  nf  sra-slii'lji,  nfi'i'vcil  |,i  in  .\,..  |  |,  ami.  nllv  ii-.'.|,  ..r  i-i  il  n.nv 
iisi'il,  111  I'l'iiri'^ii'iit  nnnilicr.*  ami  valnr,  .'in  I  tn  cniL'^litnlc  ii  .«tamlaril  uf  cxiliaiij;!'';'  Ilail  tin'  Iriln'  nrif^'iiiiiliv,  iir 
lia..*  it  linw,  any  lliin;;  wliali'Mr  nf  lln'  iialuri,!  nf  ii  cnrrcnry  .'  If  a  );raiii  uf  XKivan,  iifiii;,  tu-  wamimm,  was  llii' 
liiwi-st  fraitiun,  nf  valin',  nr  unit,  in  ciiiiiiMitiilinn,  ijiil  imt  llio  ili'i'inial  >y>ti'ni  marl;  ai'i-nr.ili'jy  llir  n.iin'  -rali',  ami 
ili'imli'  iii'inralrly,  l,y  lli,'  ailililimi  nr  iiiiilli|,rn'ali,iii  nf  iliiiinaN,  llie  priii'  i.f  any  cnnimi.lily,  up  (n  liiiinlji'ili, 
ti'iii  I.f  Imnili'iil.i,  iVi'. '/      I'll  lliry  nmlrr-lanil  fiilrial   inmiry';' 

(i;l,  Kkii'Imi  Ari'oi  NTS.  —  II.iw  H.ii'  ainmnl.-i  f.,nii,rly  Ki'pl  ?  Ami  Imw  an'  liny  mnv  k.'pl  ■;*  If  lin' 
ifun-',  :thii,  plur ,  \w\  (ihiminii/iia,  or  nllii'i-,  iiro  cinpliniil  in  (ji,.  intirinr  Innlr  as  suiiiiiyim,ns,  ami  a-  tlu' 
hlamlaril  nf  valiii',  'n  wliiili  anniinls  arr  kiil,  wliat  is  Ihr  hciiIi  nf  lIu:  I'l.iiipiitali.'n  i*  llnw  arr  iniisU-iats  ami 
nlliiT  mnalli'r  fnv>.  ',,.r  instance,  I'nlnpnti'il  inm  "sli'ii.s"  nf  tin'  slamlanl  valur'/  Arr  lari;,'  liiavi  r-skins,  nr  sliiiis 
uliiivc  iini'  pniiml  T',i'if.'lit,  va^.ii'il  almu  ii  li'i'liniral  nr  stamlaril  pint ,  nr  skin!'  Ar,'  nllrr-skins,  m.-s  l'..M's,nr  any 
(illicr  skins,  ('Xi'in|ili',l   fnni   llii,-   rn'    .       Ili.w  arr  ilccr  ami  linll'al.i  skins  vain.,!'.'' 

(it,  ririiiiil.M.  Ii  .1,1's  Tn  M'  inliv.  — Ar  lu'iis,  ii,  .ill, .rial  il,\iiv-,  n-.il  Id  any  i'xUnl,in  knpin;;  iln: 
ni'i-niiiits  ill  L-ninnu'ivi' ;   nr  in   il.n.ilin;/  nnmli        in   lliiir   pi, I, .rial   r,  r.'i.l-'.' 

()').  Kl.KMKNTS  OF  Flea  iiKs.  —  Dill  a  11".,,'  p.  .pi'ihliiiilar  -Imkr  slanil  L.r  t.aml  raili  aiMilinnal  slmko 
mark  tlio  luliliiinnal  nnnilK'r?  ^rn  !lii'  i_i's  nf  ilc'cas,  ,.,rs,iii,s  nr  mimlii'r  nf  sralps  Uiki'ii  liy  tlicin,  nr  war 
parties  wliifli  llioy  liavo  lieailr,     'i  i  ■.  Inl  mi   llicir  grav-j.     ,-,  liy  lliis  -ysloiu  nf  strnki's?      Is  llic  cross  uscil,  ii.s 

il  is  saiil  to  111'  amiiiif.'  .- f  llir    '.lL"'ni|niii   (lilns,  In  ilrmilr    In''      lii.,1  llie  ilnl,  nr  full  nunma,  slaml  as  ii 

cliroiinlngii-'al  .sign  for  ii  ila_. ,  nr  a  nnmii  nr  niniilli  ..r  a    Ni.'ir':"     ( Ir  w:      i'     nuanini,'  li.xnl   liy  aiijiimt   liMm'os'' 


M  KIUCIN'K. 

I'lCi.  (iF.NKit.M.  I'llAcrii'i:,  —  What  is  Ilk'  freni'ial  eharaiter  nf  ihcir  iiiciliial  prai'lid'y  Am  llicy  caivfnl  ami 
tiiiilir  nf  ihi  ir  sick,  ami  is  tl  i  atnitinii  iiioro  inark.il  iu  rekilimi  to  chiliiriii  ami  yniilh,  than  to  the  a.'eil 
ami  (kricpiil  ■' 

I'lT.  AnatiiMV.  —  Have  their  professeil  limlnrsaml  praelilimiers  nf  nmlicine  any  exail  kiinwleil^'e  nf  anal'^miy; 
nf  the  Ihcnry  of  the   eireuhilimi   nf  the    l.lnnil,  nr   ihe   palhnln'.'y  nf  tliseases'' 

lis.  TllKATMK.NT  111  ( 'iiM I'l.A  1  NTS.  —  llnw  ilo  tli.y  treat  fevi  -s,  |ili'nrisy,  eniisnmplinn  nf  lli.'  Iuiil's,  .  li-trne- 
tioiis  of  the  liver,  ileraiif^eil  or  inipeileil  fuiielinus  uf  tin.'  stninueh.  cunnti|iatien,  or  any  nf  llie  leaJmi;  rniiiplainls '! 

li'.l.  Mku..  I  .■'.  —  What  species  of  plants  nr  nlher  root.s  are  en.j  '  veil  as  enn 'u  s,  or  callKirlies  i"  llnw  are 
they  prepareil  or  applied  ?      llnw  arc  their  nicilicnies  generally  ]ire..er'.'  'I  t'mni  the  ilTeels  of  heat,  or  hiiniidity '/ 

TO  ilKl'I.KTIiiN. — 111)  they  lileeil  in  fevers?  Ami  wh:il  are'  the  general  pi  Mciples  nf  ij  applieatinii  -f  the 
In,  ■  ni  lancet'/  Is  the  kiml  nf  cniipiiifr  which  they  |ierfnriii  with  the  hum  ,.f  iln  ijier  efli.aei,  us,  :iuil  in  what 
^,;,hm'r  ilii  they  ]iroilnee  a  vaeniim ':' 


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Al'l'KNDlX  — IN  i.}V  1  111  IwS. 


71.  SrorrAiii:  nr  lii.i;i;iiiMi  in  .\ni;i  iiisms  mt  Ci  rs.  —  ll;ivi'  llicy  iiiiy  );i««l  slyplii's.  it  IkmHiij;  or  ilrawing 
Iil;i>lri>''      Arc   li.iiii!:ips  ami   lints  .--liiiriilly  apiilk'il,  ami  linirlv   ivi'lairil,  nr  rriiKivcir' 

7-.  Ilr.AMNd  Aur,  —  Is  iIk'  Iviinwn  ^iim>s  willi  wliiili  lliry  Irrai  (.'iin -Imt  Wdunils,  cuts,  nr  slalis,  llio  I'cMill 
nl'  ill.'    iiarlinilai-   nimlr   i.l'  Iri'alliirMi,  nr  nt'  llic  a»iiluily  ami   larr   nl'  llir   pli_\.--iiiaiis!' 

"!'■'•.  AmI'I  TATldN.  —  111)  lliiy  I'Vi'i-  anipiilali'  a  limli,  ami  liow,  ami  willi  what  Micfi'ss?  Arc  tlic  arteries 
jnvvioir-ly  cnni|irisscil '.'  Have  llicy  any  surgical  iiislriiinciils''  Arc  ihcy  skill'iil  in  llic  use  iif  s]ilints,  ami  tlii' 
necessary  su|i|«irls  to  tlie  injured  linili?  What  luechauieal  cuntrivauecs  have  they  fur  removing  the  sieli, 
wiuimleil,  or  niairucil,  tVnin   the  wooils,  or  in   their  Iciigcs'!' 

71.  'I'llllniiv  111-  I'lsKAsKS  AMI  TllKlll  l!i;MK.li\.  —  What  is  the  -talc  ul'  llic  Imliaii  nialeria  nicilici  '  lla\i' 
tliey  any  ellieaciiius  nuncilics  for  female  ciiiuiilaiiilsy  l>ii  they  eni|ihiy,  umlerstaTulingly,  any  metallic  niciliciiic';' 
|)ii  they  unilerstanil  the  Mature  uf  an  oxyilcy  Arc  their  eoni|MHiml  clccnelions  niaile  with  such  hmiwlcilire  i.f  tic 
]irinei'|iles  (if  eeinliinali'in,  or  ailiuixlurc,  as  I"  insure  their  ellieaey'  Slate  what  i.-  hnimn  nf  lluir  nie.lieines, 
eleuienlary   ur  eiiin[i(iuml,  ami  the   thenry  uf  ili.-ea.-cs. 

7.").  \'.\l'nii  liAiMs.  I'AiiALVsis,  A.c.  —  1  low  ihi  they  tri'at  iuiii  >>ihuincs,  ami  erii|Mi.iiis  of  tlicslun!'  What 
is  llic  e:iii,~e  of  their  liicwn  ami  L'eiieral  failure  to  lii.it  su;aII-]io\,  or  \aiio|oiil ';"  I  lo  unniAer  inlei  |i.'.-i'  their 
sliill  in  ililhcull  cj>e-  of  |iarturitiou  ;  ami  what  is  the  j;eueral  eharaeler  of  the  uiedieal  Inatuieiit  ofnioihiis  and 
chiMiiu!'  Ila\ethi\  any  treatmenl  fu-  l'aral_\>is'/  I'o  they  cui]'loy  Mipor  hallis  et1ieaeioii.l_\  for  the  heailh  of 
their   I'alieiil-'.' 

TKII!.\I,    ()  i;i;  A  .N  I  /  A'I'lON     AND    (I  ()  \   I!  I!  .N M  i;  N  T. 

7i'i  lMir\u.  CnN-rnrTliiN  oc  'I'liiui;.  ~I>oes  the  trilic  eon-isi  of  liue  or  more  clans  or  >nli  ili\i>ion~ :' 
Are  the  I  i-ht-  of  ihe  .  1  ill-  ( Ie;irly  ill  lined,  and  what  .-ire  the  general  |iriniilih  -  of  the  orcani/.alion  ami  ffovern- 
nieiit  of  ihe  trilie'.'  Is  il  organi/.d  on  ihe  /o/r  m/c  -y-lein.  th.at  is  to  say,  is  it  divided  iiilo  sc|i.ir,itc  cd.ans,  or 
cla."i-,  lie-irinu'  the  name  of -Mine  liird,  iiuadrii|ied,  or  other  ohjeet  in  the  auiuiate  or  iii.aniniale  kinjidoni.-'  If 
so,  of  how  many  elans,  or  toieiiiie  (da->cs  or  hand-,  did  it  originally  cou-i,-l  'f  How  niaiiv  dm-  il  now  eon-i-l  of, 
and  what  i-  their  pre-eiit  ielali\e  .-Ireiiglh  ''  Stale  the  name  of  caeli  clan,  or  suli-div  i-ioii,  wilh  ils  -ienilicalioii 
and  oriciii. 

77.  (»n.ii:rr  m;  rni.ri^  or  |ii\i-iii\s  imh  Ci.ans, ---AVhat  is  (he  a|i|i,-iii  nl  ohjeei  ..f  ihc.-c  de\iee-, 
will  re  they  esi-l  '  Are  ihey  inilieali\e  of  ihe  original  fiinilies  or  di-lingui-ln  d  i  liii  t-  of  the  liiln  ■i'  .\re  th.v 
a  -igu  of  liindri  d  /  If  they  ih  note  original  eon-anguinily  in  the  imliv  idual-  of  the  li.inds  or  trihes,  hearing  tin  -e 
niarli-,  or  device-,  what  is  the  degree  of  the  allinily,  ji.ast  or  prc-i  nt '!  If  they  denote  ].riiiiarv  families,  or  (diief-, 
were  till  -e  device-  llieir  imiiirs  '  I-  there  any  la-ccinim  ucc  in  llu  el.an-'  .\re  the  liirlle,  wolf,  and  hear  il.ins, 
as  it  his  hecn  said,  uioiv  lionorahi  ■  tli.an  others)'  Is  each  elan  entitled  to  one  or  more  iliief^i'  And  if  mil  thus 
organized,  what   oilier  |'rinci]ilcs  i  >'  divi-ioii,  or  a.-.-oeiatiou,  or  di-limlion,  e\i-l  ' 

7S.  I'lllKI'lMN-llll'S  —  riinil  Tim  hi;.- -Were  the  ehief- originally  hercdilaiA  or  elei  ti\cy  If  heredilarv, 
i-  the  de-eenl  Ml  tl  .■  iii.ile  or  female  line!'  If  in  the  female  line,  as  among  the  lroi|iiois,  how  can  the  -on  of  a 
chief  lieioiue    il,     ollieial    s\icci»iir  of  his   filher'/ 

7'.>.  What  auk  tiii-;  (!k.nkiiai,  I'dWK.iis  hk  riii:  CtiiKi's  in  Cm  ncm.';'  —  To  what  extent  is  an  Imliaii 
Conncil  a  re|irc.-cnl,itive  a— ctiihly  of  the  trihe,  and  hou  ii  are  the  (diicfs  invested  wilh  aiithorilv  to  act  for  the 
ma--  of  ihe  trihe.'  What  inve-ls  their  vcrlal  suinnions,  or  deei-ion,  wilh  a  limiiiiL'  t'oii  e .'  How  is  lluir 
authorily  deriveir:'  Is  this  authority  tacitly  coiniuitted  to  them,  as  a  common  and  L^iieial  fiinetiou  of  th,  ir 
ollice  as  idiicfs  or  sachems,  iir  is  it  ilclegatcd  Iiy  the  mass  of  ihe  trihe  I'm  each  |i.inicnlar  lueasioir:'  Or  arc  they 
oiiei,,  at    all   time-,  t  i  iio|iular  I'liini and    the   lucre  exponents   of  it '.' 

SO.  Ik  iiiH  Ciiihis  lu:  klkctiv  i:,  is  riiKiu;  a.wtiii.mi  iikvomi  iiif;  r.Mir  Ki.i.irinN  ov  Pdi'ri.Aii 
Ol'IMiiN.'  —  If  eleclcd  liy  their  distiugni-hed  deeds,  docs  the  tenure  if  lli.ir  ollice  coiiliuue  hevond   the  coiitiim- 


1  h 


A  I'  1'  !•:  N  I)  1  X  —  1  N  Q  I'  1  I!  I  K  S .  .V,:, 

iini'i'  of  Hiicli  dc'c'ils':'  If  lu'i'i'ilitMrv,  li;ivi'  llii'  ri.'lits  <<(  tlu'  cliict'l.iinsliiii  .■my  I'"!'!'!'  lu'vunl  lln'  cciiiliiiiii'il  iiliility 
or  (•.■i|v\rily  111'  iIk'  ili'iiMiliciil,  (u-  lii.-i  ili'wciiiliiiil,  t(i  rxrciilc  nr  dliry  llir  pupiilMr  willi'  WliclliiT,  llii'irt'orc,  llii'y 
lu)  I'lt'i'tivo,  (ir  liiTt'ililiiry,  is  iin(,  llir  ilisM|i|irnv:il  nt'  the  immss,  or  l.mly  i,(  wiininrs,  :iii  ilVri'livi'  li;ir  In  llic  cxiTi-isc^ 
(if  tlicir  pdwcrs  iiiiil  fiiinliinis  i* 

SI.     Is    TMK.    l>KMii|-||.\l'|r    I'J.K.M  I'.Nr    .'iTHDNdl.Y   lMri..\NTl:ll!' —  I)ii|lu'    cllii  Is,  ill  |Mllilii'  Ciinili'il,  spi'llU  llic 

iipiiiiiiiis  and  .^riiliinciils  uf  llii'  Wiirrinr  class,  ]iivviini.sly  oxprossi'd  liy  llic  laltrr  in  lliiir  si'iianilo  nr  linnic  cniimils; 
(ir  dii  lliry  jiarliinliivly  I'nnsull  tlic  old  iiicii,  prii'sls,  w;irriors,  and  ymiM;;  nii'U  cunipiisinj;  tin'  Irilic':'  Arc  llicy 
iiiui'li  snliji'cl  Id  lie  inllncni'cd  liy  rxlranccnis  ii|iininns';'  Pd  tlii'v  iniisin-  llicii-  inlcnv-ls  with  slii-cwdniss  and 
inlcnsily'/  Is  llicir  ri!.'lit  tu  sil  in  cnuncil  cvi'i-  I'XcniM'd  in  a  ncniiiir  wliicli  is  c'i|uivalinl  lu  Klxinj.' a  ro^' '.' 
Arc  jirisiins  fill'  and  aL'ainsI  a  ]irii|nwiliiin  cunnlid,  and  if  sn,  liy  wlmni  '  If  vnlrs  arr  L'i^iii,  is  lliis  a  nmdi  ri^  nr 
an  .ancii'nl  I'Xi'rci.-i'  uf  |iii\vrr,  and  lia^  it  ronllnl  In  i,'ivini.' iimn' iiilainl\  .and  ^ali-faili^n  in  dc  li-i'ins  y  .\r(! 
any  powers  in   fai'l   (xcni^od   liy  tin'  cliicfs   in  adv.'incr  of  puMic  opinion   in   llic   Iriln ■' 

S'J.  WiivT  I'liixciri.Ks  i;(ivi;iiN  rilK  I'ltimati;  I>i;cis|ii\s  nr  a  I'l  hmo  Cdi  mm,/  —  In  «l;at  manner 
arc  llic  dclilicralions  {iponcd,  condnclcd  and  closed'/  N  llnie  muc  li  re^pi  rl  lo  llie  ;ii;cii  nt  cen  nmnii  >  !'  Is  llic 
wcalhcr  rejranled'/  Are  llii're  any  olVieial  |u'rsona;.'es  wlm  e\eri'i-e  diiiies  e.pnv.ileiit  to  a  crier,  seerei.ny,  or 
oilier  lejiislalivc  or  IcL'al  I'undlonary '/  .\rc  i|ne^lions  deliKcralely  i'on>ideii  d,  or  ileeided  nll'diind '.'  Are 
decisions  made  on  llie  principle  of  m.-ijorilics,  or  |iluralilies '/  Wire  llicy  orij,'in.illy  or  are  llir\  iiou ,  ir.|iiiied 
til  lie  made,  in  any  case,  on  llic  principle  of  al'-olnle  nnaniniily '/  Or  is  llie  voire  of  a  le.idinj.'  cliicf  lakcii  as 
tliu   expression   of  llic   will    of  llie   Iril'c'/ 


s:l.  Wini'  IS  riii;  ,>^riii'i-.  hk  riir,  ('i\ii,  di  iiisniriiiiN  .wn  riin  Oiiukii  hi-  Sirri-.>in\  m-  tmk 
<'liii:rs,  AS  .^IAll1srllA•rl;s  !' — .\re  di  ei-ion.^,  ma.le  l.y  !.iiij:le  eliiefs,  or  liy  :\  Kody  of  cliief>  in  ennnril,  eairied 
implicitly  into  ell'cct '/      If  a  man  li.ive  forfeited  hi,  life,  ,ai:d  llic  ipiolion  lie  ileeided  in  a  conncil  of  eliicf-.  is  an 

cNcciilioncr  iippnintcd  '!      If  so,  does  he  use  a  lomahawli,  or  chili,  or  ■■irrow  '.'      Is   ihe    lime,  and   i le,  and  place, 

decided  liy  the  chief,  or  council,  or  left  to  the  excenlioni  r,  as  it  w.is  in  the  case  of  Myontoiiiniii '/      Are  the  results 
of  ipicslions  of  the  restoration  of  ]iroperly  coininiinicaled   (o  the  |iarties  at   once,  or  sent  hy  ii  iiie.s.sciiL'cr '/ 

SI.  lliiw  AiiK  Hank  ash  Siccf.ssihn  in  Orin-K  IvKim  i.aikh'/ — Is  the  sneccssion  of  a  chief  to  an 
olliee  vacated  hy  dealli,  or  ollierwise,  deh.ated  and  decided  in  council,  or  may  .a  person  leirallv,  in  the  riudit  line 
of  descent,  forthwith  assnnic   the   functions  of  the  olliee''      .\re  new  chiefs  created    hv  election,  and  how '/      May 

a  chief  he  de]iosed  from  his  olVie,.,  and  I'or  wdial  iifl'ence ''      Is  the  cnsloni  uf  weariiii;  i Ills   to   mark    the  dislinc- 

liiMi    of  olliee,  an    ancient    or   a    modern   one'/      IIow  many  chiefs    has   the   trihe,  and    how   m.any   Ii.as  each   elan 
coiiipo>inL'   it  '/ 

S.'l.  WlUT  IS  TIIF.  ruUKll  OF  rilK  I'lm-STIli"  il>,  As  AN  I'",l,l:MKNT  IN  TIIK  IHllsInN  nr  rm.lTlrAI, 
(,i|  isrioNs'/ — Oil  they  constitute  a  ili>tiiicl  |>ower  in  the  }.'ovcrnmeiit '/  If  so,  do  thev  exercise  this  powi  hy 
sitliiiL'  ill  council,  or  in  other  modes'/  .\re  they,  in  fact,  eoiinsellors,  and  what,  indiience  do  they  exercise  in 
(picslions  of  war  or  peace,  the  advance  or  retreat   of  a  war  parly,  or  the   the  s.ale   and  ce,~.-ioii  of  Laiid/ 

••^li.  Oki'INK  riiK,  I'liWKit  (II.-  Tin:  W.mi  ('iiir.rs'/  — 1)ocs  their  power  come  in  as  an  element  in  the 
]"ilitical  oriranizalion  of  Ihe  eoiineil,  or  in  the  exercise  of  the  civil  power  of  the  villairc  eliiefs  or  inaL'i-lrati  s.  in 
cases  where  liiilh  powers  arc  not  coiicenlrated  in  the  same  hands'/  Are  the  powers  of  a  w.ar  and  a  cisil  eliii  f 
often  nnileil  ill  Ihe  same  person'/  If  the  war  chiefs  he  exclusively  ilcMi;ii.aled  hy  the  popular  voice  anion;.'  the 
warrior  class,  at  what  arre  can  a  voice  in  llieir  fa\or  he  exercised'/  Is  there  any  limit,  or  lime,  when  ,i  vmiiiil,' 
man   may  appropriately  e.xpres.s  his  opinion'/ 

ST.  W'llAI-  AKH  TllK  UldllTS  (IF  TIIF.  ^IatiiiiNS  IN  ( 'iirNci  1, /  —  May  this  ri^dil  he  exerei-cd  fer  any 
[iiirpose  lint,  that  of  pciuv '/  Arc  they  periniltcil,  as  in  the  ancient  institutions  of  the  In.ipmis,  to  a  separate 
se.ii  III  ('oniicir/     And  Iiav(>  tliey,  as  in  that  nation,  a  preseriplivc  ri,Ldil  of  hcini;  lieard  hy  an  olVieial  person,  win) 

hears  the  ch.aractcr  of  ii  iiicssenj.'er  from  the  woineir/      .State  the  f.'eiieral  iiniire-simi  with   rc-| t    In   the  political 

power  of  the  inatroiis  in  tln^  Irihc,  and  inipiire  wlicther  the  widows  of  ilisliiij-uislicd  ihief<.  or  of  tho,-e  of  ai  kimw- 
lcdi;(-d  wi.sdom,  are  ever  adinitlod  to  >ii   in  council'/ 


b'-Hi 


A  I'l'KXDI  X—  IN(,ir  I  KIKS. 


1: 


'. 


\M 


:il^: 


;( ! 


SS.  Willi  MAS  A  liKiiir  T(i  (  Ai.i,  Cr.M-.itAi,  Col  .Ncii.s'/  W II AT  TiiiiiK ?  —  An' lliiTc,  :iiniin>;  llic>  viiniius 
Irilii-i.  anv  wlm  pn^scss  the  pnwrr  l.i  -uiiiiiimm  mkIi  ciiiuicils,  ;is  a  |irc,Mii].livi'  ri^'lit'/  It'  s.i,  (li'.-ij;iiat('  lliciii,  ami 
flatc  ill.;  rxtriit  nt'ilii.s  i-ij;lii.  Ill,'  .sii]i]«isiil  (uTasioii  or  oi-a  nl'  its  urifiiii,  ami  llio  gi'iiiTal  iialiiro  uf  llie  subjects 
llial  iiiMV  lir  lji'..ii;_'lit  Ijil'irc  tlu'iii.  Ait  .-mil  riirlils  to  be  ivgai'ilnl  a.s  vi'stifrcs  nf  uurit'iit  foiilVclrrafii'S,  nr  tlio 
iTsiill  .i|'  iaii,-cs  wliii'li  liavc  brni  in  (.|.(  ralidn  mily  .-iiioo  tlic  ilisuoviT)'  nt'  tlie  uniitiiu'iil '!  M'liat  iiccasi.nis  nt'  wrU 
(.'rmral  c.nim'ils  can  be  nlVn'cil  to'!  In  ibo  Wvanilut  Irilic,  ami  in  tlic  Pclawaiv  trilic,  wliat  arc  llic  {.'rtniml.s  (if 
tlic  amiciit  ri-lit  formerly  or  at  |.rr-ciil  claiincil,  in  tliis  n'spcct,  liy  cai'li '!  Aihl  in  wliat  nianiicr  iliil  the  f.'rinviiig 
lr(..|Uois  Mi|.iciiiacv  ni„.raic  U<  inlcrl'civ  witli,  cir  bivali  ilmvii,  tliis  ri.u'lit,  nr  rciulcr  inig;ilnr^'  its  cxcrci-c? 

^I>.   ri;i\  ATI-    IIidiiT    ro    Takk    l.iir,  dii     Law  hf    I!k.tai,iatiiin.     Staii-;    ir.  — How  is   tliis   rif/lit 

.■xcri-i-.c.|  — is  il  wilb  nr  uiil t  ibc  a>M'iil  <:(  ihc  il,i.  f  prcHiiini;  uM-r  llic  villa;.'c,(ir  baml/     Ami  wlicn  dues  tlio 

riirbl  sIm|i'.'  N  il  leriiiiiKile.l  at  diic,  two,  three,  or  in. .re  n'|.elili..lis  i.f  ils  exen-ise!'  It'  there  hi'  ii.i  male  next 
..f  km  III  a  .hreet  liii.',  ..r  el'  tii.'  siiii..  Intnii.  to  the  p.'rsnn  miinlere.l,  iiia^'  the  right  lie  cxerci.M'.l  }iy  cpllateral 
bran,  he-,  ainl  l.i  wliat  .'xLiit :'  Is  th.'  ri>;ht  t  i  talce  life  f.ir  life,  in  any  case.comipruiniseil  by  accc|itin,i;  presents'!' 
^VIlal  i-  the  usual  aiii..uiit '.'  |),.,s  it  il.p.n.l  np.iii  the  means  or  abiliiy  of  the  person  who  is  to  snil'er  tlii'  penalty 
..f  th,'  law  of  retaliali..n,  or  .m  tle.se  of  his  friemis':'  Docs  the  interveiiti.m  of  ii  lon,i,'  time,  ami  the  fleeing'  of  the 
mur.l.ivr,  giiierally  allay  r.'sentiiu.iit,  aii.l  ha. I  t.)  ne:.'otiati.uis  for  c.impromisesi'  What  period  is  siillieient 
f..r  this  ihaiiL'.'  of  f.vliiiL',  .an.l  s].irit  of  c..inpiMinise ';'  Are  cIT.irts  f.ir  this  piirp.ise  often  utterly  ivjected ';•  Is 
till  re  any  ri'i'o:.'nizi..l  prim-iph'  ..f  e-.ap.',  or  plac  of  retreat,  aiiahii.'.ius  to  a  town,  or  jilacc  of  refuge,  as  aiiem.; 
certain  ..f  the  .'^h.niilii'  tribes':'  Arc  females,  in  cases  of  deaths  from  the  fends  of  polygamy,  \i'.,  vimlicated'/ 
Are  till  ir  lives  .  -liuiat.'.l  as  high  as  those  of  males':'  Are  (|neslioiis  of  Imlian  debts  due  to  traders  commonly 
bn.uglit  bef  .re  th.'  ehiel's,  to  be  sctth.l,  or  adjuste.l  ;  and  have  the  chiefs,  or  poiile,  who  are  commiltcl  to  your 
otlici;il  eharg.'  as  an  agent,  sulVnieiit  kiiowle.lge  of  the  p.nvcr  of  niiiiibers  t.i  enable  them  to  act  with  prmlciice':' 
Is  a  ni.'--:ig..  aee..iiipaiiie.l  with  wampum,  iVe.,  iii\esle.l  with  anything  like  the  e.piivali'iit  authorily  of  a  /i'^m/ 
suiiiniotf,  in  easi's  of  piival.'   ilispiiic-.   ..r  i  .iiilmversii's '/ 

!iil.  tlAMK.  Laws,  (111  KioiiTs  .n-  tiii:  ('mask.  What  auk  tiiksk':'  —  lias  each  family  of  the  tribe  a 
c.rlain  tract  ..f  c.nntry,  within  tin'  eiivle  of  whiih,  it  is  umlerstood  ami  eonccdc.l,  that  the  h.  a.l  or  members  of 
this  family  liavi'  a  particular  or  ,\elu.-ive  rijlil  t.i  hunt':'  Are  intrusi.nis  on  this  tract  the  cause  of  dispnics  and 
W.i...l>he,r:' 

'Jl.  'I  iii;si'Assi;s  (i\  iiii;  riii,s(iiiiu:ii  Ihn  nuaiiiks.  —  Are  furs  thus  surn  ptiti.ni^ly  hunle.l,  on  aiiuther 
man's  limits,  Md.j.et  to  be  siiz.'l  by  ih.'  parly  aggrievcil'/  If  sii.'h  a  cause  of  i|narri'l  be  brought  before  the 
chi.l-.  ..r  \vi>e  men,  is  tlii'  right  awanh'd  accoi.ling  t.i  a  lixeil  rule  ami  uii.lersl:iiiding,  rtspeeting  the  imrcelliiif; 
..111,  iiiio   famili.s,  (.f  all   tlu'   hunting  gronmls  of  the  tribe;' 

!I"J.  N. 111.  lis  (ir  L.ii'Al,  l,\r:ii  siiiNs.  —  Ar.' wiirnings  of  smh  iiitrusi.iiis  fii'.|iiently  given?  Or  is  injury  to 
property  le.lresM'.l,  privately,  like  injury  l.i  lit'.' '.'  Is  ii  f.irf.it  of  life  often  the  result  of  continnc.l  intrusions  '! 
Or   is  sci/ur.'  ..f  th,'   furs  hunted  deeiiieil  sulheieiit':' 

U'l.  IIii.Ks  ,iK  IIiNTiNii,  AMI  l>i\isi.iN  (iK  (Iamf,.  —  If  hunting  [larties  or  cmpanions  .ngree  to  hunt 
t..g.th.  r,  f.r  a  -p.'cial  lim,',  or  f..r  tlii'  s,'a.-,.n,  what  ar,'  th,'  usual  laws,  or  eust,.ms,  regulating  the  luint ':'  If  one 
])cr-..n  start  an  animal,  ami  w,,nml  it,  ami  aii..th,r  |.ursu,'  aiul  kill  it,  li.iw  is  the  meat  diviileiK''  Is  the  game 
e.pially  .livi.l.'.l  ?  I».iis  ,aeh  ntain  the  skins  and  furs  of  the  animals  actually  killcl  by  him ':"  What  is  .lone  in 
eases  of  thefts  from   trajis'/ 

■  '•  hi-i't  ri:  i!i:Mvi;r,N  'I'lmirs.  —  If  a  tribe,  orbau.l,  ].ass  ..v.'r  th,'  lines  ami  hunt  on  the  lands  of  another 
trill.',  and  kill  g:iiu.'  tin  iv,  is  it  deiiiieil  a  jii-t  .'ails,'  ..f  war'/  l»o  messages  pass,  in  the  lirst  place,  between  the 
chi.l's;  .-iiid   is  there  a  spirit   of  comity,  ami  .lipl.iiii;iey  excr.'is.'.l '/ 

r  X  D  T  A  \    T  R  A  T)  V. . 

'.I.').  ^\'llAT  AIIK  IIIK  rillMlI'AI.  I'"ACiS,  M.CliSSAIiY  Tit  UK  li.NdWN,  T(l  PlKIU  I.ATK  TIIkImiIAN  TKAnE 
AND     Co.M.MLllCi;,     AND    TO     I'lltStllVK    PEACEFUL    RELATIONS     ON     THE    ruoNTlERS?  —  lias    commercial 


a-si 


r » 


i'f 


A  I'  1'  K  N  1)  1  \  -  i  N  (,)  r  1  H  1  !•;  S .  .'i  ,  ,■ 

iiilcrcmirso  iniiiiiulcii   llic  f;ciiriiil  I'ause  c.f  Imlian  livilizaliiai !'      Ilnw  i>  ihc  liatlic  in  fins  ainl  i^kiiis  ci  iiilnclid, 

thrcitiglinut  ilM  n|iiialinns';'     What  nro  its  gonural  ]irinci|i!i'»  —  tlic  |ilac f  millit  ami   supply  —  ll"'  place  i.f 

cxdiaiigr,  llic  (lilliiMilliis  anil  risk  atlcncliiig  it,  and  the  pncnil  chancis  i.f  pn.lit  anil   h's,-!' 

OO.  ('ai'Acitv  ami  Imdki.ity  nr  tiik  IstilANs,  AS  Ci  sruMKUs.  —  Ar.'  thr  rlurls  ami  hniilcr,-  -linml, 
cautious  anil  exact  in  their  ilialings,  making  their  purchases  with  jmlgnient,  hm'I  pivin:.'  up  their  .liliis  I'liiiil'ullv  '/ 

Arc  Ihcy  ineral,  snlicr,  ami  ilisercct  ''.      I»ci  thcv  rcl}-  mi  incnmrv  whnlly,  in  keeping  the  sn f  their  iielehi.dness, 

ami  the  numher  of  skins  paiil,  or  are  they  aiileil  hy  hicroglvphies.  ur  ile\ices  of  anv  kind,  on  the  clerk's  hjntler, 
or  in  any  other  manner';'  Arc  they  exact  herein':'  If  mit  successful,  at  the  iir>t  or  second  hunt,  or  hnl  partially 
so,  arc   the  credits  rci|uiicil   to   he   renewed;'      Are  they  freely  renewed  / 

!)7.  Ni-;(i;ssiTV  ur  iiii:  'riiAiniiis  to  mhik  aftkii  Tiri.iii  Chkihis,  ami  iiiiiiii  I,iaiiii.]iv  rn  Ln-s 
KlliPM  [■■l.lcTlATliiNs  111'  Ci.iMATK.  —  Is  it  necessary  for  the  trader  to  send  runners  to  the  Indian  hunters' 
caiujis,  or  private  lodges,  to  collect  tljcir  dchts'/  Arc  these  runners  faithful,  honest  men'/  Is  the  result  of 
nnsucccssfid,  or  ilclieicnt  hunts,  often  caused  hy  the  inigialion,  to  other  parts  of  the  eountrv,  of  sotne  of  the 
furred  animals  relied  on,  owing  to  excessive  local  dryness,  or  redundant  moistiue  of  the  season''  Do  losses  flow 
from   these  causes':' 

'.!>!.     IvAIKS    liF    HaIITKII—  rj;UMA.\KM  V    oil    VAI.IK    of     ItFJiT,    AMI    'I'a  X     OF     I.orAl,    liKSlUKMK. Is 

the  larilV  of  exchanges  such  as,  trenerally,  to  protect  tin-  trader  fr lo.-s'r      I-  il  |u,-t  and  fair!'      At  what    period 

after  the  credits  are  given,  is  all  Indian  dcht  deemed  hail  or  Insl  '  Are  they  had  at  twn  years''  Arc  the  traders 
who  condnct  the  interior  exchanges,  suhjeel  to  onerous  calls  on  their  charity,  or  hospitahlc  feelings,  hy  sickness, 
or  suft'ding,  in  the  villages  adjacent  to  their  trading  Iniii^es'/  And  if  so,  docs  this  eireumstauee  eonie  in,  lis  a 
jiist  clement,   ill  summing  u;-  the  results  of  a  scries  of  years'  trade,  with   the   trihe'/ 

'.til.  WllAr  IIAVF  IIFKN  TIIF.  LKAtHMl  KfFKI  Ts  OF  TlIF  I  tiSCliV  Fll  Y  ON  TIIF  III  NTFll  I'FIUOtl?  — 
Have  the  purposes  ofconimercc,  since  the  discovery  of  the  c-ontincnl,  had  the  cllect  to  stimulate  the  hunters  to 
increased  exertions,  and  thus  to  hasten  the  diininntion,  >r  destruction  of  the  races  of  animals  whose  furs  are 
sought';' 

KKI.  lliMiMTloN  OF  Animals.  —  Have  the  dillercnt  races  of  anim.ils  declined  rapidly  since  the  prosecution 
of  the  tiMile':'  AVIiat  animals  flee  first,  or  diniini.~li  in  the  highest  ratio,  on  the  o|ieiiiiig  of  a  new  district  of  the 
lenioie   f.ircst,  to   trade'/      Is  the   hufValo  iirst    to  flee'/      Is   the  beaver  next? 

llll.  IIkfisf  III  ntino  (liiol  NHS.  —  Are  the  lands,  when  denuded  of  furs,  of  eomparativcly  little  value  to 
the  Indians,  while  they  reniaiu  ill  the  hunter  stale  ?      Is  not  the  sile  of  such  hunted  lands  Ijcuelieial  to  tlieiii '! 

It)'.'.  AllFA  Rl.gl  lllKli  TO  si  lisisT  a  II I  NTF.ll.  —  What  ipiantity  of  leriitoiy  is  rei|nired  to  he  kept  iu  its 
wihieriiess  state,   in  order  to  iifford  a  sullieieiil  numher  of  wild  animals  to  sustain  an   Indian  family'/ 

10:;.  (.Jl  KSTION  (IF  TIIF.  ri.TIMATK  KfFFCTS  OFTIIK  FaIHEU;  OF  CaMK  ON  TIIK  KacK.  —  If  tllC 
diniiiiutioii  or  failures  of  w'M  aninials  lead  the  native  trihes  to  turn  their  industry  to  agriculture,  is  not  tlio 
pressure  of  coninicrce  on  the  honmlaries  of  hunting  an   enieieiit  cause   in   the   progress  of  Indian   civilization? 

lias  not  the  inlroduetioii  of  heavy  and  eoar.se  woollen  g Is,  iu   place  of  valualile   furs  and  skins,  as  articles  of 

Clothing,  inerca.sed  the  means  of  sulisisteiice  of  the  native  trihes? 


mi.  .\|iiiiAl,  CoNsFijt  F.NCFs  OF  Civil.i/.FH  I NTKiicoi  iisK.  —  \\  hat  evil  effects,  of  a  moral  cliaiaeler,  have 
resulted  frmn  the  progress  of  the  Indian  trade?  Has  not  the  traffic  in  ardent  spirits  been  by  far  the  most 
fruitful,  general  and  appalling  cause  of  the  depopulation  of  the  tribes?  How  has  the  introduction  of  gun. 
powder  and  fire-arms  all'eclcd  the  principles  of  the  trade,  and  what  lias  been  the  general  infliicncp  of  this  new 
element  of  distriiction,  on  their  history  and  civilization?  Have  internal  w;irs  or  peace  been  promoted  thereby? 
^\■llat  has  been  the  proiiiineiit  caii.sc  of  di.scord  on  the  fro.itiers,  ari-ing  from  the  transiielioiis  of  trade  and 
commerce?  I''iually,  can  this  trade  be  placed  on  better  princiiiles,  and  what  are  they? 
CiS 


r..;s 


A  I'l'KN  1»1  \  — 1  Ngl    11{  I  KS. 


m 


" 


m.'i.  I'r.iilll.LM  nl  IIIKIIl  ('l\  M.l/ATliPN. —  All'  llicic  :inv  mtIiMIS  cir  Mlliil  nl.jr.ticli,-,  i.ii  llii'  |iart  111'  ihu 
luill.iii'-,  til  ihi'  iiilriiiliii'tiiiii  III'  scliiiiil.i,  :ij:i'ii'iil(iii'i',  llii'  uitH'li.inii'  mi'Im  nr  ('lLri.sliaiiil_\  .'  ll'  ^n.  ."I^ilr  lljcin. 
S|ii'iil'_v  lln'  I  lijcilinn.^  —  I'NMiiiiiii-'  llirir  lioariiij^s,  and  statu  tltr  rr.-iilts  wliitli  art'  ivaulitil  li)  ^niir  Ijc.-I  ulmi  ivatimi, 
rutloctiiiii,  ami  Jmlgiiii'iit. 


f'V 


*•,■• 


IL 


LKCi  ISI.ATION    or    COXIJKKSS. 

10(i.    M'll  \f    iMl'lIciVKMKN'rs    CAN    Vol'    SI  IKIKST    IX    TIM:   KxisTIMl   iMKllnH  IISK  I,A\VS  of  TIIK  I'MTrK 

Si'ATr;s  AS  i.Asf  iii-;visi;ti,  wr'n  rilK  Imhan  'rimuis''  —  Afi'  iIu'm'  laws  ilVniciit  in  riiiniviiii:  caiiMs  nt' 
(lisciii-il,  ami  iifiMTviiiL.'  prai'i'  lii'hvi'uii  llii'  ailvam-iil  Imilirs  (if  eniijiraiits  nr  s<ttli  is  mi  tlir  t'rinilii  rs,  ami  tin; 
Imliaii   triln's  '      Ho  tiny  |iniviiK'  fur  iliilifiiltii's  ln'twouii   triL"'  and  tribe?     Js  this  at  all  |inii'ticalilc '' 

107.  Sol  iici'.s  (IF  l)|S((iitii.  —  Wln'iKT  (1(1  causes  uf  diflicultios  and  war  usnallv  arise,  ami  Imw  are  llicy 
bust  pivvunlcd  f 

Ills,  l!i(;iiTs  nr  TIIK  JMilANs. — What  )inivisiiins  (if  rxistiii;:  laws  appear  siiseeplilile,  in  vmir  npiniiiii,  of 
anieiiilnirnt,  in  nnler  to  seeuie   nmru  utl'eetnally  tbu  rights  or  Well'aru  uf  the   linliaiis'' 

lIlO.  l-'lscAi,  Mkans. — Ciiiilil  iiiiportaiit  nlijeuls  be  seeiired  by  the  intrudiletiuii  of  any  iieiililieatiinis  uf  the 
provisions  respeeiini;  the  iiayineiit  or  (listribntioii  of  annnities,  the  siibsistenee  of  a.-MinbUd  lunlies  uf  Imlians,  or 
the  inveslniunt   ur  appliiatimi  uf  the  treaty  funds? 

110.  CiiAMiK  (iF  l.dCATliiN.  —  Is  there  any  f(atuie  in  the  present  laws  !i  cimM  be  adapted  niuru  exiielly 
to  their  pn-eiit   luealiun,  ur  to  the  advaneud  ur  altered  statu  of  sueiety  at   present   exislinj;  in   the   Irilie':* 

111.  .Vl.nilliil.ic  lllilNK.  — What  ]iruvisiuns  would  tend  mure  elleelnally  tu  shield  the  tribis  frmn  the 
inlruihieliuii  uf  ardent   spirits  intu  their  teirituries,  and  fnnn   the   pressure  uf  lawless  ur  illicit   traflic':' 

\\i.  TltK.VIV  SvsTKM.  —  Is  there  any  feature  in  the  presi  nt  system  of  iieeutiatiuli  with  the  tribes  su-eeptiblu 
of  aineiidiiieiil  and  inipiuveiiieiit '/  Can  the  tribes,  at  this  particular  phasis  uf  uiir  settlciiieiits,  and  with  llieir 
jiresent  imrcased  nicaiis,  and  the  euiiseiineiil  tciiiptatiuns  to  frontier  eilpidily.  be  as  wcK  iiej.'uti.iled  v  iiji,  in  the 
furol.  where  al!  tin-  no  aiis  uf  ini|iriipcr  iiilliuiice  are  in  full  foreo,  as  they  cuiild  be  at  the  sia,  uf  '  i.im  riinn  nt '' 
..\f.  i,„t  the  cxpeii-rs  uf  tile  sub-i-teiiee  uf  iiias.-es  uf  men,  Women  and  i  liildrcii.  at  rcniute  puints  mi  the  frunlicr, 
nnavuidably  heavy!'  I>ues  nut  an  actual  inieicuiiive  with  lliu  K.xecutive  Head  uf  the  liuMriiiiiiiil,  tend  lu  .'i\e' 
the  tribes  belter  views  of  its  eliaraeter  and  inllnencu'/ 

11:!.  Can  tmf.  TitiUAi.  IIkiiit.s  of  tiik  Iniha.n.s  iik  iikttkh  riniTKcTKH.  .vnh  tiik  Tiiiiii;  lu:  Imitko 
ill  llu.iiKli  Kkfiuits  in  Civil. l/.ATldN '/  —  Arc  the  (.'■iine,  and  woihI  ami  tinilier  of  the  trilies  siibjecl  to 
uiiiieeessary  or  injurious  eiirtailnieiit  or  trespa.^s  fruin  the  intru-iun  of  emifrrating  bands  abidiiij;  fur  lunjr  jieriuds 
(111   their  territuries '/      Are   tlnre  eomphiinis  of  any   sueli  trespa.s.M's'/ 

114.  TilFin  ri.riMATF.  Imifi'K.vuknci:.  —  Are  any  of  the  tribes  in  ymir  district  siilli.  ienilv  .■nKaiiceij  to 
iiiive  their  funds  paid  to  a  treasurer  vi'  the  tribe,  to  be  kept  by  him,  and  disbursed  aL;recalily  tu  thu  laws  of 
their  local  legislature  '! 

11.").  (.JiK- riiivs  STII.I.  liF.MllNi;  (IN  ■IMF  l,Fss  A  liv.\  NiFli  TlilliFs.  —  Are  |i:i\niinls  i:l'  aniiiiilies  to 
chief-,  or  lu  Mpar.ite  lieads  uf  families,  must  lu  m  lieiaC'  Sliuiild  the  principal  uf  an  liidi.in  fund  be  paid  in 
annnitie-  tu  Indians  at  iIk!  pre.-eiit  periud,  under  any  eircunistaiiees ;  and,  if  so,  nuili  r  what  cliriinistaiices ''  Aro 
niunibers  of  the  tribe  generally  ea]iable  uf  tliuwi.su  ur  prudent  appliealimi  uf  niuney  i' 


H 


NKW    INDIAN    (lOVKIi  N  M  KNTS    W  lO  S  T    0  V    TIIK    .M  I  S  S  I  S  .s  [  p  p  | . 

lliJ.   What  .\uf    iiii;    Distini  tin  f    I'hini  ii'I.fs  of  tiik  (1(ivfi',nmfnt.->  Assi  mfh,  (if  L.m  f  Vkars 

1)V     llIF     MiilU.     .MlVANi  I.II    (IF     THE    Sh.MI-(  1  VILI/.KD    TUUlEy    ^\■t^■l•    OF   Tilt    Ml?.-U>.-ll'I'l  .' UoW   in    llie 


I  ♦ 


€■ 


A  1'1'RN  DIX  —  lNQl-  I  RI  i:S, 


:.:','.• 


I'lfilivc  fr:iiiclii*'  oxjirpssi'il  and  ^iianli'il  '  In  ^rivin;;  ii  vole,  .'ire  llicrc  tiuy  i|iiiililic:iliimH  ri'i|niri'il  liy  tluir  liiw^ 
iis  to  |inilicrly,  llic  rcndilinn  i.f  (iiinr  ]piililii'  services,  (ir  any  |irescTilie(l  eundilinn  vt'  the  vntor  arising  I'min  other 
jire-deterniined  jreiieliil  caiiso'''  What  imliviilnal  ri^dits  are  siirremh'rc  d,  in  these  sehenies  iit'  government,  t.i  ihi! 
central  or  governinj;  power,  as  a  lionii  or  e(iiiivalent  for  the  }.'eneral  security  ul'  lif'i',  liherty,  ami   propcrtv  ? 

117.  lliiVV  IhiTIIK.sk  N.VScKNT  (inVKllNMKNTS  I'll  \(  Tlc-.V  I.I.V  WuIlK,  .\M)  WII.VT  ll.VS  IlllKN  TIIUll 
1'11ih;iii>s  / — Have  uriL'in.il  defects  lieeii   remedied  hy  aila[ilin;.'  them   more  e.\actly  to  the  genius  and  eh.ariclcr 

of  the  I pie  ihaii  they  were,  apparently,  in  the  lir-t   roiieh  drafts'/      What  ha.s  heeii  the  Jirogress  in  estahlisliing 

a  judiciary,  ami   in   the  (levelepiueut  of  their  national   resources  by  wise  and   well-guarded  laws? 

llx.  What  is  thk  I'hksknt  St  itk  and  Ft  ti  lu:  I'linsi'urTs  (n-  thksk  OciVKitNMKNTsy — Have  the 
legislative  a.sseinlplies  adopted  n  jiraelical  system  of  laws  for  the  enforcement  of  pulilic  order,  the  trial  of  piihlie 
oH'cuccs,  the  collcetiou  of  delits,  the  laising  of  revenue,  the  erection  of  puhlic  Imililings  and  ferries,  mIiooMioiiscs 
and  churches,  or  the  proniotl.ai  of  cilucation,  the  support  of  Chrislianity,  and  the  general  advancement  of  virtu<', 
temperance,  and  the  pnMic  welfare  ?  lias  this  luw  pliasis  i>f  thesi'  ancient  conimnnities  had  the  clVect  to 
nmalgamate  the  ani'ient  clanships  and  sectional  divisions,  so  far  as  these  wen'  founded  thereon,  or  to  oMiierate 
them,  tiig(  iher  with  their  traililioiis  —  to  ili-j.id  su|ii'rslition,  and  amelinrate,  in  any  marked  degree,  the  condition 
of  society  in  ils  humhler  walks,  and  throughout  the  general  ma.^s':'  State  the  iircseiit  eondiliou  of  the  trilics 
which  have  cstahlished  these  govcrnmenis,  the  diflicultics  yet  to  he  surmounted,  and  the  prohalile  progress 
wliirh   they   may   he  expiiti'd   to  make. 


ri!()i'i:i!TV. 

lilt.  Wll.VT  ll>l:,\s  IIAVK  TIIF,  Imua.ns  oF  I 'iK  ll'KUTV '.' —  llowdo  they  luliev,.  jirinilr  riuhla  accrued.' 
Have  they  any  true  \  ic  ws  of  the  Icg.al  idea  of  pri'perty  '.'  An  lliey  cap.ali!  f  clear  and  e\act  loii-id.  r.ilioii^  of  ihi- 
eliaracter  ?  lu  what  maniu'r  do  they  sn]>pose  that  pn'pcrty  in  things  w,  ■  first  acipiin'd  Ky  man!'  If  |io»cshi  ,i 
gave  this  right,  diil  the  right  continue,  as  long  as  the  jiosscssor  was  aide  to  ilcfeud  it''  If  the  starting  ami 
pursuit  of  a  di'cr  gave  a  man  a  right  to  it,  was  this  right  afl'eeted  hy  another's  killing  it':*  |lid  l.iiilding  a 
wigwam,  nr  planting  corn  on  a  vacant,  or  distant  part,  of  another  trihes'  territory,  make  tlie  lancl  his':'  And  if  so, 
liow  many  years  must  it  lic>  hehl  undisputed,  to  make  the  right  valid  '.  An  Imliau  of  the  lirilish  dominions  applied 
to  an  Indian  Agent  of  the  rnil.il  States  .some  y.'ars  ago,  for  the  allowauee  and  [layment  hy  the  I'liited  States  of 
a  private  delit  contracted  in.  and  Ky  a  North  Hritoii,  resilient  in  Hudson's  l!ay.  How  did  the  mind  operate  in 
this  ea.se,  and  how  does  it  opiTite  generally,  in  tra<ang  the  claim  of  right  and  title  in  ]a'operly,  and  of  oMigaliou 
in   the  affairs  of  debtor  and  cnditor':'      kaideavor  to  trace  the  pmei'ss  of  individuality  in  rights  ami   pro]irrlv. 

1-Jl>.  Iluw  mil  'I'lri.K  iniiiriNAl.i.v  .mcihk  tu  'I'KiiHrninv '.'  —  Was  the  right  of  a  nation  to  the  tract  of 
eounlry  origiiuilly  jiosses^ed  by  il.  acipiin'd  by  its  oceupauey  of  it  by  them,  to  the  exchi-ion  of  all  olhcrs'.'  Did 
the  tin'at  Spirit  make  a  gift  of  it  to  them,  and  why  to  them  alone'/  If  he  gave  to  each  tribe  a  portion  of  the 
country,  and  thus  ]ian'elleil  out  the  whole  coutiiunt,  and  gave  them,  at  the  same  time,  a  right  to  def.nd  it,  who 
gave  one  nation  a  right  to  invade  the  territories  of  another,  for  the  ]iurpo.se  of  ilispo.s.sessing  them'/  How  em 
they  justify  this'/  If  the  Indians  have  no  clear  or  fixed  views  on  the  subject,  it  will  be  .suHicieiit  to  state  the 
fact;   if  they,  on  the  contrary,  evime  exactitude,  pursue  it,  iiml   illusli'ale   the   lo[iie. 

I'JI.  Auk  tiikhi-;  any  'I'liArKs  cif  riiK  1,a\v  hf  riiiMunKNrn  hi:'/  — Is  the  descent  of  pr.ipertv  fixed'/ 
Is  the  eldest  son  entitled  to  any  L'reater  right^i,  or  larger  .-dian-  of  pniperty,  than  the  other  ehlldn'n/  l»oes 
a  jiarent  expn'ss  his  will,  or  wishes,  before  death,  as  a  descendant  of  I'mas  did.  how  his  properlv  should  lie 
disposed  of/  lilies  a  chief  designale  which  of  his  cliildnn  i-  to  wcir  his  medal;  or  is  there  ever  m:ir|e  a  leeaev 
of  a  choice  gun,  an  ornaineiitcd  tomahawk,  or  other  article  '/  Slate  the  miieial  usage  of  paniits,  ainl  ..f  chiefs, 
oil    this   head. 


I-J'J.  \\iI.VT  AIIF  thk  Olll.lllATIciNS  FFl.T  I!V  THK  ImHANS  T(I  I'AV  llFIlTs/ —  I  Iocs  time  gnatly 
diminish,  iii  tluir  view,  these  obligations,  and  how'/  Tloes  the  Indian  fancy  that  ill  luck  ill  hunting,  is  a 
di.spcn.salion  fn.m   the  (in.-il  Spirit,  and   that   he  is  exonerated   ihen'l'V  fn.ni   the   oblitration ''       \n'  the  Indians 


! 


1 


t  : 


I   i 


IH 


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ii 


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I 

ft'' 


It  I 

r 

f: 

I' 


Nil 

V  1. 


r.Kt 


A  PIT.  N  111  \       I  N  IM    1  i;  1  HS. 


|iri>iii'  t(i  sink  ihiliviil'iHliiv  in  tliiir  ililils,  al'lcr  »  liiuc,  iiiln  iiiiliniiiilily,  iiiid  In  Mck  In  |ii'ii\'h|i'  (.•v  iln  in  in  lli.il 
inaiuior?  Is  the  trilic  pmiclual  in  the  |i!iynicnt  of  llii'ir  ilrl)l^,  and  what  is  ihiir  friniTal  cliaraclir  nn  lhi> 
(iulijci'l  ■/  !>'>  ihcv  M't  a  hifrh  value  nn  real  |iiii|ierly,  exaeliiijj  fur  it  its  real  wnrth,  (ir  iln  ihey  pari  willi  il 
readily,  and  fur  snndl  and  inadei|uali'  MiniK!'  Dn  Ihey  ever  make  inure  than  nne  ennveyanee  of  sueli  |iriiperly, 
and   are   the  (|nesliiins  of  deei^inn   ari>in^'  iherefinni   nfien  eiiniph'X  ami  ditlienlt  i" 


CI!  I  M  K, 

|-^:!.    What  coNsTiri  tks  ClilMKy —  lias  man  a  rif,'hl  In   lake  lii.^*  lellnw's  hi 1 ;'      Is  the  takin;:  of  life  an 

ofTeliee  to  the  individual  nmrdered,  or  to  the  tiri'at  Spirit  who  j.'av<'  him  his  lil'ey  In  the  estimation  of  the 
Indians,  did  the  (ireat  Spirit,  in  forming;  the  world  and  plaeiuf;  luiinkind  upon  il,  give  all  an  ei|n!d  rijiht  to  lifi> ; 
and  if  so,  wa-s  not  murder,  from  the  bi'j.'inninj;,  a  very  jrreal  crime'/  If  a  erinie,  can  the  spirit  of  a  hnntiT  or  a 
warrior,  iu  lln'ir  view,  };o  to  the  Indian  paradise,  without  satisfyinj;  tin'  justice  of  the  (ireat  Spirit?  How  can 
this  he  done?  Does  Ihi'  law  of  retaliation  {fidi-  Nil)  pl(>ase  or  satisfy  the  (inat  Spirit!'  Can  oiu',  or  twi>,  or 
three  murders  expiate  the  crime  i^f  an  ori;rinal  murder?  |)o  they  nol  make  Ihe  ollciice  to  the  (ireat  Spirit  tln^ 
firealer?  Stale  the  common  notions  of  the  Indians  on  this  point,  and  endeavor  to  learn  wheiher  they  hclii-ve  at 
all  iu   punishments  after  death. 

1'2I.  ('.\N  TIIK  DKirv  111-;  (iFrKNUKli/ — Is  a  man  under  hiidi  ohliL'alioii'^,  hy  the  fict  of  his  creation,  to 
worship  the  (ileal  Spirit?  And  if  he  is,  and  yet  he  do  not  worship  him,  has  he  ihcntiy  eniumiltcd  a  crime? 
What   crime?      AVill   the   (inal    Spirit    remcmlicr   it,  and   how    is   il   to  lie  expiated? 

l'2."i.  WllV  IS  K.M.sK.lliiiiii  A  MiiuAI.  Ol'I'KNCK?  —  Is  it  liecau>;>  Ihe  (Ircat  Spirit  ahhors  it,  or  hecnuse 
injuries  may  result  to  man?  If  the  (Inat  S[iiril  ahhors  a  lie,  how  can  he  excuse  it?  lias  he  not  a  eharacler 
to  reward   truth,  and   to  punish   filschood  ? 

I'Jii.  Is  TIIK  Want  hf  Vkm'.ii  VTinN  IN  TiiK  Immans  a  Ciiimk'.'^  .\ri'  LTcatiM- viuen.lioii  tiiel  respect 
paid  to  parents  than  to  hrothers  and  sisters?  Is  an  Indian  (iriest,  or  a  chief,  more  venerated  than  a  eomnion 
luin?  Is  age,  undiT  any  cirenmstauces,  the  ohjeet  of  veneratiiui?  Is  il  a  crime  to  strike  a  parent,  as  it  was  in 
111  •  .lewisli  tribes  ?  Is  there  any  known  instance  of  such  an  offence  ?  Is  it  piiiiishahle,  ami  how?  I>id  the 
Indians  ever  kill  hy  stalling  a   person? 

I'JT  \ViiAr  (AN  lilt:  Saiiks  and  Wisf  .'NIk.n  of  riii;  'I'ltniF.  sav  in  DF.FKNei-:  of  tiik  Imhan  Chhk, 
iMiiM,  I.IKF  Fnii  I, IKK?  —  If  a  had  deed  is  returned  fir  a  had  deed,  is  the  (Ireat  Spirit  plea-eil,  cr  salislied 
lien  hv  ''  Try  to  arouse  a  moril  soiisiliveiicss  on  this  |ioiiit,  in  order  to  hrinir  out  their  reiisoiis,  if  any  lliiv  liavi', 
t 'r  iiinics  ajrainst   hunninily,  good   iieighhorhood,  pioperlv,  ehastitv,  ,Vc, 


I!  K  M(i  I  ()  N 

1-"^.  I'll  TMFV  llFinVi:  rll  \T  IIIKUK  is  a  IIKIIV  I'KU\AI>IM1  tiik  I'slVKItsK,  who  Is  TIIK  Makkii 
<pF  ai.i,  'I'lllMis?  —  What  i.leas  ilo  they  possess  of  tie'  (ireat  Spirit?  Is  he  h'lievcd  to  he  self  existent,  eternal, 
oniiiiprcscnt,  omiiiseieiit,  oiunipoleiit,  and  invi-il.Ie  ?  WIcn  the  (ireat  Spirit  made  II,  (arth,  .'iiiil  l'(inii>heil  it 
with  animals  and  lueu.  did  h,',  aceording  to  thci  Inidilioiis,  give  iiein  powir  over  the  aiiiiiial  eri'ation,  ,aiid  ilid 
he,  hy  any  messenger  or  angel,  or  priest,  give  to  man  any  detinile  rights,  message  ir  moral  riihs  or  laws,  to  he 
kept?  If  so,  what  rules  of  life  did  he  give?  I),,  ihi^y  hclievi'  that  lliry  are  rcsponsihle.  In  keep  these  laws  or 
riih's,  and   if  sn,  why  ? 

I-Jii.  Is  illK  (lilFM  Si'lltIT,  nil  ItF.ITV,  lltAKAIKIi  IN  TIIK  rilVslrM.  ClIAllKeTFII  "F  IIIK  KAUTM  ?  — 
Ilnw  docs  he  iiianile^t  his  presiiiee  on  the  earth,  or  in  the  -kv?  In  whal  f.riiis  i^  he  recngui-ed  ?  Is  lliMiider 
cnn>idcrcil    hisvnice?      Ale     Oiniis   regarded   as   his  acts?      Are   cilaraets  c\idcnee>   nf  hi-;    p'iWrr? 

loO.  What  auk  tiik  .^I(mAl,  I'iiiniii'i.ks  hh  his  (lovKiiNMtN  i,  \nip  mow  auk  iiiksk  I'iiincii'I.ks 
MAliK   KMiWN   TO  TIIKM?—  Is  death  the  act  of  the  (irc:it  Spirit  ''      |ln  war  and  peace  happen  aecnrdinir  In  his 


...    ,    V  I 


11 


A  l-l'KN  Dl  .\  —  I  NOI'  I  I!  I  K 


>tl 


lllTcl.J- 


Is  111'  llii'  milli'ir  nf  i'\il  ill  llir  wi'iM,  iiiiil  wliiil   dlijict  iliil   lie,  in   llirir  i  ].iiiiiiM,  piirp'    r   l.>  .-ic  r.iiii.li-li 
illi  till'  W'viinilnls,  lli:it  till'  (li-i'iil  Spiril  ircnlcil  Iwh  fxi-riil  ]icrsHii;ii.'i  s,  Mili.ii-iliniiir 


lliiTil.v':'      \)'i  tlii'V  liclii 


tn  liiiiisi'lf,  witli  jri'iuTal  |inwir.i   in   ilir   world,  call.'il    (lnod  ami  /■Ji'i/,  ami -il  lliiin  in  |i(  rprlnal  ii|i|"i-ili'Ph 'r 
Have  llu'so  jirinu'  s^jiirits,  Irs-rr  ^]iirits  n|' licnijiii  it  iiiali;rnanl  clianii'lir,  wiin  air  >nlijrrl,  iT>p(i-livi'l\,  In  llivin 


])iil  tlio  (ii'cat  S|iir 


it  cnalr  llic  ^'irat  K\il  Spirit,  a<  1 


lie  is  'Tmrallv  '■: 


'il,;iml  liialir  liiin  siiliiril  In  liini-ilf,  iir 


tliis  nialif.'iiant  spirit,  sn  iinivi.'rsallv  Irarnl  liy  tlie  Imlians,  uf  an  imliprmlriil  iialiiiT,  ami  may  lie  lie  wnisliippiil '; 


Ifl 


ic  is  mit  imli'prmli'nt  in  liis  cxisli'iicc  ami  atti-ilmtrs,  Imw  dn  llnv  cxpiTl  to  c- 


api'  Ilir  ilisp 


•asniv  (if  llu'  t  inat 


Spirit,  fur  iifTcriii^'  sucrilici's  ami  wnr-liip  tn  bo  evil  a  lji'iiii;y     J)ii  tin y  iniKiil  wnrsliip  llir    llvil   Spirit '!      Is  ii"! 
takiiijr  aiiiilliiT  |K'rsiiii's  puiils,  nr  ilcnyiiij;  tin'  Iriilli,  nr  ilniiif;  any  ai't  nt'  wrniijr  nr  nnliimlmss  Ictwi'cii  man  ami 
man,  ilisplcasing  to  llic  (Iriat  Spiril  '      Ami  a  pnn'f  nC  nlicying  ill' 
cxciisi'  tliis '! 


V    VOIIT    I 


if  liis  lAil   a.lv 


In  III 


>\V  iln  III! 


y 


l:!l.     llnW    AUK    TIIKY    KXCISKH    Foil  OlFKNCK.S    Ad.VINST    TIIF.    (llll'Ar    Sl'lllir 


■Is  ll 


icri'  aiiv  iirnvisinii 


ill  tlicir  rcli;.'iii\is  systi'iii,  liy  iIil'  iiilcrvciilinii  nf  tlirir  prirsls,  i>r  sacrillirs,  nr  fasts,  nr  in  aiis  »ay  wlial.vnr,  liy 
wliii-li  casrs  nf  ilisri'spccl,  nr  mi;lr>t  nf  llm  (iriMt  S|.iril,  ran,  ill  llnir  ln'licf,  lir  i'\rii-iil  nr  par.lniii  il  !'  Arc 
liuiifror,  cnlil,  ur  liiiliiaii  siill'ii  ii:j_'s  nf  any  kiml,  salisfailnry  ami  aciiplalilr,  as  sniiir  nf  llii  ill  li.liivr,  fnr  nlKiicis 
against  the  Dcily  '! 

I:lJ.  Am:  nn;  Imhav  S\riniiiKs  ('iimpfssaiiuns  Fnii  l'",\  ii,  |)kkiis' — llavi'  liny  any  iilia  wli;i!r\rr 
nf  .111  atnminiiit.  nr  a  Iw  lief  nr  ixpnlalimi  tlial  snim'  great  |)i'rsnnag' 
In  llin  (Irial  Spiril  ;  ami  if  imt,  is  siiili  an  iilca  rcailily  cxplaiiH'il,  ami  inadr  rcasniialili'  In  llimr:'  \\'liat  iln  llir 
niissiniiariis  ri'pnrt  mi  tliis  snl)]rct  /  Can  tiny  disi-crn  in  tliiir  ritis,  nr  iiiyllmlnL'y,  any  iiainc.  nr  fiatiirn,  Iia\iiig 
iillnsinii  tn  tlio  atnmjiia'iit,  and  llins  dninlinj;  llirir  cnniurtinn  willi  iiali.ais  nf  tlic  Slnniilii'  sln,l;,  wlin  iinlirand 
tliis  idea  prinr  nr  sulisoi|iicnt  tn  tin'  npcniiiL,'  nf  tlio  Clirislian  era'/  l)n  tiny  sairilii'r  animals  In  appna-r  llir 
;H,s-/i(v,  nr  tn  aiUiinwlc'dgn  till' j,Mw/«i .«  nf  till'   Inval   Spiril'/      llid   llicy  nr  llirir  amT-lnis  r\,r  nll'.r   /iniihin 


In  r'Uiic  nn  carili,  and  .'iiiswrr  fnr  lliriii. 


icrilicc's,  as  It  1- 


kllnwll    lliat   llu'     Azill-snf    Mrxil'n    'lid'/       Win'    ] 


nsnmr^  —  »  lin   win 


lairmd  at  llii'  slak'    I' 


llu'  Nnrlli  Aini'rii'aii    Imlians  — nlV.nd   mily  In  satisfy  llm  spirit  nf  vcngoamv,  m-  I,.  L;ralily 


lifv    llln     lllii-t    nf 


.'Inry  ■'      Is  it  nrtdin  tliat  tlnri'  was  no  r 


■li.'iniis  rile,  nr   IVtHiil',  miiiLdrd  willi    llirsn   liarKarilii  -  ?      Wlial  is  tin 


lali'sl  pi'rind  nf  snrli  prai'liccs '/      Ari'   iml  sairilicns  nf  fciiiak'  prisniuTs  nnw  made  liy  lln'    I'awiucs,  and  snii f 

till'   rppcr   Missnuri  tribes,   tn  a  divinity   analngniis  tn  ('errs,  n.     he  snppisid  gnddcss  nf  cnnr/ 


I:!:',,   WiiAf  IS   Tin:    Mhuai.    Ciiaiiaitkii    (if   tiik    Imhan    I'mtisiiH 'r  — Arc   tlmy  virtimiis,  sniirr. 

■f     Iln  thi'V  licar  any  liadiiv  nf  tlicir  nllicc  'f     llnw  many  dilVcrcnt  classes  nf  priests,  nr  pmplict-. 


triitlil'iil,  nr  ascetic 


1  in  what    inaiitKr  and  willi  what   ccrcninnies  dn  tiny  excrcis 


arc  there  ill  the  trihe ':'     What  are  their  names,  and  m  what   maiiiK 

their  several  pnwers;'      Are  tli.se  priests  hereditary,  nr  may  any  persmi  as-nine  the   fiiiicliniis'/      Are  ll Iliccs 

('niiliiied  tn  mah's,  nr  may  they  he  as-nnied  hy  females':'  il<  they  alVccl  tn  r.veal  future  events;  tn  direct  where 
In-t  articles  may  he  fmiiid  ;  tn  hriiig  dnwn  a  hlcsMiiL',  nr  iiivnl;,'  a  i-nrsc  fiMin  the  Creat  Spirit  '!  Have  the  Irihc, 
nr  the  ptigaii  nr  nneniivcrted  pnitimis  nf  il,  general  cnnlidciice  in  their  pnwer'.'  When  an  Imlian  dies,  dnes  ;,ii 
Indian  priest  alleiid  his  sic  I;  hed,  .r  his  fnm  ral'.'  I'nr  what  imrpn^c  dnes  he  attend':'  What  nIVice,  nr  t'"nciin,is 
dne.s  ho  porfnrin:'  l»nes  h.'  ni;d<e  .'in  address,  nr  aiivthing  rcsemhling  a  jn-ayer '.'  If  the  man  dies,  wli,,  draws  the 
devices  nn  his  grave-pnst  '/  (live  ^pcciinctis  nf  such  devices  nr  insi-riptiniis,  if  in  ymir  pnwer,  with  their  intrrpiv- 
t:itinii.      What,   ill    the    Algnmpiiii    trih.-,    is  a   .|i— akied,   ;i    M.  d:i,  ;iii  1   a    Walieiin'.' 

1:ll.  What  (If.nkiiai,  I!i:mi:is  anh  Si  I'litsTiTKiNs  1'Iii:\mi, '.'  -  Are  ihrrc  smne  p.ilnt.  in  which  all 
agree':'  I )n  ihcy  hclicve  in  angels,  nr  special  messengers  nf  th  llreat  Si.irit '/  Are  gnardiim  spirits  siip|.Mscd 
In  have  the  pnwer  nf  shielding  imlividiials  frniii  the  pnwer  nf  evil'/  h-  there  a  siippn-ed  cla-s  nf  spirits,  nr 
iigetils,  whn  c;iii  assume  the  fnriiis  nf  animals  nr  men,  and  wlin  have  the  pnwer  nf  lliH;irliiig  llie  will  nf  tlio 
(Ireat   Spirit':'     l>nes  the  evil  spirit  thwart  his  will '.' 

l:'.."!.  Nf.cisomancf.IIS  AM)  SiiitcF.llKlls.  —  Have  they  a  class  nf  pcrsnns,  whn  alVect  tn  wield  llie  pnwer  nf 
necrniiumev  nr  .snrcerv  '!      Dn  they  titl'ect  In  rcninve  diseases,  nr  tn   illlliet    lliein'/      Dn  they  hclievi!  ill  witchcraft  '/ 


'■  This,  it  will  he  iTfnllootcil,  was  the  lielief  of  Zoniaster  and  liis  I'elluwers. 


;  i  I 


i:  ' 


142 


AI'l'KN  I»I  X  —  IN(M    I  It  I  KH. 


An- will  liis  mill  wiziinl.'*  sii|>|iii>('il  to  liiivo  tin' |iciwc'r  I'l'  ii;iii.-r..r'niii';  tln'in-ii'lvcM  iiiti)  dtlicr  sli;ipi'»  Z  Wli.it  is 
die  lliiniv  nil  tliis  siilijcct '/  Dii  wilclics  cir  wiziiiils  iiivai'hilplv  I'Xiicisc  llirir  pdwcrs  t'nr  ovil  and  iinl  I'nr  (.'nml 
]iiirpiwsi'  Ihivc  |iii>iiiis  ai'cnscil  of  tliiisi' ads  lircii  luinuil  i'  Wlirii  wiTr  llii'  last  oxiciiliiiiH  t'nr  iIiIn  iitl'ciirii 
iiiado '/  hid  'rcciinitlic  avail  liiiiiscll'  of  lliis  sn|iciNliliiiii  lo  rciiiovc  livids  fniiii  llio  Indian  nalinns 
loiidi'llili   llic  lioli'd   I'liiif  Tarlic  'f 


ilid   111 


loll,    \viiinrs    IU;i.ii;is,    r.Mrrr.v   or    Ouih.ntai,,    and    I'viiii.v    ok    Wkstkhn    OnuiiN, —  l»o    tli 


(>y 


hvVu 


ainpvri's  or  in  iircmonilioiis  from  the  dead,  or  in  llii'  iIhmut  of  (jliosls  i'  Do  llicy  lni>t  in  cliariiis  and 
annilils!'  M'liat  is  the  Indian  theory  of  dreams  ^  Are  ilreanis  ri'L'arded  as  revelalions  of  llie  divine  will  '  l>o 
lliey  exi  rii^e  nineli  iiitliienee  over  the  praetii'id  alVairs  of  the  Indian  life'/  Are  j;ood  dreams  courted  iiudi  r  the 
inllueiiee  of  alistineiiee '/  Are  (.Miardiali  spirits  selected  under  the  like  iidliipin'cs  i'  Are  lliev  proiii'  to  rej;ard 
themselves  as  dooiiied,  or  spell-east  '!     Are  they  easily  alarineil  hy  miuciis'/ 

1:17.    Wll.Vr    I.s     IIIK    AcTt  Al,    t'll.MiAl  TKll    of     rilKIII    Wollsllll'    Wllt.N    (■|.ci,--F|,V     A  N.\  i.v/.i-;ii '/ — What 

ry   prai.'^c   liiiii,   ill   hymns, 


lii'iics  or  ilcL'ree  i 


if  worship  do  they,   /;i  /'iw,  render  to  the  (ireal    Spirit''      Mo 


;ints,  or  ehornsses/      Po  they  pray  to  him,  and  if  .so,  fir  what  purpose'/      Is  it  f  .r  success  in  hiiiiliii).',  war,  or 


aiiv  other  avocation  of  life  '/      (live,  if  vmi  can,  a  speciiiieii  of  ihrir  i>r 


pr.iycr- 


l*'.    Uirr.s    111-     IvVsTIMl     .\Ml     I'KA-riNil. —  |)o     llie\     h<t      that     ll 


ley    may    aci|iiire    menial    ]iiinly,    or 


iliaiil 


nil  -s    to   ciiiiHiiiiiie  Willi   liini ; 


.\|T    tl 


le   L'i'iieral    ti:i.-ls  at    tl 


comiiieiicemeiit 


f  the  (reiieral  fail  hunts,  of  a  rcliiiimis  (diaraclir 


iiliiiiitr    III   ol    the   lirw   corn,   and   al    llie 
re   llic«r   feasts  of  llie   naliireof  thiinhx- 


the  111 


!,'■«''       Are  any  of  the  ehoriisses.  or  soims  of  the  priests,  sacred,  or  of  hieratic  characler '/      Is  tiie  tlesli  of 


ar,  or  ilHir,  nine 


h  is  sacriliced,  used  to  propiliale  his   favor'.'       Is  il    true,  that   (///  the  llesli, 


and  till 


"  piirti  nance"  of  the  animals  sacriliced  in  the  feast,  must  he  eaten,  or  liuriied,as  in  the  iiistiliiliou  of  tlii'  p.ascliiil 
supper  .' 

l.l'.l.    SaiIiku  CllAllArrKn   of  'roUMcn.—  .\re  the  leaves  of  ihi'  tnliacco  plant,  which  are  cast  on  the  waters 
or  lianiid  in  ihe  pipe.  olVered  as  .-acriliccs  to  the  (lieat  Spirit  '/ 

1  III.     llAVf     Ynl      lillsfHVKll    .\NY    TliACfS    of    TlIK    (lllKllllt    Wnllsll  1 1'.    nil    TIIK    Illf.V    of    A\     IvrfliNAr. 


It   is  seen  ill  till 


pieliirial  .sell 


■f  hark,  that  lliev  di'.iw  the  IIloiiv  of  thi 


to  leprc-ciit  the  ( Ireat 


spirit. 


Is  the  sun  the  ciiiiiinoii  synihol  of  the  (ireat  Spirit '/      I'n  they  iimv.  or  did  their  aiii'e»iiirs.  worship  him. 


lliri.iiL'h  this  >yniliol;'       It  is  stated  hy  (ieiieral  Ca.ss.  after  vi-i'liii^  the  Indian  Irilies  in  ihi'  iiorlh-wesl,  in   |.>>'JI1, 


th.it    ihcre  fornicrlv  exist 


I'll  ail  ore 


ir  of  men,   hIiosc  duty   il   was  to   ke 


an   "  elernal   lire."      Is  tin 


anylhin;.'  of  this  nalure  now  exislin;.',  or  known  in  the  tradilioiis  of  the  trihi's  hesi  known  to  yoii '/     The  Kreiii 
dcscrihed  ihe  Nalehez  as  snii-worshippers.      Slate  the  traditions  and  existiui^  upinion.s  of  the  Indians  on  this  loiii 


111    W'lnr    Aiif.   iiif.    NoTiii.vs   nf   riif.   TiiiiiK    on    tiik    N'.vti  iif    and    Si  iisT.VMf;    of    I'ihk,   (Hi 

('ai.iiIim  .'  —  I-  lire  olilaiiicd  from  the  Hint,  or  from  pcreiissioii,  deenied  more  sacred  than  from  other  soiirei's '/ 
Is  this  the  rcasiiii  why  council-  arc  opened  for  piihlic  liusiness,  amoiiL'  the  far  trilies.  with  lire  thus  olitaiiicd  '/  Is 
there  in  this  eu-loiu  of  hiiniiiii.'  tohaeco  with  lire  so  olitained,  accompanied  hy  jrcsliculatioiis  to  the  lireat  .'Spirit, 
any  Msli;.'e  or  evidence  of  the  ani'iciit  prevalence  of  lire-worship  anioiif;  the  North  American  trihcs  '  .\re  there 
any  other  cvidi'iiccs  of  the  esiiniatioii  of  lire  known  to  you,  which  denote  the  former  prevalence  of  sm  li  wnrship, 
in  the  l.alitiiiles  of  this  coiilinciil  north  of  the  ancient  .\zlee  empire  of  Mexico'/ 


I  t' 


HMHSilif 


K  I 


I  I'J.    IliKA   of   ,\    llol.y    I'lllf  — Mid   the   Indian   priest-,  at   firmer  periods,  anniiall 


nr  al   any  set   time, 


dii'ict    till'  lire  111  lie  c\liiif:uislicd  in  the  liidiiiu  IoiIl; 
fiiriii-h  ihe  people  iii-w  and  s.acrcd  lire  to  re-liLdit  lliem': 


L'cs,  auu  ashes  cast    aooii 


I    ahoiil    11 


crate  lliciii,  tli,'il    tliev  iiiiLxlit 


I  |:i.  Wiivr  .NiitioNs  ii.wi:  imky  of  riif  I'l.ANfrAliY  SvsrfM'/ — In  -pcakinj;  of  the  moon,  as  .some 
of  the  trihcs  have,  as  licinjr  the  consort  of  tin'  siin,  do  they  reirard  it  as  the  shadow  or  elTusion  of  the  sun,  or  a.s 
deriviiii;  its  lii»lit  Iherefroni  '/  .\re  the  st.ars  or  lilaiiels  re;.'.arileil  as  parl.s  of  a  .syslcin/  Are  Ihcy  siip]iosed  lo  he 
oppupied  hv  the  smils  of  iiieii  '/     Stale  iheir  ideas  of  llie  phmets,  i/eiicrallv,  in  eoiiiicctioii  with  iiumher  47. 


1    ' 


A  I'l'KN  1)1  X  — IN  (iV  lUIKS. 


i-|:i 


III     lluw   iMi  SiiiN.1   Al-KKi'i'  TiiKMl' — hi)  oiiii'tiH  and  |iriifriiiwtii'iiliciiM  cxriii-r  ;t  !.lriiiij.'  ■■wiiy  liver  llin 


luliaii  iiiiiiii 


Dii  li 


!(•)•    t'ViT    Illtllll'llCC 


(•iiiiiirll,H  ill  llii'ir  (irliln'mtiiiiis,  nr  \viii-iiiiilii"<  mi  (liiir  iikhi'Ii  '     Ar 


|iii'i|iilinii^,    ilniwn 


friiiii    tilt'    lliglit  cf  liirdii,  iiiueli  riliiil  mi 't     Aro    niiguriis  ever  i1i;ihii   In 


imiibro 


lull',  siiiiiu'  iir  iiiiilimiM  (if  till'  climilrt  '/ 


11").     Is    TIIKIIH    UkASIpN    Til    IIkLH-HK    Till-'.    ImHANS    TO    UK    IlMII.ATllllH  ?  —  Ari'  illl,'l>;is  iif  Wiioil  nr    simil' 
|i|ir(i  ?  nr  in  tliiTi'  uiij-  griis.1  anil   iialpaMi!   I'nrm  of  iijnlatry   ill  tin"  rxi,«liiij.'  Irili'vi,  similar  In  lliat 


ever    Hii|-i|ll 


111'  till'  iiririital  wiirlil  't      Wliat  .<ii|)fi>liliiiii  nr  |iiir|iii.-ii'  is  ili'iintcil  li_v  srlliii;;  up  «ali'r-wiini>lmii-<,  nr  ImhiMi 


III'  til 


iiiri'S  lit    tin;  rivi'i'M  am 


1   laki's'!-      Wliat    nl.irH 


jri'ts  arr  rTiclnsi'il    III    liii'    aiTaliii 


III    nl 


|-rsiiiililiiiu    iiiiap'i,   nil    till 

till'  iiii'iliriiir-saik ''      Ila.i  lliis  s'lck,  or  si'rri't   ili'|insilnry  nf  sarriil  lliim,'",  any  nl'  tin'  rliararlirs  nf  "an  ark." 
Ilrilmlril    In    it    liy    writers!'      Wlial    ilnliicliniis  am   in   Im  iIimhii   I'lnin    idnls   wliirli   liaM 


1    liavi!    Iirrll    a 


whirl 

licrll  ilisi'iivi'l'i'il  : 


IKi.    TmmhHTAI.ITY.  —  ltd  tliry  lu'lli'Vc  ill   llio  iiiiinnrtalily  nf  tin-  smil,  ami  lln'  ilnrlrii f  iiimMl  aii'niint- 

iiliility    tn  iho  Crcalnr'/       hn  lliry  lidii'Vi'  in    tlio  rrsiirri'dinn  nf  tin;  Imily ':"     A  mi {iiimi   lia^  a|.].raiv.|  in 

tliii   trailil'iins  nf  tin'  ('lii|i|irwa  trilir,  nf  llii'  I'xisli'lii-'  nf  iliipliralo  sniils,  as  if  llirr 


I'  Win'  mil'  Mjiil  I 


111  annlliiT  nf  till'  iiiiiiil.      Ari'  llnTi'  any  tr 


if   lliu    tinily 
nf  siiili  a  liilirf  nf  tlir  trilii',  wlinsi'  cnstnins  ynn  ari'  aii|iiainlril 


wilir/  !)n  tliry  lirlii'Vr,  at  all.  III  till'  ilciclriiii'  nf  ri'wanls  ami  |inni-liiiiriils  in  a  I'liliiin  -lair'  lln  liny 
ri'pn'.smt  llic  fiituri'  ami  iiiikiinwn  stall',  as,  in  fact,  a  iilianlasinajrnria,  nr  sliailnwy  iniaL'n  "f  llir  ]iri -iiil  wnrM  — 
its  tri|ioj.'ra|iliyi  iinil  its  pi'inliietinns  iiiul  onjiiyiiu'iits '/  Is  tlie  ^■l■n^^illl.'  nf  a  ilmp  >tinain,  in  llir  fiii.iiil  jniniiiy 
nf  llio  smil  til  tlio  laml  nf  Miss,  as  lu'licvi'il  liy  sniiii'  nf  tlir  .\li.'nm|iiin  trilns,  an  alliL'nriial  ri|iii'-c  iilalinii 
nf  I'liliiiv  pnni>liim'iits  fnr  acts  iluni-'  in  tlii.s  lifn  'f      Is  tliis  a  jiarlial  nr  ^ri'iicnil  lirlirf ' 


117.  WiiAr   Is  Tlir.  I'liMMiiN   NiiTins  uf   tiik  Inhian   I'miaiusk? — lln   tlm  virlimii-  1  il 


ir    MiimiS 


I't   111  injny  its  friiitimis ''     ]ty  takiiii;  tlic  iilia  nf  rvil,  siilliTiiii.',  nr  piinisliinriit   finin    ils   pi 


nf  I'Xpi'rIi'il    llli^s,    lln    tlu'     Imllans    nnt    I'l'prnil 


mi',    nil    till 


wi'slcni    I'niitini'iit,  the    I'.xail    rniinlirp.irl    nt  il 


M 


inninciiaii  or  nrii 


lltal  |i: 


Am  11 


mm  any  ili'atlis  in 


till'  Il 


all  parailiso  .      Or  is  il  a  linal  >lalr 


Will 


lln  IT  Im  any  L'iaiils  nr  finlianli'rs  llieri'  '!     Will  llur 


n  111'  any  wars 


lis    Is   Tiii;iii:    Mir   a    I'i;i(vk.iisiii.n    ov   thk.    liurriti.NF.  nf    I-MMhiitamtv  liKsMuiiNn    iiii;    Mm  ik 


CliKATIliN  '!  —  lln     till!     Il 


nf     aiiiiiials 


lll'lil 


linli.iiis  liclii'Vi'  111  till'  ri'siirnilinii  nt  aniinals  .'  Iiu  liny  IuIiim 
(Iri'.'il  Spirit  lias  (.'ivi'ii  tlir  liriilc  i-rralinn  mm/s  ami  mis-iiiiiii!;  ]inii-cri,  as  wnll  as  iii.in  ''  .\ii  Imliaii.  in  Is'JH, 
lii';.'(.'('il  parilnii  nf  a  lii'.'ii,  wliniii  II,  liail  slmt  mi  tlin  siniivs  nf  l.akn  Siiprrinr.  I>ii|  llii,-,  imply  that  In-  w;.s 
tn  (■nrmiiiti'r  liiiii,  .as  an  inininrtal  liciii'',  in  aiinlljcr  lil'r  ' 


M'.t.  What  rK.cri.i.Mi  Soiik.tiks  iii.vhactkiiizk  Imhan  I.ikk  i"  —  Am  tlicso  sociilios  limiml  liy  tlm 
iililiiratimi  nf  sceri'i'y  ?  Wliat  sct-mt  riti'S  exist  ^  Dn  tliny  partake  uf  u  relijlinus,  fi'slivi',  nr  other  eharaeter '' 
What  kiinwleil;.'!'  iln  they  ]irnfes.s  to  enllivali'  ''  Aiimiif^  the  tribes  nf  Ali;nmpiiii  orijiin,  there  are  separate  iii-li- 
liilinns  nr  fialeniilies,  calleil  the  Waliemi  aiul  the  Meilawin  soeielies.  Is  there  any  exteminii  nf  llu.-e  :-neielii>, 
or  are  there  similar  fraternities  in  the  trilies  you  are  eoiiyer.saiit  willi ':"  If  mi,  i|e>erilM'  llnni.  wiih  their  miL'ln 
mill  riles,  the  ties  wliieli  hiiiil  them  toijeiher,  ami  the  nlijeet  of  eaeli,  ami  the  intlnenee  il  exerts.  Is  the  kimw- 
leilne  ami  praeliee  nf  iiieiliiine  eniiliiieil  to  the  nieiiiliers  or  prnfe.s.snrs  of  these  soeielies  ^  Are  liny,  in  any 
inarki'il  manner,  the  ilepositories  of  the  trailitimis  nf  tin'  Irilie,  nr  nf  any  ilepartnieiit  nf  aliorii;iiial  kimwleilLre '.' 
Are  the  iiieinhers  nf  these  soi'ieties,  iiion'  than  the  nninitiateil,  skilleil  in  the  art  of  ilrawin;;  ileviees,  nr  in 
the  keepiiii;  of  their  nineniniiie  songs?  An  opininii  was  expresseil  liy  the  late  (inverimr  |)e  Wilt  ('linlmi,  llial 
lliero  was,  aiiimii;  the  Irnipini:-,  smiie  ancient  tie,  nr  sii;n  nf  fraternity  ami  reenj:nitinii,  reseiiihlin^'  ihe  .\|aMiii:e 
tie.     Is  there  any  sigu  or  oviilcuoo  uf  such  a  rite  ohscryable  in  the  eustoins  nf  the  tribe  kimwii  to  ymi '.' 


M  VTlIOLOti  V. 

1.10.  What  PF.nr.i.Mi  Myths  havi:  tiik  'riiiiiK?  —  |to  ihey  believe  ihat  the  frivat  spiill  nf  e\il  man- 
ife.-ls  himself  on  the  earth,  iu  the  fnrni  nf  the  serpent''     Arc  the  ratlle.:iiake,   and  other  vennmnus  .species, 


f.4» 


A  i'I'i:n  1)1  x-iM^r  i  it  i  !•; 


Ill, ,1-1    llii liii-',  inv.'-l.il  Willi  fiiiit'iil  |in\Mi-i .'      I>ii  till'  |iii.>l-<  wHiiiliiiicN  |Mil  llic-i'  iiilii  ihi'lr  ilriiins  /      U  lli< 


rl    ;ill<i 


i.il   p; 


itt   to  M  rpciit.'' 


lli<>  tnii-  cmisi'  "(  tluir  liviM  biiiin  .-puiiil  wli 


i(  II  ciiniiii 


tcrril  ill  tli< 


r,ii-,-l  /  jtii  lliiy  iillrr  tiiliiuiM  til  iiifiav  iIh' s|pirit  iif  tlii' miakf  ?  Wlial  lliciir)' ilni'H  this  iiii|ilj  i*  Cull  llir 
flu'i'ii'H  Mciiil  ilixcu'o.'  '  Call  tlii'V  I  liariii,  ur  ciii'linnt  tliii  warrim',  mi  iin  In  In'wildcr  liiiii  in  liin  jiatli  '  hiil  llir 
(;iial  si'r|niit,  as  111'  is  rriiri'-iiiti'ii  in  llii'ir  iii_\lliiilii>riral  lairs,  priKliu'i'  tin'  ll,i,«l,  wliirli  siiliiiirr>.'ril  tin'  rartli  ami 
ilmwiiril   inaiikiiiil  /      l>'i  llii'  (rrial    Cimll  nf  tlic   Smitli,  ami    Kmnhir  i.l'  iln'    .Nnrlli,  l^piry  an  ark,  nr  \l•^sl  I 


ill'  ...it'ilv  '!      i^U\\y  I 


10  vain  HIS  in 


\>lii:il  mitiniis  tlii'Y  LuM'  I'll  lliis,  III  till'  lihliaii  iiiiinl,  iiii|'iirlanl  Milijrct. 


IK    lll;I.IH     IN     MkTAMiiIII'IKiSIS    liKNKIIAI.' —  I'll    lIlr.N    I'lliiVi'    lllal    Nillinlls    i|ll:iillll|iiil>,    |iiri|i 


1.1 1 


r.  |iiil,s    Hii'r  ti'aii>liiriiii 


i|    iiitii    iiirn  ?      PiH'.s    till'    iliicti'iiii',    as    In M    liy    llii'iii,    rracli    In 


ili'rls    111    Ihc 


ilalili',  nr  liiiiii  lal  kiii;.'i|niiis,  or  in  llio  npril  Inavilis  j'  Were  sniiii'  nf  llio  stars  nlin'  nion  ^  Was  I'rsa 
M:i|,ii'  a  lir.ir!'  Was  \\w  raiiilmtt'  a  siiari",  nr  iii't  ''  Wrrr  tin.'  tliiiiiilin  is  mii'i'  wnirinis  ri'innviml  fur  tluir  iisr 
III'  till'  arr iiu  '      Was  tin'  /I'a  iiiaixi'  nr   Imliaii  I'nni  nri^'iiially  a  li,'iiiil>iiiin'   vniiii;;  man,  uilli  |>liiiiii'>,  hIih  i.-iin,' 


r I  III. 


Was  tfii'  ri 


iccniill  nine    a  sll 


Was  till'  i|nriiniii«('  a  iiiaslmlnii  't      WIni  i'X('i'i'i»i',|  lliis  |" 


I't'  rin  li:illlli;rlll,  nr    trallsl'nriliali'Hl 


W,  IT    ll 


w  lliry  ina^ririaiis,  nr  triaiits,  nr  spiiils  nf  jrnml   nr  rvil  kiml'       Win 


was   ill.'  ira  nf  llu'ir  nifrn  mi  tlm  lartli  '      Will  llin  ilmim  n|'  tin'   traiisl'nriiiiil   nl.jnrts  In'  liTiniii.ili'.l  at  iliiitli  '. 
Will  it  111'  irMi's.'.l,  ami  \i.-ili'.l  ii|'"ii  tin'  rmliaiiti'is !'' 

1,'i'J  jl.l  rill.V  llll.llVI.  IN  TIIK  I'V  ril  AiimiK  \N  h.  IIIINH  111  MkI'K.MI'.sVi'IKisIS,  nil  TIIK  'I'llANsMI- 
i.liMl.iN  111'  .'"111  I.-.'  —  Arr  llir  rliaiij;i'S  nt'  llic  sniiU  nf  Iinii  iiiln  iliyrailnl  ami  l.riilr  l'..niis  tlir  a«:inl>  ..f 
a   jii-l    ..r    iihjii-l     |iiiiii-liiiiii 


t  ■.'      W.n'   tln-_v   till'  ails  nl'  iiialijinaiit   nr  (.'nml  hpirils '/      Am   llin  sniils  ..f 


nllll'tinil'-'     Mil 


I    int.)  Iiirils  nf  till'  111 


iprr  air,  as 


n-waiil   I'nr  tin  ir  ilrnls,  ami   llnir  iiiijii^l    nr   |iii'iiialiiri'   l.ss 


nf    lit'. ■■/       II. 


H'  .'iri'  Illr  SI. 11 


lis  nf  infants  ilispiisiil  nf '.'      I|..w  many  i  liaiips  iliil  llin  sniils  ..f   /'((/ii/<.  iri.ti  iiinl.i'^ 


als  ami    l.iil-,   I.,  f.iiv    lir    w,i-   111.  r.'.  1    iiil.i    a    rnik,   tliat    In'   mi.'lit    » illi-l.ili.l    llii'    l...ll>    nf  tli.'    (i 


'riiiiii.l.i'.'r  \ 


Wiivr  I'viiinii.ui    \mm\i-  m  ami  iiniii   in    iiii.iii   Mviiiiii.iniv,  anh  now  i.iiKsiiii^   IIii.ikf 


AKIl.rr     llllMl    In.-UI  1  T1..N-  ' --  |ln    ll 


-I" 


it   ami 


ll. .m.r  wlinli  ar 


i.li 


l.i  llii'  tiirlli',  w.i'l',  I  1.1 


mil 


11'  rialis  w 


Ini  liiar   lln-n  i|.' 


„/,' 


frniii   till'  siippn.v.l   inipnrtaiiii'  nf  aiiiiriit  lirmi's  nr  valiant 


llll'll,     Willi 


fill   iimli  r  tli 


In  ii."iiaiitii'    pi.w.r  ..f  I'.il    >pirils   nr   wi 


/.anls  /      Ami   what  iiitlucntt'    lias  llii^  iiivll 


li.i'l  nil  tin'  ..I'l'ilinil  1  -lalill-hlm  III 


.f  111.'  'I'..!. 


-ti'iii  ..|   till'  1  la 


If        ,1 


1  I.     Wll  \\     I   Mil. Ill    II..I.-,     I'l 


lluiiii>  ANii  \  ii:wi.i:-s    Si'iiin      mi  (Jknii   uI'    iiir.    .\iii   ani> 


I".  Mil  II,  IIWK    TIIKV   KMIlll  \i  111  IN  ■:illlll  (MlAI.  'I'llAIHl  liiNs'/ — -Wlinworc    ll 


ami  liiiL'.iliatatn 


tlii'V  allrf.'nrii'al  ri'liri'.si'iitatinns  nf  tlm  Unat  Spirit's  will  in  llic  ninral  wnrM 'l*  \\  liil  iliiiiiiimls,  giants  nr  Inrnis 
an-  ili'ii'.tril  liy  till'  iiaiiii  s  (^in.|'/.ali'nail.  'raniiyavvapi,  ami  Manalinzlni 'l'  What  niissiniis  iliil  tin')' rispci'liM'ly 
cxrcuti' ■'  I'iil  tiny  inrfnrin  the  lalmrs  nr  i  xplnils  nf  a  lliriiihs,  a  IKiiialinii,  nr  a  Mimrva'/  Arc  thrsn 
trailitiniis  lait  a  wnstcni  viTslnii  nf  Vishiinn,  limlha,  nr  Siva': 
arts,   L'nviriiiin'i 


( tr  wirn  llirse  piTsniis  rifnniirrs  in  nia 


it,  nr  ri'li);iiiii '^  Were  liny  im  rily  hiiiiiaii  nr  psiiiiln-tliviiii' '^  M'lin  WiTii  tin'  siniii'  jriaiits 
nf  Iniliaii  trailili.m  ■'  What  calaniity  is  pnfiL'iiriil  liy  tlir  liiry-llyin;;  lirails 'i*  Who  was  Atalinntsii' ''  Wlm 
Will'  Ataln'caii  ami  Clu'liialio'l'  Wlm  |ii,riiil  the  ^rrcat  rlk  a(  lta,-ia  '!  What  frlfranlio  animal  was  Imriiil  iiinli  r 
till'  ni'iiiiitains ';"  Who  wrri>  llm  fiiaiils  llnli.inink  ami  KliiiU'i.liiN '/  What  alli-irnrii' pi'i'-sniiap  s  livr  in  a  I'.'nn 
iiliilnr  N'iaL'ara  F.ills ':'  Arc  tlii'ii'  ilciiiif.'ni|s  wlin  prcsiilc  nvcr  the  f..iir  canlinal  pniiils':'  Why  is  the  vvcsl  wiinl 
calli'il  the  father  nf  the  wimis '^  Who  are  the  (rnils  nf  the  vernal  ami  aiituninal  eipiiimxes ':'  AV ho  lines  .\ii|k' 
iiirsniiifv  '/ 


l."l."i.    WllAr    AUK    TIIK    N'amks    ani>    ( 


I.ASXK.s    III'    Til  Ml!     I 


'lUNrll'AI.     laii'M.     PKiriKS,    OK     Wiiimi.  V  N  ll 


Sl'lltirs,  ANII  WHAT  AnAMiiIV  Im    TIIKV   IIKAII  Til    INK   M  V  rillil.iMlU'AI,  ClIKATtll.N.S  lit'  TIIK  Ol.li  \\i.UI.I 


Is  there  a  class  nf  creatinns  nnalnj;ims  l.i  fairies'/  Are  there  fairies  nf  the  wale 
the  Imliaii /'iir<ir((.s' vi-il'lc  or  invisilile ''  Are  they  vii  ions  nr  lieiiign '/  llntli 
r.  iiiaiiiie  retreal.s,  nr  at  pielure.si|ne  point-.'  Arc  then.  |ne;il  spirits,  nr  a  kii 
i.'-i.le  in  eaMs  nr  at  easca.les,  nr  inhaliit   (.litis  nr  ninnnlains'/      I'n  tli 


',  a.s  well  as  nf  the  laml  '!      Are 
I'sc  creatinns  ilelif;lil  t.i  dwill  in 
.1   nf  iiyniphs  ami  ilrvinK,   who 
ey  pinteet   nr  eiilnip  travellirs ':'      P.i   the 
Ijcliivein   iiierniaiils  nr   mfniidiis''      N  there  any  crealinii  anal. igniis  to  Cniiius,  Ceres,  Saturn,  ni    M..r- 


API'KNDIX  — I\(>I'niIRS, 


r.».- 


(.Immh/       U  llitldl  piT^nliili,.,!':'       ||;iv<'  lliry  :i  ll:l,lc«l,  nr    lall'l    ..I'  ^ll.l.l.-'       Wlllll    IilIIiIII    IkTM  \ 
lllrlr    iri'alialH    nf   virwlr^-i    liilhl    Mini    i!llillit<'    srallllC,  lalli  .1    It'i  ,il!i^,  .1    ~|i..iiW    (.('   ;.r|iM||l|..!'       (' 

In   llh'    lihliaii   i.li'a  .if  Tiiiillil".riM   -pinl-)  i.C  a  Inc.il  chararlrr,   ll M    Aral.!.'  ti.ili..ii  ,,(  irniii,  nr   i,   ilii 


lilr.l    iti*       Ah' 
III  »r    ri'ci>^'lii/,i' 


ll  hi  lull  h)  liii  rii'anlnl 


lis    mil'    nt     till'    nn.r|l|:i|     clTiili, 


>>l'  III!'    II. '1    Itarr   ImiiimI   Im  iv':' 


li'i,   AiiK  riiK.  Indian  Ai.i.ninH      ,  I'mii.i  .  axi>  l.niMiK  Sioihk-,  mkntiunkk  in  Tii't.k  N'.iiiiiim  i. 


r.    nil:   IIkvk.i.viicin  op   iiikiii   M  v  ni'i  iumm,  .N'iiiiiiN'<  !■ — A 


I-''     •llcll    ni-al 


la!.',   aihl 


I'l'lallnii^    rMiMinoii  : 


|l'i  lli'V   t'lriii  a  »|ii'i'ii's   lit'  In.lu'r-j.iri',   wliMi   iIh'   \..iiiij.'  inrly   Irani;'      Aiv   llir   i,  liilion-.  roiilin,.!    |.i  dl.l, 


|.iui 


rjrnl   iicrsniis'!'      I'/'i/c  jiii'liirt->iTiliiiil,  ,\'i>.   "J  I' 


l.'iT.    Is  TlUMiFlt  iTH-iiiMFliny — Ihnv  iiiaiiy  llmiulcrirs  arc  tliir.'?     Arc  llicy  Iccalcij  in  ilillcivnt  (|iiarhri 
i'l'  ihc  InavciH':'     What   i-i  llicir  varji.in  iliai  iitcr,  iiikI  nri'.ini' 


l.'iH,   Is  Tin;  Im,i,\s   Mvriim.nciv   \iiiv  amii:m-';'— ^\■|l:ll  I'al.l.il 


iiwii-lrr,  an. I  i|ia._'.iiH,  ivilli  w 


'll   tin 


iiif.". 


ir  cy.iU'iii  iifiiiyll 


aiilii|ni'  cpiiili-  cf  (lie  w.irl.I ;  an.l  wlm  kill,  il   tlnni,  i.r  li.nv  w.n'   llw   i-icr<  i'Mii-|iali'.| 'i"      Ihi 


cli  iillci'li'.l  liy  llii 


rli.iii  (if  Cliri-lianiu 


'111.  lliiiiu'  .'f  llii>  kiinl  is  llimi.'lil. 


til  lie  iiliscr\al.l,'  ill  lAaininiiij,'  tlic  iiin  icnl   |.irtnn'-wriiiii^'s  nf  ili,.  A/i.c-',  uriii,  n  ;i|i.  ,    i|j,.  i,iii,|u,.>i  .if  Mrxii 


III  it 


IS   mil... riant    |.p  (.'iianl  iii,'ain>t   tlii^  intirinivliirc  .if  uri^'iiial   an. I   int.  I't'ii-cl   ii..ti..iis 


M  A  N.\  K  lis    A  N  l>    ('  ISTd.M,*^. 


CD  N  ST  IT  1  T  1  (I  .\    111'    tin:    INIMAN    iamii.v 


l.'lO.    AlIK    TIIK    Tins    liF    CnV-AMil  IMIV 


All'  ill.  I'.    I,  nils   f..i'i:irli  il.L'r.'.'  nf  ri'lati..ii-li 


i].,  am 


wlial  aiv  lli,.y  fur  llic  .liircrciit  .|. -ires  ?  |l.,  ||k,,o  terms  rnil'ia.,'  all  ll,,'  ,,.ll:,t,.rMl  l.iaiirli,,:'  Are  ill,' alVniili,  s 
..nainili,  -  am!  .  lan^  Ira.r.l  far  La, k. ami,  as  llieiv  ar,'  ii.,  <iiinain.  -,  l.y  uliil  m,  :iii-  is  il„.  line  .,f  ,|,-,,  ni  .|,i„,i,,l 
aii'l  r.'ii.l,  ri'.l  ,■,  rlain '/  Arc  lli,-  -aiiie  names  iim',1  f.r  e..|!,it,  nl  r.  I;,ii\,~  l.\  lli,.  fiili.i's  as  l.v  tli,'  ni..||i.  i  ■-. 
si.!.'?  Are  111,'  same  terms  ii-,'.l  f,r  .hkr  ami  y.iiiiij.'er  l,r..th.r,  an.l  f  r  .  11  r  aiil  y.niiiL'.'r  -i-ur'.'  Ai.'  ilr 
w.'nls  aunt  an.|  iiiiel,'  liy  llie  m.'llii'r's  si.le  lli,'  same  as  aunt  aii,l  iin.lc  l.y  ilu'  fiili,  r^^  si,|,' :'  Itv  wlial  I.Tiii- 
.-ir,'  ill,'  ,1,'a.l  allu.le.l  U^^!  Slat,'  any  |'e,'iiliarities  wliieli  may  exi>t  in  lli.'  I,  in,.  .1,  ii..iinj;  Lin'li'r.l.  a-e,  .'r  s.'X.  ,.i- 
■  111,  r  |.arlieiilars  ill  llie  family  iiaiii,  s,  uhi.'li  mark  tliriii,  ,,r  .li-iiii-iii-li  lli.'  prln.  i|.l.  s  ,,f  >|i,.,  ,1,  in  tl„.  famJlv 
.  ii.l,'  fr.'iii   llies,'  ,,f  ,,|li,i'  kii.iHii   iiaii..ns'' 


Mi»    Is  riiK  Kamii.v  Ass,M'iArinN,i,ii  M 


llMMnl'IVi:    nc     |(nMls|'||.     1 1  A  I'I'l  \  KSS '/ —  I  ),ies    til,'    llUlll,'r    still 


VnillKI)  .S'rATI-;,  IIIINKIIAI.I.V  H.NI-:  hF  a    I'KIIMAM  Nr  ClUIlArTKI 


I'l  ill,'  faniilv'/'      11. ,w  is  lliis  stat 


c  eii-nri'  aliiin.laii.','  ..f  t' 


an  I  r|..||iiiii. 


alV,'eti,ins  nf  s|,.|,m,iili,.rs  aii.l  eliil.lr 


1',  111  Ms  il.iinisii,' 


Ar 


intrs,  alfe,'l,',|  l.y  |i.'l\L'i 


I.I    uliat   aiv  ill. 


I'  wives  \v,'l 


Ai'i'  lli,y  ,'Ver  iiilerl',ie,l  with  in    ih,.   1i..iim.1i,,!.1  affairs,  aii.l 


Ireatr.l  iiml.  r  lie  a,liial  >lal,'  ,if  llir  liiiiiliT  lit',  '/ 


nialiam'meiil   nf  lli,'  .|.. 


|'arliei|,al,',  ill   any  il,'f.'rr,',  in   lli,'    liunlrr's  vvalLni,  ,ir  f.r.'st    lal...rs,  aii.l   I.,  wliat   ,'M,nt  : 


" iiv/      I'.i  ill. 


Kit.    AllK.    run    l,Alllllls    111'    111  MIAMI    AMI    WiFK    V. 


ami   Inil  nf  liiiiiliiifr  aii'l   supply iii^-  til,'   fimily  with 


IJI  AFI.V    nil      I  M.ijl  AMA      |i|\ll.||i;' —  Is    ||i,.    lain 


iliilics  the  wife  lirstnws  nil  the  In,] 


111,'ats  a  jn.l  upiiviili'iil,  in  p.'iiil  nf  li ,  fir  ih,.  ,.ai-,'s  ami 


sin;:  frniii  cmiirils  ai,<|  warlik,'  exi.i'.l 


.'I',  inclii.lin^r  its  ,i'eeli,in  'f      lines  tli,'  piiKli,'  s,','iiriiy  ..f  lli.  ir  liiinliiiL'  L'r..iin.U, 


p.'.llli.ins,  ,'|i|,.i-  iiil.i  ih,'  views  nf  ihi'  wile 


IS  e..n-liiiiiini,'  an  a,i  .plal.l,'  part 


nf  Ih,.  husl.ali.rs  iliity  ■!  Wli,,  iiiak,  -  th,'  anus  :,„.l  in,|,l..,ii.'nls  ..f  war?  Win.  niak.  ^  ran.n  s,  |,a.|.„,  .- 
Iinwis,  ami  ,lish,.,v  win.  plants,  ami  li..,-,  ami  -nh.  ,.  ll,..  fruits  ..f  th,'  lirM/  Wli.,  niak.'s  li-li  n.  I 
mats,  ami  cuts  riishrs  ami  jrallnrs  wihl  ri,','':'  linn  ihr.iUL'li  tli,.  entire  class  ,,f  f.iv.t  lal,.,rs,  ami  .Ira 
liarisnii  lietwi'cu   the  relativ,'  iii.liislry,  ..r  liiii,',  ,1,'\,,|,  ,1   l.v  th,'  liiisKaml  ami   the  wif'. 


i.llr 


Iii'J.  What   a  hi: 


ilisrnnls  coniimni  'i      Is  the  l.i-s  ..f 


TIIK    !'sl  At,    Caisfs    i,f     !•" 


AMii.v    .Iaiis    in    Tin:    Inhian    I,.iii.iF:'  —  A 


re    .[.. ll,' 


pniilnce  ilissatisfaeli.n  ?      |l,,  ,-hil,lr 


yniilh  ami  vniilhfiil   atlra,'li..ns  in  the  wif. 


■aiis,'  ..f  II, 'L'!,','!  y      Dnes  I.; 


(I'J 


p\v  tli,;r  iii..lli,'r  an  aiMiti.iiial  pnwer  ,.v,r  her  liusliaml'.s  all'octi. 


Mri 


Ari'KN  i>i  ,\     I  MM  I  It  I  i:s. 


il'-v  II  rniiiiiiiMi  c';iil»i' 


Ik  till'   lii<li;iii  I'liiii.icti' 


iilMiwiiril  '     III 


r  :l  |i|>ll.llil\   i<( 


il.K'K    till'  I'liliat    III 


mil  llir  |irnri|i  111! 


r  I il\,  il>)iiiil\,  ami  rniliuraih  i  ,  in  llii'  i|>.iiii'>lii'  rlriK',  kiuIi  iih    I  lin.  Urn  p  in  i  illy 


r('|iri'M'iitri|  ?      |)'i  llir  Imliaii  niniiin  ili^iliim'  a  |iii»>iiin  liir  ilriM,  ami 
liiiiil    III  lliii  iil>{irl    ainiii^   tlii'   ruiiKin  hI'  ili.xiiril  ^ 


iltii  ii>  u|i|  <  i|iriiiU'  u  |ia: 


rt  III   ill. 


|ii;l    lliiw    i«   (hinHi    |'ii»:h»:iivkii  in    tmk    i.imii'kh    I'iimincti 


.  M      l.niKin?  —  Ciiviual  iili«ri'\ir. 


wmilil  jiiilp'  llii'i'c  Man  lint  lilllr  liii|nlir  iiilo  tills  hiiIiJi  rl,  ainl  Hiali'  >«!'  .1  iin'  tlii>  iliiirui'l'  riilir  Inillx  hI'  IInIii.; 
ill  till'  wiffwaiii,  iir  Iniliaii  Inuiii'  llnw  iln  tlic  |iari'iit»  ami  rliililnn  ilixiilr  iIh'  >|iiin'  iit  ■  .lil  *  lluw  an'  witi", 
ami  triiiali'.'<  nt'  cMry  iiiiiililiini.  iimliilnl  in  llnir  n  >|n  ilivi'  |il.ii'r-i,  ainl  ;.'iia.ilril  I'miii  iiiliii>iiin  'f  l»  lliirr  ii 
(iri'in'riliril  nr  liiril  wal,  nr  nhhinon.  as  il  is  lallnl,  lor  laili  iiiiiiatr  ?  W  Im  \\\\*  ll  '!  On  uliat  iiiiii«iiin  is  it 
i'liaii)<i'il.  iir  I  niarp'il ;  ami  arc  iIil'  rnirs  )(ii\)'riiiii);  tliiH  milijcct  huiIi  iin  uI  all  liiiii'H  ami  si'iuuinn  In  Kcinn  iIh' 
Imal   Imlp'  rifflilN  Mini  |lri^il^^>'H  (if  I'Vi'ry  iiiinuti>  Z 

liil  Siici.M.nv  l.N  iiiK  LiiliiiK  Clilci.K  — Arr  till' iiiiiiiitf'K  linitiirn  Hiiil  fnrnial,  nr  iln  llu-v,  »lirii  riliiml 
li'iin  till'  jui -I'mii  III'  slnin){i'rM,  I'viiici'  it  gciicrnl  ciM^  ami  Hpirit  nl'  siK'ialitv  '  Is  tliis  nlisriMilili'  |iarlii'nlails  uIm  ii 
III  llh  ir  wiiilrriiij.'  j{iiiiimls  in  niiiiili'  |iarl.-  iiC  I  lie  furcst  '!  I  In  liny  lal  at  nrlaiii  limirs  nl'  I  lie  ilay  '!  llnw  many 
irnals  iln  lliry  tiki'  ill  llii'  Iwiiity  I'liiir  Imiirs'!'  Pn  liny  aiMri'ss  llir  (iniil  Sjiirit  at  any  iinul,  or  rra»l,  liy  \\.i\ 
111  iiriivcr  '  All'  llnir  aiiiulilrs  rrjinlar  nr  i'a|irii'iiMis,  iii|iiiilliii|i(  nf  great  |iiiw>'is  Imlli  nf  alislimin'e  unl  nl' 
ri'iili'iinii  'f 

lii.i  CiiAiiAri  ►iiisrii-  l''ArT»  iitsi'FrriNii  Mahhi.xi.I';.  —  Is  lluri»  any  Irmlilinii  nf  Ihr  insliliiiinii  ■!' 
iiianiap'  .'  lias  il  llir  sainii'in  nf  llic  Imliaii  nirilas,  nr  |>ri('sls,  nr  nf  llir  piirrnlt  niily  '!  What  ar>'  ill*  ccnniiiiiii  - ' 
Is  ilii'  |iii'|iaialinii  nf  an  (i/i/'innai  in  llii'  nnillnriiilaw'H  ti'iil,  In  rinivi'  llin  liriili',  u  |iart  nf  tlii'su  (•tii'innnli  - '' 
I"  lliis  ail  ilniii'  willi  paraili' /  Arc  llio  inalM,  skins,  rlntliiii).',  iiinl  nrnainclilH,  a|i|irii|iriali  i|  In  it,  ulnri'  iIk' 
partii's  ran  allnnl   it,  rirli  ami  insllv'' 


IHii.  Cm  nt-llil's   —  llnw  arc  llicsc  inaiiapil  t     Arc  there  rejriiiar  ^  isif.s  In  (lie  ln.)p',  nr  -.irr 


II 


:i  ''S 


III'     III. 


yiiiiiif;   iiersniis,  i 


f  lii.r 


I   scM's,  a 


llli'   llltrn  II  »  - 

liini   tin  insclvoH,  In  lit'oniiic  iimre   atlraelivc ':'      |N.  tln-v  iisi'  aiiv 


{<•  riiliar  |iaiiiM  nr  nriiaimnls  '  l>ii  Miiiiig  iin  n  play  mar  llie  linlp',  nii  the  pililiipvnn,  nr  linliaii  tliile ''  Ar. 
llii'M'  1  lianis  appl'iiprialc  '  I'n  lliey  Iiiaki'  pri'sciits  In  llie  nlijeel  nf  llicir  esteem  '  Ale  preMiil-  imnli'  In  (lie 
piiieiiis  '      llnw  is  eiin.seiit  askeil  f      When  are  the  |uirenlH  ennmiltcil  f      Are  nialelies  ever  inaile   willnnit   tin  ir 

enllsl  111   f 

lilT  A.iil-:  AMI  t'liMijiioN  01  INK  rAi(rit>  — At  what  lip' (In  llie  Imliaiis  jji'Mi'iiillv  marry  !'  Ar.' tin  re 
liaehel'.rs,  nr  persmis  whn  never  marry  f  Are  there  iM'anx,  nr  yniiii);  men  aililiele.l  In  ilress  '  l>n  wiilnweis 
rem  irry,  ami  is  there  any  rule,  nr  limit  i.f  prnpriety  nhscrvcdf  |)n  y.niiijj  widi.ws  nsnally  marry  apiiii  (  Arc 
lliir  eliaiieis  nf  marriage  aireeleil   liy  haviii).'  prcvinusly   had  eliildreii  f 

IClM.  How  IniKs  A  Kil|lt>T  I^IFK  AFKKIT  Tilt;  LaWH  (IK  It  KI'llOmi'TION  l.N  Till':  Si'KCIKS? — l)s\e*  the  full 
nr  K-aiily  siqip'y  nf  Mili>i«t(  nee  jrnvern  it''  Are  the  chanps  nf  Ineatimi,  falijfiie,  enld,  and  e.xpnsnri!  In  the 
vieis^iliidi.-  nl'  eliniate,  fill  in  the  i,'ini  lal  iisiilt  nf  Indian  |>npiilalinii ;  and  at  what  a^te  du  the  wniiien  eea-e 
licariiif;  ?  What  is  the  liiLdnst  iiiimlur  nf  iliildiiii  Imriie'/  What  is  the  earliesl  knnwn  »\tv  nf  parliirili"ii  ? 
Are  twins  eommnii  '.      Is  liarreniiess  freipieni  '! 

Iii'.i  Visits  and  VisITohs. —  Aro  stninircrs  annnnmed  Infore  reaeliinp  the  Indfre,  and  Imw  arc  vi-iN 
nnlend  '  |ln  parlies  nf  Indians  slop,  at  a  short  ilislanee,  and  seii.l  wnrd  of  their  intended  visit':'  Ilnw  an-  ihe 
eirenniiili'S  arrain;rd,  and  hnw  are  picsis  rcecivcil  and  cnli  rtaimd  f  Is  preeedcnee  always  awanhd  In  >;ii.  ■'-  ' 
Are  Mil  iiil  visits  made,  in  which  these  ecn  nmiiies  are  set  aside  f  Is  there  iiiiylhiiiL'  analnpius  In  diiiii' i  ir 
supper  parlies,  disliiiel  frniii  the  stated  fiasts  f  Are  .-mall  eiit  sliiks  .-eiit  as  invitations  In  jrncsts  ?  Is  hnspiinlity 
a  strmii.'  and  (.'emral  Irait '  Arc  its  rites  ever  denied,  or  have  they  liccii  knnwn  In  he  excreised  In  envcr  .-elnnies 
..f  perlidy,  or  for  hase   purpnses  f 

170.  HiKTH  AM)  Infanpy.  —  Arc  there  pcrsonH  who  exorcise  the  nffiee  of  inidwives !'  .\re  the  lahors 
nf  parturition  severe  ?       Arc  separate  lodges  provided  '/       Are  urrangenienis  made  in  aiitieipniinn  ';'       Does  any 


A  I'I'MN  l»l  \    -  I  N'll    I  II  I  K 


fi'innlo  f^li'iiil  iiiiciiil  iu«  II  iiiiD'o  i*     Ai'f  I iifi  <  <>r  •I'lifiiiy  innlihc  iii>  ut 
f'in'uniciiioti  ? 


U  i1 


H'lr    Mliy   rill'    llll:i|ii;,'<ill-     l>l 


171.    Naminm   (H'  ('iiii,iiIU:N.  —  Ari'   tlnrc  mij  rin  iiiMiiir«  at  llic   niiiiiin;.'  nf  ililMnir:'      lly  wlmiii   i<  lln 
liiiliir  ){iM'ii,  ami  fmiii  wliiil  rin  iiM|.>laiiiii  '      Wliiil    iiiiiiiln  c  nl'  (lii\.<  im'  -iiH'ii'l  In  i  la|i«i'  iVoiii  llii'  Imili  In  ili< 


ili(/i  \i>  tliiTii  iiti)  lliiiijf  rrwinlilirnt  llii-  lliliriiic'  |ur 


iMlI,    HI       H    I 


I  il'iiii' III  ohi'i'/     IliH'^i  till' I'litlii'r  nr  iimili. 


Ih»Imw   till' iiiiiiic  !'       I<  lln  IT  nil)   Imliiiii   piii'sl   |rii  ■.iiil  .'       All'  till  «!■  iniiii'-.  iisimlly  lakili  t'liiin  llic  clij.  iN  ..!■ 

Illl'ii|l'lll'<    I'C  lll'rallli,   mIiIiIi   Ii.'IMi    IIII|>H">«'||   lllr   IiiIihIm  oI'   IIh'    '•|iiiII>iiI''>,  iiII'I    liri'    »ll|i|i'i<i'<l   t<i  In'    -il'M'l  '         Willi 


lll'r    llll'     llillul     llllllirM    III    I, 


nail  1  ami   h ma 


liui'   i>|iiiiim  11' 


Al'.'    III.-    I'lilMl.ll    r.llllihal'K    1   lllnl    lis     III' 


iiiiiiiri,  UK  ill  riyilizi'il  lilr,  111-  arr  tin  y  ki  |il  wi  nl  '     It'  Hirnl,  wlial  is  iln   i  an-.   '      ll.'w  .In  iIm'  rlilMnii  aiijiiir 


llirk 


iiaiiii'" 


Im  Ihii  ll 


III  lauw 


111'  llir  liiiillililiiily  lil'  liaim"<  hIiiiIi  ari'  .il'li  ii  Imiiii'  l.y   lli..  -aiiir  iiii|lMi|iial< 


I7'J.    lilMiltro   —  lias  till'  Hit'.'  nr  liii-liiiil  llll'  ri^'lil  nl'  ili\ 


Mll-I   lIl.T.'  I..".- 1 


■aii-i  «,  ai 


'I  wlial  an" 


till')  (fill,  rally  ?      Miisl    lIn'  ilii.l'  nl'  llir  \illat5i!  In'  niiisi 
llikrn  ill.   rliiMi-i  II  ' 


ill.'.l  '      \\'lial    is  llll' I'.iiii II    |irailir.'      Wlii.li    parly 


IT^I.    Nlll-INil    AMI    MaNAUCMKNI'    UK    ( 'iMl.lilll.N. —  I  |.i\V  lil'i'  l  llililli  II  IlUrsnl  all.l  alti  ll'l.'l  '      Wlial   j.llli 


kill'l   nf   1  rilllll'   Usnl  ilnW   is  il  I'nIHinirll' 


IS  II  Will  a.la| 


lajili'il  I'l  till 


|.iir|.. 


nf    llll'   rnl-.-l   ail. I    ill.'   I'l 


lit'  llll   rliilil   t'miii  anil  ll  111 ''      Is  it    siiiliil   In   |.rniiinli'   llll'    iiatiii.il   ^.-rnwlli    ami  i'\|.ai|.inii  nl'  lli.     liiiil  -  '      II 
lln    fi'lliali's    lii'inllli'    in-lfhd  '       Ah'    ill.'    fii'l    III'    li'lliali'    illl'ullls    linllll.l    li\    lli.ir    liinlli.l-    III     lln-    I'ra.ll.     Ill    -I 


iiiaiiiirr  IIS  111  liirii  in,  an 


I  lln  tlirv  lliiis  ililiriniiii'  lliiir  L'lnwlli''       Al  Hlial 


.llll.il 


I'liililrrii  ailili'i'ss  llii'ir  I'aniils'/      Itn  llii'y  nlilirrviiili'  lliiir  wnn 
rliililii'ii ''     Ari'  linn-  any  lirins  nl'  I'mlrariiniii  '! 


Is  '      II. '»  .1.1   ninlli.r-  a.l.lii—  lii. 


il'iiii- 


ITI      I''aM1I.V    (1ii\  KIINMKM'    m     I'mIIIiIIKA.  —  Is  lln'  ilnllli'-l 


I    lil'l  wlmllv  1.1  III. Ii  III  in.'tlii'rsl' 


Is  it 


I.-  ill.  ri'  any  ili-rriiiiln  ilinii.  in  llii>  ili-i'i|il 


Ir   ;rnvi'rnll|rn 

I'livi'i'ii  mill'  ami  I'l  iiiair  rliil.li.ii 


1";").   iNsriii  I'liiiv  HI'  rniiiiiii-N   in    iiif.  'I'luuir 


l.iNi  111'     rilKMl   'riillii:   —  ll"W  i-  ill.'  i'l.iililv  nl'  til.  ir 


triulilintis  kipl  n|i''     Ari'  cliililriii  iiiiiialnl  in 


ihi'  ki 


I'll','    III'    lllrir   rUlliT',    l.V    till'    lllnlll' 


r.  Ill  iiiM-.rv 


lairs,  nr  ari' 
On 


llii'_y   lil'l    In    pii'k    il    n|i,    at    lalir  |irrin.ls,   I'l i   iiiiiiLiliiii:  m   ilain-i'- 


niil.'i'i'l.'ali"ii-  an 


1    I'a-I- 


1  (fraiulinnllii'rs  I'xrriisi'  any'  inlliiriii'' 


in  llii-  ili'|iarlimiit  ;  nr  ari'  llnii'  nl.l  pi'rs.ms  wli'i 


ari'  pi'iM 


l.^.'il  I. 


ivi'iiiiijr  ;.'rnii|is  in  tin'  Inilp  s,  an. 


1  aiiui-i'  nr  iii-lrni't  llirin  liy  -Inrir-  nr  traililiniis '; 


I'll.    Still. KN    ('lIM.IlllfA'. —  .\li^    laPlilii'S   nl'lcll    illrrraM 


rl    liy    till-    llililitinll    lit'    wliiil'    lllililrin.   nl-    \.>lllll 


have  lii'i'ii  Hlnli'ii  ill  iiiaramliiij.'  i'\ 


iiir.siiiiis,  111 


llic  fi liiT  M'lll.'imiits  ■;'      Stall'  any  kimwii  iii-iiii..-    'I'  iliis  kiii'l. 


Wa.s  till'  iiirnriinralinii  iiil.i  tin'  family  in  llii'Si'  ciusi-s  cniii 


iili'li',  aii'l 


tti'iT  llll'  [irrsnii-  ri'rlaiini'. 


Ill  alt.  1'  111" 


Dili,  r-^  111   K  ri;\ii'i.iiAMK  iv  iiii:  KyMii.v  Ciiiri.t:. 


-Wlial  :ir.'  lli.'ilT.ii-.'f  ill.'  iiiu-' 


lii.'ii"ii  .'llll  II' 


if  iirilriil  s|iirit> 


llll'  LuIlm',  in  iliniiiL'iiii;  ii.-  nr 


rr'      lliirs  it  Irail  l.i  lirnils  am 


I'lll  s  nf    llll. .\..  all. Ill 


I -It 


iliniinisli   till'   imaii-  nf  111,'   luiiil.r  In  iirniiiri'  fuml  ami  clnlliin^' .'      Ilni-   il    impair  Iiis   rapa.  iiy    ..I    liiinii 


l>i 


u'S  It    iiijiiri' 


lii.s  lii'ullli  ■/       llin'i*  il   iiU'i'il  Ills  Tpiilal 


(•nllll'irls 


lln     Its    t'Xl'i'.-si'? 


Ill  til 


lull  : 


10   \  ii'liiii,  111   llll'  cml 


ll.ii's  il   ili'priM'  liis  wif.'  ami  iliil.lii  n  nf  mi-i —aiy 
til  want,  111  till'   liinr.lir  nf  fiiiiul.-,  kilk'.l   ill   -lates 


of  imlirialinii,  ami  linally,  In  Ins  nwii  ( 


ii-i'iiialnri'  iKalli  ';' 


ITS.  What  mk.ans  auk  rAKr.N  ii 


riiKsKHVl-:   TllK   Kamii.v    I hk.sthy'/—  If  tin'  ilaii-marks  or  t.jii'iii.s 


di'iiiili'  iillinity,  is  il  iml  ralluT  lln'  I'viili'iirc  uf  u  f;iiii'ral  ami  iml  a  ni'iir  family  I'nniii'Xinii 


(TSTO.MS    AND    K  .M  I' I.O  V  M  I'".  N  T  S    AT    I,  A  I!  ti  T. 


I7!l.   IIa-1   iiiKiiK.  I1K1.S  A    IiKiriNsKiN    nf    rill:  TiiiiiKs  IN   riii:  I'nitui  Stai  ,  s  nmM  any   ihhmiii 

I'ltilllAlll.K.  CiiMHTliiN,  ANll  yVllAT  IS  MIK  TyiK  yNli  ( 'll  All  AllKIl  i  ll'  rllK.  lIlNTKll  S.'ATK,  A'.  IT  lAl-T-i 
A.Mi.MiM'  TMl>l-'.  Tlillii;s'  — All'  any  nf  tin'  Mil"-  .(iiili'  ili'-rai!i'il  in  tlio  sralr  nf  l.iiii;;  '  \\:>\  ili.y 
(li'di'iuTati'il  inin  any  insl.iiiis  nr  [.railii'i's  rrvnlliii..'  In  linmaiiily  f  l>n  tiny  lal  liiiiiian  lli'.-li,  npnii  any 
ocoiwiiin,  uml  if  sn,  uiilcr  wlial  i'iri'iiinstam'i.'S  ( 


'■ 


V 


1 1 


;  I' 


mr 


r.48 


A  i'l'KN  hi  X  — I  Nor  I  I!  1  K 


ISO.    "hacks    (i|-    l-'cii;i  h.\    Ci  -mM 


1  ir    ali\     I'l 


"!'  I'l     iIm'    1  si-lnici'    ••(    iiilanliriili' 


iiliipiiir    llio 


/ViiKI'liall    lli< 


liaii- f      Aiv   ill.'   li\i-  <■(  IrniaU.  .liil.lr.  ii  lirM  in  1,,..  rvimii   lli:iii   llio-,' n|'  niali's  .'      A 


ru  WKluws 


OMT  (liiHiiinl  In  ill  alh  iii[  di-'  il.c.  a-r  m|'  ih,  ir  liu-l.aiMK  f      K  lli.  ;■.■  a;i\   Ira.llli.m    iImiI    llirv  wc  re  vwr  Kiinii''!,  mi 


Miili  !«■(  :i.--iiiii'^,  a>  II 


p.. II  a  rum  ral  yy: 


\\V    (I,  \.iln  >    t 


ii  h;;!  .11   i\:[-   Kii'iwii    l>i   >ai-rilir..    Iliiiii-i'hi  >  I.I  llii'ir 


j:...l>,  a-   i>  ll.illr   ill   ill.'    I'a>l   .'        1'"    tllrV  .  Vir    Ml,-|irll'l    til    IllM  Ki^    1.11    li.i.ili,    .,r    ir..li,   nilli    ||,c   virW    i.f   rhilllrill^' 

nil  riti.ii.iiis  Milli  riiiL~  .'  I'"  ll"')  "'^i''  ].arliriila|-  .-ji.  t-  .'ii  lli.  ir  f  >i'.  In  a.U  I.,  il.  ii'il,  rili;;i  ni'i  x  cN'/  An'  tin  r.' 
iiiiv  i-a^li's  aiii..iig  tlu'  N.'illi  Aiiirii.aii  iriKrs,  or  any  \<'.-.liL'r-i  ul'  .urii  an  iii>liliiliMii,  ur  '« Tu  I'/  Arr  any  nl'  llic 
Amrriraii   \v:ilrr>,   ur  liiral    rivii-,  ilniiud   >ar|-iil,  ainl  <ii\.lr<l   in   ilraili'.' 

\^\.  I'liAi'iiiK  111'  .'^.■.M.i'iMi,  —  |l.i  llirv,  ill  .<ial|iinL'  ]irr-i>ns  ..-lain  in  Lalilc,  use  any  I'crcinnnic.;,  ur  ai|ii|it 
.•inv  |ii-ailii'i's  V  1:i"li  arr  ul'  miiiilal  rliaraitiT '/  Is  llif  .-i-al|i-liick,  wliirli  il  is  laistnniary  In  cnllivali',  a  iisa;.'i' ul' 
aiuiiiil    nrifrin;  aii.l   is   iluT.'  any   [.r.'iiliar  ni..iK.  ut'  Ira.  in^'  aiiiii|iiily   in   iN  rinii   ami   |in.viii.in ;' 

l^-J.  Tli.Mcs  nr  TIlK  I'.VTIilAliril.M,  .\'ii:,  —  I-  till'  i>alriarilial  riiliiri'  -li'..iii;ly  niarki.l,  in  llii'  Iinlian 
in.liliili..iis'.'  N'.ili'  will  ill.  r  ill.  IT  1.1'  nnylliin.'  in  llii  ir  niannrrs,  iii>l"iiis,  nr  .'I'liiiiiii^,  i'i--iinliliii^'  ani'iinl  nalimis 
nl'llir  I  a-t«  rn  wiirtil.  ( tli-.rvi',  ].arli.iilaily,  win  ilirr  llur.'  Ir  any  I'li-tmiis  i'i'>iiiiiiiiu'  llir  s.-ii-riliir  i.C  aiiinials, 
i.r  ill.'  uiili.lrawal   iX  I',  iiiali-,  nr  an_\    olln  r  wi  lllui.iwii   amiriil    li'ail,   in   wliirli    lli,'    Imlian   uilu^  loimiilr, 

1^:!.  As~v;\  111  \  I  |i'\  •.  —  I'll  I  111'  Imliaiis  sWi'ar,  nr  nv  any  Inrni  nl'  nalli  /  Is  tlu'  (Irral  Siiiril  n.r  a|.|..al.  .1 
til  liy   iiiimi,  ..r  i-   llu'   iiainr  lari  I'lilly  mi|.|.|( ->i'.l,  nr  sninr  nllnr  .-iilisliliitnl  I'nr   It  '/ 

1^1.  I'l.l'.Ms  I.F  (litriniv.^ — -Wlial  i>  till'  Imlian  iiin.l.' nl'  saliil.itiniiy  llau'  tlu  y  any  niiivi'iilinnal  U'riiis 
I'nr  il  .'  |iiilii\  -liak.  liaii'l-'.'  If -..,  I-  tlii- an  aii.i.nt  lu-lniii,  ..r  i-  il  .1.  ii.  in  iiuMalinii  ..|'  I'^nrnjn  an>''  I'n 
tlii'V  ;.'nrt  rai  11  ntlii  r  l.y  n  iiiu' .'  I>iil  llii'  Imliaiis  aiirirlilly  riili  nr  I'.'M  lli.ir  arm-  In;.',  llu  r,  as  was  w  iliir-^'il, 
nil   till'   llr-l    nil'.  iiii_'   nf  till'   imilluni   triln-  willi   C.irliir  in   llir  .'^1.  I,awruiir.',  A.   I>    l.'in.V 

I"-.'!,  IIaI'.i"  1.1  ."^MiiMM.  — ■  I-  -iimliiiL,' a  vi  I'y  ,1111  il  lit  iii^t.'in'  \Va-  lli.  ru  a  liiiii'  wluii  lluir  aiu.  ^Inrs 
ili.l  lu'l  HiinlM'.'  lll.l  llu.v  l.riiiu  tlu-  lial.it  tVniii  al.r.-a.r.'  \Va-  lliu  1.1  ui  .  (.laiil  L'i..  ii  r.  llu  in  l.y  tlu'  ( i  n  at 
Spirit!'  II"W  ami  wliii'.'  Stall'  llu  lain  Was  iliu  ;:iri  iiia.lu  in  llu  Nm'ili,  nr  ilil  llii\  l.riii;r  llu'  plant  rnmi 
tlu'  sniitlu  rii  la.inul.  -'r  If  lliis  plant  will  iml  ur..w,  aiul  i  ..iiu'  t.  i  .  rf  .  ti.ii  sn  ,i»  In  l.i  ar  siu.l.  in  IiIl'Ii  in  rlliirii 
lalitU'li-.  i-   llii-   lU't    a   pi'inf  ill  il    ill   ir  p '.i  iil    iiiiLiialii'ii  Wa-   fi  .lii    llu    sniillu  rii   ..r  criilral   lalilml.s/ 

l^ii.  .\i'.'liiii:  \  11  \  l.NK-s.  —  I.-  lliis  stiniij.'!\  ijivrl'ipi.l  in  llii'  Iiuliaii  iiiiiul  ;  .'imlwlial  f  .nils  ..f  iwliil.iiinii 
il...-  it  a^-iniu'  ill  ilu'  niaiiiiirs  ami  .ii-tniii-y  |,  llu  war-palli  piir-ii,  .1  a-  tlir  iliirl  aMiiiii'  In  laiiir '.'  .\ii; 
linntin;;,  ami  ni'.il"r\  piirsiiuil  witli  tlm  s.iiiu'  iilliiiiatr  iiuU'.'  .\rr  tlui'i'  any  nlli.  r  nin.Irs  in  wliii'li  an  anil.iliniis 
llii.  I'taiti  can   L'latily   lliu   passi..n!' 

I  "-7.  ll.MUTs  nr  Till.  I  (,irr.  —  U  .sl..iri-ni  nf  fi.  linu  il.i  nu  1  a  marl;  nf  iiianliiu-s  l.y  llir  Iiuliaiisy  Tn  "li.il 
I  \liiii  i-  ill.'  I'.'iiiili'iiaiu  I'  a  trill'  i  \p  "in  lit  nf  tin    ai  tiial  -tal.    nf  li'..liiii.''.'     I '"i  ■  lariliirnil\  pmi'ii'd  iVniii  :i  sm-r  .f 

laiiii  .11,  nr  i-  llu'  nu  11' ail  nf -ill  111-.' .1. .  nil  il  wisilniii''      Wh.it    plural    tl iis  nf  tlnmnlit    unvirii   lliu  iiiaiiiu  is 

nf  llu'  ..11  In  111-,  ami  In  what  i  \li  lit  ami  in  wli.it  inaniur  an'  llm  iiia.silii.  nf  mini  i'-alinli  Mnl  nf  piil.lii'  sprakiiij,' 
taiulit  I.I  ill.'   \.iiiliL'  ' 


1^^      (^>l|rK\l,-s     i.r     Sh.llT     AMI      .\  i   I    IIM.--    I'f     (  Ml  -  111  \  A  1  1 1  i  S     IN     11 1 II I    \  I 'I  N  .  i     llll.     W  I  1.1 .1  11  M  -s 

'I'll,  -,.  Il  n.    I  \,  ill  -1  ^,  lu'i-al  mlii  r.  lull  ill.'    -iifj. .  I    i-    -liil  a  iii  ill.  r  nf  .iiii.    ill  ami    fun  In  r   iiil'nMii  ili.iii.       II  ..w 

■:r"    'In  \   -ii'.'li  ■!  u  In  11  llui'.'  i-  lu'iilu  r   -nil  1>\  i|.i\  .'r  iim.ui   f\   111;:  1.1  .'       II.Av  i-  ilm  pr.  .  i-.-  ll \    llu    .1.  -,  ili..ii 

.  I  -,11  .  in'..iuiai.  111.  ..ii'l  tin-  1 '.iii|"  -ilinii  .'iiiil  I  luii.,i  I,  r  .fill,  p  ,1 1\ .  .1.  1.  I  mill.  .1'.'  What  air  llu-  i  Imu'iil-  i.l' 
M,,i..i.ii  in  llii-  kiinwl.  .11;.',  -.'  fir  a-  tin  ;\  .'II'  In  !'.■  Iniiiul  in  tlu  p.  ,iil-,  nr  I'ni. -t,  nr  in  tin-  li,i',,]i-.'  |-ili,r.. 
(Mr.  nu'  ai  r.i.  lu—  "f  tin'  siiis.  s,  ami  a  m  r\..ii-  pnw.  r  nf  appi. .  i.i'ii,  '  Mi  •  ii.  iuiu  --,  nr  I.  laii\i'  pn.iii,,|i  ,.|'  iil.j,..  :-  .' 

l«'.i.  Cm  I'l  1.1  rv  .\Mi  Si  -rll'l  llill.l  1  V  nl'  lil  im.  hi .  i  i\  i  n.  —  .\i.  if.'  li  ■!.  i.  \.  ly  ]  i.  un  t.i  1..'  il. .;  n,  .1 
I,.,  |.,',.i'  .  !  iln  ami  r-,  nr  tlm  Irii  k-  .  f  jiu/-!'  r-.  .t  In  plu  m  nnu  .  .J  ir.iiui  .  -f  ll.r  piimipli'-  ami  i  an-,  -  nf  wliii  li 
ill,  ,  am  i;.ii  rant ''      h  lut    tliu  siiri'niimliiif.'  air  ami  I',  r.  -i.  mm.  ri.  .1.  i.>  -■  iiiu  i  \li  'it.  Ii\  llii-  ^latr  nf  ii;iiui'aiii'i: 


[■m\ 


P. 


A  P  P  E  N  D  I  \  —  I N  (}  U  r  R I E  S . 


541 


(if  natunil  !a\v,-<,  iiilo  a  iiclil  iif  in),-lcry,  wliiili  nl'iiii  lills  lluii-  miinU  with  iirri|l(>,s  alanii'^.'  Arc  llirir  |iiir>tH 
slii'i'Wil  rii'iiif.'!i  tij  avail  lliciiL-clvcs  nf  llii.^  crciliililv,  i  iilur  ]i\  nl,-ri\iiiir  llii-  ^'nirral  ilrliit  nf  iliani'lcr,  or  l^y 
]n  iiilialiliL'  ililii  till'  tnic  caiisi'S  (if  tlir  |ilii'iiiiini  iia  ^  |)ii  llir  liar-  aii'l  rrr.luliiv  nf  the  liiillaiis  j."inrall_v  iiniiia-li 
haliils  (if  Mi>|ii(i(iH '/      |)<i  llicy  liMiil  lo  fdnn   a  i-liaracli  r  fnr  i  niicialnicul   and  ciiiiiiiiii;'!' 

li'li.    Iliiw    im    riir.iit    I'liv^iCM,    i'liWHlts    (iiMi'Aiii:    wnir    iiii:    Sii!i:m,iii    m    l!i  i;i'|ir  .\\~? — IImw 


lli:iil\    |i( 


111-  (an   iIkv  lift'/      Wliat  an-  ll 


inr  cniniiaralivi'   |ii'\Mrs   in   ruiinniL',  m- in  rnuni:: 


l...;,t  :'      An    ill. 


\|i(  ll  ami  \  iLfiii'iiUs  111  lia 
Indian   to  (airy  '! 


lidling  tliu  axe,  or  llio  M-ylliu  '/      Wliat  i^  the  grcatc-l  Imnh  ii  Hlii.-li  \    ;i  lia\c  I 


kiinwn  an 


11  I  ■  N  T  I  N  1 1 . 

I'.M.  WiiAi'  AiiF,   Tin:  I'liiNcii'i.Ks  iir  nii;   Aim'  m'  lli  mim;,  a-^  i; 


\(  ri-KH    l'.^     I  111;    i  i:  iiii; 


ill 


dm-   llir  clia-c  vary,  dnrin^r  llic   several   HcaMni: wlial    .-|i(  lii  -  cf  animal-  arc  (  liicll\  >.,ii;.|ii    in  ,...U,  :,\„\  »|,at, 


lake  ]ilacc  (111  M'tliiii;  mil,  and  mi  n  InniiiiL' ^'      Arc  l' ■  re  dill'd' ni  iii...|i  -  nf  li 


lllllllt;-    ..'ill.  r.  Ill 


(if  aiiiiiial- '/      Wlial    is   llic   iiindc  (if  luiMliiiL'  liiilValn'      llnwi-'-lill    linnliic:   |ii  rf.-nni  .!.'      ,~L.  !.  li   ili-  v 
1 1..S, 


I'.l'J,   SiK'IAI,  TlK.-i   AMI  SkcIII'I'    Aiit--   nr    lin;  ('ll\-i:.  —  In  whal    niainii  r  dn  lie  \  fun    hiiniiiij    |:,iii 


111  wlial    Micial    lies  iinilc   llicin  y      II. iw  aie   llic   s|...ils   e,  n,  rally  (fa  i.fd  !' 

iif  L'ainc  silileir/*      Arc  tli.  I'c  an\    -i  enl  arl-'/      If,-.,  wliai    :ir-  lli.  v    -\ 


.\V    .'U'.'     ill-]. Ml.  -     ri  -|..  1  lillL'     ll,. 

■nil.-   ll,.  hi  f      .\n-  ill.  . 


|.ai.l  fur!'      Wlial  limirs  nf  llie  day  .'nc  iin.-i  snil,ilile  l'..r  linnliiiL:''      lluw  i-  tlic  ularc  cf  liclii  mai;.;;..  d  in  luiii! 


nil  a   \allcv 


l>ii  tliey   l;ci  [.     n    llie   -li,idc 


]'.'■',.    I'lciiVs   ,V.Mi  'I'll  \i's.  —  I  I..W  are  1.1  ill  -  ,-iii.|  w..|\.  -  .1.  ,  ..\ci|  int..    f.dl-  ali.l  lr,i|.- ,'      II 


.w  :-  III.'  aid. 


cli..r.'      Il..'.v  arc  lica\i  r  lra|,|..  .1'.'      .\  r.'  ar. malic   fail.   n-.T'      Sial..  l.ricll\    tic  all  -  n-.  .|  l.v  llie  I  n.li 


in  ill  ( .  i',  iii_'  llic  iarimi,' 
llieir  :    n-es. 


.1'  ;  aine   Lv  li:jlil,  Lv  miuihI,  I 


V  ..-iiii  11  ami  e 


.l.ir.  (ir  l.v  cuiii 


'-  1.1  anv  lit 


I'.il,    .Miiin:  nr 


Illiil  IMl     ,\Mi    Cl   KIN..    Skl\  ■,  —  ' 


■  I-  a  \.r\  iiii{<  .li.iiil  ir  nil  ll  i.f  ll 


WuuM    I.e    inlcri-liiiu    In    kirnv  llic    i.r.i-,-,   llic    \,iri..ii-  in.lli...|-,  ,,ii.I    lie-   aiii..iinl    ..f   l,,l,r   :iiil    li;,'     i.  .■.,:r.  .|, 

l|..\v  arc  ill.  V  l.a.k.'.l  and  |.r.  I'arid  fi.r   mark.  I '.'      \\'li,il  ar.     lie    in.lii  ,.!i..ns  d'  -kin-   kill.  . I   mil    d'       c    n.  ,,ud 
li.iW  ar.'  lulls  jiiilL'cir' 

r.i,"i,    l|..\\    Mwv    .^|..;ii  -    iiwi     .!IM    di'    I'.VKiNi.  I'l-li'' — Ar.-  li-li  I.I 


1  II  111  w  I.  r-  :  li'l  I:- 11  ll  ll,. 


llicv  -c.ii.|i,  .1    nil   in    1 


I-  al   llie  I'.... I  ..f   I'.il!-  ail. I 


■•i.il.     ill.'    iiiiiiii.  r  i.|'  ("(cli   111. ill, .,1,  aii.l   ,'iiiv    i.ik. 


iii._'i  III. 11-   111. 


<\f   i.rai  li-cl,  aii.l    wlilli.  r   lli.  r.'   is  ai.\    in.iiii    ..f  ciiriii_  ..r  saliiii::   nraeli-ed   al    llrir   li- 


I'.iii    .\iii;    iiii:   .\iiis  i.i    IIisiinu    im    .hi    iiii,  ('iiii,i.|i.i.n   ,\  i    an    I-1\i:i,i    .\i 


I,  ,'-■  ■  |i.i  ill.  y  1'. .111111.  II. 
■11       1,  I     r-  ..f  ll,.'  (1,,,-. 


will  I  arcli.  1 A  '.  -\iid  .ll  «  lial  a-.'  ■  ar.  111.'  1..  .\  s  cein  nill\  e.  .iiii.eli  nt  I..  .  n-a-.'  in  ihe  : 
Can  will  .w  -  rcl\  •  .irl\  nil  llicir  -..n-  f.  .r  lie  imin-  ..f  siil.-i-l,  m  .' '  ll.  i  liny  c\.  r.  diiiiii-'  ili..  iiu,inc\  ,.f  if,  m. 
].raeli-i  aiiv  I'liil  .'f  lie  I  inn  1 1  r',-  arl  I  li.  iii-.'h.s,  aii.l  if  -...  w  lial  Jiari  '  ila\i'  «..iii,  ii.  ilin  l.fi  .-il.  iic,  ..r  .1.  -  i|.  I, 
ever  111  ('.,  kii.iwn  1.1  |iraeli-c   iki'    n c   ..f  lire-ai  iiis '' 

I'.r,"     \\  II  M     I'-    nil;    I'liiisi    .--^imi;    m     iiii'    .\ii\i.   ,\,sii   I  vinii  mi  \  i  -   i  -i  n   i,,    mi    ||i\iii;     ,.| 
I'lli,   'I'liliu;  '      -ll.u.     ili.,\    ll  in.l..ii, 'I   ill"    l.'.n  au.l   an-'.H -,  I'li'lially  ..r  all..-,  ill.  r  ,'       h..ili.  \i-.     i!,,     ^  ,i, 

rillc    in  I'liiiiiii-  .1. .  r  .r  liillal.. .'      -\i.    ll,.  y  wdl  sii|.].li.  .|  willi  iiiiiti.n.  :  ii.|  al  r.  i-'.n.i'.l    i,i-.-,'      i  m    ii,., 

I'ea.liK  1'.. Ill  ma  11.1  -1.  cl.|r;i|.-,  :iii.l  .  ili.  r  iia  Cini.'  iin|.l.  in.  iil-'.'      I'.h'I-  ..f  llii-  i  li.ir  1,1,  i  :ii'e  e  -,  ;:.    d  in   I.  I   iin:,  n. 
lliiir   ...11. 111. -.11,    all. I    aliilily   ll    111  liiil-iiii    ill.  1,1-.  IM  -    l.y  ihe    l.'J.'.r-  cf  llic  i  lii-.-.      In   e  ,  .  -  u  li.  r,'  11;!.  .    j   ,\ 
a.l,  .ii.,'.|  1.1   the  a-riciilinr.'d    -'ale  llial  fid    :il  'le  u  ill  I,.-   -nlVn  iciil    |.i  fe  -Lite  I,  ai  .1  w  ill  -i,|  .  1 -,  ,1,     ',;,',   ;,    ■'.  .  , 
nf  ihi-  kind.      Tlic  law-'  •>(  lli.'  cli:i-c,  aiil  lli.'  civ  il  |.  '«.  r  ..f  elii.  f-  li:u,    ll, ,  n  r,  frrr. .!  li  in  |.i  i.r  iii.,'ii  i.     .  n  lii,' 
(  ri;ani.'ali..ii   anl    ._'..M'riiiiiciil    ..f  llic    nil..' 


'    \i'l.'    'i| .  'ij.  ''  I  .11.1  '1 1.  t..i   L 1  i.-  iteiiiiri.'      .1    ill  '!...«.  r  ..r  I'l.'  .  hi.  '  - 


I 


?H 


5rj() 


A  I'l'KNDIX  — lN("r  J  1!  I  KS. 


W  A 


i  I 


Iti 


f 


ll 


1'.'^.    How    Mil    W  Ml    I'mmii^   11m   in,   Siiimikh  and   Maiiiiih> '.'  —  Is  ilinc  miy  iliiii^' in  tlic  lii.li:m 

CI  I -I  ■nil-  i'i|lli\:llrlil   1.1  r  II I  i -I  III.  11 1  /       If    i.iillillL'  ih.'   u  :ir-.l:lliii.  Ill'  lliil-  r.  ill  >l  rill  ■.!,  lur  wli:il   ]iiTi...l   is  till'  i-llli-lll|.  lit 
111-  :i--.'iil  L' I.  ■iimI  1i..w  Mii.l  wlirii  iii:iv  il-  nliliuMli..ii-  lir  lcriiiiii:ilr.|  ..r  lir.i|<.  II  ■/      {\\n  .1  WMiri.ir  l.r  iiiiiii-lii..l  I'.ir 


li.lrk  ■/        Mll-I     ll.-   Illllli-ll    111 


Isll 


11-  .UMi  |T..vi.-.iiiii.«  :      Is  lliiT,.  iiiiv  ]iiil.iu   jir.iiiL'.  ill.  Ill,  \\li;iti\<  r,  in  ;iii   linli.iii 


war,  I'.ir  miiis,  siil.-i-l.ia-.',  ..r  li:iiisii..rt,'ili.iu  r 

I'.ill,    OlthUl   (iK     M  Mirii    AMI    I'liKi' \  I   I'lnv -..  —  |l.i  HUM  set    c.iil    |nr   H  ilisiL'liiilcil  rcii.l(V.v..iis.  siiiL'lv,  .'!•   ill 
wliit    111:1111111'.'       All'    lliiir    liny    nr.  n.i.niis   nli-ir\ril    lirl'iri-   niuii  liin;; '/       ll.iw    is   lln'   iniinli   ul'    llir    |i:iriv 
l.|ii|  ''      I'll  lIu'V  III  .M'  ill  .1  liuilv,  nr  Mpiinili'ly  in  fill's  nr  siji-|i.'irliis  .■'      jl.i  ilirv 


i.liiili'.I   iifl.'i-  till 


\   111!'  ;i-si'lii 


evil  iiiiv  r'"il,  nr  -uli-lMiiri'  wliu'h  is  sii|i|iiisi 


|il'rr:llllli|l-  .'in 


.1  1.1  liavi'  till'  virliii'  nf  ili'M.li 


iiiiL'  |i:iiii,  l.r   iii-|iiniii.'  riiiir.'ii; 


Wli.it. 


i.liM  rM'il  I'll  till'  iii.'irrli,  ami  in  ll 


'ir  riiraiiiitiiiriils  —  ai'r  sriitiiii'ls  -Air 


liiisli'il':'       Al'r  till'  priisLs 


illL"-lrls  l'..llMlltr.l  ■'         W'liat    si,L'tlS  nr  nllllllS  aiT   llnlinil  '!         llliW   llil   tlll'sr   atVl'll    llirlll': 


.110,    M  laiiiniN  \ 


|..N,  — 'I'll  wlial    I'Xi.iit   il.i  till'  I'lii.'f-  1  xi'i-i'i-i'  ill.'  iliili,'-  aii.l  ri-lii-  "I'  ..lliii'i-s  ;'      Is  sill.. 


ilinati.'ii  .ll.-.  m  .1  .'  Ila\r  lli.  y  any  ri^'lil  !'■  |iiiiii-li  its  iiirraiti.iii  '  |l. .  lln  y  1  ..niiii.iinl  in  lialll.''  Il.iw  aii'  niilrrs 
i-.iti\.  \.  .1  .'  Il:i\.'  liny  :ii.l-.  .11'  iiinii.  r-''  \\r  Imlllis  |.Iaiiiii  .|  ■:■  Am  'lilI.  niii  rliii  I-  as-i:.'iii'il  1.1  iliU'iTniit 
|i«ati..n-:'      liii  ih.  \  liu'lii  in  liiii' !'      I'.i  tin  V  I'vrr  iil.iii  ri'tnat 


-111.    ,'s|  11  \  ;  M.I  V' 


Mil     UMl  ll    il.'Mi 


a[.|i..iiil  a  rallying'  plai-i'  in  I'rar 


..f  attarli,  1-1 -.irti'.l   l.i  ,'      Ait  llirV  always   I'l 


iiiiniit.'  kii..\\ 


1.  .1-.    .  I    Ih.'  I.  n..^'rai.|iv  '!      What  ,'ii'r  tin 


n-iial  iinn.i'iiM'r-  .' 


plalilii'il  \Mlli   11 
111'  w  ir  hI |i  i'iii]il.iy.  ll  1.1  i.rilir 


a.h  mil',  l.r  n  Ir.  at,    .r   -i.lr  iii.vi  im  nl  .''      Wli.  n,  an. I  iiii.lrr   »lial   riiTiini-i.im  r-    '  '  lli.y  ijiiit  a  iiia-kcl  \v...ii|, 
.|.  till  .  aii'l  laki    til.'  ..|.i  11  lilaiti' 


■Jlf.'     (  M'l  1\  IS.   —  11. .» 


at.'  |.ri-..ii.  rs  -.  riinil  alnl  tivatml  ':'      Has  any  i'a|iti\i'  1 11  Inn-iii  .1  al  tlir  -laid',  -iiicr 

ill.    1  iiriiiiii.'   I'f  '.ll    •  rawf'i'.l,  ..r   ..|1.  r.  .1  1.1   a|i|ii'asi.   tlm   -|.ii'it    nf  i-aiiiiil.ali-ni,  in  ni.iilrni  linn'-'      Winn    ilnir 


li\.  -   an    -|..ir 


.1,  an  '  it    i-    ll.  -i'^ii.  ll  I  .   a.l  .|.|    ll 
l.'.l  1.11  till    liiM  ..f  l.alili    Killi.l: 


111  111  laiiiilii -,  wlial   all'   llir  11-11  il  1.  I'Iiiliii 


An 


iiii'ii  w  h.) 


an    l.uii.l  »..iiii 


Jii:!.   I-   I'l  u-i.\Ai.  ."^Kiiv  1 11  nc   llr. 


M'r  llii'i'i'   anv  i.rr-..ii- 


«liii.  InniiiL'   l..-t    tlii'ir  lit 


r  lii.i  ri\,  l.r 


t  ll. 'Ir.l  tlnir  lisi-,  an'  n.liin.l  1.1  -laMiy.  i.r  plaiiil  in  llm  I'l  lalivr  |ii.-ili.iii  i.f  /<.  mi.v,  ..r  iiniiial-,  wlm  ari' 
i'.ii,|.  11.. I  t.i  u.rk.  am!  larry  luir.li  n- ^' 

■-'III     'I'lUKiMivr  m     l-'iMAii    I    '.I'lUi-  Is  1  lia.-iiiy  iiiiif'.rinl\  n-|...'i..l  in  »,ir'      I-iIiot  an  kiniHii 

iii-taini'  ..f  its  \i..lalii.ii  ill  tli.-  niarau.liiii.'  |Mi'tii-.'  I-  tin-  trait  .1  .  Iiarailir  I'l.iin.  rl.il  wiili  anv  -iipi  r-lili..iis 
i.|.iiii.iiis  ■' 

'Jii.'i     ('i.-iiMi      i\     W  Ml    —  Wlial    ii.n-liliitr-  ill '.liiiary  lln --  i.f  w:.rii..r-.  i.ii   a  war   1  si  ar-i..n  .'       What 

|.aiiil-  an  ii-.-.l,  an  1  li.w  an-  tiny  a|.|.lii'.|  l.i  .lilli  nlit  part-  .jf  tlm  |.i  r-mi  '  Wlial  f.allnrs  an  w..rii  1.11  tlin  In  ail, 
a-  iii'irks  iif  firiinr  lriniii|ilis  '.' 

■Jlli'i.    Hkmi    |»iik-'    —  l».i   liny   w.  ir   fr.nilli't-,  -iinl    li-.w   an'   tiny  -tr.nlnr/      ll'W    is  tlm   liair  iln— ml '/ 

I-  till'  lira.  I  -li.m.l  t..  l.Hii  ill.'  ..  al|.  I  .1  k  ■'  .\n'  tlnn'  iii'i'klaii-  ..f  animal-'  i'la» -,  ..r  ..tin  r  i.inaiiiriil- ;  .ii.'  tlmro 
l.ark  ilns-i-  .'  \n'  linn'  rnainriil-  f  .r  llir  nars,  nr  artii.s,  li';.'s,  nr  fi  1  I  !'  \y<-  any  >•[  tin -n  i'..n-ti'iiilr.|  -.i  as  In 
I  iiiit  jiiijilin;.'  siiiiiijs';' 

■J117,  .\li\l-  \Mi  hll'I.KMKM's  UK  Wmi,  —  Hmv  Irur  tlii-n  \ai'ii''l  il  tlir  lap-n  nf  liiiii''  An'  li'i'-arins 
-111. -111. I'.  . I  f.r  ill.  ll  .tt  ami  arn.w  in  w.ir.  .1-  ili.  \  am  -ii|.|...-.  .1  tn  I...,  ;»inr  alh  ,  .  rn/i  IHT.'  in  liiinliii:;  '  Ai  ' 
un.inl.-.  I  niiliittk-  ami  kliiM-,  1  liipl  .y .  .1  '  lluu  il...-  lln'  -.  alpiliL' k  .lif.'  illlli  r  fu'ln  tin  rnininnli  Imliall 
I. mil',  if  ll  ililli  r-  in  .my   ii-pi  it  'f 


H 


A1']'ENDI\  — lN(i  I   I  1!  IK 


i>  A  N  ('  I  N  i;   A  N  1)  A  M  r  s  i:  M  i:  \  t 


-11^.    N   l>\N.isi.    \    Nvii'iNM,  TiMir  of    riir.  'I'luiii:!'  — 


\    I..    I.nl.-:'        II, 


\v  lii:ili\    Kill, I-  "I 


illn  >    AVr    llinv  .'       M;l 


li'    ill!'    |.ri'\llill'ili,  <    nf   till-    v:iri'il|,    kiill-   '  i|'   U:i|-i  I.illr    -.    Mill    .Idlr.'^    ,.|'    |i,|i,,i-,    Irilllnlil 


liiinliii;;  ''      l.i  iImiii-uil'  a  i-linr:iitrrUli(.'   iii'iil-  "I 


\pri-iiiL'   |"i|mlMr  Inlin/  ■•!■  i.|.iiii all  ^iiliir 


il'  lliii>   sH';iviii'' or  ciiiiliiiiiiin'  till'   ;ii'!''iii   nf  ilH'tiiln'.'      H'lrinal' 


:ilT  ■A.'lil.r    I 


IV'>)ll    lllr   |>l!Mri|.:ll   ,\ 


ar.'    Ii.\  ailinidcij  In  till'  clinnl  IbiipI  nl'  f.iiii;.|v  nr  imi-iiiaii- '.'      Ain  tli.'  |.i  im  i|'lr<  ..i'  ili,,  \  ni.ii,  ,|aiiiT~,  aii'l  lli. 
ilm  ii-i-,  laiiL'lit  In  llir  yniitli  ;   aiiil  at  wliat  a/c  'In  llm  latlir  ;."'ii,  ral|_\  jniii  in  llir  i  in  >  ,' 


.11' I.   Si'nitr-:  AMI  Kxi:ili'l-i;s.  —  Ait  llirrr  rnnt.^i-  in  nninL'  :inil  Kill  n]  lunir '      Ijnw  niniv  liiii'j-  nf 


li.ill  linr  ilmvr      |).-M-ili.'   ih.ni,  an.!    ll 


m   niaiiii.'r  in  w 


llhl,    thn    r,-      n.l 


lllr     nilr-    .if    ll 


AiT  ill.  IT   Irial- nf  vkill  in  wr.-tliii^' '      An'   tl 


iii_'   |''irt]i  -  ar, 


rl|...rn,   |n^-,.|| 


HI-    \Mlll 


IT-    u.T-  al  li\.'  I   liiiir-  in  wliiili  ilh 


Vnil'll    111  IV    :iil    rllL'aL.'n  '.'        Am     llm    !-lal;i-.   lllL'll   nil    I  lion  nc.  a-inli~,    an  I  nf    u  h  ,1    . 1  i   I  Ih  ■\    r.|l-i-i;'         lllll-lrain    1  III 

ainiii  n;<  III  ■  Kv  ri  lir  ■in-,-  i-i  ilir  n|lr,i>  wliiili  lliny  Invn  jri'l  "ii  lli.  ir  lii-|..rv  a:i  '  iiiaiiii.i--. 


;|ll.      ll    \MI    -    I'l'    I'll    \M    i;      -      II  nW    llian\     kin.  I-    n|    jr  imn-    nf  ,   llHI''-      r\i-l    '  |~    ill-    iril.n    niurll    a.  Mini    -   I     in    ill! 


I»i-riili-  llhiii.  Willi  ill!  il-  nilr-,  ami  llir  l''  nnr.il  rll'n.t    ,(  ili,    ..'imlilii 


|i|i|,nii.iiv,  if  aii\  ,  \i-l,  (.11  iht 


hill.'      W'lial    ai'.'   til.'   arill liral  |.iii.ii;'lc-  ..f  llin  piims  ..f  lli.'  I.nwl  aii.l  llic  nimr  i-in  .■'      U  lli.r.    a  ^j.iril  nf 

]irivalr  ^.'aiiililiiig,  aii.l  if  m.,  ari'  llicri'  any  in>lali.r^  .if  il.s  [mhiT  .if  infiliiali.iil  ' 


l»F,  AT  II    A  N  Ii    I  TS    1  NC  I  |i  K  N  T  S 

•J  I  I  Mr,  MM-  AMI  l''l  Mil  \l>  —  What  aiT  ill.-  I'll  ira.'t.ri -lie  fi.l-  .■  .iin.'.l.  .1  Hiili  ih,  ..■  -iili|,  rl-  '  Wlnii  :i 
l)cr>.iii  .Ii.-,  linw  i-'  ill.'  .■.ii|.-i'  .In --.  .1  an. I  .li-|r..-.,|  ..f.'  What  k  iil'iIi  "f  liln.'  i-  il  kii't  ,'  I-  il  a.lilr.--.  ,|,  a-  if 
li\iiiL',  ail,  I  .aiiil.l.'  .if  III  a  1  ill.'.  |ii>.i'  In  is  iiiii  .\al,  nr  al  lli"  l'IMV.'  .'  What  i-  I  In  .hara.'i.a'  ..f  I  In-.,  aiklr.-.s  '/ 
Wlial  iin|ili  in. Ill-  ar.'  luirinl  uilli  il.  an. I  ..f  vvliii  mat.  I'ial  .In  ili.y  i-.n-i...  ainl  win  ar.'  lli.'V  .1.  |in.iii  ,1  \\\\\,  tku 
i...r|i-'''  I-  llii-  l.iiriil  nf  iil.'ii-il-  aii'l  r.li.'-  an  an.  i.  lit  .'ii-iniii,  airl  if  -n,  ,|.i,  -  i,,,!  ihr  ,  Aaiiiinilinii  ..f  ,iM 
s.'iml.'lir.'-  aii'l  [.la.'.-  ..f  linrial,  t..  .■ninp.ir.'  lli.'-,'  r.  li.'-.  alVnr'i  a  in.aii>  nf  iu.|jiii._'  ..f  ih.'  -lal.'  nl'  arl-  in  llio 
lii.li  in  trill.-,  al  v;  rinii-  .  I'.i.-  '.' 

•_'!•_'  ,<niii  II  k;  ami  I'.i-iti.in  m'  tiik  iIiiavk,^  —  Ar.'  l.nri.il-  ii-'iiliy  iiia.l.  in  '.■.■J[  ami  .Irv  i.'r..iiii'l- '' 
IlaM'  y.ii  kiinwii  aii\  liiiiiiilii-  nr  l.arr..H  I  .  1..'  .  i.'.l.  .1.  in  in  ..1  rn  tiin.  -,  n  lli.  in.  iii..m.  ..fa  .|i-liiii;iii.li.  .|  cliirf :" 
.\i'.'  ill.'  In.liaii  L'ra\.'-  n-iiall_\   Will  .'Xi'iual..!  an. I  |.i'..|.'.'t(  .|.  an. I  in  whal  iiianii.  r  .ir.    lli.  -■  ..lij.'.'l-  ,  ir.ii.-.l '.' 

■Jin.  r.  .-I  I  |..\  III  TIIK  r..lll'-K  «  I  III  im:i;  \lil.  1.1  I  UK  l'  \!;|.i\  \\.  I'.  ,i\  i  -  -  Xrr  tin-  I,  ,.|1.  <  kini.  I  .  a-l  aii.l 
w.'-i.  ,'11 1. 1  if  -..,  wli  ll  r.'a-..ii  i-  .'i--i,.'n.'.|  Inr  iki-  .  n-t..iii '/  1-  ii  an  an.  i.  nl  .■ii-t..in  '  Wliv  ar.'  ii.l  I.  ..Ii.-  knii.,.! 
|irnini-.'ii,.ii-l\ ,  a-  !,.  iliiir  i.,i-iii  .ii,  an, I  Hilli.iiil  r. -|.,'.  i  !■.  lli.'  .  ii',|iii  il  |.,.iiit-.' 

'Jll,  Si  vshiNii  nil  ,<iiii\ii  l',i-i  I  111 ._  \r,.  |,.„1|,  ,  ,  v,r  ,|.  |...-it,'.|  in  lii.-.'  |.,,-iii,,.i-,  airl  if  >..,  » :,at 
is  ill.'   1 1.     ..f  int. 'rill.  111.    all.!    Iinw    i-   ik.'    |...-liir.     pr.  -  r\<'.i .' 

•Jl.'i,  l''.\lli\l,Mt\.;.  —  .\n'  lli'i.'  any  li.rl.".  ..r  ^|ii.'l<  |iki.'..l  wi.li  ili..  i'..r|. ■..'■'  lull  wr,i|.|...|  in  k.irk-.  ni- 
di.lli,  nr  .-111. mill. '. I   In  any    j.rin.--  aiial..L'..n.-    |..   .  ml.  ilminn  .' 

•Jll'i.    Si'MKiiiniMi     ll    ('..111..!-       -T.iHliit    .\l,  1,1.  if  aiiv,  1-  tins  ,11-11,111  |.ra.'ii-,'il  111  till'  li|ii,  Ijnu.iiT 

111.'  l.i..li,'>  |,i,'|.ai..|  fi  iki-  |,in'|„i...'  Ar.'  ik.y  in.-i,.-.  .1  in  kark-  nr  |iiii  in  kn\i -.  pr.'X  i  m-U  (niinir  k.iii;; 
|.|a,','il  nil  ill.'  kraii.li,  -i  ,.f  Ir,,  -,  ..r  .'ii  |ii,-N  '  .\r.  ik.  \  miI  |,  .-i  t..  1..-  .1.  |ii',  kil.'.l  !i|iiin,  in  lli.  -r  .  i-.-.  li\  k.  a-u 
nf  [ir.  y   .ir  i'ariii\..rnn.s   kir.l-  ' 


•J17.    l-'i  NKiiKM,   Fi.Aiis,  lilt    I-:n--i..\s    ,ik   Waii— .\i',     .i.-i-l,;,-    ..f   tlii-  kiml   mail.,  omt  ik.-  •srn,-.    ,,( 

(listiiigiii.-'ln.il    cliifls'/      Is    lliis    a  iinnKrii  cii- i,   ,.r    wi'It   tki-    Iii.liau    fcallii'r    Ikigs   f.irinirly  ilisjinM.,!   ,if  in 

this  way  '' 


Ir 


A  I'l'KN  DIX—INQU  HUES. 


[t  > 


.'!"-.   ('ni.i.i  iTKiN  AMI    I!  I'.-i  M'i:it  M  I'M'  HI'    IfciNK-    -  It   i>  i.lwrvcil  ill  varinns  pincc-i   lint  muIi  il.|..>.-.ii 
r  I'v.r  kiiMwii   til  till'    iiiiic^lurs  ut'   llic    rirrsi'iil    nin'.   i-  hIimiKIi'.      |li<|  ilnv  i\. 


,  r.'   niri'-.       I  li.'  iii-i  '111.   I 

i-i  ■;■.■  il,  Ml'  i-  il  iliir  t'l  :i  ITI'T   I'Mi- 


If    ITIli'lMil,    Imw    W.l--   il    il'illl'    :illil    V>;!ll    hIi:iI 


1  lllMliir,'/       A\';i<   it   111,. 

ililIN     Ml'    |i;;lli.u|i       .ii--i>    I'l'    linn'/        \\'li:ll    lilllr    \\M>    sullin  il    In    lla|i-i'    In  I'.Ti'   tlll'  lining   Wnv  J.'MlllrlTil '/        WllS 
llnTi',   "II     ill.  -i        •.•.■.l,-iii|l>,    |illMil-    I'llMinil     11  II  ll|M||ii>,   llttilnlril    willl     \V;iilillL',    Mini    illllcr  (Il'illl  i|l-.lr;it  ii  .|l>   i 'I'    LTIll' / 

■Jl'.l     i'ii\!;\ii.    Iloi-Ks.  — Till'   Mil  lilii'ii- liC  llir   tril'i'-i  iliii.'d'  -ui  11  ■l''|i'wil"rii'<  111  li;ivi'  i'xi>tiil    in  iiiiiiiiit 
lllil'  -         II  '■>     IV    llu-V    n'11-lrurl.  il,    ;il|.|    llir    li'.iliis    priiliiti 'I    ;i;/iill-.|    ilrl'lvcLlliill^    iVmil    wiM    In  .l.-t- ;' 


..II.     Im  IS'  ilAl  liiN    ol- 


■   linhiiN, —  l>  this  cvir  priicliscil  y     Arc  iIuti'  any  tradiliniis  mi  tin'  .-iiliin-t'/ 

■-'•Jl  \Ii.i  11M\"  wi)  (>li-ii;\  \\r|:s.  —  l>ii  llii-_\  M-arilV  lliriii-i'ln'>  fur  tlir  drail  i*  \Vliat  i^  tlic  ^.-arli,  i.r 
-iiTM  I'f  Hi  'luiiiii'.' '  All'  tl'  ilrail  laiiiciili'd,  aii'l  Innv  ?  An'  \i~ils  iirriinliiallv  iiiaili'  In  tlic  jrnivo '/  l)iv  wiiluws 
I'M  1  '  in .  f  1-  a  liiiiii'  'I  ]'i iV"l,  iiiia:;i  •  nr  liiiinlli  s  nf  clnlli,  a-^  .~viiil"'Is  nf  uiuiiniiiig  In  ri'[iri";i'iii  ilirir  ilcn  a.M'il 
liii-l' iii'l- '      An'   l"ii:_'  lnai-'U  imt  .-iilliTnl   Inj/nnv   in  ciii-i'iiiii  im  ' 

"."J-.  I'l  MUM,  I'lHi -—  \ri  !:rr- 1 '.1  r  k'li  I!'' 1  "11  iirwl\  111  I'l'' jrravi'-?  If>'i,alwliat  liim -,  Imvv  1"M'_' an,' 
ill.'-     Ill-    ■   .  'iiliiiii.il.  aii'l  ulial    i>   ll"'   "I'i'ii    "f  llii'in '.' 

-:i".  (lliw  k-Stiivi:-,  nii  ^lll^■l•vll:\  r-,  —  What  spi'i'ir.i  nf  inniiiiiiiiiilal  striii'liin-'  "f  lliis  iiatiir,'  iiro  usually 
I'nctril.'  An'  sl'iiir^  .\.r  niiplnvi'il  1..  mark  ill"  Jilai  r  i.f  iiit.i  iiii'iil ''  If  )m..|s,  nr  talilrts  nf  i-nlar  nr  nllnr 
..-pi  rir~  if  W'.'.il,  1.1'  plan  1 1  a  I  ill"  li.  ail  an. I  f  ...t  ••(  lImvc,-,  an'  lln  iv  aii\  lii.  ni;.'l\  pliii^,  ..r  ili'vici-^  put  iipnii  llii  -.■ 
lixliin".  ami  what  ili  n-ari.  r-  .1"  tin  v  i-.  n-i-(  ■  f.  an. I  li.  w  .in-  tin  -.■  In  ln'  iinili|--l"".r/  l''iir  I'^irtlur  impiiiii's  mi 
the  ill  \  ill-  1:1  nrnll\.   -ir   "  ].ii'tiin'-wi  iiiiii.',  "  N..   '_'!.">. 

■J'Jii,  I-  iiiiin:  AW  MiiiMi  \ii\v  i\  rni.  I'iinci>-  nr  I'.i  11  im\i;  in  tiii:  TniiiiTiuiMs  n|-  -iiii: 'I'lmiK, 
nu  uiiiiiN  Mil.  II.ii  M' \iiii;-  ill'  nil.  I  \i  n  11  .~^r.\i  K-,  I'M:  I  h  I  i.Mii  V  nv  11  ■•  k\  1  i;i  mi:  .^iiriiitjiN  ami 
Wi  -11  i:\  ('..\i  IM  -.'  —  \|"rr  ih  m  ilii'  '  inJlli.n-  "I'  1  al'ii  I'  .  t  .'I' .  arlh  ai'''  .  -I'ln  iii-.l  1..  I..'  i'.nlaiiii..l  in  "iir  ..f 
till'  anli.|ii.-  w.  -I.  1 11  111.. nil. I-.  I-  ill'  r.'  ~ulV"  i.  lit  p.'«.r  an. I  ■  in  rjv  in  lli  tiiln'.  m-  :in\  liiln'  kimnii  I-.  \"ii.  t.i 
hn'-  r\'  .'iiL-.l  -ii'-h  :!  lai'..r  ■'  ('..ii'.!  -mli  «  -rk-  hav  I  "■.■11  1  r.  ■  ti  I  i.y  tli.  lal."r>  "f  \\"in'ii  al"iir '^  I-  llirn'  imt 
i|rii"Ii  1  all  iii'i-.'V  an.  I  i-a  parity  nf  i-.  in-lriiili"ii  in  llir  aiiiinin-  niniuiil- ,  -Mpii'inr  t"  any  wliirli  i-  imw  p  '--.--.■'!  liy 
llli     tril.r-' 


•.'■J-"i.   'rurAiMiM  1.1    ( tlii'liAS^  —  <  >ii  wl 1  i|'  1'-  thr  can'  "I  "r|'l,  m-  d.  '."Ivr?      |t".  -  tin'  ihi,  f  ..f  ihi.  iril.n 

til..'   all',    n   li.'     .  f  1  liil'lii  n    ll;ii~   1.  I'l.   if  llnrr   h"   iin   11  ;ir  nIaliM-'.' 


•J'Ji'i.  Tin;  I'lmii  AMI  Ai'll'.  —  .\n' ap  i|  ami  inllrin  pi  r-.'H-  1  m  r  ali.'in.lmiii! 'l*  A\li"  t.iki  -  can'  "f  "M  ami 
fii  I'll'  pi  r- "11-  .1'  -liliili.  ..f  I  hiMnn  "|-  r.  laliM  -,  wl,.  11  ili.y  i-.ni  ii"  I'.iil'i  r  hunt,  nr  all.ii'l  l.i  any  Inr.  -I  I  il  .i'-  ..r 
lan  .  I.y  uli'i  li  til'  y  mi.-lit  liavr  iniiiril'i.li'l.  in  part.  In  tin  ir  "Wii  -iipp"ii  '.'  !>"  llir  ilii.f-  .|in  .t  f .  .1  t  .  hi-  1.  Ii  ;' 
111.  ill"  Mlla^''  limit'  r-  inak"  \"liililary  rmitiiKnti'ii-''  Win  n  -inh  prr-mi-  ili",  wli"  liirii  -  tin  in ''  I'liilaiiilii'.py 
,.-.  "k-  t.i  a~iirlaiii  ili.'  I.ii'.r  Inri— ilii-  "f  '-av.'iL''-  -'iriity,  ami  any  farts  nr  iini'liiit-  illn-lialiiiu'  tin  111.  « hii  li 
may   -rr\i-  i"  L'ni'I''   pul.lir  ..pinimi,  will    1."  iinpi.rlaiit. 

'J'JT.  I.i.l'i.l-.  I'll  I'uiiiiM.-.—  Wli.it  an'  ih"  iiiaii-riaK,  f'.riii,  si/"  ami  inmli  "f  r"ii-lrniti"ii  nf  ih.  ir 
I.'.Il'i-'/  If  -Kin-  .1-  I'lrk  I"  imp!  '\..l,  what  >kiii-  ami  what  -.pui,-  i.f  I.ark.  ami  Imw  pn  pan 'I,  ami  Imw  Iniii; 
will  ill.  m:it'  ri  il  l:i-i  .'  Vi'-  ilir  I'lil-.  'T  I'.Il"  -.  '  a-ily  i-'iii  '  IV'iin  plai  .■  t..  pl  ii".  nr  an'  lln  \  1  fa  p-  1  .lamnt, 
ihaiai  li  r.  -' ,1-  I  •  I"  l.'I'i  -taii'liiiL'  ilnrlii'.'  ilnir  p.  i-i.i.li.-al  a  .-.ni-'  -,  ami  n'-nrriipii'il ''  I  f'.w  main  pi  r-will 
tiny  :;.n'  rally  :  ,iii"ilali  '.'     .\\'    liny  I'lmlnal.  'I  in  -i/.'  a  .  iiral'  ly  l.i  lli"  iiiiinl'.  r  ..f  tin-  fiiniK  ,  ami  if  >  ".  In  w 

many  -.|iian'  f.  .  t  "f  ;jr"iiii'l--iirf irn   .l"i  -   1  :i'  !i    inni'ii"   ".'  imv  ''      Wh'i  "..n-irMi't-,  n  nn  n  -,  .-.inl   n'-i  i-'-  •-  lln  111  '.' 


\     mll-lrii.  •'  'I,     111  I    H 


'•-'"■     Cnni'I    ,    n'l    n.iM-      -  <  If  wlnl  ni'i' rial  an    lln-.    imnl.',  li"W   an     tin 

al  i-.ii.a.  itv''       If  I'uill  "f  i'.irk.  ar.'   lln'V  rii'l'i.l  willi   n 'lar,  ami    l.iiill  mi  a  frann-,  ami  in  what 


Ir.t    :-   If 


imiiiiii  r  1-  tl 


HliialliiiiL'  in 


111  ri'il    ,ati  11  li"l.  ami  "I"-".!,  Ml  a^   t'.  ]..■   imi'.iA  i  .ii-    t.iwatir'      If  iiiailr  fr-ni  a  -nli.l  I" 


all  'I,  .  'nl  what    .r.    il- 


'iiipu  iim    pn'p.  I'll.  -  111  rr  .  r  .ii\  uralnm  : 


i 


AI'I'KN  I)  I  \  —  I  S(i\'  I  I!  I  i;s. 


•J'Jil,     MK.niAMiAl,    Ai'llTI   liK    IK     llli;    'I'lilllK.  —  Ari'    I 


lii'V  ili'^|,..>,,|   I,,  H,h,-ii (V,,|,i   fill.  |,..|||, 


ir   -ilrli  a'l\:ill(T-^  li;nc.   Inrti  |n;lc|c,   \lK:iI    iiv   {\i.\,  ;ii,.|   |.i  h1i:iI   ,Al.|it  i,iv  IMiclialliiul    In,, Is    ,,f   ll 
liiinK   (■in|i|'iV'''l  '! 


irii-   l\|ii 


IC   lil'i^t   .ilil.l'Hr 


111.    \|i,iii;  i<y  CiiciKlMi   ,\M>   IIaiuis  iir  Tin:  'I'mii.k   —  N 


IP,  V    .1, 


ll, ,  ,'r  I-   It 


,,|'lfii  111,-  I'll,  li,-,'  I,.  ,  i">li  ii  ,n,  r,|, 


ll,  \   ll-.'  mil,  ll  -mIi,  III-  r,  li-li  iii;l!,  '      ll.i  ll,. 


t  ,11-  \,-.o  t 


iMi-  ill  vi>-,  I-  •■(  « I.  Ml-  I..11K  -      |i, 


r:iw  lii,;il  ivir  r:il,'ii  !'  I»,i  ihry  r,i:i>i  th, 
'  >  :ili\  |i,',iili:i|-  -kill  ill  linilili','  li-li  '  I 
Till,  r  tiiii,-,  t"!l..w,,|  ill,'  |,r,i,iiiv  ,.r  l„,i|i 


'.(  -  ■,  wli.'it   kill,!     .'       (  tr    :ii  ■  ill'-  :ili,  i.  Ill  ,'l;i3    |„,|,  ,,r   ll,,,     I 
l^lllil)-    1-   Ti'i'U    I' '1-    Iii,-:il-7 


li:i\,-   lll,-\    ill   f. 
tli.-\    II-,-   ill,  l:illi,-    I kin;.   \,  -.,  1-.   u.'li,  i':ilK,  ,'il   ill. 


:iM'   lli,'y   :iii_v   n-L'iii:ii'   | 


ll'll-lll-     sllll     ,-||l|il',y,'.|     111     T,-M1,,I,-     |i,,.lll,,|l,-'.' 


•-'■'il.    Mniiiii)  III    ('iri\,,    ^l;  \i-.    -In    wlmi    (, 


I'lii^   I-   -111, 


\iiii "11.-  I. Ill 


I-    ,'1'    111,  :ll, 


'1-  1,1-', \  l-l,,n 


l>-i  ll„  \   ,  1111,1, -\   .-.',1 


|tli,',|    11,    ill,-   ,li-un-   .'III, I 


I'l',  -,  i'\.Tii,,ii  ,,!' 


,1,','.''       II, '»   i-  ill,'  ll,-li  ,-r  ll,'    ,1,  ,'.  ll,,    II, '.  :i 

Mil  ,'!'  1',,    l„  .i\,  1,  an,  I  t-,  uli  ,1  ,  \I,  HI.  a  1 1, 1    in  h  li, 
a-    laki'ii    111   ,|ii.'iniil\.    |,r,  -,  r\,  'I  ' 


pl,'>  .-all  ill  ,  iii'iii.,  ll,,'  1, ,,1-11,  -,,]■  ill,'  Liillal,,  111,1  ||„  niii 
1-1  ill--  I.Mllal',  |,i,-,  |-v,,r'  Wlial  i-  111,'  n„ili.',|  ,,r  ,ni,i,_'  lli, 
1    iii'iniMT,  ar,'   ill,'  \ai-i,,ii'.   .-|„,-i,-   ,,f  |i-|i.  1,  f,  11,  ,|  |,,,  jn   III.', 


M',iM  \NKiii   ■    l''i;iii~   .\\i,    I'l!  ,|,i  I  1  iiis";   ,,\     nrr    I'',.iit-t.  — '1',.  wlni    ,'\i,'iii   ,|,.  ili,    lan-.-U   I 


|,iii-,'l\   liiinl.  1- 


llil'i->    1'1,\    Mill,,-,-'       Cix,-  .1  ,al:il',-i„     ,,r    ll, ,l,li,i||li-  ll,'     \al|,,ll-    kilal-,,!'    r,„,l-,   1 1  iilll,  -.   I„  1 1  i,  ,    an, I 


i-lii-.l  ,.ii.       I-   ill,    «i|,|  li,.ii,  \   .,,ii:..|ii 


iiL.':ii-  iii.-qili.  Ill  ll-  -,  i-,ii.  an,l  I,  uliii    ,  \i,  nl   ,|„--    11    f, 


I  111  wliii    ,|ii-inlii\   i-  il  .-ill,,r,|,  ,r      |i,,  li,,  \   ,,,||,.,i  an. I    l„,il   il„ 

,,r  ill,  il-   -iil,-i 


i|,.r 


nil   an    .1,111,  nl    in  Mi.'  111.  aii- 


1-   llii'    HiM   li,'  '   i-alli,  I'.'-l    ill    til,'   ini.  i'i,,,'   I  ,K, 


M'l    ri,',     -r',ipi,| 


I'lM'IIIN,,    Six-,.\.   ,,!'    .\|.  I --UN.  -  -Wliai   -|„,  !,'-  ,.r  I'.ii-k-  ar,     ,ai,-ii  .,11  ill, -,- 


,,ll,-,-l    ,,M   I-, 


,11,-,  111    tun,  -    ,,|    L'l-. 


Ill-,  1-,  ali'l    ,  \ 


ii-i.-t    lli.ir   ,,ih.    i,i-  ,i,-i-i,|    llli,-.',   I.v  I., 


;ill,'.|  /n/"'  ,/<  r,„-/i,-  ,  al,-ii,  an.l    li-.u   i-  il    |.i-i  |.aii  .1  .'      Tli.-   -Iiili- 


..,-.-a>i..ii-.'      !»..  Ill,  y 
in>.'.'      I-   ill.-   lii-li,  11 


all,l    l,.,,--ili. 


|..   wlii,  h    ill,     illllll,-!'    tiil.. 


il|-iv,-ii    111   H  -i-,,n-   ,,|   ,  All,- -' \,  rin,  ..i-  uaiii,  -n-,'   -11,  li   a-., Inn    1,1   -li,„  k,  h  lul,-  i|„ 


\   ,  r,  ah'  -Ir  .iiL'  :i|'|..'a'-  I,. 


Iiiiniaiiiiy  ;   I, ill  lli.    la,  1-  ar,    1.  ,|iiir.  .1,  1,.  -Ii,.w  i|„.  |alla,-_s  ,.1'  ]„  1 -,-v,-ran, ,    in  -,i,-l,  a  |,i-.-,-ari iii,„l,-  ..IliI 


t'HST  r  ^l  K 


;i     WiiM    IS    riiK  ,.iiiii\.\in    Ihii  --   ..I    nil    'riiiiii.   ,\|  m>     \\i,   I'imm.i'       (> 


i|.' 


.('  wliat   .iil.ilin    ali-l  .-'l-.i'  '       ll 


i.l'   ill,'     lll'liall    ,'..lllltl'\.  -t.'il.    ill.'    kiii-l    .  f   -I, ill    ii-,'.|,  .'111. I    ill   nil 


I  M.t;  '      -  Of  wli.il    111'  'ii-ial-    1- 
<>>   I'll'  "I'  lli.'ii'  ';  inii'  III-  i"    Ilia, I,    ..f  ni.'ii,-i-i.-il-  i|,,    ;..i-,,mi|i  ,,|-  (al.i 


I    III  inii-  r   It  1- 


^[•>  \^  ill  ..r  iiiaiiula,  Iiir, 

rthal   i-  ill,-  ai-lu.il  \  llli,-  ,.1'  ,..-1  .,1  ,  .,,  ll.  ,11- 


II,  u    l.,n.'  ulll    -H.-li   .I1-, .  »|i,'ili,  ,-   nii.l.' 


|.i'.  |.ir,  .1.  an. I    ll,.'   |.l.i,,'-   ..|' 


■I'  I'"!-,  iiiii  ..i'  ,l,.iiii'-ii,'    mil.  I'ial,   1  1-1.  an. I 


III,  ,iii-liiii'j  ni.il.'  Ir,.iii  t'.  iiial' 


war  I-  iiKjii 


.\li.\ri- A  I  |,.N    nl      I  '1;  I  -  -     1,1    ,-^1   \  - 

iin-,1  ml.,  \'\  .N.,   'JiiV        \i.    ll. 


.N-   ,\Mi   •>,  ,   \-i.    .-   -.  Tl 


ill-    m.  .,:    |,  1- 


1   ■  ai,\    .'111.  |- 


I'"- I    -.'l  H-i  ii,-'ii-   ..r  .Ir,  --.  I.l  vai' 


\  111','    ,  ir,-illli-lall. 


.\r.    tlii-i-,.  -iiiiiiii.  1-  all. I  Hiiil,  I-  ,| '      I-  tli,  1,.  |.arti,-iila|-  all, mi. .11  {..li.l  |,.  1-..I.,',  ,l,'-i-n,'.|  |;.,-  |,i,M 


!i(ri-  aiiv  tliiiiL'   |.,-,  iiiiav   I,,  ,11   'pi.-ui 


-ll  .1  ,  ImI  ,.1-  Hal-  ,  hill'  IpHii    i   111,  .|i. 


liiil.ai.    ,-i-,--M-    i-,!ii..M,,|   al    ni.'l,'  '      If  ill, -\    l„-   -1,1,1    in,     ,1|,,1K 


111,-   iiiaii.  ,,r  linlian  |  11,  -1  '       \i,    il 
|.ali.    what    |ia|-t    i>    |-,laili,.l.    an. I    uli. 


,ii     ( I    v.w.i.M  ■    —  |>'i    ill   \    all 


,1,-11-,. I  ' 


illa,-li  a  |.,,iili.i,-  i.iiii,.   I.,  ,,rnaiii,  1  .     '      What    kiii,l>   ,,f  ,,rtiaiii,'iiN 


:i   V  nai    -liai,,-    1-    -il\. 


\v,.rii  '      \VI 


i|iia,|r.i|»-,l-,  at\,l  i.lln-r  ai  Mnai,    ,.l.i,-,'t-  '      .\r,.  ,1,,  ||,  ,,|||  „,„.„  j,,  ||„ 


-|..-,-i.-  i.f  till- , I r:.i|..ii-   ..f  ,lr,-,..s  ar,- ,1,  i-i\,-,|  fr-.m  k, 


a  hi:.'!.  Mihl,'  altaili,,!  I.,  lli,.  f,  alln  r-  ,.f  lli.    m-:ii-  ..i;.],.  .'       \\], 
tiiii,-,    I.v    llli    -I.l,-   ,.f  tin-   t'lir   t|-a,|,-'' 


in    f..riii-,  an. I  what  -|.,  ,-i,--  '      I- 


It  >|i,-,-i,--  ,.f  .  Ill ni.s  a,-,,  fiinii-h,  .1,  at  ll 


1,-  1.1,  -,  111 


I'VK-    VMi    riiiMf;M-s.  —  A 


r,'  tli,Ti.   -,iiy  iiativ,-  ,h.->tiin-,  ..r  i-,i,,N  .,1-  v,-;;,.|alil,-s  i.|ii|i|.,ycil  in  ml. 


liail.-,  I.l   llii-n-  1 1. , thill)!,  ,11-  ,,riiiiiij|.|it-  '      What  ai,-  ih, -..  ,h,  ,  —  h.m-  ,,  tj,, 


-niij; 
iiig  priiii-iiil,-  .  \tra,-t,-.l,  ami  »ilh 


A  I'I'KNDI  X    -I  S  (H-  I  I!  I  K 


■   t 


Hi 


nil 


\li:il     iij  'hliiil    i~    l(    Ml'.'       Ilii    till  \    .Ml-    iMll.Mi,  l.iiiK    HI-    luilicllllr    lliiil'    (ur>,  l.li':l>l 


|Tlik    HI-    |i| 
ili-ii    >till    >ul,l  I.,   llirm'       WInl    kiii.N  .'I'  i.ilnrvl  cImv-   hi.!  n,l 


•:l>I    ;|]M|    Mil]-,  ;tlii|    liuw 


ii'i-^,  I'T  iiiilivi'  iixvdcs,  ari'  cm 


.lo\ril:'       Av 


vliili'  iir  rcil  I'lavs  r\rr  .-imanil  hmt  lln'  1i:iim1s,  ami  llnir  impn-.-  maiki'il  nn  ilir  Imilv,  nr  rli.illiiii)«': 


i|:!<i 


_•>     I!  MM. I.,  I.I    (tnici;.     -  lln«-  in;iiiy  kiml^  liavc  llii'V,  ami  111'  wlial  malirial  ilo  iln^y  c.ii.i-i '' 

•:■','.'.  I'm  -ii'M.  TliAll'^,  A>  Ai  riciKli  liv  ('(i>Tl  \li;.  —  Wliat  an'  llic  i'n-l..m>  ami  t'a^lii.m- .>!'  wraiiii^  llic 
liair  ami  i..  a-^l  '.'  I^  llir  wlmli'  In  ail  >liaviil '.'  ll;",i'  tlifv  any  |iA'|iai'aliniis  t'ni'  killing',  irailii'alili;,'  m-  ilvi'iii)^  llio 
liaii '.'  Is  ihr  lu'aril  jxinrrally  ixlirpaliil  \<y  llic  '  .vi.v.ers.  ur  nllirr  imtlianiral  means 'i*  Arr  llnic  ,xit|. linns  tn 
iis  f;i"\vtli  .ir  111  ilic  rci^'iiiujr  cnslums'/ 

•Jin.     I'm  -lnl..i,.\  .     As     IllAlllNil    (IN     IVIIIMHIIIAI'MV.  U'llal     i-lllr    frrrilni'triral    allil   liliy~ic.ll    lv|'i'   111'    llu' 

Iniii.iii  ykiti,  :\'  lAamimil  nnilir  ii  niaf;niliiT '.'      liuw  many  piirrs  i'.\Ul   in   a  sijUan'  imli,  an. I  «lial    is  ihc  ili-liin'- 
li\r  sli.i|.r  .il'  llum'.'      NmI,.,  al.-ii,  till'  nii^iisic,   sliailr  111'  I'liKir,  ami  nil  ,i-    niiinitr  iiliy^inlnjrii'i.l  iiaii.- 


i; 


I  Nl' I.  I.  I.Ki' Tl   A  I,    (' A  I'AC  ITl  i:s     .\  N  h    ('1IA1!A('TI:K    ok    T  II  K    KACI':. 

•J  1  I      Nll\l  \l,    I'l'UKIis. — W'lial    is  llir  frcniTil   scii|ir  anil   raparily  nf  llic    Imlian   Miiml.  a~  ("iiiiiarial   willi 

Mill,  r    .',.,  1,-1,1    ill.'  Iiiinnii    rai'i' .'      Ilm--  it    luar   ninsl    ri'sinililam'r   In  ill nf  ili.    .\>i:iii,-,  m-  ..|    ih..    Ivirn|ii  an 

;:!  "l'  '  n  It  'li-il.i-r  liiits  iiinir  akin  'n  llio  i  Mi  r,  ..r  nrimi.il  ^i.ii'k-.  m  what  .In  tin.-.'  Iiaii-  i  u-i  I  ''  Arn 
ill'  11-  ■■•iii'i-  nt'  ;.ii  imlmliM'  lasl  ''  Ai'i-  ill.  y  rapahli'  nt'  |inrsninL'  lni,'i.'al  train-  "f  i!i  .n;_'lit  In  a  jii-l  i-.imlii-inii  .' 
I-  ilii-  1  iriiliy  nli-ii-vi'.l  t  I  111'  limii^'lii  niu  ami  rtlri'iij^llirmii  '  .  'Inratin'i'  Arc  tin  v  iiiliirall-  |"i--'  -i  il 
..r  -til. II;:  |i'iHir-  .'I'  iiii'iiiniA  ainl  I'lrna-i  .'  \rf  llicy  nf  a  i.  II  i-ir.'  Iialiit  .'  lln  lli"  ni'ial  ]  i' |"  ,i.- iii.  -  aiil 
all.',  'i'lii-  If.  Ill  i-ill\  |.n'il'iniiii.iti'  inir  llic  pliy-iiaK'  An-  liicy  n|'  a  f-'iM'..',  i  r  li^lil  iliarari..  r ;  a  -"Ihi,  i.r  c.iy 
■asi  "t    iiiiii.l  ;  a  Ii  r\iil.  nr  ,.,1.1  t.  niinTiimnt  '.' 

■JI'J  l'll:-iN.M.  I\-1  A\i  I  s.  ■—  lla.s  lliii-.'  a|ii«'ii'.i,  ill  tin  il-  liisl'ir\ ,  .iny  iii'lu  i'luai  ii  'iml  f,,r  In-  naimal  ni' 
,'..  ,|iiii,-l  ■   '«,  I-  a-  a  |ili\-i.  ian.  Iiii;.'uisi  ,,i-  iii',nli-l,  ,,i-  ,iny  urn    wli,,  li.i-  ■  vim-nl  aliillly  in  lie  riilii\.iii,'ii  nf  aiiv 

"I     ;ll''   1  .V.li  I    'T    lll'T.ll    •,  1,  lll'i  -  '' 

'.'I'l  liiM'iM  M,,;,i  III  ,11,  l\mHiM,i\  1,1  ■'■ii'.i.iii  -  ll.n,  th.yain  iii.i.\iiiH  h!i:  !i  .in  u-nl  in 
'"iiM  I- I'l-h  '  |l.ili,\  i'.|,'at.  111  ;,,  II-  I'iniilii  s  '•!  at  :is-i'inlil:i','.'-,  aii\  lliiin;  nf  tin'  iialnrrnf  ■li|,|ii,|  r,iiiii„,-i. 
I  I'-  ■  r  i  ini,  111- .'  |l,,i-  llii'  ;.',ii,iil  sl.iin  nf  ill,  ir  ,,ril  llailili,,|i-.  .'i-  lia,  nl  in  lli,'  -,.111  s  ,.f  prna;.'  lit',-,  i'\  in, ,' 
-11  ii_,  |.  Hi  1-  nf  iml.iplcr  ,'!■  :!'i'  ;:',ry.  nr  ,lrii  'li'  ativ  il'iuninL'  nr  v,  -iI^t-  nf  fam'\  ,ir  iininiinii  '  lii,|iiiri.'  intn 
lln-  ,|i  I'li-liii'-nl  Willi  ;ill  ill, ins  \.  u  ,  ,,n  ;    ,,1   vr  parliiulaiK   in  ii  tin  n,  ■■  In  llm  f  ,ll',ttiii^'  !,.|.i,  -  : 

■J  I  I  (  'ka  iiiin  —  Wii.il  an  ill.'  ;.'■  ncral  I'liarail.ristii's  ,,f  Iniliaii  nr.it. ,ry  '  II. •»  i-  mi'la|ilinr  niaii.iKi.l  '  .Vrr 
ill,  ir  -'I,  I,  Ic  -  a-  npli'i,'  M.ili  ti^'uri's  and  trnpns  as  tlicy  arc  usually  .li  |,i.  ii,l  in  li.liliniis  wriliu;:-  '  Wli.ii  ti  nt-, 
III  til,  .|i,  I  am.  lis  i.f  hi'lian  ,  I,,i|m  ncc  win.  1,  ar,-  kii'iwii,  .ir.'  in,,-t  r.  iiiarkaMc  '  I'n  llic  speakers  t.M'il  in  sim- 
ple it\,  cl.ani.s-.  all'!  -Ir.  ii-tli  ..f  lanj.'iiac.'  '  D,.  ilir-.'  .~p,  .ini.ns  .1.  ri\,  mmli  .,f  tli,'ir  f.ir.,'  li.mi  ili,.  pnli'ical 
""I'll'!"  -r  i'lipniLiii'  p.i-iiinn  "f  llic  sp.akir'  Ar,'  lli.r,'  an\  ,'.inlinii,-.l  -train-  nf  ,'ln,|n,'m,',  ..t  .snstaiiicil 
a].pc.-il-'      'li'c  an-,  .■iiilhcnli,.  .-p,  .'iiiicii-  kimrtti  In  y.ni,  ,111 l'  liviii'.'  ..ratnrs. 

■-I        .\i;i-  I'i    I'll  11  1II.-\V|;1TIS  ,   — Alln-a,n    ti   tin-   -ulijc,  I    is   nia,l.'  in  Niimlicr  l.ii;.      'I',, what    cvL'tit  ,|.i 

t!       till.,     pri.'li-,'    this   art  '      I-    if    ^.-.n, rally  in   tin-    ..r;icti, :'  .lra\>  in^'   tic    lif;nri*  "f  animal-.  Linl-,  i,r  .,|li,  r 

''.!'"-.   "11    tr..-.    pl.'.vs   ,.f  l.ark.   .Ir.' i    -kin-.   ,,r  ',tli.'r  -iil'-ta-.i '..-  '      What    i-   the    l- n.ral    piirp,,rt  ,.f  lli.-,' 

I  a-r-rial  '!''\i."'s  '  I-  ih.  ir  111,  aiiiii^r  li.\,"i  ,,r  .'V.'i.i  !'  !-  iIi.t.'  ah\  km.wn  .system  111  th,'  ,-ii.;i.,l  ni  'ii  :'  llnilicy 
C'  ii\,  \  ilifl'er,  III  kiii'l-  ''i  inf.rmatinii  l,,  ih.  tril,,'  .'  \ml  !,,»■  ar.-  ihc  eliai-aeti'r-  int.  rpnlcl  .'  1-  tie  1.'  a  s\-i,  in 
,,f  li.'iire-  ini'l  ,|,Ai,."  «'ii,'h  tl  .-  "['In  ^-,  II,  rills  niehr-tan.l,  ale!  wln.'li  tlie  m.i-s  ..I  tic  Irih.'  ,'aii  ii.ierpn  t  .111  1 
'■\|'lnn.'      tirar.'   tl,   -,'   .i.'n.c-    ■.■,,,«ii   "iiiv  tn  tli.'  ni.'.lu  in.' m.n  .,r  pri. -Is ''      .\r.,  .l.'Vi.  es   aiel  .Irau  in:.'-  u  hi.'li 

li:i\''  I'C'ii  I'I'i  hy  IniLP-,,:  parli.'s  at  ih.'  •.•,' f  M.-ir  .-11, '.•.--,  .l,-e.'ii,  'I  t.,  Inf-rin  nth.  r-  ■(  the  Inl,.',  »li'i  may 

\i-n  th. -.    ...h'-.     ;    ;li'     i,(;.T-"r  ,/,/«■.  ,,f  il..    ■■,'V"->ful  liuni.i-.  an, I  the  xiim/"  r  ami  /,<«//  .-f  .eime  taken  '      Ls 


I 


i 


'^:v>^' 


A  IM'KN  l>  I  .\   -1  N  III    I  I!  I  i:s.  .V 

iiifnrni;iti(iiL  iMiivi'vi'.l,  li^  ilii.s  s\>tiiii,  la  cli-t.iii!   |ni'l>  .if  ih,-  iiil,,..  ,  I'  tiM\.  INrs  -iiiiii;.'i'r-.  nr  ntlicrs,  iiiilitiirv 
civiliiiiis,  wlio  lia\.-  pM— id  ilii-niiL'li  llic'ir  c-niiiiir_v,  iIciMiiii'.'  lli.ir  I'mti  .■  in  I  ..l.iri  '      Wli.ii  inr.inii.il 


iiiri  in  L'i'iii  rcllv 


l-.'c.ii-.l.d  l.y  llii -r  -iiii|i|i'  iii-iri|)li.iiis  '      \w\  wliMl    i.|li,r  Inim^  ,li,r-  ihi-   |.i,i..ii;il  ,iil  n|'  tlii'  liiilialis  take  i"      (':iii 

'111'  iiii'lii  i nirii  or  iiicilas  ri'cnni  llnir  i^onjr-t  l,y  it '      IKsc  riKc  ilic  m  -' 'in,  .■iipI  p\v  fpcciiiinis  nt'  llic  ilrawiiiu'-. 

Iiutiiij;  tlir  ilill'iiTiil  liiiiilM  iif  |iiir>rial  iiiM  riplinii,  tlii:  iiiilln;.!  nl'  ii>  iiilri|.i,  l.ili.iii,  iiikI  il.a  |prciuial-  chaiaclir  aiil 
value  til  a  |iin|ili'  wli.i  an.  wIiImiiI   IctliTs.      ll.nv  i1,m>s  it  (•(iiii|iaiv  willi   lln    A/.iiv  -v-lrin  t      l>  it  laip'v  ii|'|ili.d 

t(l  lll)tlllllngiial  Sulijl'CI.S  CiiIIIHtIciI   wit'     llirii-  ,i|-,||   Icircinl.,  ■/       (  \'i,l,i    N'miilirr  'JIT. ) 

•Jlli.     I.Wr.NTIn.s   111    TIIK  ClIKKiiKKK    Su.l.MihM,  Al.rll.Mll  r.  nil  Ss..||-.M    iiK    N'dT.VrinN.  —  What  an'  llli- 

lirinciplo  I'm-  rvcni-iling  lliuiifjlil,  whidi  aiv  u^a.I.ii.  .|  In  ilii<  ,■  ,ii,rrl.'  al|iliali.'l  't      I'mli.T  wlial  lirc .-.taiiivs  wa-i 

it  invciilcir/  IIiiw  many  I'lniii'iitan  aii'l  li.iw  in.uiy  i  Miii|iniiiii|  .~uuiiiU  m-  syllalili'>  .' t,,  it  |ii-nviil.'  I'..|- '  Is  it 
ii|i|iliialilr  lo  ricuriliiiL.'  llic  .- mihl^  uf  ,i//i.t  In  Inn  |.iiij.'iir~  lir.^i  li'>  ilir  Ciiii.ikn!  i"  l<  the  ,_\.i,iii  n  |,r.i\i.li.> 
}.'i'iii'rally  iiniIiT.-iloi«l  liy  lln'  tvih'',  m-  irim-li  riii|j|..yid  /      Arr   llic   Scri|itiins,  wliicli  ari'  luiiilr,!  ami  lipviilat.  .1  in 

this  cliai-Mclcr,  ;; rally  i-cail   in   ('iKTuki'i'   t'amilirs  '      Is   it    likely  In  lie  (if  liiTiiiaimiit  brmlit  nr  uliliiv    l.i   lli.' 

Irilii  .  I  1  whusr  laiijrnaj^i'  it  a)i|irai-s  i'\i-ln-i\rly   iilaplnl '' 

'JIT.  OlLM.    lM.\iilN.\TI\  H    T.M.KS    .Wli    I.Ki.K.Mi.s.  —  Wliat    laii   In-  slalnl   oil    lliis   t.i|iic';'      In    lAaminiii;: 

llicir  niili'iiis  1111  iIr.  imiiiiirl.-ilily  ol'  tli.'  mhiI,  i  niiuilirr.s   1  HI,  l.'iii,  i  ihr  r.xi^iiin f  ^ml,  |:iKli>.  m-  iillr._Mri,~.  is 

allii'lid  I'l.      Il  is  il.siialilf  to  know  li,.w  j.'i  iirral  lliry  aio,      .\\v  si,iri,.s  ,il'  ^iaiits  ami  ilwarl'^.  ami  wiM  ,i.nrnliirr>< 

of  iiini   .'iml   piiii   aiiMiiL'   H K   ami    fnivsi,,,  nlali  i|    lor   lli..   .•imiisriii' nl   of  llir   linlr   of  li~ic  n,  is,  :i, „|    il,, 

cviiiin;:  liiv-siilr  :'  |lo  ihrs,.  talis  ami  oral  saL'as  of  tlir  wij.'Wani.  ri-vial  tlir  arliial  iiolioii-  ol'  ihr  Iriln  .  ..n  i|i,  ir 
ri'lii.'ioii  ami  inytliiilo;.'y,  „r  ll.iir  iilias  .i|   a  Inlnrr  slate  'f 

•Jl><.     l>iirrillM;s    ,\Ml    Ol'IMoN--     I!  KV  K  \  l.l.ll    I  \    TIIK    slIM'K    UK    .\  I.I.I  i  loll  V,      -  .\iv     lliiv     liL'ilni-    I'mml 

lo    iiui.ily    :,i,  i    ,     ,    ,i|>i  !■,     : ,  (  1 1  ansfornialions     m  riouiaiii-y    .-iml   llio   |iM«.a-  of    ..miti  r\   '      I  -lu    wo 

(irrci  i\o.   in   llir..,    iiii  i.'iii.itiM-  I  ij   ,     .    ilir   iiiio  iloi'lrim-s  nili-rtaincil   of  j.'ooil  ami  ovil   spiiiis,   I'aiiii-,   ;;lio>i... 

or  any  ollnr  for f  al.oii^inal   sl"i\  it.-iIi  ''      \rr  any   of  these   talcs  relati'il  to  ilfnionslnile  to  ilir  yunni;  llic 

power  or  nliii|nil_\  of  llie  I  ilea!    Spirii  '.' 

•Jl!l.    Olt.M.    T.M,i;s,    ,s     \i,iii(i.K    111      Issrni  I  TInN. —  llo    ihe    alli-jories    ami    fililr~    ever    miuey    iiiirai 

iiiMlrnetioii  nr  liistnry  to  llie  yoini';  .'      N  lli.re  a  frei|iiiiit  ain  nipl  in  lli.ii   IliIlm- -i  n  ii-  In   an nl  fir   the  ori^'ln 

of  animal-,   ami   oilier  olijeels   of  rre.ilion,   anini.ite   or   iiKiiiiniali   '.'       Vie!   il-i   lln  v  thus   -Inifiw    fiili    i!i.>    line 

liiilian    pliilosopliy   iif    lit;.''      'rraiisinit     s,, of  t|ie-e   iialiie   lali -.    wliirli    ni.i\    -,rxe    lo   ^^ii.^    a    ^'imiil    j,!,;. 

of  their  menial  power  ainl  uharaeier,  am'  llie  smpe  of  iinaL'inalinn  eu'l'nl. 

•J.'ill,  .>lrsii',  ,'^iim:s  .\mi  rnirniv,  —  What  i-  ihe  ih.iraeler  of  th.-  lieliaii  ii]n>ie.  soul's  ami  p...  iia  '  ||,,w 
many  notes,  or  linL'er-hiiles,  have  they  in  their  flnle.  or   jiilihinii-tin.  ami  liv  wleil    -eali    air  iIha   \arii d,  nii'l  win! 

aiialoi/y  iloes  this  inslrii nl  hear  |i'  ihe  aiieieiil    Aieailian  pipe  '      .\ri'  ihi  re  ilillin  nl   -ul,-  of  inn-i.'    iiel  -..m.-- 

fir  w.ir,  relieiuii  ami  love!'  .\re  ih.'  ehaiit-  aeennip.inieil  hy  oilier  in-tnineaiN,  aiel  if  •■■  what  i-  iho  i  Inivnier 
of  these  iiistrninelits  .'  Is  there  iiKHe  ihaii  lie  spiiiis  ,if  ilnmi  .■■  In  wini  iiniiin  r  ar^  lie  liiilim  iliiini.  m  i.!.  ■ 
Is  the  rattle  inaile  in  various  w.ays,  ainl  hi.w  .'  What  re-enilihiiiee  nr  eiinini  limi  have  lie  -e  iii-irnm.'iii-.  ;ii  lln  ir 
nieihanieal  slruelnre,  ami  the  jinwer  i-f  iiii::iiialiiii:  or  niiiiliil.itinir  s,iiiii.|.  ii  the  .iiieii  ni  nm-ie.il  m-ii  un  •m- 
of  the  Aztecs,  nr  other  n.-ilimis  ..f  the  tr.ipirs  ' 

li.'il  Wii.M'  I-  riiK  lli:\h;i(.M,  ( 'ii.mi  \i  i  in  m'  rut:  Imh.w  ,-<iim,- '  —  K  iIhiv  any  rhyni.  m  iln  m' 
Are  the  wonls  eolloealeil  s,i  .is  |,i  nh-iawe  ihe  laws  i,f  i|ii.iiii  ny  .'  In  niher  wnnU,  .ir.  tiny  inca-iiri  .1,  nr  an  the 
aeeeiils  in  ihem  fniml  |o  rniir  at  li\iil  ami  iiifiiLir  interval-'      lla-  then    appeaml  any   linlian  pnel  ' 


W'lui     vni     ;i'i    S   imi.i.s    \m.   T.mii.i.ts    wiin  ii    ii.wk   nil  n    iikmih   -Mi-ie    linMios,"    wn 


Haiik 


.\;       ilii- 


liilii  niniiie 


leennl-    of  son 


eeiltetl    in    liie 


nf    I  hi 


I" 


wriliii).'-.  nil  111  .1  I  i   ill   Niinilur  'Jlo?      If  so.  ile.serilie   them,  ami  imliealo  the  mmle  uf  einineeliiui  In  iwi  i  u  the 
Words  ami  imi.sie,  ainl  ihr    levins' 

■Jo:'i  lsiii\N  ('iiiilll's.  —  Is  the  ehoriis  a  elnr.irleii-iie  pari  of  lleir  son^s  ainl  iniisir '/  An'  the  Imli.an 
eh  irn-es  nini,  \\\.;\  than  other  parts  nf  a  shim  '  II  mv  iiniiy  -yllahlr-  ilo  l!ie\  ei  insist  of  in  a  war-.solig,  a  religioii.s 
Mine,  ami  a  hiii.iiii-  -mie '.'      Is  ll;.'  name  nf  tin    llii.il  Spirit,  n|   tin-  II- il\ ,  tliiiuteil  ill  any  of  these  ehnrn-es '' 


INI 


ifi:; 


n 


,'i , 


:|i 


r,i>r, 


A  I'I'KN  I>l  \       I  N(ir  I  |{  I  KS, 


•J.il.    l.\\usis    i.iii    iiii.    |)i:\i>         I-  it  ilir  ,  ii-:wii,  t,i  ,  ill •.  rliiii  |..  r^.iii-  I.I  I'lcMi.    llir^i'  I  nil,  III- '     An' 

i!i.    I  11  ..  ii;-.  lIuiii-iK.-.  Ill'  ;i  |i.i,  li.  rliinuii  r .'      II'.iIkn  Ih  hihI  \  ii  im  .,  m-   iMnkiii   iilln  Iimii- !'      II'  liiiiiiiN  iiii' 

Mlil'li  l'\  jipil'i  --ill  |irr-iill-,  »llii  :il'i'  -klllril  Ml  I  111-  U-r  nf  llli  ir  l:lli;.'iri;'  ■,  :ilr  lll<  -r  |ii  l-iill-,  ;il-ii,  -kllli  '1  ill  -  ill;.'- 
Illilkill;.'    :illil  -ii|l;.'-illf.'illj.',  p'1nr:illv  ' 

'.'r>i'i.    Wiur  I-  nil;  Cii  \li  m  i  t;ii  m    i  iir  \V  \li  Sunu  r    -   l>.i  tin'  -iininn  iicili' I'lirinrr  liiiiiii|ili«.  m- In  iiln' 

u  li  iMl'r  HI'  Imil.-lill;.' '.'  I'll  lIli'V  rvillri'  |i:llliiili-lll  ;il|i|  lllr  lii\r  ii|' lliilll:irv  Jllnl'V ''  l>ii  lllrj  rmi-i-l  nf  imil  inuuli 
\i  IX'K,  ill-  lii-iikin  -triiiiis  iiii|<|Miiili'iill\  miiiril .'  lluM'  llii'V  a  |i.iiliriilav  rlmni- .'  Si:iir,  al-n,  ilir  .liaiai  I.  i  .1' 
till'  ilialli-iHi^'.      I)i>  liny  iri'ilr  llirir  lriiiiii|ili-  ill  liiiiitiiiL'  a->  Will  a-  in  uai '' 

•J.'iil.  Smhui  SiiMi-  -- Afi'  lliii'r  Imiiii-  111  llir  -nil.  nr  t  i  ilir  (irial  Spiiii ':•  |lii  llii'  |iiii|ilii  I- iiilir  any 
friri-'  inranlalimi-,  wliiili  air  -n|i|iii-iii  In  paiiaki'  .il'  ii  -ari-iil  cliararlrr '/ 

•.'■'i".  <  'UAIH.K  SiiSii-i,  —  I'm  -  mall  rnal  alt'i  ili  mi  llinl  any  ix|irr--iiin  in  -train-  analii;;i>n-  In  Inlliiliii  -  m-  n  iiili' 
li\inn-.'  All'  lliiTi'  Invi'  -miL'- '  llavr  ymi  imliii'il  any  liai'iliaiialiaii  -miji^  nr  i-aliln- .'  'I'lii'  i  liaiai  li  r  "I'  :i 
{'rM|ili'  ni'  i':ii'i'  i-  ciiiinrntiv  -Imwn  in  llirir  -hiil'-  ainl  nrital-  al  tlnir  mm  i\  ial  an  I  -mial  a--riiililii'-,  uln  tin  i  iIhm' 

111    r.ir  ilir  1  Villi r  -|i'irl-,  ilaiiiilij.'.  -iiiLjiii:;.  m' aiiv  ulliir   I'lirin-  nC  tin  irv  in:  kiirj  ;   ami    imtliinL'  ran  Iw  nin-i' 

illii-li:ili\i'  111'  thr  11-1  aiiil  lrni|irr  nl'  iiiiinl  innl  llimiirlii  111'  ilii'  Inili.iii  ran,  iliaii  uill-  iiillii  ntli- iti  i|  jn  i  iiiirii-  'T 
till  ir  -'iiii;-,  i::n-ii',  ainl  jini'lry  ll'llnri-  In  an_\  thin;,'  ili-iivin^'  nl  tin  nuiiu'  nl'  |iaiiitinj.' i  i-  -riil|  tun  .  it  nny 
al-n  111'  a|i|irii|iriali  ly  iniiiliniiiil  ami  ili-iiilnil  iiinlri'  llm  |ii'i'-i'nl  ;:i  iiiial  lirail 


I' II  KS  K  \  I'   1   (I  N  l>  I  I  I  (I  N,    A  N  |i    I'lTI    l!i;    I' 1!  (i  S  I' K  (   T  S 

■J.'i'*".   'I'm,    lli-ii.i     Mil-    y  \n  —  llnu  I'nr  lia-  kimwlnlL'!',  art,  ami   iniiiinirii',  ami   tlm   m,  m  nil   |.rnM|,..  ,,|' 

I'ivili/.alinii,  alli  I  till    till'   ini|ii'ii\i  till  III   nf  tlm  Imliati-,  timl   I'liaiiL'iil  nr  i lilinl   tin  ir  ni'ijiiii.il  iminmi'-.  i  ii-ini:i-, 

ami  ii|iiliinii-  '  Si:ili'  till'  iiiiii  r:il  iiii|iri  --inii-  »liii  li  lia\r  11  111  III  nlr,  ami  nl-.  n  «  liat  in  ■.  Ii  -  n('  Hi  .'iiim  m  ,'ii|,| 
I'lilii-y  Inn  1  limn'  111  -t,  ami  nil  v»l  I  It  |  mil  it-  tli  ■  Imli  in  i  liaia.  Ii  i,  in  il  -  ■Iviin  i  I  ■  r  -i  mi  i  i\  ili/.iil  ]ilia-i  -,  ii-ii,i||y 
lii'iak^  iliiwii. 

■J.'i'.l.  Cliii--  III!  A  \l  Ml,  \M  \  I  liiv  I.I  II  M  I  -  Willi  ai'i'  till'  I'fniiiiii.  lit  I'lVi  I't-.  I'liv-ii  111  ,',ii,i  iiililli  I  liial.  1  f 
till'  inlrriniMiirr.  Kv  niniia-i,  liiiu..n  tin  l'!iirn|..  an  ami  Imlian  fam- .'  Ila-  lln  iiilu'  lim  n  miu'li  allii-lnl  liy 
>m  II  intrilnaniani  -  '      liiinlal  tail-.  niil_\ ,  arn  -niL'tit. 

'Jl'iil.  i;  M  III  111  I  Mill  \-i  —  W'liat  i-  tin-  I'll  -rill  rail  n|'  |.rn.'i,  --  ..I'  il,r  {.npiihilinii  i.r  lln  hil'i'.  i  iiii|r  m  it 
with  I'ninn  r  |..  li.'.l-  '  \i.'  llirv  aiUain  iii.j  ■  r  r...  .Inn.'  '  1  |,,H  vmII  il  r  ■in),  in  uilli  ilm  rat  in  I'lini  A  l>  I  ^i"l 
In  I  --II.  ami  liiiiii  till'  lain  r  I'l  I  ">  I"  '  'I  I,'  r,  n-ii-  ••  Iniin-  "  traii-niiiti  ,|  «  ill  -Inm  lln  i  xi-iiir.-  |in|,iil  iiinii.  |,iil 
n,.|  it-  rniiinr  -lali  .  ma'  llm  i,  -nil-  ilial  iiia\  1..    iiitn  i|ial.ii  in  tin   |.ri  -.  iit  I.  i  atinii  ami  liri  iiin-lam  i  ■  nT  lln    ii  il  i  . 

■Jt'il.     IIk,  M.I  II    m     Tilt:    'I'll  I  111     —  1 1  I'M   .1'  .  -  ill.     a..i|li  lllliiril    -lal,  .   ill  ill.'    11-.  -  wlnn     it   lia-  l.i  ,  II  rllil'la,.  .1, 

alVii't  till'  l.'i«-  nf  n  |.r,„liii  timi,  ami  wl.at  .  Ii.ii:,'.  il    ;iii\ .  Iii-  1,.  ,  n  m.i I  m  |||,    ,  Imiaiti  r  "f  tin'  .|i-.  i-i  -  i  I    il,,' 

n  iiniM  ,|    Hi  1,1  -  .'       I-    tin  ir   .j,  m  lal    In  alili    I  1  til  I.  ami  liiu.  il'  I,  .'111  \  1  Ml  111.  lia-  it  111  1  II    inllm  m'.il    Lv   I'liI!  .iml 

Il  L'lil  11'  1 -  "I'  -iili-i-'i  till    '       \r.    1.  \.  I-.     r  all'. .  lin'i-  .■!'  tin    Inn',  .i-    In  .|iii'iil  mi  llm  i  l.'v.iti   I    |il,iin-  h.  -I  .,!' 

till'  Nji  — i--i|i|ii.  a-  till  \  Will  in  llnir  tnrnn  r  ;  n-ilimi- '  lln«  ili  -  tin  i  Iiiul'i'  .1  iliinal.  all.it  |.iiliii.  n.iiy 
11  iii|ilaiiil-  .' 

■Jli'J.    (   11-  I  I   Ml      \Mi    I'll   \  M.I  SI  --.     \    'I't  -■'     .'I     (    I  \  It  1/  \  i  |ii\      --  \\  li.it   L'l  m  lal    rliatlL'i  -    li.ni'  l.ki'ti  I'lain 

ill  tlii-  l'i'L"ilil  in  llin  liil.i.  ami    ill    llnir    liaiiil-    .1'    [iiai'lli.-    nl'  .liaiiliin  — .  liimli-    nf   Iniin.'.  ami    :: il    limi  n- 

«lri'l'\''        h,  t.'lli-  nil    tlii-    In  :i.l    am    -,.ll'_'lll     'iml.  r    N..-     -•_■.'    In  ■-' III  ;    .nnl     m.llllnn    liiit     till'   Ml  in  l':il    I,  -nil i   llir 

11  il.n.  as  .'HI  imnnii  ni  in  tin  ir  aiUaiii'.    in  lln    -i.iln  "I' ,  \\  ili/alinii.  i-  In  m  r,  i|iiir'''l. 

■Jlin.     I'lllli     I. Mail!     IMI'.i-in    ii\     I'l. mm:-  I-  tlii-    li  -;    ,.r   tin      liall.alir    ..;     liUlil.  I'      'it,     -nil    I,  I    I  iti  i|  ; 

ami.  if  -n.  1.,  \tli:ii  1  Mi'iil  '      Tin    i  .imliiimi  .  I'  wmmiii.  a-  a  l;ili  i,  i'  in  tin'  Imli. in  , ,  iiiiiiiinil\ .  Ii  i-   I , .  n  a-k,  ,1  tr, 

S  ■     llil  It   i-  lli'l'i     «i-ln.|  1,1  ,1 Ilalll   »li,  tint'  tin  In  Li-    ili\   wlmln  lulu'-   wlni  liinr  |ia-..|  I™  \ I   tlii-  niaik.il 

|.l,a-i-. 


A  I'  I'  i:  N  1 1  I  X  —  I  ,\  (,M •  I  IJ  1  K  S .  .WT 

•Jill.      I'll. ... Ill  --^    III'    ('11111-11  \SIT\      —  \\||;|I    i-    ll„     |,n  ■.  Ill    -l.llr    •■{'    ill.'    Il'llr    ill    till,    I,  -|.,,  I  ■'         \\|,.,|    |,|,  ,_r|-,  .» 

1. 1-  1'  '  11  iMi.l.'  ill  .|.  Ii\i  rill;.'  it    rr..tii  llir  .|..iiiiiil- il    i.illu.  II  .■   cl'  tl,.-   iiiilv.'   |.ii.  -N,  )in.|.|i.  t-.  :iii.|    iii:;^'!  r-  ' 

l|n»   liiiV'   I.. I-   il    .■lij..Vri|   Ihc   iiilviitil:ij!i.-i   ..I'  ('In  i-tiiiii    t,„li.r,.'      Willi    III.  Ill,  w.  r.'    Iir,l    .in|.|M\,,|    1,,   :.■  mi  n 

ll.,llill'_'    r.r    til.'    .|..rtri|||.«  '/        Wcr.      lllr\     r,ill|.|    .  Ili.;l.'i..ll-,    ..I-    «.  I-,,    ill,  \      v.irinl,    nil. I    wll.ll    ll:ls    I..  .11     ill,      lih.-l, 

MiiT.,-liil  111,'!.'  1  iiiiil,iv  .1  ■' 

•Jli.'i.   'j'l.Mi'i  1;  \M  I..  —  All'    til.,    piiiii  i|J.',    ..('    I.iii|i,  rill.  ,■    ill    th.'    II-.     ..r  .■inl.  Ill    -|iiiiti  .,ii    ill,     iii.pM- ■ 

ilr.r.  Il-,'':'      Wliiil  ,iri'   lli.'   i.f.niiiii.iil   i-iii-.'-  ,.|..  niiiiiL'  .m  tli.'  niin.l-  ..I'  |i.  1-  .11-  yi  :i.|,|i.'ii  ,|  1,.  i|i,.  „ (  ||,,  m, 

iiihl  wlril  III-.'  till'  l"-l  til.  an-,  iit  llii-  tiiii',  ..f  riiitli.r  .li-.-..iirM).'iiif,'  lli,.  ii-.,  .if  -11.  |i  .liink-,  :iii.|  ,,1'  ,ll,  .ilnj  i|i,  i,- 
ctilirii  .'xrliisii.ii   IVum   llir  Iril." '.' 

'.'(it;.  'I'in:  Cvisk  111'  l''.|.i  rMtiiN.  — Wli.'ii  nr,.  tli.'  |,i'.,tiiiii.'iil  ImiI-  in  n  l,iti,,ii  (..  ilii-  in. | ,  it, 11,1  ii„ii,.,,|' 
fi'.'liiiiiiiii:.'    ;iii.|    1  \:illiii;.'    til.'   trill.' /      W'li  it    111,111-    Ira,'    l„  .  11    |',iiii,|    m  ,  1   .!)'.■.  in,'    in    lli     .   In,  iii.,n    ,.|'   !|,.ii- 

"liilill'.ii   iiii'l    Viiilli.-       Il;ni'   1.  iirili'-   .liilv  |.:irli.  i|..il".|   in    lli'"   111,  111   .  'iiil    In-   ;i'i\    |.irl    ,1'      1   I |,  ,  h 

ii|i|.iii'.l  t'>  -mil  lii'iiii.'li.  -  a- 111',' i'--.'iiti;i|  1.1  .|iialil\  ill.  Ill  (''i'  !li.'  .Iiiii,  .  .,t'  iniili,  1,  aiil  li  "a  , ',v  ■ ..  .  '  \i  ili,, 
an. a.  lit  |,r,  imli. ,  -  ..|'  |,ari  lit-  ,,ii  tli.'  miI.j,  .1  ,,|'  .  .Iinati'iii  .,11  tin'  w.iii",  an  I  uli  il  i.  ili.'  r,  ',  ,<'i\.  |  '  ,|.  ill  ai  •  1'  i!.,' 
3..1111L'  |..'|.ulati,.|i  «li,i,  ill  ill.'  la-1  |..  ri'.,|  .,1'  Ini  _V'ii>.  Iiav.'  P  .'.  iv.'.l  Hi.    .  I.  in.  nl-  ..I' an   lai^i,  li  ,  .In.'iii   n  !' 

•JllT     .'^1  Ml.   .ir    rill.    .^l^.l|IAMl■    .\lll--,   —  l''.,riii,-  lia\.'  1..  ■  n  |,i',  |.ir,  .1  1,,  I'nn:;  ..m   ili  '  ,   .i-iin.'    -1,1.     .f  I',,,  ■- 

in  llir  tiil.i'  .111  tlii-  li.a.l,  lull  lliry  .1,1  ifl   .|.'ii,.t.'  til.'   pn'^al.  111    -tat.'  "f  I','.  Iin_'   an  I  .'|'iiii n  lli,      nl a.  ,  •,  n   r 

till'  |.f.;.'r.',,.-i  wliii'li  Inn  111. 11  ina.l.'.  It  i.s  kii.mii  tint  tli.'  Inl..-  i.  Iv  ^'nallv  "ii  »liil.'  ..r  liir.'.l  in,  .  Ii  ani. -.  uli'i 
iiri'  ].i'.i\ii|.'.l  I'll'  liy  liaiiti.'-,  ami  pai.l  |,y  ( i'.\,'i'iiiii'  nt,  .Vi,'  ili,  \  l„  -iniiiii';  ti  .  nl.'il.iji  Ini.'  \1,  h-  ..n  llil.  Ii  i,|, 
.'ili.l  .1.1  til.  \  I'viii.'.'  a  .li'-ii  '  I.,  il'i  ill.  il'  ..Hii  111. .  liiniial  Ial„,r-  't  In  tlii-  .',,nn.'i'ii.,ii  it  iiiav  l.  |'r,,|i.  a-  t,.  ;i,.|nii.' 
wli.  ill,  I'  ill.'  n.'ili\i'  iii.'i  liaiiii'-  ar.'  lapaM,  ,,|'  rnrni-liinu'  lli.  in  lli.  ir  l.atii-  an. I  waL".ti-  ('..f  .|ran,;lit  an. I  |.|,  i  in,', 
ami  Willi  1  liaiii-,  |,|,,iil'Ii-,  an,  I  Lars  in  tin.  I.il.-r-  .'I'  a:'i  ii  iilliin  ,  aii.|  li"i -.'  rurnilni,'  a:i.|  (.aar,  -nit.  ,1  1  i  a  ■.!  iiii.' 
aii.l   tlniuiiL.'  1"  ..|.l.'  ' 

•Ji;^.  Imi'Iii.m:ii  M.itn:-  nr  .\.,iii,'i  i.n m  —  |,,  ili,.,,.  any  int,  r.  t  ,.!.-.  i-%al.li'  ..ii  tlii-  li.a.l.'  ,Vr,  il.,  i,. 
l'..lati"ii-  .-I'll' "p-  :'  .\r.'  ill.  T.'  |,|',,|„r  lli.  .n.  -  .  inl.i'i,',  ,|  ni  tli.'  a|,|,li,  .ni-.n  ,.(  iikiihii','.  :'  11,,  t|i,.^  rni|.|  .i  m-irl, 
liiii.',  ,.!■  ;.\|-iini,  .,11  |.,.rti,.ii-  ,,1'  Ian, I-  a'li|.;.  1  i,,  lliin;'  l>,i  ll,.'  n.inil,.  i-  in,  i.  a-"  wli'.  .ulii'.ii.'  Il.s.  I|.  iii|,, 
l.'l.a.'....  '.r  .  'I'  '11,  in  ill.  ir  iv-|.,'.'ii\.'  l.iiilii.l,  ^  '  |l..  ili,\  iji.nil', -i  :,  ,|, -ir,  i  ,  ,,l,iiin  iiii|ii'"\,,l  I'l. .'!-.. I'  .  itil.', 
Ii.il'-.'-  aii'l  -11..  I.?  I-  til.  I'.'  a  j;.'ii.  lal  <|.  -ir.'  I  ,  |.|.iiil  IViilt  ti-,.  -  '  Ai,.  ilir  ni,j,-l  api'iaiv..!  kin. I-  ,.f  ai^ii,  iilimal 
inipl.  111.  Ill-   II-.  .1  ' 

■jr,;i     \||\N.   ..I    C.MMI  M.MI.,\.         Iliv,'    ill,'    nil,,     |,r.,i  1,1,  ,|    f,,,    ;li,     ...n-irii.ii.'ii   ..fi..i.l-,    l,i  Lb, -.  ami 

•'"■li.    .  .alli.-H.>   an  a|.|.|'..|'riali I    ll,,  ir  l"  n   i  .1  iiiii,l-,  ,,i'  |.\   iiiii„.-iii-  ll,.     ,|iin  ..f  |..  r.  ,ii:i|    -,  m,','  ,  r  mn,    .|| 

til.    r,    1  I.  Ill-  ..I'  till'  -.  xi'i'al  .|i-ti'i,  I-  ,' 


'JTit    'I'm;    I'Xi.i.i-il    l,\N..i   \.,i     \    \|i  \\,   .,1    ('i\  ii,i/Mi.,s         'r,,»li.,i   .m,  nl    i-   il„    l',n-Ii-li    laii-,i,.'.' 

-|.'.|i.n.  ml   Kn.'li-li  I k-  r.  a.|.  aii.l  »lial   i-  tli,'  I,  nl,  ii,'v   ,,|'  ,,|.iiii.,ii   an,!    pi.i,  ti, i    i|,i-  -iil,|,.i.  m  il,,    till,,   .' 

Ill  ;:iMiiL'  r.  pli.-  t..  til.  -.'  .|ii.  rii'-,  ,  a).i.  --  y,\\v   ..|,iiii,.ii-   I'l. ,  1\,  aii.l  ~l;»t.'  aii\   la. I,  ..|'  1.'  ,,|'  |.i',..'.  .|iii.'  wlmli, 

ill  .\ ■.iii'lL'in.ni,  H..iil,l  I.  ii.l  I  I  a. hall..'  lli.'  «.  Il'ar,'  .,|'  |.r..iii,,|,'  ili.'  inppiii.  --..{' tli.'  nil,.'      'I'li,'  -,  n,  i;il  .|ii,  -n  ,n 

..r  ill.    a  Kan.'.'  aial  r.'.  l.iiii.ili.,ii  .,1'  th.'  nil,.  -,  ;,-   , ,.|,.,1  uilli  lli,'    |,|',  -.  nt    -l.n.'  ,,('  ili,'    In. Han    ti'i.l.',  Iia-  I.,  .  n 

c'Naiii.n    I  in  .|ii,  ri.'- '.i.'i  I',   In.",,  in.  ln.i\ ,'       'I'l,,'  l.i  ai  iiiu-  ..|' 

iil'li;;-  ill    .'-    il.lli,.-.-,!    ,,||    ih.'    li,'.,l,l 


ill.-.'    inl,  ir..i.''il"i'i.'-   .'11    ill,  ir   liiliir.'    -lal.'.  ,'in.l    ili. 


|i,.,|,|,'   :iii,|   :;'.\.  111111.  Ill    .,!'  ill.    Iiii.,11,  l,\   ili,li'   I,. -lli. ,11  in  ll 


't    n  ill. .a-,  .'ir. 


l'ii"lli,  r  .  ill.-.l  ,.iil 


111  an  1  \aiiiin  il  i.,ii  ,1  -,, 


I'  'iiii-  III  ill'-  |.a;i-l.ili"n  ■'!  I 


I,.   II',;    ai,,|    ill,'   , ,11, -li. ,11- .,11  ill,'   ii.'iiiil   ,"ii,|ih.,n  ,,!'  ill'     ii'il.i-  \vl 


1..  ar,     In.'l. 


1.  -i,'  lin;  ill 
i,U..li.,.|.  .111,1 


II    ,.l  '  I  I    II 


ll-  .,11  till'   t.rni" 


.1  I',  ill.  Ill  u,    I    ,'!'  ill.'    .\|i-i-ii.|,l,   I  |r,   i..    II- 


tlii-  \\   w  .if  ill.'   ,'liaii:.'.  -  «i',,iii.'li(    in  lli,'   |,'  -lii  .n  ..|    ili,'   tnl,,  .,  hi,.,'    Mr  ir   .li 


I.I    \     I'     I'l.ili.      ll 


ii ml.  a-   lli.'\  a. Ivan,',',  a.-   iiian\   ..f  tli,  in    ivu  .1  .,  in    lli 


11'   111.  an-   an. 


I    |.'.|.iilaii aii'l 


11    ill.     |l"_rr.  --    .'I 


III  ,11  aii.l  .if;i'i,'iiltiii'.',  tli.'il  «',.  -Ii..iil,l    -.'i.iilni,,,'  {]„■  n\,  ,}■■  ,la-  ,.|'  la.  I-   ,,|i  ulil.  Ii    tlii-   a.U.in,',    ,|. a,,  !,.|- 


n  I  I',  riniii.  II,  \        In    i 


.nl.T  1,1  l'Im'  il  llir  LT.  at,  1'  iiiiji.  In-  ; 
I'l'lli, 'i,.|,  .'iml  -ii'iitiin,  ill  ill.'  I'.,l|..i\lii^.  -i.l,|,,ln,  ,1 


III-    V  1.  W.    ll,,'     -111 


I' 
j.'.l    i-    .■ m    hi,    1    I  ,    \  ,111'  '^'  I:,  la 


lli.|i -  .111 


lli.'ir  i.'.'ii.  Ill  lii-l"iv   .'.n.l 


Illfll 


n 


I     f 


I' 


I 


I 


It  -^ 


'I      ^ 


If 


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.it 


I    ' 


i 


A  I'I'KN  1)1  \  — I  N<M-  I  I!  I  KS. 


(i  i:  N  i;  II  A  I,   iiisidiiv  (»!•  Till:    \  vj  i;  ii  i  c  a  n  tkiiiks. 

•J7I.    I'lliHii  -    niii\|    Tll\l'llln\    — Wl,..  \\,iv   ill li.-l    ihli;ilpilMiil.<  III'  Aim  iir:i"      What   in  (lie  li|;lil  iif 

traililloii  Mil  llii-  -iil.ji  ri  '  Will'  llir  :iiii  ■  -l"f-  if  llii  |,ri  -.  Ill  llid  llaiT  lln'  Al'iiri;.'iiir'<';'  W'jiat  iviilnuT.^  mini, 
if. Ill),  nt'ilii'  i'<  i'ii|'aiii  V  hI'iIk'  I'liiiiliv  I'V  man  |irhir  In  llir  arrival  ul'llir  Ih  liiii  ran'.' 

""'.'.  l*lli"'l->  HHiM  liKiil.m.V  —  All'  till  11'  ali\  iMili'lii  1  -  "I'  llii'  i"iiiili'\ 'k  lia\  ill):  ''I'l'll  iN'(ii|iii'i|  liy  liinil 
priiir  til  ill''  ill  |i..-iti..ii  111'  till'  lriliar\,  nr  lli"  ililiivial  ~lrala  .'  Arr  kih  Ii  I'xiili'iici  s  ciiiiliiiiil  wlmllv  In  tlir  iiiii'nii- 
Mijiiliii'il  il.  |in,ii«  ;   ami.  il'.4ii,  111  wlial  i|i'|iii,^iN,  ami  ul'wlial  [irnlialili'  i-ni.i'' 

■J"'!  I'liiiiiK-  lii'iM  As  111*1  K.  liiiNKs.  --  JliiW  ilii'p,  ill  any  lu'il"  i""  "'  ; '  -iu,  liKal  nr  t'l  mral,  nf  llii'  ii|i|m  r 
p'liliiu'ical  ti'riiiaii  "II-.  ari'  iIh'  Iiiiiii>  kI'  I'Miiirt  nr  rxiMliii).'  kiinl-  i<i'  i|iiiiilrii|iriU  nr  Hlliir  aniiiiiil  rriiiaiiin  In  Ih> 
Cniiiii;'  llavi'  till'  l'..riiiiii"^  nf  llii'  Itnl  llair,  nr  liny  pri'  r  rai  r.  IhUi  rniiin  iinl  miiIi,  m  arr  lliry  illn-lratiil  liy 
llir      viiihlii.n   '  i'  llii'  ina-lnilnii,  nr  nlliiT   I  n'^i'  aiiiiiial.i  wlmM'   Imiirs  air   imw    rniiinl   in  a   (n—il   ^lalr!' 

•_'7  I.  I 'in  ml  I  111  I M  .\- 1  iinMixn  -••  W'lial  ;iri'  till'  ;ri  iiir.il  l■l'nl•lll^inll■•  in  Kr  ilrawii  I'l  -|ii  I'iiiij:  llir  i  ra  nr  rra.n 
111' '111'  aiilii|iii    ..■li!iiii''iii  I'''   Kni'iii- 1.  I'r  nil  lli.'  knn\vli'.|;;i'  nf  a«lr'iii'ini\ ,  lln'  »l\l''  "I'  anliili  iliiri'.  llir  .y-liin  nf 

rcli^finii-    Ircliil'.  I   iiiMlin|n)i\.  i|j.   -tail   .|   .'iM.  i'raii\  nilnr  ili  |<iirliiirnt   nf  iii.-lnrical  nr  iilitii|iiaiiaii   iiiM?li).'a- 

limi  iniiiinii  li   wiili  llir   lii-l'ir\    nf  ilii'   ii'M|iii  .il  ur  ri|iiinM\i,il   hilii'.'i.' 

•_'7.'i.  I'll!"  l~  iit'iM  I.\M  I  M.i:-.  —  l>'i  ilii'  .\iiirrii'aii  lanj;n.'it.'i'S  nlTrr  any  prnnf".  in  tlnir  ^riaiiiiiiar-,  nr 
(nialiiilaiii -.  '  f  :ui.  i '111  1   'iin.'\i"n-  willi  niiml.il  i.r  nllicr  l'n|'ri;.'ii  tiatinli" '' 

•.'"li.  I'liiinl-  Mini  'I'lil'i'i  iM'in  AMI  (iliii.ll  M'llV  — W'li.it  prnlialilr  I'ai'N  nr  jii«t  cniii'lii-ii.n^  ran  lir 
ilrawii  r. -|ii  riiu^'  lli  air  ii  nl  pnini  nr  pniiiN  nf  ajipmai  li  In  llir  rniilinnil,  I'liiin  liipiij;i'apliir.'il  ainl  );.iir  i.ipliiral 
r  'ii-i'li  r.ili'iii-  .' 

i;i;(M    T^    11  r     Tlillil',  S    W  IT  II  I  N     T  H  K     T  NIT  Kit    S  T  \  T  K  ,< 

■J7T.  Wii  V  !  Mil  \\  Tkiiii  •  IS  I  III  I  SI  1 1  |i  .•>iMi.-  ami:  1  iiMi'V  m  iiix  i  n  kiium  i  hi,  »  vmi  .■"im  N'*''  — 
II'iH  ii'r  n  111  ir  Inl'i'-  In  III-  Irirnl,  air  I  in  In  «lial  niiniln  r  nf  ^.'i  in  lir  lainiln  -.  nr  j.'i'iiii|.-.  ran  lln  >  !"■  nllini.ilrly 
I  1.1-1 '1' 

-7"'.     WllVI      I-     llll-     I.SIISI     111      IIIK     .Nl.i.iiSliI   IS     I'WIII.V' —  lln«     niiny    Irilii  -    nf   llli^    rla—    Ml    r\il.|, 

an!  li.»   ni:iii\    n.    !i.   «iii"l'i    isiiinl.'      W'liiil    nl.ilinii   i|n   lln    aiirii  nl    Liiiiii    l,i  iiapi  ^,  nr  lliiaw.iii -.  ImM  ill 

llil-    filiiilv    ' 

■J7'I      III     «    1\T    i;ili.l    I'     \l;i      III!      III. 11.11  ill-,     ASH    MliW     !•*     IT    M.MiK,    II'.  .\l'i'  lllrrr  nlllrr    IriKr-  lir-iili'H 

;l,i     Wyinln'      ;illi'   '    M   il'      \Vi  ir   lli,     Krir-   nf  ll,i,   rmnp'' 

•J^-ii    .\r-    'riiiiii--    -I'lvKisi,    liiMiii-    111-   lilt:    I'vimv,  mi   ."•^im  \    I,  \siii  auk,  i-:,\  rKs-i\  i:  .' —  linr- 

il  I  inKr.ir.    iiiaiiv  "f  l;r'  I'r:iirir  tril"  -  "I    lln     ^1  i ui '      'I'n  wliai  i  slriil    .'irr  lln  v   In  lir   Iv.'irnl  InwanN  llir  \Vi«l 

ami  S..i.lir/ 

■J»l     WiUT    l'"Air-    tsi-T    llll     I'liMisi.    \\    Al'i'M  \i  III  \\   (il((ii|i'' — Hiw  Miii'li  all  arniiiirrini  III  ailvaii- 

I.r.'.-  ..v.r  ill"  111  ■!■.  .  I' iiiii-i  ril"  I  t.iin  "  1  I'l  i.lian '' "  In  wli.il  liiaiiiirr  am  wr  In  prnrrril  in  a  — iL'niiii.'  tin' 
Mn-n.^ii.-  an. I  ..ili.  r  nil..--  ili.ir  ippiipriair  p..-iiinn-  ill  llii-i  inip.irtaiil  rmiip ';'  Wa.-i  llirrr  an  rarl_\  iiifn-i.'ii  nf 
f.r  i::n    M I   iiiln   :ii.y   liraii.  ll   nf  tliii   •'arr':' 

'_•-■.'      \Vll\l      lii'MiTliiS      I. I      ;lll     TslllH    .-!T\l'K.-i     IsiilW.s     llnl.n,     KtII  Nl  il.' in  II' M.I.V,      to     T i;     UK 

\li  \li,i  '  Air  ill.  1,  :iiu  pr.il-  ..:  .'illiliali.'ii  in  lir'  .jTainin.'ir- .'iinl  Miralmlarii-''  Wliat  lit'lil- arr  :i!'  .nl.  .1  Ly 
|,.,i  n  ,,,  ;i  ..;,il  .11  .'  W  :i-  ill.  \  '\'  \  "f  H"  '^It--'-  ■]  I  i  I  r  .l.'il.l\  -.III.. I  .'it  llir  prriml  nf  tin'  i -lal.li-lniii  nl  nf 
ill.    A/'.r  1  iiipiii  .   nnlir  ili.'   pr,  .j.r.  — ..r-  nf  llir    ^l.iii'r'/nina- '.' 


m 


AITRNOIX  — IN'Ol'll!  IK  s.  r,:,'.> 

•J"-:;    WiiKMj;  I'AMK  Tin:  N  xrriit'/,    \mi  i  iik  I  ii  iii    '        Viv  il,.  y  if  ili"  tiih    \|i|.iil,M  lu.ni  i\|i.' '     SWrv 

tli'Ti'   '.'i-    ;i    I |ili'   i-iilli'il    CiiiHi-,    iiilnliiliiiu'   ill.-   |.:ill    'I'   \  'itli    Aiiirrl.  1   .-ill    I    I'l.ihl.i   1,\     ili.    S|i,iiii:ii  1. '.' 

\\  lull   I   111   !"■  -;liil.   ili»lii|irall_V,  cifllli'    Ap|illllrlu  ■»,  "I     \|i|' il.u  lijiill-.  |i|i'|iir' 

•.>!     I'niii-t;  ur   Mi..ii\ri(iN   — |i  tl lliti.i|..,ri,.;i|   I'll;, III  ,,f  iiiiirruti.ii   1,1  |,|.  ti I  ml.,  \\,r    \|i-.;,.i|,|,i 

\illi'V.  .•iii'l  iilmit'  till'    Vihiiilir  I'lui.t,  rrmii  wiiitli  tn  iimili,  ur  vn'i-  rrriii  i*      l«  ilii-  i'|i:iiii  ilriininl  |i\  ims  niiiiiiiii 

I'l'ill-I.   :i-    W.ll   lis  li_v    I,'MIL'I|;1L"'  Illl'l   Irilililinli  ?        Wlllll     prinC-.    Ill'   mull    III)    i'X|,:|li.|<.||    ill'    llllir-    ;irr   111  lir   •iilH.'Ilt    ill 

clinialr   iiiul   )rrii;.'r;i|iliii':il    |ilii'niiiiii'nii  ' 

'.'".'l.  Al'I'lUi  I  ATliiN  111-  lltMulK  l%\  l|il\(  KH  l\  K--T.Mll,l -II I  Ml  till. ill's  —  |.  ||,,,,  ;,|,y  l^i.|ltll'l'  nC 
iiiicicnl  iilTiliilii'i  t.i  I.I'  l'..iiiiil  ill  ill.'  arilliiiii'tir  ur  ii<lr.i|i..iiiy.  i.r  in  tlir  iiiinii  ril-  iiml  inmli'  ..t  i'"iii|iiiliiii.'  iiim'  nl' 
lllc  "I'liliralr  Irilii'-''  An'  IIHiUIhIi  lllnl  lllliiillt  |.|!lii  .•  ..f  .Irl'i  llri'  Slllilm-i'l  In  1  \iliri'  II  »liili'  I'C  ;irl,  iVnlll  uliirli 
iiiiy  n  li.il'li'  i|i'iliirli..ii>  .if  llii'  iilliiiilii'i  I.r  ni'i  «  iimy  In'  ilriiuii  ' 

'."''li     AiiK   Iti  I  ii.ii.i  -    Itnis   M  MiiMiv   Am-   iv    ilii    K.iinrii.v   m-  linni  r- '■' —  I-  iIh-   nnii.    ('.r  ili. 

hi'ily,  I'l-  (ii'i'nl   .'^|iiiil,  iii'i'i '.sarily  iii..ri'  |ir..iiiiiii'iil  lliaii  any  nlliir  '      Wliai   iliaraili  r-  .|..  ili.    -iiii  :iii.|  ih.    i n 

p'liirally   l.iai.  a-   Ivi.i-'      Arr   llii'    Irari'N  nf  ati   iiiirii'lit    lirc-Wi 'r-lil|i   'Hi  llii-  i -niliii.  m    i'\i,  ii.i\,    aii.|  r  liil.l.- ? 

I-  llii'  nlativi'  imi-ili il'  llii'  nil!'.  i\|ilii'al.|.'.  in  mhih'  iii-r-,  ..ii  llii-   ili.  .iv''       \\\\<-  aiiil"L'i'    .  m  |.i"|'li.  lir 

art-,  nil  r'liiaiii'y,  iiin-ii'.  |.iiliirr-wrilinj.',  ami  oral  lit'linii,  any  lirariiit'    n  .Irii.iiiii'j  -iniiliiily  i(  ..n.'iii  ' 

•jx;.    I'lliiii  ni'in    ..| Ciiwiii.    IN    l.wi.iMit:-.  —  Itiiw,  iir  '■',    wlial    |ii". in   -\II:il,ii;il    niiii.ilMn.  jiai" 

wi.nls  iliaiipil,  Ml  a-  1.1  a.-siinii'  ilii'  rli  ini'iir  i.l'  n.  w  ilialni.-  ami  !inj;na;;  -   mi  iIli  I'lmiini  nl.  mIiiL'  iIh   plm  nf 
till. II   '  •     ir  graiiiiiiar,  lia.t  varicil  li'»«,  ur  Ihtii  ri'taiinil  '' 

liMiv   111'    It  MTS.  —  Ila\i'  llnri' Kii'ii  any  -Irlklii).'  iliaii'.'i".  in  ill.    |.li\-ii'al   l\|ii' ..I'    lli.'    Imliaii   rari-, 
111  \  .111  iliai  |.r...lii(iil  liy  lutituiltH  ami  l..iigiliiil('»,  ami  liy  llicir  iimniior  uf  MiilL-iiliiirc  i* 

Tul'IC  \  !.    I  Mir  M!  I  I'l  <   I  1,1,1- <  Tit  ATI  V  V.  OK    (1  KM-;  I!  \  I,    II  l.'^TOl;  V, 

•.'*'.!      r.lMSWIS    111-     nil;    \i;w    Kvi.l.VMi   Tllllll-      -    Willi    I-    ill.'    Iiiliiil'r    fill. I    , lili.ii     .f    ill,     r,  n    K 

M'lN  '       \ri'  llii'  Aliiiiriki-,  hIi  ,  ll.'.l  iV.iiii  ^' 'rriilL'«:i.'l;,  -lill  iin.l.r  lli.'  .an'  ..C  llnir  I'i'i.'inal  I.  i.ln  r-.  ..ii'l  wlni 
|.r..i;n  --  liMVi'   ill.  y  nia.li'   in  iii.|n-li'\   an.l  .in'  i'i\il   .'irN,  -inri'  tin  ir   w  i|li,li';i«,'il  l.i  l'ana.|:i  ''        \\  lial    \i-li:;.  ,   ..f 

ill.'    \I:i--,i.  Iiii- IN   '.'n.iii.  ..|'  nil..  ^   n  iniiii  \iiiliin   llir  I I  li.  -  ..f  ili  ii    .'^tiii',  im  lu-iv.     .f  >l   iij.  r.    \iii.i;ii.l 

ami  ..ill.  r  II. ml-  '      Wlnl    aiv  lIn    |.ii -.  nl  niMnl.,r   ami  i'..nilili..n  "f  lli,'   \  iir-ivin-.  ii-  ..|'   l!li...|.    Mii,.|,  aiil  ..f 

lllr    \I    'II.  ■.'■Ill-   ..f    ('■.nil.',  li,lll   '' 

•J'.ili.    Nmi\i:   Tnilil-   m     \iu     \ \    -  Wlnl    i-   llir    |.n I    nnml"  r,  |...  ili.n.  aii.|    -i  ii..   ,  f  in.lii-trv    ..I 

ill.'    II','!   i-  '      W  ,.    ili.lr I',.|.r:ir\    ..|'  amii  III  ..r    i I.  rii    .iil,   ;    1    »l,ii     »'i.     il,.'    |iimi|'l.-    ,.f  il,, 

;.',n,  rum,  m  '       \n    ili  i'    ,iii\  "I'  ilir  -i-rk    •■(  lli,    :iii.  i.  m    \|.  1,.  ., m-.   \|iiii.. ,  ..  ,.|    ,.ili,  r  n  il„  .  ..f  il,.-    ||ii.|...|| 

\alli\.    ,1    ,'1'    I.,. iil:    1-1. III. I    an.l    ill.,    a.liiii'i  1,1    , l .,    1,11    \Mi|iii>    ili,.    I,.,iiii.l;ii  i,  ,    ,,(    ||,--    .-ii  ,i,    '       \\  |,;,|     i.    ij,,, 

nii'.inin-  ■  T  lli''  vvunl   M  ml.  iii  in  '       Mil   I|n.|-..ii  .v.  i   I. in. I  .  h  il,i-   l-liinl  ' 

'Jdl  WiiM  Im'IW  III  i,  ni -iii|  i\  N..i;  i  ii  \  mi'I  ..n  ( 'i.i  \  n  ,  \  iii..im  \  '  \i.  il..  \  .1'  ih.  l'..«li  ii. 
tanir  -li.ili  ;  inn!  an'  lln  n-  -till  I..  1..  I'..iiii.l.  in  .'lli.  i'  |,iii-  ..)  lli  il  Sl.ii,  .  .1.  -,  ii,|.iiil-  .1'  ih,  N  .il..»,n-,  ,,r  ..ili,r 
lliiliaii-  ln'li.nj.'iiii.'  1.1  lli.'il  I'linily  '.' 

•Jli'J.    Wii  vr   \i  MiiHi  ur  TiiK   I'v  vwiiv-  nr   -: Cmlhixv    ihmmn'       |i..  iI,,  Imli  m- .  T  ilii-  nil.r, 

wli.i   Hm'    in    y.i'li   .li-liiil.   iiHii    :in\    1  ni'l- ;   ami,  il'  ini,    «li:,!    .inniiil,  -   ,1-   ilii'\    i,.'i\..  I'i..ii,    iln     <i  ,i,   ;    iii,| 

an'  ill,'-.'   aiinniili"^   .'i|i|,lii'i|  in  -iii'li  m  ,iiii.  r   ';-  t.,  |.n  m   1,    lln  ;i    i 'I'l,  .iti'.i,     iinl  imiu-li;.   '  W  li.,:    "iVi'.iii.  -   ,-,1-1, 
lii'lwi'i'li  llii'  ( '.iliwl.a  ali'l  i.lli,  I'  ,  \i-liii:.'  I  iii'.ii.i'/'  -  ' 


•J'.iil'  \Vii\r  Mu;  I'll!  I'liii  I  M~  r  \\i'>s  i  sni  n  wiinii  v  I'Mii  ..i  nil  I 'ii  i  liuM  i-  ,\iii  ii\lv..  in 
N'..  II  I  II  I'  Ml.il.lN  \  ■'  —  ll'.H  Ilia  II  \  |.i  l'."li-  n  iniin  at  lli.'  I".  ,ili  ni  -i  i  111,  -1  I',  lli,  in,  :iml  »li  il  |'|'  .'.n',  --  |ia\,'  l|i,'y 
liiaili'  ill  au'i'ii'iillnrr  an  I  ii\  ilj/aiii'ii  '.' 


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A  ?  P  E  X  P  I  X  —  I N  Q  U  I  R  I  E  S . 


201.  Dn  TiiK   Skminot.ks,  wiki  ukm.mn   in    !• 


I.IIIUDA,    INCUKASK     IN    .N  I   Mini! 


:ivi'    llicv    IIKl'lo 


mlvMiH'O    ill    iiL'iiciiltun;    nr    llic    arts,    and    is  llirir    cunliiuird   irsidriin'   in   tint   Slalc   Ijosl    siiilcl   tn  imni 
tliiir  h:ipiiiin'~s  anil  wcll'aiv,  ami  to  secure,  at  tin'  same  time,  the  ]ir  isperity  "f  tli"  Slate  setllem 'iils  !' 


loto 


•J'.'.").    Willi    WKHl:    THE    MUST    ANCIKNT    'I'lilllKS    IMIAIiniNil     I'l.i  ilil  HA  .' —  I ,    tllelv    al 


IV    re:l.-.ill 


to  !.  li, 


tlnl  Culia,  tlie  lialiamas,  or  any  of  llie  norllierniii'i'-l    L'loniis  of  llie  \Ve>t  Imlia  I -laii'ls,  were  ori_nii:il]v  [i  ■  inlel 
liy     lieliaii-    I'roiii    llie    |ienilisiila   of   I'liirida  '      Who   were   tli"    .\]i|ialaeliites    s|Mili,n   of    in    |>a\is'    lii-lory   nf 


the  Carilrlue  Nlniids  '!      Kid  a  eololiy  of  Minorrans  ever  land,  in  am  ieiit  lini 


fl- 


Wli: 


wa,^  Mil'  fate 


of  llie  Fr  iirli,  \\!i  I  al'andiiiied  lliomselves  to  llie  wilderiu'ss  of  Florida,  on  the  faihire  of  I,:iiid"ii:iierL'>  |i!an  of 
sellleineMI  /      Are  lliere  any  e\ideiiees  of   |)e  Soto's  exfiedition  to  lie  found  in  e.\i>liii!.'  Indian  iianie>;' 


"  I , 


'l'M\.  What  1!i;mains  i:Msr  I'l-    iiii;  Imhan   I'oi'ri.AriuN  hk  tiik  Sta 


Ti:s  siirrii  hf,  up,   laiiinniiMi 


(IN,  Till',  .<iuTiii.iiN    iiAMii;  or   Tin;    Appalachian    Miuntains  ?  —  I 


n    what    m.inner 


were    these    trilii 


oriixinally  nl  ited  ;  what  ineidenls  led  them  to  leave  their  original  sites  on  the  sonlliern  and  sonlhwolern  slreams, 
and  how  are  lli;y  di^lriluiti'd  .and  located  at  tile  ]iresi  nt  time  '. 

•JOT.  IlilW  I'AU  Alir.  TlIK  Cl.AIM.S  np  TIIP.  \i  illTll-M  KN.  .\S  TUK  OlIllllN.M,  Tl|sr(  i\Kll  P.HS  riP  AMKlUf'A, 
PNi'l  ri.rii  ni  ('iii'hkmk  ]  —  If  •'  Vinhmd"  was  dise.ivered  in  the  niilli  century,  wliat  ]iartieiihir  hititiiiles  ;iiid 
loii;;ilndr.  ^  f  Xorili  .Vin.rica  are  we  to  nnder'.tand  hy  this  term  \ 


9<.  ^\'llA^    IS    TiiK    ('ii.MiArTP.i!    .\Ni>    I'l  iipiiitr    (IP     rut;    Anciknt    I 


NSCIllPTlilN      piilNIl     (IN     TIIK 


lIli.lirnN  linik,  iiN  TUP  liiillliPlts  IIP  ^Iassaoiiisptts  and  Ullnlip  l.-l,.\NU  ■/ —  Is  this  iii.-cri|itioii  in  the 
Itniiic  or  any  other  ancient  cliaracler,  in  ji.irt,  or  alto^'ctlier ;  or  is  it  xiii  i;r/irri^  willi  llie  devices  and 
iiictnri'-writin'.'  of  ihe  North  American  Indians,  referred  to  liy  No.  'H't. 


•2li0.   |)ii)   Tin;    I'liiiKNiciANs,  mi    any   utiipii    I'pdi'i.p    puiim    tiik    Mkditkur.vnkan, 


IIHNISII     AW 


El.K.MKNT    IN    TIIK    AniiknI'    l.NlilAN     I'dPl  LATIioN    cip    AMKIiirv! — Is    there    any    allinily    lielweell    tin 
]ro(|iiois  and  lircek  laiijiuages  ! 


iiiO.  Is  TiiKUK  .VNV  Asiatic  Wiiiii)  nii  Wciiiiis  Ninv  i.\  rsK  iiv  a.ny  of  tup.  Amkuican'  T 


ItlliKS  .'  — 


AVliat  is  the  origin  of  the  Aztce  word  ''peon''  "      What  are  the  elements  of  their  name  for  the  Deitv,  "teo-tl '/" 

301.    llil    \VK    HKKIVK    TIIK  TkIOI    Af.KKdIIANV    PIKlM    AN    A.NCIKNT    I'pilI'l.K    CAI.I.KH   Al.f.KlillANS  i* — Al'C 
there  any  oth.r  wor.ls  of  tlieir  langnage  remaining  in  onr  !;eoj;r,-i|ihy '/     Stale  them,  witli   their  ctvuiology. 


oOl!.   Wild  WKltK  TIIK  F^lUKs? — ■  Have  \vc  reason  tc  suppose  that 


we  niav  reeocnise,  nm 


ler  tl 


IIS  name,  llio 


Kahkwas  of  the   Iioipioi.s,  or  the   lost  "  iientev  nation,"  of  the   French  writers? 


oO:l.  WllAI'  TlllDK  AUK  \VK  TO  UNIIKliSTA.Nll  HY  TIIkTkIIM  ''FlliK  N.\TlllN?"  —  Is  this  a  syilonvm  for 
any  of  llie  exi>liiig  western  trihes':'  Were  thoy  of  the  gronp  of  the  Algon.|niii  trihes,  or  of  a  difVereiit  sleek, 
who  were  e.\pelled  liy  them  ? 

304.  Is  TIIK  Wdiiii  ()nKOd\  AN  iNPtAN  Tkkm  ?  —  If  SO,  in  what  language,  and  what  are  its  syllaliical 
clement.s  and  nieaning'''     Was  it  emiiloyed,  Iiy  writer.s,  prior  to  the  time  of  Carver? 

;!0"i.  Is  Tin;  JN-cini'TidN  fopnd  hn  (H'k.ninii  tiik  (Iuave  Ciikkk  MdiM),  in  Wkstkiin  ViiidiNi.\, 
IN  \^-V,),  Al.l'ii.MSKTlc  cm  IIipiiddi.Yl'iiic?  —  If  alplialjctie,  in  wdiat  ancient  character  was  it  exeoiited,  what 
is  the  purport  tlivreof,  and  what  Ijearings  has  it  on  the  early  epoch  of  Ainericim  history?  Furnish  an  authentic 
copy  of  the  in-eri])tioii,  with  its  interpretation,  if  known. 

80().  Cincinnati  ANTii)t;K  Stdnk. — M'hat  objects  arc  dp]iipted  on  ai'  anliipie  ornnnicnted  stone  found  in 
a  niouiul  in  llie  town   plat  of  Cincinnati  in   ISIO?     Are  these  ornaments   in   the   ^'ucat.iiiese  stvlc? 


liO".  At  what  Tl.MK,  APTPl!  TIIKY  HKCA.ME  ACQUAINTED  WITH  TIIK  (iCI.F  (IP  .MkXICii,  WAS  TIIP  MdlTII 
(IP  TIIK  Mississii'i'l  PIUST  HlscdVKltJLl)  IIY  TIIK  SPANISH? — Whut  lianic  dill  they  liestow  on  it;  what 
terms  were  bestowed  by  others,  and  in  wli.it  manner  ha.s  the  present  term  of  Mississijipi  come  to  prevail?  Is 
this  an  Algominin  phra.se,  and  if  ,so,  what  are  its  elements? 


APPENDIX  — INQUIRIES. 


5G1 


.".OS.  WkHK  THK  KvinF.NPES  OF  AnCIKNI'  Civil. IZATKiN  Cci.N  Kl  .\  K.ll  Hi  ThIIIKS  l,f)C.\TKI)  .MtlllMl  llli: 
Oui.r  riF  .Mkxii'ii!' — •  I)n  tlic  iirtiek'S  iind  I'lMfrmi'iits  (if  aiiciuiit  cartlu'iiwaiv,  fimml  at  .\li|i!ilacliicolii  liav,  ami 
at  (itliLT  |)lacc's,  ill  Tlnriila,  (Icimtu  a  degree  iif  j^kill  in  tliat  art  suiiericir  to  tliiit  kuiiwu  to  have  been  liossessed,  liy 
the  uoitlieru   tribes,  on  tlio  |ilaiitiiig  of  tlio  eoloniosi' 

.'iOO.  Wii.\T  OiiiKNTAL  Customs  ark  dknotki)  uy  Wk.stkun  A.ntiqiitik.s?  —  Artielcs  of  antique  pottery 
have  lieun  found  in  Tennessee,  which  arc  stated  to  denote  tliu  e.ti.stence  of  the  I'hallie  worship  among  the  ancient 
tribes  who  inlialiitcd  the  precincts  of  tliat  .state.  AVIiat  are  the  facts  on  this  head;  and  do  tbcy  receive  coiintc- 
iianee  from  discoveries  in  oilier  (jnartcrs? 

:ilO.    .\I1R    TIIERF,    ANY    AFFTMIIKS    HKTWKF.N    THE    ('aRII!    AND    NOHTII    AmKHTCAN    DiAF.ECT.S? 

;5n.  TltlHAr.  Kl.KMKNT  OF  Anciknt  Ci VI i.i/atioN 'Z  —  Are  the  reixirts  we  have  in  Ilnmboldt,  which  are 
renewed  by  later  writers,  of  a  trilie  of  White  Indians,  called  Moijues  or  .Mocas  in  the  norlh-wcslcrn  parts  of 
Sonora,  founded  on  truth,  and  what  are  the  features,  habits,  and  arts  of  this  people '!  J)o  this  tribe  possess  bine 
eyes,  flaxen  hair,  and  a  while  skin?  Do  tiicy  build  stone-houses,  raisi.'  largi'  herds  of  cattle,  and  grow  and  sjiiu 
cotton? 

I!l"2.  Tkihks  of  Nfw  Mi;xiro.  —  What  are  the  eharactor,  habits,  and  state  of  industry  of  the  Navihoes, 
Jicarillas,  ('talis,  Kayagiia.s,  and  other  native  tribes  of  this  intendency  ? 

.'!!.'!.  I.N'OIANS  OF  OliF.iiiiN.  —  What  are  the  principal  facts  respecting  the  numbers,  names,  and  groups,  of 
these  trik'.s?  Arc  there  any  analogies  between  the  ancient  languages  of  Mexico  or  California,  and  the  i'aeilic 
trilics  in  the  vicinity  of  Noolka  iSound  ?  And  are  the  tribes  of  the  Columbia  \'alley,  as  tliiy  are  re|irescnlid  to 
be,  destitute  of  the  knondedge  of  a  (!ud,  and  ollicrwise  degraded  in  their  ilitellcclnal  character,  below  those 
generally  lix'ated  ea.st  of  the   llocky  Mou.itains  ? 

.'!14.  Was  AMKiufA  know.n  in  tiik  I'iftii  (^.nti  rv,  as  is  now  said,  in  the  Bibliotiiktical 
Circles  of  iIermany,  on  the  Aitiiouity  of  Chinese  Whitinos? 


LANOUACrK. 

31.').  What  are  the  Grammatical  Principles  of  the  Lanhlaok?  —  Do  these  priiu-iplos  correspond 
with  the  aiuient  or  modern  class  of  languages?  If  with  the  ancient,  with  what  family,  and  in  what  particulars, 
do  resemblances  or  aflinities  exist !  Arc  tlie  words  simple  or  coniiiouinl  ?  If  ooinpouiiil,  or  compound  deriva- 
tives are  used,  what  are  the  rules  by  which  these  coinpounds  are  efl'ected  '. 

816.  Ts    THE    \'oCAHI  LAIIV     OF    THE     I^ANOIAIIE    FOUNDEll   ON    GENERIC    RoOTS    OR    1  RIMARY    FoRMS 

WHICH  COALESCE  WITH  AiuiNCTs,  IN  THE  I'lTERANCE  ? — Are  thcsc  roots  numerous?  An;  they 
monysylhibic  or  dissyllabic  ?  Do  they  express  the  primary  senses  of  motion,  existence,  and  action,  quality,  and 
]M)sition,  without  their  relation  to  objects  or  peisous? 

817.  What  is  the  I'hocess  of  Svll.mhcal  Accretion?  —  Does  more  than  one  substanlive  and  ono 
verb  enter  into  the  new  compound  ?  If  two  or  more  words  coalesce,  do  they  both  retain  their  quota  of  syllables, 
or  are  some  dropped,  or  thrown  away  ?  What  are  the  rules  of  this  process  of  discarding  syllables  ?  Which 
syllable  is  invested  with  the  primary  meaning?     Give  examples  of  the  mode  of  coalescence. 

!iis.  Have  thi:  Veriis  ano  Sirstantives  power  to  arsorh  into  their  Texture,  Pronoins, 
1'repositions  ami  Ali.iKCTiVKs?  —  If  so,  does  not  a  word  become  highly  concrete,  descriplivo.  and  pollvsyl- 
bibic,    exhibiting  rather  the  f.rcc  and  meaning  of  an  entire  senlence  ? 

ISli).  What  Laws  ok  Concord  govern  the  Cse  of  Sirstantives?  —  Have  they  variations  of  form 
to  designate  number,  gender,  and  case?  IIow  is  the  plur.al  formed?  Is  there  any  dual  number?  Ts  there  u 
limited  and  -n  unlimited  plural,  or  an  inclusive  and  exclusive  plural  ?  Have  substjintives  any  inflection  to 
ilenole  the  animate  or  inanimate  cla.ss  of  objects? 

71 


C)&. 


Al'l'KNDlX— INQl^  I  III  KS. 


'  n' 


tlPiiiil 


1 '. 


li'.  I 


:!'JII.  ilisiiKli.  —  l.-<  tlu'iv  a  iiiasiuliiic,  I'miiiiiiii',  ami  lu'utrr  f^midiT  !  II'  tlio  sex  of  dlijccls  ri'i|iiiro  ii<i 
iniui.id.-,  1.1  wlial  I'liiiuiplo  m1'  ili>liiictiiiii  ilu  llic  iiilliTtimis  of  tniiisilivc  vurlis  ami  nouns  ]jiiint  'f  U  tlu'  anaiiuo- 
III.  nl   of  nialifi-  ami   masses    iiitu    animalc    and  inanimate-    kinploms    olisi'iviil  !      liy  what    iiitliilions    of  lliu 

.i.l._t>i.i(  ii  ..~     -ii'..     tli.iwi.    i-1-.^^.i.i    il.>iiiiti>il  '^         I  )i  t  Oiiiow      'iiiini'iti'  III*     oiiillitillttiv    ri'doil'i.   \i.r)i>i  :ilillll;lti>  i  .1'    lli;iliilii-iti>. 


.-ul. stall! ivcs  arc  tlu'sc  ulasscs  ilcnoteil 
ami  rice  rr/mi ;' 


Do  nouns,  animate  or  inaniniato,  rri|uii'L'  voi'lis  animalc  or  inanimate, 


.">'JI.  What  aiih;  iiik  I'mNi'iPAi,  ('iian(iks  dv  (''hum  of  Sihstam'ivks?  —  Are  (hey  ileeline.l  to  form 
oases?  Are  they  snseeptiblo  of  local  ami  of  ailjeelive  intleetionsi'  Does  the  nniiii  preccile,  or  fnllow  the  vcrli ! 
Do  they  say  'give  me  fo.iil,'  or  '  foiKl  give  mc  '.'     Are  sulislantivos  convcrtcil  into  vi'rlis,  ami  how  ? 

:'i'2'J.  What  akk  tiii-:  Laws  hf  AirinKNfK  ov  VKitiis?  —  Do  vcrlis  consist  of  grouml  forms,  which 
imlii-ate  imleiienilcnt  or  generic  action,  passion,  or  cxistcneo  !  How  are  iliese  forms  varied  to  denote  person  ai]d 
olijeet '/  How,  in  the  ineor|Miration  of  pronominal  elements,  is  the  actor  distinguished  from  the  iilijcct?  How 
many  ni.ioils,  tenses,  and  voices  have  they''  Can  they  lie  conjugated  positively  and  negatively  i*  Is  there  any 
true  inliniiive  in  the'  spoken  dialect,  or  how  is  the  inlinitivc  denoted?  Are  there  participles'/  Arc  verhs  fumieJ 
from  nouns'/  How  are  the  verbs  to  speak,  to  dance,  to  cry,  converted  into  speaker,  dancer,  cryer?  Conjugate 
the  verlis  to  love,  to  see,  U)  burn,  through  the  various  moods  and  tenses. 

o'J.').    Dll    All.TKCTIVKS,    As    WF.I.I.    AS     VKRnS    AMI    Si  IISTANTIVKS,    (1HKY    TIIK    OrAM.M ATirAL    DlSTINC- 

TiiiN  (IF  Ammatk  AM)  Inammatk? — Are  the  Words  good  and  bad,  black  and  white,  varied  in  their  termi- 
nations to  denote  the  generic  classes  of  objects  to  which  they  arc  aplilied?  Cannot  the  same  adjective  term  be 
applied  to  a  man  and  a  rock/  Arc  adjectives  declined  for  comparison?  How  do  they  denote  the  degrees 
of  comparison  /  If  adjectives  arc  not  varied  for  degrees,  how  is  precision  imparted/  Do  substantives  admit  of 
adjective  intlcetions,  by  whieli  the  use  of  a  governing  adjective  is  obviated/  In  the  terms  a  good  man  and  a 
good  gun,  need  the  words  man  and  gun  be  separatcdy  employed  /  Describe  the  rule,  with  its  transitions  nud 
variations. 

'.>'2i.  HdW  MANY  PiioNiU'xs  HAS  TIIF,  LA.NMUAfiK  ?  —  Are  there  personal,  rdative,  and  dennmstrative 
pronouns,  and  how  many  of  each,  and  in  what  nnmner  are  they  varied  in  the  plural  /  '  Is  there  any  pronoun 
she,  as  contradistinguished  from  he?  Is  the  innnlier  of  the  third  person  always  inilefinile/  Ari'  there  two 
plurals  for  we,  foundeil  on  the  prinri]ilc  of  the  inclusion  or  exclusion  of  the  pcr.son  addressed/  How  is 
the  Deity  addressed  under  the  openilion  of  this  anomalous  rule? 

3i;r).    AlU:    I'llONIHNS    SI  SCKPTIlil.K    (IF    iNFI.F.nillNS    F(1R    Tk.NSK,  N'lMllKIl,  llH  TuANSITIVE  OiUF.CT/ 

Tn  what  maimer  are  they  varied,  and  how  is  the  past  and  future  distinguished  from  the  presi-nt/  Can  they  be 
further  varied  to  denote  the  obliipie  tenses?  Is  there  more  than  one  cla.srt  of  i>ci'sonal  pronouns;  and  if  so,  how 
do  the  personal  prefixed  pronouns  differ  from  the  suffixes? 

326.  Has  the  Lanouaoe  Pkepositions  ?  —  If  so,  .ire  they  employed  disjunctively,  or  ,as  independent 
part.s  of  speech,  as  heard  in  by,  to,  in,  with,  if,  from,  through,  nr  arc  these  senses  expressed  by  inseparable 
particles,  or  by  alphabetical  signs/  How  is  precision  given  to  the  phrases,  in  the  water,  by  the  roek,  on  the 
tree  1 

327.  What  is  thf.  Nfmukr  and  CiiAnArxKii  nF  tiifir  Auvkubs?  —  Can  the  Indians  express  the 
sense  which,  in  the  English  language,  is  conveyed  by  the  inflection  /y,  as  heard  in  badly,  rapidly  ?  In  the 
phrases,  stand  up,  lie  down,  go  there,  how  do  the  verbs  differ  from  their  ordinary  forms  in  the  singular  of  the 
indicative  or  imperative  iiresent?     What  are  the  forms  of  yes  and  no? 

32S.  Is  THERE  a  Definitk  ANt)  AN  Tndffinite  AitTici.E?  —  IIow  is  the  want  of  a  definite  artiehi 
supplied?  It  will  be  ncce.s.sary,  in  examining  the  subject  of  the  definite  article,  in  the  Indian  dialects,  to  guard, 
on  the  part  of  interpreters,  against  the  use  of  pronouns,  in  this  supposed  sense.  It  is  also  important  to  decide 
whether  the  indefinite  article,  where  it  is  given,  does  not  strictly  denote  the  number  one,  and  not  an;  and  to  be 
sure  that  the  sense  of  the  expression  employed  is  not  an  animal,  itc,  but  one  animal.  iVc. 


A  PPE  N 1)  I  X  —  I N  Q  U  I II I  K  S . 


3-JO.  OoNJilNOTKiNS.  —  ll,,w  iiiiii.yidiijuiK'tidiis  liiivc  till'  liiiliaiis'/  (ii\e  tlic  coiniiKm  criuivalcnts  f.ir  the 
weirds,  1111(1,  nor,  ncitluT,  liiil,  Ac,  tof;ctliiT  with  the  miinm.T  in  wliii  li  thiir  ciiiiviih'ntrt  in  tho  Indian  dialect, 
under  j-uur  exiiniiuatiun,  iire  (■inplnyed.     Arc  there  ehronologieiil  ennjiinelionsi' 

;i;)0.  I.NTKit.iKCTliiNs.  —  ])oe,s  the  hinguiigo  abound  in  exelamations,  aud  does  this  part  of  speech  partake  of 
tho  nnnnialoiis  transitive  character  which  marks  the  other  forms .'  If  an  Indian  exclaim  lo !  in  relation  to  a 
man,  and  lo!  in  relation  to  a  country,  are  the  equivalentH  for  tiie  word  lo!  thi;  same?  Arc!  there  any  diflerences 
in  the  interjections  used  l.y  males  and  by  females';'      Is  the  wonl  fir  alas!  the  same  in  both  cases':' 

:!:il.  Is  TiiKliK  A  SuiisTA.NTivt;  Vi-:iui  IN  TttK  LANiiirAfiE ':' —  And,  if  so,  what  are  its  elements?  Can 
the  Indians  say,  I  am,  he  is,  they  are,  kc,  in  n  generic  or  elementary  sense,  and  as  declarative  of  independent 
existence  !  If  the  word  exist,  as  the  radix  hit  is  stated  to,  in  the  Odjibwa  dialect  of  the  Algonquin,  does  the 
rule  separating  the  grammatical  forms  of  the  language  into  animate  and  inanimate  classes  apply  to  it?  Is  tho 
word  lull,  in  the  dialect  referred  to,  a  verb  subst;intivo  animate,  and  lie,  a  corresponding  verb  substantive 
inanimate?  Are  there  analogous  forms  in  the  language  known  to  you,  and  how  are  tlies,'"words  conjugated  ? 
Are  the  conjugations  based  on  one  root,  or,  as  in  the  Latin  sum,  on  several  ?  If  an  cipiivalcnt  for  the"  Knglisli 
verb  to  he  exist,  is  it  generally  employed  in  the  expression  of  sentiment  or  passion  in  conversation,  or  is  its  use 
limited  to  an  object  or  objects  not  iircscnt  to  li.e  senses,  or  which  are  deemed  mysterious  or  unknown  ?  Does  an 
Indian  siy,  I  am  sick,  I  am  well,  I  am  glad,  I  am  sorry,  or  are  the  several  expressions,  in  these  cases,  without 
any  declarative  syllable,  as  a  preUx  or  suffix  to,  or  incorporated  into  the  texture  of  the  verbs  to  be  sick,  or  well, 
or  glad,  or  sorry,  by  the  absence  of  which  deidarative  forms,  the  terms  would  be,  literally,  I  sick,  I  well,  I  glad,' 
I  sorry  ? 

n^i.  How  AiiE  Active  I)istini;i;ikiiki.  fhom  Passive  Vf.rhs?— I  carry,  I  am  carried.  I  lift,  lam 
lifted,  I  strike;  I  am  struck,  I  burn  ;  I  am  burned.  Vary  the  persons  which  alternately  atVect  actors  and 
objects  of  action,  so  as  to  exemplify  the  rule. 

3:i;i,  Dkiuvative  Compound  Vkiibs,  —  Are  acti\e  verbs  made  u],,  in  [.art,  of  the  generic  wm-d  li,  the 
language  for  existence,  or  for  the  property  of  independent  vitality?  Is  there  a  corresponding  generic  root  in 
neuter  or  passive  verbs? 

834.  Groind  F(in,MS  op  tiif,  SinsTANTlVKs.  — Are  the  nouns  ba,sed  on  a  stock  of  generic  particles, 
implying  various  grades  of  matter,  in  inert  or  active  foriux  ?  If  so,  what  are  the  terms,  respeetividy,  of  li(|ui({ 
solid,  light,  heavy,  aerial,  or  melallic,  animal,  vegetable,  or  mineral  matter?  In  analyzing  the  hiiiL'uacr,., 
endeavor  to  eliminate  these  radical  words  or  particles  from  their  concrete  forms.  Xntliioi;-  emi  leiid  nion? 
conclusively  to  throw  light  on  the  structure  of  the  laiiguag.',  than  this  process  of  .sylLibical  aiialvsis,  and  it  is 
desirable  that  you  should  apply  it  also  to  the  verbs  and  to  other  forms  of  speech.  The  Indian  languages  ditt'er 
so  es,seutially  from  those  best  known  to  us,  that  wo  .should  constantly  susi)ect  them  to  be  re|inidiieiiuiis  nf  old 
languages,  in  which  the  original  radices  are  hid  under  a  set  of  combined  grammatical  forms,  which  are,  after  all, 
very  simple. 

335,  Are  there  any  Redundancies  of  Forms  ?  — Such  redundancies  have  been  found  in  the  tensal 
inflections  of  pronouns  wherein  the  verbs  are  supplied  with  the  very  same  inflections,  as  if  we  should  say, 
/  (lid— love  did  ;  or,  /  viU—hate  viU.  It  is  found  in  some  of  the  languages,  that  both  substantives  and 
pronouns  and  verbs  must,  in  order  to  agree,  have  the  .same  plunil  inflections  for  number,  by  which  a  species 
of  verbiage  or  tensal  tautology  occurs,  as  if  we  should  use  expressions  such  as  these  :  the  birds— they  approach- 
do  ;  or,  he  or  they  did  go — did ;  instead  of  simply,  the  birds  approach  or  he  or  they  went.  It  is  also  found  that 
possessive  pronouns  rcfpiire  possessive  inflections  in  their  nouns  in  regimen,  and  the  expressions  are,  literally,  in 
these  eases,  my  horse— mine;  his  dog— his  ;  and  not,  as  in  Knglisli,  my  horse,  his  dog.  These  forms  have  tho 
cast  rather  of  an  ill-digested  aud  crude  language,  and  not  one  which,  according  to  the  general  and  nmst  approved 
impressions,  exists  in  a  very  perfect  state.     I'lease  extend  this  inquiry  to  all  apparent  redundancies  nt'  f  .nii. 

;i3().  How  IS  Declarative  or  Passive  Existence  PRKiiirATEi)  of  another  in  the  i-se  m-  \ 
Noi-N,  CHANiiED  TO  A  Verr,  WHOSE  AcTioN  IS  TRANSFERRED  TO  one's  SELF  ?  — In  what  manner  is  thc 
substantive  invested  with  the  power  of  a  verb?  There  is  a  bear;  I  am  a  bear,  A  horse;  I  am  a  horse,  God 
exists;  I  am  a  God. 


r.64 


APPENDIX  — INQTIRIES. 


I!;!'.  IIdW  auk  Si  IISTAM'K  AM>  .M(iT1oN,  (^IALITY  AN1>  roSITION,  DENOTKIl  IN  CdNlHKTl-;  AVdllDS, 
WiriKUl'  IIIK  SKI'AltATK  I'sK  <ll'  TIIK  ICl.KMKNTS  (if  Si'KKCII  KSSKNTIAI,  Til  SLIII  K.\  I'llKSSKlNS  IN  T||K 
I'l.Mil.lsil  l,ANia;A<:K  !■  —  A  k'iit'  ihiivcm,  a  bird  llio.i,  a  I'aiKic  gliilcs;  a  dry  leaf  iiKivos,  a  lilactdjinl  flics,  a  wliilo 
caiiiio  glides  ;  a  siiiall  dry  leaf  iikivcs,  a  great  blaekljird  Hies,  a  lieaiiliful  wliite  eaiicio  glides  ;  ii  small  dry 
leaf  moves  on  the  tree,  a  great  lilaekbird  Hies  in  the  air,  a  beautiful  white  eaime  glides  ddwii  the  stream,  llow 
far  eaii  this  pmeess  (if  eniiibiiiatinii  and  aceretiim  be  carried '/  May  (ilher  senses  besides  these,  be  added  tn  the 
original  imun,  hy  intieetien,  (ir  the  transfusidii  of  syllables  or  alphabetieid  signs!' 

HiW.  What  I'Vuois  can  Siiistantivks  (ui  \'kiiiis  takk  to  dknote  Posskshion,  oii  tiih  Oiukct 
rossESSEU?  —  Is  there  a  possessive  intleeliou  in  the  first  and  second  itersuns!'  How  is  this  atl'eeted,  if  affected 
at  all,  by  an  obiective  particle  or  infleetidn  in  the  third  person  't 

.'ili9.  AdiiKKMENT  IN  Ni'MiiKU.  —  III  Kiiglish  Grammar,  nouns  singular  govern  verbs  plural.  A  man 
walks,  men  walk  ;  a  robber  shoot.s,  the  robbers  shoot.  Is  the  rule  .similar  in  the  Indian,  or  is  it  directly  tho 
reverse  ?  Do  they  say,  a  man  walk,  men  walks  ?  thus  reciuiring,  iu  all  cases,  singular  to  singular,  and  plural  to 
i.lnral  ? 


i    '  i 


.'ill).  Ildvy  MANY  Mddiis  AiiK  PiidVi iiKii  FOR  iiv  Infi.kctions  (iF  TIIK  Vkiiiis  ?  -  -  In  what  manner 
nn:  the  indicative  and  inliiiitiv(!  formed  ?  Is  there,  in  the  verbal  forms,  any  of  greater  simiilicity  than 
the  third  person  singular?     Is  there  an  interrogative  mood  '/ 

.'Ul.  AiiK  TiiKHK  Infi.kctions  for  Past  Tknsf,  audkd  to  Df.ceaskp  Persons'  names  to  indi- 
cate THEIR  Death?  —  State  tho  rule  which  is  said  to  govern  this  delicate  practice  of  allusion  to  tho 
dead,  in  some  of  the  dialects. 

M'2.  Are  there  any  Works  of  a  Sexuai,  Character,  or  \viiicii  ark  Kxci.i  sivei.y  I'sed  iiy 
Male.s  anu  Femai.es?  —  The  Cari!'  language  denoted  anomalies  of  this  kind,  and  there  arc  traces  of  the 
principle  iu  some  of  the  northern  languages. 

;U.'!.  Is  the  Lanoiaok  Adapted  to  the  Pi-RFOses  op  C'iiristianitv  ?  —  Have  translations  of 
the  Scriptures  been  made  in  it,  and  if  so,  what  portions  of  the  Old  (jr  New  Testament  have  been 
translated  and  printed  ;  and  what  degree  of  precision,  force  and  e.xaetitiide  has  been  attained  ?  Is  the  language 
as  well  adapted  to  the  di.s((uisitive  and  argumentative  style  of  the  Epistles,  as  to  the  (io.spcls,  and  narrative 
portions  ?  Has  the  language  been  well  and  characteristically  brought  out  in  these  tran.slatious,  or  has  the  literal 
ver.se  by  ver.se  .system,  seeking  efjuivalents  for  verbal  terms  which  are  shielded  under  th(!  concrete  fjrms,  loaded 
the  pages  of  the  tran.slatinn.s,  as  has  been  mitieed  in  S(Une  instauees,  with  unnecessary  verbiage  and  redundancies? 
Is  there  a  word  in  the  language  for  "virgin,"  as  ('ontradislinguished  from  "  maid,"  and  "yoiinj;  wmnair' — a 
]i(iint  upon  which  its  (.(pacity  to  narrate  accurately  the  inearnatinn  turns?  Imniirics  of  Ibis  characler  will  tend 
to  illustrate  and  explain  the  principles  of  the  language,  and  are  important  in  judging  of  tie,'  literary  value 
of  what  has  already  been  ell'ected,  on  the  frontier.s,  in  this  way. 


'M 


^1 


nil.  Is  THE  LaNOLAOE  ADAI'TEIi,  to  ANY  K.XTENT,  AND,  IF  SO,  TO  WHAT  EXTENT,  TO  IIIE  I'l  RI'dSES 
OF  History,  I'dl-.ri'.v  and  (Ieneiiai.  Literatlre? — What  is  the  relative  sjiace  occupied  by  parallel  jia.ssages 
of  Indian  and  Knglish?  T.ike,  fur  this  purpose  the  parable  of  Nathan,  and  the  Lord's  prayer.  If  the  principles 
of  the  ainalgauialion  of  words  tend  to  the  concentration  of  sounds,  it  is  rea.sonable  to  anticipate  that  brevity  in 
the  annotation,  or  written  cliaracter.s,  should  follow.  If  it  does  not, in  what  oi/icr  manner  is  tlie  language  adapted 
to  the  purposes  of  literature  .'' 

:il.'>.  Is  THE  VdCAHi  l.ARY  ( 'dl'Iots  ?  —  Call  it  readily  c.xprcss,  or  furnish  erpiivaleiits  for,  foreign  words? 
Are  there  any  soumls  in  the  luiglisli  alphabet  which  it  cannot  express?  Is  gesticulation  essential  to  carry  out 
some  of  its  nieauiiigs  ?  Does  it  a|ipe.ar  to  be  boniogenous  in  its  origin,  or  d(pes  it  exhibit  a  mixture  of  other  and 
di.-simil.ir  slocks,  donie.-lic  or   foreign  I 


*  [ 


A  P  r  E  N  D I X  —  I N  Q  U  I II I E  S . 


56rt 


!U'i  Is  Till;  I!aiii.\  (if  tiih;  NdiN  am>  V1.1111  iiksi;i!.\i.i.v  a  Mon^  >m.i.\iii.i;  !' -- (';iii  ynu  fiirni>li  :i 
Viioaliiiliiry  cpf  "lu'  liiiinlnil  siii'ciiiicns  (pf  tli'>  lailical  fnrins  iil'  vcrh.-i,  iiuiiiis,  or  (jllicr  |iriiiiarv  pails  ..I'  siiocc'li  'f  It 
i.1  siLspoi'lcil,  I'niin  (lifir  tapafity  of  I'oiRTcto  .■xprcssiuii,  lliat  tlio  Noi-lli  Aiiici'icaii  laii;.'iia;;i  s  aic  l'oiiii(k'(l  mi  a 
liiiiilcd  minilicr  of  elciiielitary  roots,  of  a  jrumral  or  alwtraet  charaL'tor,  ivliicli  dirivc  pncision,  imt  fii.ni  railical 
eliaiif,'(s  of  .soiiml,  Ijiit  fruin  rolative  positi(]ii,  poriimtatioii,  elision,  or  oxpaii.-inii.  'i'li,'  car,  uiid  tliu  car  aloiic,  i.s 
inaiiifcsily  llic  principal  guide.  The  urt,  wliieli  a  child  early  learns  by  praclicc,  ami  wliicli  appears  to  recpiire 
lait  liltK'  power,    inductive   analysis,    it   is    conceived,  may  reach  ami  explain. 

olT.  What  is  tiik  Statk  of  tiikih  V(icaiu;i,aiiy  ?  —  I'laee  the  Indian  opp..Mte  the  Kni/lish  words  in 
the  following  vocaliulary.  It  is  es.sential  to  the  purposes  of  eouiparisou  that  jilurals  and  pronouns  should  bo 
oniilted,  or  carefully  noted,  wherever  they  are  employed. 


1.  (lod. 

2.  Devil. 

3.  Anf;el. 

4.  Man. 

5.  Woman. 
0.   Hoy. 

7.  (lirl,  or  maid. 

S.   Virgin. 

0.  Infant,  or  child. 

10.  Father,       my. 

11.  Mother,       " 

12.  Husband,    " 

13.  Wife,  « 
U.  Son,  " 
1;').  Daughter,  " 
IG.  lirother,  " 
17.  Sister,         " 

An  Indian. 
A  white  man. 
Head. 
Ilair. 
Face. 


18, 
19 
20, 
21 

<)'7 


23.  Scalp. 


24. 
2.'). 
2(i. 
27. 
2S. 
29. 
30. 
31, 
32. 
33. 
34. 
35. 
3(i. 
37. 
3S. 
39. 
40. 
41. 


Kar. 

Hye. 

Xo.se. 

Mouth. 

Tongue. 

Tooth. 

IJeard. 

Neck. 

Arm. 

Shoulder. 

Hack. 

Hand. 

Finger. 

Nail. 

IJreast. 

Body. 

Leg 

Navel. 


42.  Thigh. 

43.  Knee. 

44.  Foot. 

45.  To(-. 
40.  Heel. 

47.  Bono. 

48.  Heart. 

49.  I.ivcr. 

50.  Windpipe. 

51.  Stomach. 

52.  Bladder. 

63.  Blood. 

54.  Vein. 

55.  Sinew. 
5(),  Flesh. 

57.  Skin. 

58.  Seat. 

59.  Ankle. 
CO.  Town. 

01.  House. 

02.  Poor. 

03.  Lodge. 

64.  Chief. 
05.  Warrior. 
00.  Friend. 
07.  Kiieniy. 
(i8.  Kettle. 

69.  Arrow. 

70.  Bow. 

71.  War-club. 

72.  Spear. 

73.  Axe. 

74.  dun. 

75.  Knife. 
70.  Flint. 

77.  Loat. 

78.  Ship. 

79.  Sail. 

80.  Mast. 

81.  Oar. 

82.  I'.-.d.lle. 


83. 

Shoe, 

84. 

Legging. 

85. 

Coat. 

8(). 

Shirt. 

87. 

Bnreliclotli 

88. 

Sash. 

89. 

Head-dross. 

90. 

Pipe. 

91. 

Wampum. 

92. 

Tobacco. 

93. 

Shot  pouch 

94. 

Sky. 

95. 

Heaven. 

90. 

Sun. 

97. 

.^loon. 

98. 

Star. 

99. 

Day. 

ino 

Night. 

101. 

Light, 

102. 

Darkness. 

103. 

Morning. 

104. 

Evening. 

10,5. 

^liiklay. 

100. 

Mid-night. 

107. 

lOarly. 

108. 

Late. 

109. 

Spring. 

110. 

Summer. 

111. 

Autumn. 

112. 

Winter. 

11;!. 

Vear, 

114. 

Wind. 

115. 

Lightning. 

110. 

Thunder, 

117. 

liain. 

118. 

Snow, 

119. 

Hail, 

120. 

I'ire. 

121. 

Water. 

122. 

Tee 

123. 

Karth. 

r>t\{\ 


APPENDIX  — INQUIRIES. 


ir? 


I  ;.i 


;) 


121. 

S.',i 

]■::,. 

l,:,k... 

]■->■<. 

Iiivir. 

1--7. 

S|iriiif;. 

12S. 

.*^tri'iini. 

120. 

\'allcy. 

l:io. 

Mill.' 

l:)l. 

.MiMuitain. 

l;i2. 

Plain. 

133. 

lAiri'st. 

i:;i. 

Mciidciw. 

13;-). 

Pop 

l;!ti. 

Island. 

137. 

Stone. 

13S. 

Hock. 

130. 

Silver. 

140. 

Cipivr. 

141. 

In.n. 

142. 

Lead. 

143. 

(iold. 

144. 

.^laiz(',  or  corn 

]4ri. 

Wheat. 

140. 

()at.<. 

147. 

l'i>taloc. 

MS. 

Tuniii). 

140. 

iVa. 

150. 

Py'"- 

l.-il. 

Pcan. 

152. 

.Melon. 

153. 

S(|iiasli. 

154. 

Parley. 

155. 

Tree. 

15(i. 

Log. 

157. 

Lindi. 

158. 

Wood. 

150. 

Post. 

HiO. 

Stump. 

101. 

Pine. 

102. 

Oak. 

163. 

A.sh. 

104. 

Klin. 

105. 

Passwood. 

100. 

Shrub. 

107. 

Leaf. 

lOS. 

Bark. 

109. 

(ira.ss. 

170. 

Hay. 

171. 

Nettle. 

172. 

Thi-tle. 

173. 

Weed. 

171.   Flower. 

224.  Partridge. 

175.    Itose. 
170.   Lily. 

225.    Pige(in. 
220.   Plover. 

177.    Itread. 

227.  W.««hMck. 

17K.   Indian  meal. 

228.  Turkey. 

170.   Fhmr. 

220.  Crow. 

ISO.    .Meat. 

230.    liavi'U. 

ISl.    Fat. 

231.    Itolmi. 

1S2    Peavcr. 

232.    Kagle. 

183.  Deer. 

233.    Hawk. 

1S4.   Pisoii,  or  huffulo. 

234.  Siiijie. 

1S5.    Hear. 

235.  Owl. 

ISO.   KIk. 

230.   M'oodpeeker. 

187.   Moo.se. 

237.   Fi.sh. 

ISS.  Otter. 

23S.  Trout. 

1S<I,   Fo.x. 

230.    Pass. 

100.   Wolf. 

24II.   Sturgeon. 

101.   Dog. 

211.  Suulish. 

102.  .S,,uirrel. 

242.   I'ike. 

103.  Iluro. 

243.   Cattish. 

104.  Lynx. 

244.  Perch. 

105.   Panther. 

245.  Sucker. 

100.   Mnskrnt. 

24(i.   .Minnow. 

107.   Mink. 

247.   Fill. 

lOS.   Fisher. 

248.   Scale. 

P.tO.   Marten. 

240.  Uoo. 

200.  Mole. 

250.  White.* 

201.   Polecat. 

251.  Hlack. 

202.   Hog. 

252.   Ued. 

2(t3.   Horse. 

253.  (ireeu. 

204.  Cow. 

254.   Plue. 

205.  Sheep. 

255.   Yellow. 

200.  Turtle,  or  tortoi.so. 

25(i.   (Jrcat. 

2(17.  Toad. 

257.  Small. 

208.  Snake. 
200.   Lizard. 

258.  Strong. 
25!l.  Weak. 

210.  Worm. 

2G0.  Old. 

211.  In.sect. 

212.  Fly. 

213.  Wa.sp. 
21!.   .\nt. 

201.  Young. 

202.  Good. 
2(i3.  Pad. 
204.  H.iuilsome. 

215.   Hird. 

205.  I'gly. 

210.  K{.g. 

200.  Alive. 

217.    Feather. 

207.   Dead. 

218.  Claw. 

208.    Life. 

210.   Peak. 

200.  Death. 

220.   Wing. 

270.  C„M. 

221.  C.ooso. 

271.   Hot. 

222.  Duck. 

272.  Sour. 

223.  Swan. 

273.   Swi'et. 

*  Dcnnle  whether  tlie  mljcctive  l>o  niniiiate  iir  inanimate;  pat  an,  f,ir  the  first,  lunl  in,  I'ur  the  soconil. 


APPENDIX  — INQUIRIES. 


f)(i7 


•J7» 

i!7tl, 
•.'.77 

'27H. 
t27!t 
2H0, 

2HI 

'Jh;i, 

i;h4, 

•-'HO. 


'JSS, 

'2!)1, 
202. 

2n:). 

204. 


IVp|)or. 

Salt. 

liittur. 

[. 

Thou, 

III). 

Sho. 

Tlioy. 

Yo. 

Wo,  (inclusive.) 

Wo,  (exohLsive.) 
)TliiB,  (aniuiiito.) 
iTliiH,  (iimninmtc.) 
jTliat,  (aiiiiiiato.) 
iTIiiit,  (iiimiiinuto.) 
jTlii'.ii',  (aiiiiimto.) 
lTliu.>i(',  (iininiinate.) 
jTlioso,  (aiiiiiialc.) 
iTIioso,  (iiianiniiito.) 

All. 

I 'ait. 

Wlio. 
I  What. 

;  What  person. 
I  What  thing. 
I  Wliicli  person. 
IWliieh  thing. 

Near. 


205. 

l"ar  oir. 

2i)li. 

To-day. 

21)7. 

To-morrow 

2!)S. 

Vestenlay. 

2!l!l. 

Hy  ami  by. 

;!00. 

Yes. 

ilOI. 

No. 

iJ02. 

I'erhapH. 

;!():!. 

Never. 

•Mi. 

Korever. 

i!(iri. 

Above. 

;(0(). 

I'niler. 

307. 

Witliin. 

iiOH. 

Witliout. 

;!0!t. 

Something. 

:!10, 

Nothing. 

;iil. 

On. 

:{12. 

In. 

:!!;{. 

»)■■ 

H14. 

Through. 

lii"). 

Ill  the  sky. 

aifi. 

On  the  tree. 

;ii7. 

In  the  house. 

iilM. 

Uy  the  shore. 

.S]!». 

Through  the  water 

320. 

To  eat.  • 

321. 

To  drink. 

;iii"h. 


323. 

To  ory. 

324. 

To  love. 

32.V 

To  burn. 

321'.. 

To  walk. 

■!27. 

To  run. 

32.H. 

To  see. 

32il. 

To  hear. 

33t). 

To  speak. 

331. 

To  ^trikl^ 

332. 

To  think. 

.'!33. 

To  wi.-li. 

334. 

To  eall. 

33-.. 

To  live. 

3311. 

To  go. 

337. 

To  sing. 

33H. 

To  danec. 

33! ». 

To  die. 

340. 

To  tie. 

341. 

T..  kill. 

342. 

To  embark. 

343. 

Hating. 

344. 

Prinking. 

34.^. 

Kanghing. 

340. 

Crying. 

347. 

I'o  bo,  or  exist. 

34S. 

Y(ju  are. 

340. 

He  is. 

3r.o. 

1  am  that  T  am 

34S.    AllE    YOU    ACQU.MNTED   WITH    ANY    MaTKUTAL  EllUUKS    IN    TIIK  0  KNEUAI,  OK    I'OPII.AR    ACCOUNTS 

OP  OUR  Indian  Tiuiiks  ?  —  If  so,  please  state  them. 

In  sulimilliiig  the  preeodiiig  queries  on  the  several  subjects  named,  it  is  not  designed  to  limit  the  iiKpiiry  to 
thc.«e  particular  tonus.  Calli'd  upon,  by  the  terms  of  the  act,  to  embody  niiiterials  illustrative  of  the  history  of 
the  tribes,  as  well  as  their  statistics,  the  Department  seeks  to  avail  it.^elf  of  the  kiunvledge  and  c.xperieiiee  of 
persons  in  various  i>arts  of  the  country,  to  contribute  their  aid.  The  iiii|uiry  is  here  placed  on  a  broad  basis, 
that  it  may  cuitirace  the  general  grounds  froinwhich  we  are  to  judge  the  history  and  condition,  past  and  present, 
of  the  jieople  whose  beiietit.  is  sought  by  future  legislative  provision  ;  and  by  the  adoption  of  a  course  of  publio 
policy  which  .shall  best  subserve  the  highest  interests.  It  is  not  suiip(wd  that  every  jicr^on  who  sits  down  to 
answer  these  ipierics,  whether  he  be  in  a  public  or  private  capacity,  will  take  an  ei|iial  interest  in  them,  or  feel 
ci|ually  prepared,  with  facts  and  observations,  to  reiily  to  all.  l!y  denoting  the  gi^neral  line  of  in<[uiry, 
and  running  out  the  leading  rpiestious  a  littli!  into  detail,  enough  I  -^s  been  done,  it  is  cuuccived,  to  serve  .as  hints 
to  the  respondents,  and  little  more  is,  indecil,  intended.  Facts  ;  .-aight,  and  nothing  but  facts.  It  is  e.sscntial 
that,  where  the  respondent  is  unknown  to  the  Department,  ;  n  reference  should  bo  given.  Many  of  the 
inquiries  relate  to  customs  and  opinions  which  are  believed  to  be  c(ii.  niou  to  most  of  the  tribes ;  but  the  exceiited 
cases  are  important  to  be  noted,  ami  in  these  cases  simple  affirmative  or  negative  replies  will  often  be  sutricicnf. 
Where  new  facts  are  stated,  or  ni'W  opinions  cxprcsseil,  which  are  foundid  on  per'^omil  knowIed;;e  or  study,  in 
any  branch  of  the  subject,  it  is  (if  neiment  that  tliey  should  be  well  vouched,  llitlu'rio  incpiiiics  of  this  kind 
have  been  ehiefly  in  the  hands  of  casual  xisilors  or  travellers  in  the  Indian  country,  often  of  foreigners, 
who  have  necessarily  taken  hasty  and  superiieial  glances  at  their  mere  external  customs  and  ceremonies.  Of  tin; 
more  abstru.se  view  of  Inlian  character —of  tlieir  religion,  tribal  government  and  clanships,  their  thoughts  on 


*  If  there  be  no  iut.nitivc  to  verl)s,  insert  tlie  siniiilest  cuncrcte  t'onn  lu-re,  as,  lie  cats,  lie  ilriuks,  do. 


MH 


A  1'1'EN  1)1  X  — INQUIRIES. 


1!. 


(li'Mlli    :iii(l  iniiiinrtiilily,  tlirir  iiu'iital  i'ii|i.'i('iti(H,  iiikI  tlic  Irailiri^  i'imihcj  (iC  llirir    iictioii,   viTy  litllr  Ija-i  I i 

iiliMrvnl,  wliiili  |iii..s(>-<"<  tlio  iliarmtcr  nf  locarrli,  wliili'  llicn'  arc  rsH'iiliiil  |i(iinls  nf  ilis(fi'|iaiii'v.  lint, 
wliali'M  r  dcp-ci'  dC  itiipcrtVctinii  lias  cliarartcriziil  llu'sc  ili'Miltury  ami  ca.iiial  I'lTnrls  in  ili"<i'riliin)5  tlio  IniliaiiH, 
iiiiil  linw('\c  I'  iiiiK  li  caii^t'  we  limy  liiivc  had  tn  iliysciit  ri'oiii  mjiiic  iit'  tlio  cuiKluMionH  iiiiil  criliciniiis  rcniKctiiif^  niir 
tri'atini'iit  ipf,  ami  policy  tdwanU  tliciu,  ilrawn  liy  ("UriatH  froiii  alimail,  nr  by  (ivi'r-/.calcMi«  lail  inlMlaliiii 
(ilwiTVi'i-a  at  liiinic,  it  is  essential  to  tlie  just  iliseliarf^e  (if  lln'  dnty  iiii|insed  mi  the  |)e|iartiiii  lit,  in  tin'  pri'.-eiit 
efTiiii,  that  exacliliide  sliiinld  stamp  its  lalmrs.  I  will  Iherefiire  thank  ynii  tii  inifiiirc  earel'iilly,  ami  lie  sure  that 
iKi  ilec:epli"ii  has  lieeli  praeliaeil.  In  all  ipieslions  where  the  inliTests  uf  the  tiilies  ela-li  with  tlni^e  uf  the 
persiuis  wlinin  ymi  may  ihmmiIi,  there  is  iiiiieh  eautidii  rei|ninil  There  is  (Treat  prejudiei'  nf  iipininii,  ami 
prt'cniieeptiiiii  of  the  Indian  eharaeter,  generally.  It  is  duo  tii  tlieiii  that  they  shmild  he  jiid;,'ed  eandiilly,  and 
from  an  cxaniinatinn  of  opinions  and  «tatoniciitH  from  llio  boMt  HourooH.  A  few  oxamploM  of  the  iiiiceoneeptionH 
referred  to,  will  he  ineiitinned.  It  was  stated  u  few  yearn  ngn,  hy  one  of  the  most  popular  writers  of  Knjrland, 
that  the  I'liiled  Slates  had  horrowed  money,  in  1M!7,  from  a  wealthy  Indian  chief,  to  pay  its  aiinnities  to  liis  Irihe  I 
and  its  policy  has  hecii  deeply  eeiisiircd,  in  high  (|narters,  in  the  f"reign  literary  World,  on  the  liases  of  hnoKs  of 
travels,  whose  least  severe  ci'iisiire  it  is  helieved  to  he,  to  deeliire,  that  thi'ir  anihors  have  relied,  in  h'iwu: 
instances,  on  haslily  jralhcrcd,  or  ill-digested,  or  unworthy  nialcrials.  One  writer  represents  the  M.imlans 
iw  practising  the  arts  of  self-torture  of  Hindoo  devotees,  hy  hanging  from  hooks,  or  cords  fastened  into  the 
nerves,  so  as  to  sustain  the  whole  weight  of  the  hmly.  This,  together  with  the  general  account  of  the  Maiidan 
religion,  hy  the  same  author,  is  contrary  to  the  facts,  as  understood  heri'.  The  same  writer  will  al>o  have  this 
tribe  to  be  descendants  of  the  Welch,  who  are  supposed  to  have  reached  this  coiilinciit  in  the  twell'lh  century. 
Yet  the  liritish  Druids  impu,-ed  no  such  .sell-torturing  rites. 

Much  inexiielitnde  and  nnccrtiiinly  exist  with  respect  to  the  class  of  evidences  to  be  clrawn  from  the  aiilii|ni- 
ties  of  the  area  of  ccinntry  now  composing  the  Cnited  States.  To  illustrate  this  topic,  in  the  Imliaii  hi-toiy, 
exact  plans  and  ileseriptioiis  are  rcipiired.  The  state  of  their  traditions  is  ill-ex]ilorcd,  on  most  of  the  topics 
embraced  in  title  V.  Their  general  history  ami  languages,  constitute  a  wide  field  for  remark.  The  wlioli! 
subject  is  one  of  interest,  and  in  giving  the  im|uiry  oflieiiil  sanction,  it  is  designed  to  collect  and  prepare  a  body 
of  faet.s,  which  .shall  pre.-ent  the  customs,  character,  and  institutions  of  the  tribes  in  the  simple  garb  uf  truth. 


I 


,1      I. 


THI<]    KND. 


S  T  E  H  E  0  r   y  P  E  I>     BY    J  .    PAGAN. 


rniNTKD     BY    T.     K.    A  N  l>    I*.    O.    COLLINS 


